model calibration guide

Version3.2.1

ModelCalibrationGuide

AT321_MCG_E5

2Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter: 2015Forsk

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideRelease:AT321_MCG_E5(February2015)Copyright19972015Forsk.AllRightsReserved.Publishedby:

Forsk7ruedesBriquetiers31700Blagnac,FranceTel:+33562747210Fax:+33562747211

Thesoftwaredescribedinthisdocumentisprovidedunderalicenceagreement.Thesoftwaremayonlybeusedorcopiedunderthetermsandconditionsofthelicenceagreement.Nopartofthecontentsofthisdocumentmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanswithoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher.Theproductorbrandnamesmentionedinthisdocumentaretrademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveregisteringparties.Thepublisherhastakencareinthepreparationofthisdocument,butmakesnoexpressedorimpliedwarrantyofanykindandassumesnoresponsibilityforerrorsoromissions.Noliabilityisassumedforincidentalorconsequentialdamagesinconnectionwithorarisingoutoftheuseoftheinformationcontainedherein.

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter: 2015Forsk4

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideAT321_MCG_E5 ContentsTableofContents

1 Introduction........................................................................................ 9

2 StandardPropagationModel ................................................................. 132.1 SPMFormula.......................................................................................... 132.2 TheCorrespondenceBetweentheSPMandHata............................................................ 132.2.1 HataFormula ........................................................................................ 132.2.2 CorrespondenceBetweenHataandSPMParameters....................................................... 142.2.2.1 ReducingtheHataandSPMEquations.................................................................. 142.2.2.2 EquatingtheCoefficients ............................................................................. 14

2.2.3 TypicalSPMParameterValues.......................................................................... 152.3 MakingCalculationsinAtoll .............................................................................. 152.3.1 VisibilityandDistanceBetweenTransmitterandReceiver ................................................... 152.3.2 EffectiveTransmitterAntennaHeight .................................................................... 152.3.2.1 HeightAboveGround ................................................................................ 162.3.2.2 HeightAboveAverageProfile ......................................................................... 162.3.2.3 SlopeatReceiverBetween0andMinimumDistance ...................................................... 162.3.2.4 SpotHt ............................................................................................ 162.3.2.5 AbsoluteSpotHt .................................................................................... 162.3.2.6 EnhancedSlopeatReceiver ........................................................................... 17

2.3.3 EffectiveReceiverAntennaHeight ....................................................................... 192.3.4 CorrectionforHillyRegionsinCaseofLOS ................................................................ 192.3.5 Diffraction ........................................................................................... 202.3.6 LossesDuetoClutter .................................................................................. 202.3.7 RecommendationsforUsingClutterwiththeSPM.......................................................... 21

3 CollectingCWMeasurementData .......................................................... 273.1 BeforeYouStart........................................................................................ 273.1.1 GeographicData...................................................................................... 273.1.2 MeasurementData ................................................................................... 27

3.2 GuidelinesforCWMeasurementSurveys................................................................... 283.2.1 SelectingBaseStations ................................................................................ 283.2.2 PlanningtheSurveyRoutes............................................................................. 293.2.3 RadioGuidelines...................................................................................... 293.2.4 AdditionalDeliverableData ............................................................................ 29

4 TheModelCalibrationProcess ............................................................... 334.1 SettingUpYourCalibrationProject ........................................................................ 334.1.1 CreatinganAtollCalibrationDocument................................................................... 334.1.1.1 SettingCoordinates ................................................................................. 344.1.1.2 ImportingGeoData ................................................................................. 34

4.1.2 ImportingCWMeasurements........................................................................... 344.1.2.1 ImportingaCWMeasurementPath.................................................................... 354.1.2.2 ImportingSeveralCWMeasurementPaths .............................................................. 364.1.2.3 CreatingaCWMeasurementImportConfiguration ....................................................... 384.1.2.4 DefiningtheDisplayofCWMeasurements .............................................................. 39

4.1.3 VerifyingtheCorrespondenceBetweenGeoandMeasurementData .......................................... 424.1.4 FilteringMeasurementData ............................................................................ 434.1.4.1 FilteringonClutterClasses............................................................................ 444.1.4.2 SignalandDistanceFiltering .......................................................................... 454.1.4.2.1 TypicalValues .................................................................................... 464.1.4.2.2 UsingManualFilteringonCWPoints.................................................................. 464.1.4.2.3 CreatinganAdvancedFilter......................................................................... 474.1.4.2.4 UsingtheFilteringAssistantonCWMeasurementPoints................................................. 475

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideContents 2015Forsk4.1.4.3 FilteringbyGeoDataConditions.......................................................................504.1.4.3.1 AboutDiffraction..................................................................................504.1.4.3.2 AboutSpecificSections.............................................................................504.1.4.3.3 AboutPotentiallyInvalidMeasurementLevels ..........................................................514.1.4.3.4 DeletingaSelectionofMeasurementPoints ...........................................................534.1.4.3.5 UsingFilteringZonesonCWMeasurementPoints .......................................................544.1.4.3.6 FilteringbyAngle..................................................................................54

4.1.5 SelectingBaseStationsforCalibrationandforVerification...................................................554.2 CalibratingtheSPM .....................................................................................564.2.1 QualityTargets .......................................................................................564.2.2 SettingInitialParametersintheSPM .....................................................................564.2.2.1 ParametersTab.....................................................................................564.2.2.2 ClutterTab.........................................................................................58

4.2.3 RunningtheSPMCalibrationProcess .....................................................................594.2.3.1 TheAutomaticCalibrationWizard ......................................................................614.2.3.2 TheAssistedCalibrationWizard........................................................................62

4.3 CalibratingHataModels .................................................................................634.3.1 QualityTargets .......................................................................................644.3.2 SettingInitialParametersintheHataModels ..............................................................644.3.2.1 DefiningGeneralSettings .............................................................................644.3.2.2 SelectinganEnvironmentFormula .....................................................................654.3.2.3 CreatingorModifyingEnvironmentFormulas ............................................................65

4.3.3 RunningtheHataCalibrationProcess.....................................................................664.4 AnalysingtheCalibratedModel...........................................................................684.5 FinalisingtheSettingsoftheCalibratedSPM ................................................................734.6 DeployingtheCalibratedModel ...........................................................................754.6.1 CopyingaCalibratedModeltoAnotherDocument..........................................................764.6.2 DeployingaCalibratedModeltoTransmitters .............................................................76

5 AdditionalCWMeasurementFunctions ...................................................815.1 CreatingaCWMeasurementPath .........................................................................815.2 DrawingaCWMeasurementPath .........................................................................825.3 MergingMeasurementPathsforaSameTransmitter .........................................................825.4 SmoothingMeasurementstoReducetheFadingEffect .......................................................835.5 CalculatingBestServersAlongaCWMeasurementPath ......................................................835.5.1 AddingTransmitterstoaCWMeasurementPath ...........................................................845.5.2 SelectingthePropagationModel ........................................................................845.5.3 SettingtheDisplaytoBestServer ........................................................................845.5.4 CalculatingSignalLevels................................................................................845.5.5 DisplayingStatisticsOveraMeasurementPath ............................................................845.5.6 DisplayingStatisticsOverSeveralMeasurementPaths ......................................................85

6 SurveySiteForm.................................................................................896

Chapter1ChapIntroductionThischapterpresentstheModelCalibrationGuide.

8Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuide2015Forsk

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideAT321_MCG_E5 Chapter1:Introduction1 IntroductionTheModelCalibrationGuideisintendedforprojectmanagersoranyoneelseresponsibleforcalibratingtheStandardPropagationModel(SPM)orHataModels(OkumuraHataandCostHata)usingcontinuouswave(CW)measurements.Tothatend,theModelCalibrationGuidepresentsyouwithdetailed informationon theSPMandguidesyou through thecalibrationprocessofbothtypesofmodels.ItisnottheintentionofthisguidetoexplainindetailhowtouseAtoll,nortoprovidedetailedtechnicalinformationaboutAtollprojects.ForinformationonusingAtoll,seetheUserManualandtheAdministratorManual.FordetailedtechnicalinformationaboutAtollprojects,seetheTechnicalReferenceGuide.TheModelCalibrationGuidefollowsthecalibrationprocessfromplanningtheCWsurvey,toincorporatingtheCWmeasurementsintoAtoll,tousingtheCWmeasurementstocalibratetheSPM.IfthisisthefirsttimeyouarecalibratingAtollsSPM,youmightwanttoreadthoughtheentireModelCalibrationGuide.Or,youcangodirectlytothechapterthatinterestsyou:

TheStandardPropagationModel:ThischapterdescribestheAtollSPM,includingtheSPMformulaandtheHataformulaonwhichtheSPMisbased.Otheraspectsdescribedinclude,typicalSPMparametervalues,makingcalculationsusingtheSPM,andrecommendationsforusingtheSPM.

CWMeasurements:ThischapterexplainstheroleofCWmeasurementsincalibratingtheSPM.ItalsogivesyouinformationthatwillhelpyousuccessfullyplanandcarryoutaCWsurvey.

TheModelCalibrationProcess:Thischapterexplainstheentirecalibrationprocessforanymodeltype: CreatinganAtolldocumentthattousetocalibrateapropagationmodel. ImportingthemeasurementsfromtheCWsurveyintothenewAtolldocument. FilteringtheimportedCWmeasurementstoensurethatyouareusingonlythemostrelevantdata. CalibratingtheSPMorHataModels,usingeithertheautomaticortheassistedmethod(SPMonly). Finalisinganddeployingthecalibratedmodel.

ThisguidealsocontainsanappendixwithadditionalinformationonusingCWmeasurementsinAtoll.9

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter1:Introduction 2015Forsk10

Chapter2ChapStandardPropagationModelThischapterprovidesinformationontheStandardPropagationModel.

Inthischapter,thefollowingareexplained: "SPMFormula"onpage 13 "The Correspondence Between the SPM and

Hata"onpage 13 "MakingCalculationsinAtoll"onpage 15

12

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter: 2015Forsk

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideAT321_MCG_E5 Chapter2:StandardPropagationModel2 StandardPropagationModelTheStandardPropagationModelisapropagationmodelbasedontheHataformulasandissuitedforpredictionsinthe150to3500 MHzbandoverlongdistances(fromoneto20 km).ItisbestsuitedtoGSM900/1800,UMTS,CDMA2000,WiMAX,WiFi,andLTEradiotechnologies.

2.1 SPMFormulaTheStandardPropagationModelisbasedonthefollowingformula:

where:

receivedpower(dBm) transmittedpower(EIRP)(dBm) constantoffset(dB) multiplyingfactorfor distancebetweenthereceiverandthetransmitter(m) multiplyingfactorfor effectiveheightofthetransmitterantenna(m) multiplyingfactorfordiffractioncalculation. mustbeapositivenumber. lossesduetodiffractionoveranobstructedpath(dB) multiplyingfactorfor multiplyingfactorfor multiplyingfactorfor effectiveheightofthereceiverantenna(i.e.,mobileantennaheight)(m) multiplyingfactorfor averageofweightedlossesduetoclutter correctivefactorforhillyregions(=0incaseofNLOS)

2.2 TheCorrespondenceBetweentheSPMandHataInthissection,theHataformulaonwhichtheSPMisbasedisdescribed.ThecorrespondencebetweentheSPMandtheHataformulaisalsodescribed.

2.2.1 HataFormulaTheSPMformulaisderivedfromthebasicHataformula,whichis:

where,

, , , , , Hataparameters FrequencyinMHz EffectiveBSantennaheightinmetres Distanceinkilometres Mobileantennaheightcorrectionfunction Cluttercorrectionfunction

PR PTxK1 K2 Log d K3 Log HTxeff K4 DiffractionLoss K5 Log d Log HTxeff + + + + +K6 HRxeff K7 Log HRxeff Kclutter f clutter Khill LOS+ + + =

PRPTxK1K2 Log d d

K3 Log HTxeff HTxeffK4 K4DiffractionLoss

K5 Log d Log HTxeff K6 HRxeff

K7 Log HRxeff HRxeffKclutter f clutter f clutter Khill LOS

L A1 A2 flog A3 hBSlog B1 B2 hBSlog B3hBS+ + dlog a hm Cclutter+ + +=

A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3fhBSd

a hm Cclutter13

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter2:StandardPropagationModel 2015ForskTypicalvaluesforHatamodelparametersare: A1=69.55for900MHz,A1=46.30for1800MHz A2=26.16for900MHz,A2=33.90for1800MHz A3=13.82 B1=44.90 B2=6.55 B3=0

2.2.2 CorrespondenceBetweenHataandSPMParametersInthissection,theHataandSPMparametersarecompared.

2.2.2.1 ReducingtheHataandSPMEquationsBecauseyouareonlydealingwithstandardformulas,youcanignoretheinfluenceofdiffractionandcluttercorrection.Itisunderstoodthat,withappropriatesettingsofA1andK1,andtakingonlyoneclutterclassintoconsideration,youcansetthecluttercorrectionfactortozerowithoutreducingthevalidityofthefollowingequations.Thecorrectionfunctionformobileantennaheightcanalsobeignored.Themobileantennaheightcorrectionfactoriszerowhenhm=1.5 m,andhasnegligiblevaluesforrealisticmobileantennaheights.TheB3parameterisusuallynotusedandcanbeconsideredtobe0.TheHataformulacannowbesimplifiedto:where:

, , , , , Hataparameters FrequencyinMHz EffectiveBSantennaheightinmetres Distanceinkilometres

TheSPMformulacanbesimplifiedto:

IfyourewritetheHataequationusingwiththedistanceinmetresasintheSPMformula,youget:

Thisleadstothefollowingequation:

2.2.2.2 EquatingtheCoefficientsIfyoucomparethesimplifiedHataandSPMequations,youseethefollowingcorrespondencebetweenthecoefficients:

Thedistance in thisequation isgiven inkilometresasopposed to theSPM,where thedistanceisgiveninmetres.

L A1 A2 flog A3 hBSlog B1 B2 hBSlog+ dlog+ + +=

A1 A2 A3 B1 B2fhBSd

L K1 K2 dlog K3 hBSlog K5 dlog hBSlog K6hmeff K7Log hmeff + + + + +=

L A1 A2 flog A3 hBSlog B1 B2 hBSlog+ d1000-------------log+ + +=

L A1 A2 flog 3 B1 A3 3 B2 hBSlog B1 dlog B2 hBSlog dlog++ + +=

K1 A1 A2 flog 3 B1+=K2 B1=

K3 A3 3 B2=K5 B2=

K6 0=K7 0=14

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideAT321_MCG_E5 Chapter2:StandardPropagationModel2.2.3 TypicalSPMParameterValuesByreferringtotypicalHataparameters,typicalSPMparameterscanbedeterminedasthefollowing:

K1dependsonthefrequency,someexamplesare:

2.3 MakingCalculationsinAtollInthissection,thedifferentaspectsofmakingcalculationsusingtheSPMareexplainedindetail:

"VisibilityandDistanceBetweenTransmitterandReceiver"onpage 15 "EffectiveTransmitterAntennaHeight"onpage 15 "EffectiveReceiverAntennaHeight"onpage 19 "CorrectionforHillyRegionsinCaseofLOS"onpage 19 "Diffraction"onpage 20 "LossesDuetoClutter"onpage 20 "RecommendationsforUsingClutterwiththeSPM"onpage 21.

2.3.1 VisibilityandDistanceBetweenTransmitterandReceiverForeachcalculationpixel,Atolldetermines:

Thedistancebetweenthetransmitterandthereceiver. If the transmitterreceiverdistance is less than themaximumuserdefineddistance (thebreakdistance), the

receiverisconsideredtobenearthetransmitter.AtollwillusethesetofvaluescalledNeartransmitter. Ifthetransmitterreceiverdistanceisgreaterthanthemaximumdistance,thereceiverisconsideredfarfromthe

transmitter.AtollwillusethesetofvaluescalledFarfromtransmitter. Whetherthereceiverisinthetransmitterlineofsightornot.

Ifthereceiverisinthetransmitterlineofsight,Atollwilltakeintoaccountthesetofvalues(K1,K2)LOS.TheLOSisdefinedbynoobstructionalongthedirectraybetweenthetransmitterandthereceiver.

Ifthereceiverisnotinthetransmitterlineofsight,Atollwillusethesetofvalues(K1,K2)NLOS.

2.3.2 EffectiveTransmitterAntennaHeightTheeffectivetransmitterantennaheight(HTxeff)canbecalculatedusingoneofsixdifferentmethods:

"HeightAboveGround"onpage 16 "HeightAboveAverageProfile"onpage 16 "SlopeatReceiverBetween0andMinimumDistance"onpage 16 "SpotHt"onpage 16 "AbsoluteSpotHt"onpage 16

Projecttype Frequency(MHz) K1GSM900 935 12.5GSM1800 1805 22GSM1900 1930 23UMTS 2045a

a. 2045MHz=(2140+1950)/2.Itistheaverageofthedownlinkanduplinkcentrefrequenciesoftheband.

23.8

1xRTT 1900 23

WiMAXandWiFi

2300 25.6

2500 26.8

2700 27.9

3300 30.9

3500 31.7

K2 44,90=K3 5,83=K5 6,55=15

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter2:StandardPropagationModel 2015Forsk "EnhancedSlopeatReceiver"onpage 17.

2.3.2.1 HeightAboveGroundThetransmitterantennaheightisitsheightabovetheground(HTxinmetres).

2.3.2.2 HeightAboveAverageProfileThetransmitterantennaheightisdeterminedrelativetoanaveragegroundheightcalculatedalongtheprofilebetweenatransmitterandareceiver.Theprofilelengthdependsontheminimumdistanceandmaximumdistancevaluesandislimitedbythetransmitterandreceiverlocations.Distancemin.andDistancemaxareminimumandmaximumdistancesfromthetransmitterrespectively.

where,

isthegroundheight(groundelevation)abovesealevelattransmitter(m). istheaveragegroundheightabovesealevelalongtheprofile(m).

2.3.2.3 SlopeatReceiverBetween0andMinimumDistanceThetransmitterantennaheightiscalculatedusingthegroundslopeatthereceiver.

where,

isthegroundheight(groundelevation)abovesealevelatthereceiver(m). isthegroundslopecalculatedoverauserdefineddistance(Distancemin.).Inthiscase,Distancemin.isthedis

tancefromthereceiver.

2.3.2.4 SpotHtIf then,If then,

2.3.2.5 AbsoluteSpotHt

Thesevaluesareonlyusedinthelasttwomethodsandhavedifferentmeaningsforeachmethod.

HTxeff HTx=

Iftheprofile isnot locatedbetweenthetransmitterandthereceiver,HTxeffequalsHTxonly.

HTxeff HTx H0Tx H0 +=

H0TxH0

If ,Atolluses20 mincalculations. If ,Atolltakes200 m.

HTxeff HTx H0Tx+ H0Rx K d+=

H0RxK

HTxeff 20mHTxeff 200m

H0Tx H0Rx HTxeff HTx H0Tx H0Rx +=H0Tx H0Rx HTxeff HTx=

Distancemin.anddistancemaxaresetto3000and15000 mfollowingITUrecommendations (low frequencybroadcast f < 500 Mhz)and to0and15000 m followingOkumurarecommendations(highfrequencymobiletelephony).

HTxeff HTx H0Tx H0Rx+=16

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideAT321_MCG_E5 Chapter2:StandardPropagationModel2.3.2.6 EnhancedSlopeatReceiverAtolloffersanewmethodcalledEnhancedslopeatreceivertoevaluatetheeffectivetransmitterantennaheight.

TheXaxisandYaxisrepresentpositionsandheightsrespectively.ItisassumedthattheXaxisisorientedfromthetransmitter(origin)towardsthereceiver.Thiscalculationismadeinseveralsteps:

1. Atolldetermineslineofsightbetweenthetransmitterandthereceiver.TheLOSlineequationis:

where,

isthereceiverantennaheightabovetheground(m). iisthepointindex. Resistheprofileresolution(distancebetweentwopoints).

2. Atollextractsthetransmitterreceiverterrainprofile.3. Hillsandmountainsarealreadytakenintoaccountindiffractioncalculations.Therefore,inorderforthemnottoneg

ativelyinfluencetheregressionlinecalculation,Atollfilterstheterrainprofile.Atollcalculatestwofilteredterrainprofiles;oneestablishedfromthetransmitterandanotherfromthereceiver.Itdeterminesthefilteredheightofeveryprofilepoint.Profilepointsareevenlyspacedonthebasisoftheprofileresolution.Todeterminethefilteredterrainheightatapoint,Atollevaluatesthegroundslopebetweentwopointsandcomparesitwithathresholdsetto0.05;wherethreecasesarepossible.Somenotationsdefinedhereafterareusedinnextpart. isthefilteredheight. istheoriginalheight.Theoriginalterrainheightisdeterminedfromextractedgroundprofile.Whenfilteringstartsfromthetransmitter:LetusassumethatForeachpoint,therearethreedifferentpossibilities:

a. If and ,

Then,

b. If andThen,

c. If

Figure 2.1:EnhancedSlopeatReceiver

Los i H0Tx HTx+ H0Tx HTx+ H0Rx HRx+

d-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Res i =

HRx

HfiltHorig

Hfilt Tx Tx Horig Tx =

Horig i Horig i 1 Horig i Horig i 1

Res------------------------------------------------------ 0,05

Hfilt Tx i Hfilt Tx i 1 Horig i Horig i 1 +=

Horig i Horig i 1 Horig i Horig i 1

Res------------------------------------------------------ 0,05

Hfilt Tx i Hfilt Tx i 1 =

Horig i Horig i 1 17

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter2:StandardPropagationModel 2015ForskThen,If,aswell,Then,

Whenfilteringstartsfromthereceiver:LetusassumethatForeachpoint,therearethreedifferentpossibilities:

a. If and ,

Then,

b. If andThen,

c. IfThen,If,aswell,Then,Then,foreverypointofprofile,Atollcomparesthetwofilteredheightsandchoosesthehigherone.

4. Atolldeterminestheinfluencearea,R.Itcorrespondstothedistancefromreceiveratwhichtheoriginalterrainprofileplus30metresintersectstheLOSforthefirsttime(whenbeginningfromtransmitter).Theinfluenceareamustsatisfyadditionalconditions: , , Rmustcontainatleastthreepixels.

5. AtollperformsalinearregressiononthefilteredprofilewithinRinordertodeterminearegressionline.Theregressionlineequationis:

andwhere,

iisthepointindex.OnlypointswithinRaretakenintoaccount.

d(i)isthedistancebetweeniandthetransmitter(m).

Whenseveralinfluenceareasarepossible,Atollchoosesthehighestone. Ifd

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideAT321_MCG_E5 Chapter2:StandardPropagationModelThen,Atollextendstheregressionlinetothetransmitterlocation.Itsequationis:

6. Then,Atollcalculatestheeffectivetransmitterantennaheight, (m).

IfHTxeffislessthan20 m,Atollrecalculatesitwithanewinfluencearea,whichbeginsatthetransmitter.

7. If islessthan20 m(ornegative),Atollevaluatesthepathlossusing andappliesacorrectionfactor.

Therefore,if ,

where,

2.3.3 EffectiveReceiverAntennaHeightwhere,

istheheightofthereceiverantennaabovetheground(m).isthegroundheight(groundelevation)abovesealevelatthereceiver(m).isthegroundheight(groundelevation)abovesealevelatthetransmitter(m).

2.3.4 CorrectionforHillyRegionsinCaseofLOSAnoptionalcorrectivetermenablesAtolltocorrectpathlossforhillyregionswhenthetransmitterandthereceiverareinlineofsight.Therefore,ifthereceiverisinthetransmitterlineofsightandthehillyterraincorrectionoptionhasbeenselected:

Whenthetransmitterandthereceiverarenotinlineofsight,thepathlossformulais:

isdeterminedinthreesteps.Influencearea,R,andregressionlineareassumedtobeavailable.1. Foreveryprofilepointwithintheinfluencearea,Atollcalculatesheightdeviationbetweentheoriginalterrainprofile

andregressionline.Then,itsortspointsaccordingtothedeviationanddrawstwolines(paralleltotheregressionline),onewhichisexceededby10%oftheprofilepointsandtheotheroneby90%.

2. Atollevaluatestheterrainroughness,h;itisthedistancebetweenthetwolines.3. Atollcalculates .

If ,1000mwillbeusedincalculations. If islessthan20 m,anadditionalcorrectionistakenintoaccount(step 7).

regr i a i Res b+=HTxeff

HTxeffH0Tx HTx b+

1 a2+--------------------------------------=

HTxeff 1000mHTxeff

HTxeff HTxeff 20m=

HTxeff 20m

Lmodel Lmodel HTxeff 20m= d f Klowant+=

Klowantd

105--------- 0,3 HTxeff 20

20 1 HTxeff 20 9,63 d

1000-------------+ 6,93

d1000-------------+

------------------------------------------------------------------------------=

Thecalculationofeffectiveantennaheights ( and ) isbasedonextractedDTMprofiles.Theyarenotperformedproperlyifyouhavenotimportedheights(DTMfile)beforehand.

HRxeff HRx H0Rx+ H0Tx=

HRx

H0Rx

H0Tx

HRxeff HTxeff

Lmodel K1 LOS K2 LOS d log K3 HTxeff log K5 HTxeff d loglog K6 HRx Kclutterf clutter Khill LOS+ + + + + +=

Lmodel K1 NLOS K2 NLOS d log K3 HTxeff log K4 Diffraction K5 HTxeff d loglog K6 HRx Kclutterf clutter + + + + + +=Khill LOS

Khill LOS

Khill LOS Kh Khf+=19

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter2:StandardPropagationModel 2015ForskIf ,

ElseIf ,

ElseiRxisthepointindexatreceiver.

2.3.5 DiffractionFourmethodsareavailabletocalculatediffractionlossoverthetransmitterreceiverprofile.ThesemethodsareexplainedintheTechnicalReferenceGuide.

Deygout EpsteinPeterson Deygoutwithcorrection Millington

Alongthetransmitterreceiverprofile,youcantakeoneofthefollowingintoconsideration: Groundaltitudeandclutterheight(Considerheightsindiffractionoption).Inthiscase,Atollusesclutterheightinfor

mationfromtheclutterheightsfileifitisavailableintheATLdocument.Otherwise,Atollconsidersaverageclutterheightspecifiedforeachclutterclassintheclutterclassesfiledescription.

Onlygroundaltitude.

2.3.6 LossesDuetoClutterAtollcalculatesf(clutter)overamaximumdistancefromthereceiver.

where,

L:lossduetoclutterdefinedontheCluttertabbytheuser(indB). w:weightdeterminedthroughtheweightingfunction. n:numberofpointstakenintoaccountovertheprofile.Pointsareevenlyspaceddependingontheprofileresolution.

Fourweightingfunctionsareavailable: uniformweightingfunction:

triangularweightingfunction:

,wherediisthedistancebetweenthereceiverandtheithpointandDisthemaximumdistancedefined.

logarithmicweightingfunction:

exponentialweightingfunction:

Thefollowingchartshowstheweightvariationwiththedistanceforeachweightingfunction.

0 h 20m Kh 0=

Kh 7,73 h log 2 15,29 h log 6,746+=

0 h 10m Khf 2 0,1924 H0Rx HRx regr iRx + =

Khf 2 1,616 h log 2 14,75 h log 11,21+ H0Rx HRx regr iRx +

h------------------------------------------------------------ =

f clutter Liwii 1=

n

=

wi1n---=

widi

djj 1=

n

--------------=

di D d'i=

wi

diD---- 1+ log

djD---- 1+ log

j 1=

n

--------------------------------------=

wie

diD----

1

e

djD----

1

j 1=

n

--------------------------=20

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideAT321_MCG_E5 Chapter2:StandardPropagationModel2.3.7 RecommendationsforUsingClutterwiththeSPMThedecisionofwhatclutterinformationyoushouldusewiththeSPMdependsonthetypeandqualityoftheavailableinformation.Normallyyouwanttousethemostdetailedandmostaccurateinformation.ThissectiongivesafewrecommendationsonusingtheinformationavailabletoyouefficientlywiththeSPM.Thefollowingscenariosarepossible:

Noclutterheightinformationisavailable:Youdonothaveaclutterheightfileandtheheightperclutterclassiseithernotdefined,oristooroughlydefined.Inthiscase,youshoulddefinealossperclutterclassandnotusetheheightperclutterclass.Formoreinformation,see"LossesDuetoClutter"onpage 20.

Noclutterheightfileisavailable:Youdonothaveaclutterheightfile.However,theclutterclassesfilehasrelativelygooddatadefiningtheheightperclutterclassandhasahighenoughresolution.Inthiscase,youcanusetheheightperclutterclass,but,ifyouusetheheightperclutterclass,youmustnotdefinealossperclutterclass.Formoreinformation,see"ClutterHeightperClass"onpage 22.

Clutterheightfileisavailable:Youhaveaclutterheightfileavailablethathasaccuratedataoveraresolutionthatisfineenoughforyournetwork.Inthiscase,youshouldusetheclutterheightfile.But,ifyouusetheclutterheightfile,youmustnotusealossperclutterclass.Formoreinformation,see"ClutterHeightFile"onpage 23.

Moreinformationisgivenoneachoptioninthefollowingsections.LossesperClutterClassIfyouspecifylossesperclutterclass,asillustratedinFigure 2.3,youmustnotconsiderclutteraltitudesindiffractionlossoverthetransmitterreceiverprofile.Thisapproachisrecommendediftheclutterheightinformationisstatistical(i.e.,wheretheclutterisroughlydefinedandwithoutadefinedaltitude).

Figure 2.2:LossesduetoClutter

Because theStandardPropagationModel isa statisticalpropagationmodel,using thisapproachisrecommended.21

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter2:StandardPropagationModel 2015ForskClutterHeightperClassIfyouconsiderclutterheightperclass,asillustratedinFigure 2.5,youmustnotdefineanylossperclutterclass.Inthiscase,f(clutter)willbe"0;"lossesduetoclutterwillonlybetakenintoaccountincalculateddiffraction.Thisapproachisrecommendediftheclutterheightinformationissemideterministic(i.e.,wheretheclutterisroughlydefinedwithanaveragealtitudeperclutterclass).Whentheclutterheightinformationisanaverageheightdefinedforeachclutterclass,youmustspecifyareceiverclearanceperclutterclass.Bothgroundandclutterheightareconsideredalongtheentiretransmitterreceiverprofileexceptoveraspecificdistancearoundthereceiver(clearance),inwhichAtollbasesitscalculationsonlyontheDTM.Theclearanceinformationisusedtomodelstreetsbecauseitisassumedthatthereceiverisinthestreet.

InFigure 2.4,thegroundaltitudeandclutterheight(inthiscase,averageheightspecifiedforeachclutterclassintheclutterclassesmapdescription)aretakenintoaccountalongtheprofile.

Figure 2.3:Settinglossesperclutterclass

Figure 2.4:TxRxprofile22

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideAT321_MCG_E5 Chapter2:StandardPropagationModelClutterHeightFileIfyouuseaclutterheightfile,donotdefineanylossperclutterclass,asillustratedinFigure 2.5.Inthiscase,f(clutter)willbe"0;"lossesduetoclutterwillonlybetakenintoaccountincalculateddiffraction.Thisapproachisrecommendediftheclutterheightinformationisdeterministic(inthiscase,wherethereisaclutterheightfile).Itisnotnecessarytodefinereceiverclearanceiftheheightinformationisfromaclutterheightfile;theclutterheightinformationisaccurateenoughtobeusedwithoutadditionalinformationsuchasclearance.Atollcalculatesthepathlossifthereceiverisinthestreet(i.e.,ifthereceiverheightishigherthantheclutterheight).Ifthereceiverheightislowerthantheclutterheight,thereceiverisassumedtobeinsideabuilding.Inthiscase,Atolldoesnotconsideranydiffractionforthebuilding(oranyclearance)buttakesintoaccounttheclutterclassindoorlossasanadditionalpenetrationloss.Nevertheless,Atolldoesconsiderdiffractioncausedbysurroundingbuildings.InFigure 2.6onpage 24thisdiffractionisdisplayedwithagreenline.

Figure 2.5:Settingswhenusingclutterheightssetperclass

Inordertoconsiderindoorlossesinsideabuildingwhenonlyusingadeterministiccluttermap(i.e.,aclutterheightmap),youmustcleartheIndoorCoveragecheckboxwhencreatingapredictionorindoorlosseswillbeaddedtwice(oncefortheentirereceptionclutterclassandonceasindoorlosses).23

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter2:StandardPropagationModel 2015ForskFigure 2.6:Diffractioncausedbysurroundingbuildingswhenthereceiverisindoors

Figure 2.7:Clutterclasssettingswhenusingaclutterheightfile24

Chapter3ChapCollectingCWMeasurementDataThischapterprovidesinformationoncollectingcontinuouswavemeasurementdata.

Inthischapter,thefollowingareexplained: "BeforeYouStart"onpage 27 "Guidelines for CW Measurement Surveys" on

page 28

26


Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideAT321_MCG_E5 Chapter3:CollectingCWMeasurementData3 CollectingCWMeasurementDataCWmeasurements,i.e.,measurementsmadeinthefieldforasingletransmitteratagivenfrequency(continuouswave),areusedtocalibratepropagationmodels.CreatingCWmeasurementsinAtollcanbemadeeitherbyimportingmeasurementsorgeneraldatasamples(includingPlanetdata)orbypastingmeasurementresultsdirectlyinthedocument.Whenyouimportmeasurements,youcansavethesettingsusedduringtheimportprocedureinaconfigurationwhichyoucanusedthenexttimeyouimportsimilarmeasurements.Atoll enables very completemanagement of CWmeasurements and provides several features allowing you to updategeographicaldata,defineadditionalfields,ordefinehowthepathwillbedisplayed.ThischapterpresentsthepointstobeconsideredwhenplanningaCWsurveyinordertogetthemostaccurateandusefulmeasurements.OnceyouhavemadeaCWsurveyandhavecollectedtheCWmeasurements,importingthemintoAtollandusingthemtocalibrateapropagationmodel(SPMorHatamodels)isexplainedin"SettingUpYourCalibrationProject"onpage 33.AtolloffersotherpossibilitiesforworkingwithCWmeasurements.Formoreinformation,seeChapter5:AdditionalCWMeasurementFunctions.

3.1 BeforeYouStartBeforeyoumakeaCWsurvey,itisessentialtoproperlyprepareforit.ThissectiondescribesthedatayoumusthavebeforeyoustartyourCWsurvey:

"GeographicData"onpage 27 "MeasurementData"onpage 27.

3.1.1 GeographicDataYoumusthaveuptodategeographicdatawhenyouareplanningyourCWsurvey.IfyouperformaCWsurveyonanareaforwhichyoudonothaveuptodategeographicdataofsufficientquality,youwillnotbeabletousetheCWmeasurementsyouhavecollectedtocalibratethepropagationmodel.Inanycase,uptodategeographicdatawillbelaterrequiredtoproducerealisticresultsincoveragepredictions.Thetypesofgeographicdatayouwillneedarethefollowing:

Rastergeographicdata:TheSPMorHataModelscanuserastergeographicdataasinput.ItcanobtainthegroundelevationinformationfromtheDTM(DigitalTerrainModel)filesandclutterinformationfromeitherclutterclassesfilesorclutterheightsfiles.Clutter classes files describe the land cover (dense urban areas, buildings, residential areas, forests, open areas, villagesetc.). In these files, the ground is represented by a grid where each pixel corresponds to a code allocated to a main typeof cover, in other words, to a clutter class. Clutter height maps describe the altitude of clutter over the DTM with one altitudedefined for each pixel. Clutter height maps can offer more precise information than defining an altitude per clutter classbecause, in a clutter height file, it is possible to have different heights within a single clutter class.

DTM and clutter class files must be of a sufficiently high resolution to obtain a high-quality and accurate results in acalibration project. The resolution of geographic data should typically be:

25morlessforurbanareas 50morlessforruralareas.

Vectordata:Vectormaps, representingat leastmajor roads,areuseful forplanningandverifyingmeasurementsurveyroutes.

Scannedmaps:Scannedmapsareusefulforplanningandverifyingmeasurementsurveyroutesinurbanareas.

3.1.2 MeasurementDataItisstronglyrecommendedtouseCW(continuouswave)measurementstocalibratetheSPMorHatamodels.AlthoughitispossibletocalibratetheSPMorHatamodelsusingdrivetestdata,itisnottherecommendedapproach:

Sincedrivetestdataaremadeonarealnetwork,partofthemeasuredsignalisactuallyduetointerference. Usingdirectionalantennasimpliesthatthepropagationcalculationstronglydependsontheaccuracyofantennapat

terns,andonlythemeasurementpointsinthedirectionofthemainbeamarerelevant. Severalfrequenciesaremeasuredfordrivetestdata,althoughtheSPMorhatamodelsarecalibratedonlyforabase

frequency. Thesamplingrateofeachmeasuredstationislowbecausealotofstationsarescannedatthesametime.Therefore,

theLeecriterioncannotbefulfilled(see"GuidelinesforCWMeasurementSurveys"onpage 28).27

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter3:CollectingCWMeasurementData 2015Forsk Onlythesignalfromthebestserverisscannedand,therefore,thesignallevelismeasuredoveronlyashortdistancefromeachtransmitter.Therefore,themodelwillonlybecalibratedforcoveragepredictionsandnotfortheevaluationofinterference.

Therefore, you shouldplanCWmeasurement surveys if youneedmeasurements to calibrate the SPMorHatamodels.However,beforeplanningandperformingCWameasurementsurvey:

Determinethenumberofrequiredpropagationmodelsdependingonrepresentativeareatypes(urban,suburban,flat_rural,hilly_rural,etc.),andonthenumberoffrequencybands(GSM900,GSM1800,UMTS,etc.).Onepropagationmodelforeach"areatypefrequencyband"pairmustbecalibrated.

Selectarepresentativeareaofeachareatype,wherethemeasurementsurveycampaignswillbeperformed. Foreach area type, selectat least8 sites (6 for calibrationand2 for verification),which respect the conditions

describedin"GuidelinesforCWMeasurementSurveys"onpage 28. Foreachselectedsite,defineasurveyroute,whichrespectstheconditionsdescribedin"GuidelinesforCWMeasure

mentSurveys"onpage 28. Ensurethatitwillbepossibletorespectallothercriteriadescribedin"GuidelinesforCWMeasurementSurveys"on

page 28whenperformingthemeasurementsurvey.

3.2 GuidelinesforCWMeasurementSurveysThequalityofthecalibratedpropagationmodeldependsstronglyonthequalityoftheCWmeasurements.Therefore,youcanonlymeetthequalitytargetsiftheCWmeasurements,onwhichthecalibrationwillbebased,areofgoodquality,theprovidedradiodataarecorrect,andthecalibrationproceduredescribedin"TheModelCalibrationProcess"onpage 33isfollowed.

ThissectiongivessomeinformationforplanningaCWmeasurementsurvey.KeepingthisinformationinmindwhenyouareplanningthesurveyroutewillhelpguaranteehighqualitymeasurementsthatcanserveasinputfortheSPM(orHatamodels)calibrationproject.Inthissection,thefollowingaredescribed:

"SelectingBaseStations"onpage 28 "PlanningtheSurveyRoutes"onpage 29 "RadioGuidelines"onpage 29 "AdditionalDeliverableData"onpage 29.

3.2.1 SelectingBaseStationsWhenselectingstationstobeusedintheCWmeasurementsurvey,thefollowingguidelinesshouldberespected:

Aminimumofabouteight stations shouldbemeasured foreachpropagationmodel tobe calibrated.Theexactnumberofstationsdependsontheterrain.

Selectedstationsshouldfulfilthefollowingconditions: ThestationsshouldhavegoodRFclearance,inotherwords,thestationsselectedshouldnotbeobstructedinany

direction. Anomnidirectionalantennashouldbeused. Theantennasonthemeasuredstationsshouldrepresentthefullvariationofantennaheights(typicallyfrom20 m.

to50 m.)intheareacoveredbythesurvey.Ahistogramdisplayingtheantennaheightscanbeausefultoolindeterminingwhatantennaheightsshouldberepresented.

Theterrainwithinarelevantradiusaroundeachselectedstationshouldberepresentativeoftheentireareacoveredbythesurvey.Forexample,inarelativelyflatregion,allruralstationsselectedshouldbesurroundedbyrelativelyflatterrainwithinaradiusof10 km;astationsurroundedwithhillyterrainwouldnotgivemeasurementsrepresentativeoftheentirearea.

Ifthereisavarietyofdifferenttypesofclutterinthesurveyarea(open,urban,suburban,denseurban,etc.),thereshouldbeasequaladistributionaspossibleofthemajorcluttercategorieswithinarelevantradiusofeachstation.

Thereshouldbesufficientroadsavailabletoenableeasyaccesswithtransmissionequipmentonallsidesofeachstation.

Toavoidproblemsifthemeasurementsofoneormorestationsmustberejected,aminimumof10 stationsforeachpropagationmodeltobecalibratedisrecommended.28

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideAT321_MCG_E5 Chapter3:CollectingCWMeasurementData3.2.2 PlanningtheSurveyRoutesWhenselectingsurveyroutestobeusedintheCWmeasurementsurvey,thefollowingguidelinesshouldberespected:

Measurementsurveysshouldbeperformedoveralongenoughdistancetoallowthenoisefloorofthereceivertobereached.Typicaldistancesare: Ruralareas:approximately10 km Suburbanareas:approximately2 km Urbanareas:approximately1 km

Themeasurementroutesmustbelaidoutsothattheyhaveequalnumbersofsamplesnearaswellasfarfromthestationinalldirections.

Thesurveyroutesshouldnotcrossforestsorrivers;suchcluttertypesshouldbeavoided.Evenprofilesbetweenthetransmitterandthereceivershouldnotcrosssuchkindsofclutter,ifthesetypesofclutterarenotespeciallyrepresentativeofthearea.Thesepointswillhavetobefilteredoutduringthecalibrationprocess.

Whenplanningthesurveyroutes,anyproposedroutesshouldbepresentedforapprovaltotheprojectmanagerintheformofvectormapsinaformatthatcanbeimportedinAtoll.

ThemapsusedtoplanthesurveyroutesshouldusethesameprojectionsystemasthescannedmapsintheAtollcalibrationproject.Thiswillallowyoutovalidatethesurveyroutesbeforehand.

TheGPSoftheCWmeasurementequipmentshouldbeconfiguredtomatchthatofthemappingdata. Ifpossible,beforeactuallymakingthesurvey,youshouldtrytoensureconsistencybetweenthecoordinatesgivenby

theGPSonthesurveyroutewiththoseusedinAtollbymakingatestdrivewithouttakingmeasurements.

3.2.3 RadioGuidelinesWhenplanningaCWmeasurementsurvey,thefollowingradioguidelinesshouldbeconsidered:

TheareatobecoveredbytheCWmeasurementsurveymustbescannedbeforeperformingthedrivetesttoensurethatthereisnointerference.

Onlyonefrequencymustbemeasuredduringasinglesurvey. Thefrequencymeasuredmustbeclean:

ForGSM,theremustbe3contiguousunusedchannels(i.e.,aclearanceof200 kHzoneithersideofthemeasuredsignal).

ForUMTSandCDMA2000,theremustbeoneunusedcarrier.Thiscanbeverifiedbycheckingwhetherthereceptionlevelisatzerowhenthetransmitterisoff.

InLTE,measurementsaretreatedbyAtollasbeingRSsignallevelsonabearerandnottheRSRP(theRSRPbeingameasurementonasubcarrierof15kHz).

TheLeecriterionmustbesatisfiedintermsofsamplingratetoovercometheeffectsoffastfading.At least 36 samples must be collected over a distance of 40. But, because the required rate depends on the highestspeed the vehicle would travel during the survey, the vehicle speed must be adapted accordingly. The following tableprovides a list of required rates corresponding to different vehicle speeds in order to respect the Lee criterion for afrequency 900 MHz.

Themeasuredsignalsoverthedistanceof40shouldbeaveraged,withthemeansignallevel(50thpercentile)beingtheonestored.

Themaximumdistancebetween2storedmeasurementpointsshouldbeequal toonehalf the resolutionof theclutterfileused.Thisisnecessarytoobtainagoodrepresentativesampleofeachclutterclass.

At least5,000pointsperstationmustremainafteraveraging.Atypicalnumberofpointspermeasuredstation isbetween10,000and20,000points.

3.2.4 AdditionalDeliverableDataDuringthesurvey,certaintypesofinformationshouldbecollectedinadditiontomeasurements.ThisadditionalinformationwillaidininterpretingthecollectedCWmeasurementdataandwillincreasetheoverallqualityofnotonlytheCWsurveybutofthesubsequentcalibration.

HighestSpeed(Km/h) SamplingRate(samplespersec)60 45

90 68

120 90

150 11329

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter3:CollectingCWMeasurementData 2015ForskThefollowingdatashouldbecollectedduringthesurvey: Measurementdata:Theradiodatacollectedshouldmeetthefollowingcriteria:

Themeasurementstobeimportedshouldcorrespondtotheaverageofthemeasuredsignalsoverthedistanceof40.

Themaximumdistancebetween2storedmeasurementpointsshouldbeequaltoonehalftheresolutionoftheclutterclassfileused.Thisisnecessarytoobtainagoodrepresentativesampleofeachclutterclass.

Thesurveyshouldhaveat least5,000pointsperstation.A typicalnumberofpointspermeasuredstation isbetween10,000and20,000points.

Arooftopsketch:Arooftopsketchmustbeprovidedindicatingthelocationsof: Thetransmittingantenna Anyrooftopobstacles(includingtheirrelativelocation,distancefromtransmitter,andheight) Anynearbyobstacles(forexample,otherbuildings)within400 m.ofthetransmitter(includingtheirrelativeloca

tion,distancefromtransmitter,height,andwidth) Panoramicphotographs:Panoramicphotographsshouldbetakenfromeachrooftopofeachstationstartingfrom

northandturningclockwise.Thesephotographsshouldshowthesurroundingsinalldirections.Theazimuthandstationnumbershouldberecordedforeachphotograph.

Transmissiondata:Thefollowingdatashouldberecordedforallstations: PrecisecoordinatesofeachstationmeasuredduringtheCWsurvey Antennapatterns,downtilt,azimuth(iftheantennaisnotperfectlyomnidirectional),andantennaheight Transmissionpower,andtransmissiongainandlosses

Receptiondata:Thefollowingdatashouldberecordedforallstations: Receiverheight,receiversensitivity,andreceptiongainandlosses Thevoltagestandingwaveratio(VSWR)(shouldbe< 1.5).

Vectormaps:VectormapsofeachsurveyrouteshouldbecollectedtobeimportedintotheAtollcalibrationprojectpriortothemeasurementsurvey.

EachCWmeasurementfileshouldbeaccompaniedbya"SurveySiteForm"indicating: Detailsdescribingthestation Thelocationsofanyspuriousmeasurementswherethephysicalclutterdatadoesnotcoincidewiththemappingdata Anyusefulinformationaboutincidentsthatmayhaveoccurred.

Youcanfindanexampleofasurveysiteformin"SurveySiteForm"onpage 89.30

Chapter4ChapTheModelCalibrationProcessThischapterexplainsthemodelcalibrationprocess.

Inthischapter,thefollowingareexplained: "SettingUpYourCalibrationProject"onpage 33 "CalibratingtheSPM"onpage 56 "CalibratingHataModels"onpage 63 "AnalysingtheCalibratedModel"onpage 68 "FinalisingtheSettingsoftheCalibratedSPM"on

page 73

"DeployingtheCalibratedModel"onpage 75

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Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideAT321_MCG_E5 Chapter4:TheModelCalibrationProcess4 TheModelCalibrationProcessThischapterexplainsthepropagationmodelcalibrationprocess,fromcreatingorselectingtheprojectyouwillusetocalibratethemodel,tocalibratingthemodel,todeployingthecalibratedpropagationmodel.Twotypesofmodelscanbecalibrated:SPMandHataModels(HokumuraandCostHata).Beforeyoucanbeginthecalibrationprocess,youmustensurethatyouhaveproperlypreparedfortheprocess.First,thenecessaryCWmeasurementsmustbeavailable.ForinformationonplanningtheCWmeasurementsurvey,see"CollectingCWMeasurementData"onpage 27.WhentheCWmeasurementdataisavailable,youcanbegintheSPMcalibrationprocess:

1. Settingupthecalibrationproject:ThefirststepconsistsofcreatinganAtolldocumentwithallofthenetworkandgeographicaldatanecessary to recreate theCWmeasurement surveyarea.When theAtolldocumenthasbeencreatedwithallthenecessarydata,youcanimporttheCWmeasurementdataandfiltertheminordertoensurethatonlymeaningfuldataisusedforcalibration. "SettingUpYourCalibrationProject"onpage 33.

2. CalibratetheSPM:WhentheCWmeasurementdatahasbeenselectedandfiltered,youcanbegincalibratingthemodel.Youmustfirstsetafewinitialparametersinthepropagationmodelandthenyoucanbeginthecalibrationprocess,usingeithertheautomatedortheassistedmethod.Aftercalibration,Atolloffersseveraldifferentwaysforyoutoanalysethecalibratedpropagationmodel. "CalibratingtheSPM"onpage 56.

3. Finalisingthecalibratedpropagationmodel:Whenyouhavecalibratedthepropagationmodelandaresatisfiedwiththeresults,youmustmakeafewfinaladjustmentstocompensate forvaluesthatcouldnotbecalibratedduetomissingorincompletedata.Themissingvaluescanbeextrapolatedfromexistingdataorfromstandardvalues. "FinalisingtheSettingsoftheCalibratedSPM"onpage 73.

4. Deployingthecalibratedpropagationmodel:Thefinalpropagationmodelcannowbedeployedtothetransmittersforwhichitwascalibrated. "DeployingtheCalibratedModel"onpage 75.

4.1 SettingUpYourCalibrationProjectWhenyousetupthecalibrationproject,youmustfirstcreateorselectanAtolldocumentwiththenetworkandgeographicaldatanecessarytorecreatetheCWmeasurementdatasurveyarea.CreatingtheAtolldocumentisexplainedin"CreatinganAtollCalibrationDocument"onpage 33.IfyoualreadyhaveanAtolldocumentthatyouwillusetocalibratethepropagationmodel,youcancontinuedirectlywith"ImportingCWMeasurements"onpage 34.WhenyouhaveimportedtheCWmeasurements,yournextstepistoverifythattheCWmeasurementdatayouhavejustimportedcorrespondtothegeographicaldataoftheAtolldocumentyouwillbeusingforcalibration.ThisstepisveryimportantbecauseAtollwillusethegeographicaldataofthedocumenttoevaluatetheCWmeasurementpoints.Ifthepointsarenotproperlysituatedonthemap,Atollwillnotbeabletoapplythecorrectgeographicaldata,especiallycluttertoeachpoint.Thisisexplainedin"VerifyingtheCorrespondenceBetweenGeoandMeasurementData"onpage 42.Intheory,theimportedmeasurementvaluesaresupposedtobesmoothedbythemeasurementequipmentsothattheyarenotsubjecttoanyfadingeffect.Inthecasethefadingeffectsoccuronthemeasuredsamples,andinordertoimprovetheinputdataforcalibration,youcanaveragethembydefiningasmoothingslidingwindowasexplainedin"SmoothingMeasurementstoReducetheFadingEffect"onpage 83.OnceyouaresatisfiedthatthepositionsoftheCWmeasurementpointscorrespondproperlytothegeographicaldataintheAtolldocument,youcanfilterouttheCWmeasurementdatathat,forvariousreasons,cannotbeusedinthecalibrationprocess.Thisisexplainedin"FilteringMeasurementData"onpage 43.Afterpreparing theCWmeasurementdata, the finalstepbeforeproceeding to thecalibrationstep isselecting thebasestationsthatwillbeusedforcalibrationandthosethatwillbeusedtoverifythecalibrationprocess,asexplainedin"SelectingBaseStationsforCalibrationandforVerification"onpage 55.

4.1.1 CreatinganAtollCalibrationDocumentYoucancreatetheAtollcalibrationdocumentinoneoftwoways:

Fromatemplate:YoucancreateanewAtolldocumentfromatemplate.Atollisdeliveredwithatemplateforeachtechnologyyouwillbeplanningfor.Forinformationoncreatingadocumentfromatemplate,seetheUserManual.

Fromanexistingdocument:IfyoualreadyhaveanexistingdocumentcoveringtheCWmeasurementsurveyarea,youcanmakeacopyofittouseinthecalibrationprocesssothatyoucancalibratethepropagationmodelwithout33

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter4:TheModelCalibrationProcess 2015Forskmakingchangestotheoriginaldocument.Forinformationonmakingacopyofanexistingdocument,seetheUserManual.

Onceyouhavecreatedthecalibrationdocument,youmustsetafewnecessaryparametersandimportorcreatethepreliminarydata.Thesestepsareexplainedinthefollowingsections:

"SettingCoordinates"onpage 34 "ImportingGeoData"onpage 34.

4.1.1.1 SettingCoordinatesInAtoll,youdefinethetwocoordinatesystemsforeachAtolldocument:theprojectioncoordinatesystemandthedisplaycoordinatesystem.Bydefault,thesamecoordinatesystemisusedforboth.Themapsdisplayedintheworkspacearereferencedwiththesameprojectionsystemastheimportedgeographicdatafiles;thus,theprojectionsystemdependsontheimportedgeographicfile.

FormoreinformationontheprojectionanddisplaycoordinatesystemsinAtoll,seetheUserManual.

4.1.1.2 ImportingGeoDataThegeographicdata isan importantpartofanAtolldocumentwhenthedocument isgoing tobeused foracalibrationproject.Severaldifferentgeographicdatatypesareusedinacalibrationproject:

DigitalTerrainModel:TheDTMdescribestheelevationofthegroundoversealevelandisindispensableinacalibrationproject.

ClutterClasses:Theclutterclassgeodatafiledescribeslandcoverorlanduse.Eitherclutterclassesorclutterheightsmustbepresentinacalibrationproject.

ClutterHeights:ClutterheightmapsdescribethealtitudeofclutterovertheDTMwithonealtitudedefinedperpixel.Clutterheightmapscanoffermorepreciseinformationthandefininganaltitudeperclutterclassbecause,inaclutterheightfile,itispossibletohavedifferentheightswithinasingleclutterclass.

VectorMaps:Mapswithpossiblesurvey routesdefinedasvectorscanbe imported toverify theplannedsurveyroutesagainstothermaps.

Scanned Images:Scanned imagesaregeographicdata fileswhich represent theactualphysicalsurroundings, forexample,roadmapsorsatelliteimages.Theyareusedtoprovideaprecisebackgroundforotherobjects.Althoughtheyarenotusedincalculations,theycanbeusedtoverifytheaccuracyofproposedsurveyroutes.

WMSRasterformatGeoDataFiles:RasterimagesfromaWebMapService(WMS)server.TheimagemustbeinTIFformatandbereferencedinthedocument;itcannotbeembedded.YoucanuseaWMSimagetoaddaprecisebackgroundforotherobjects,ortoaddplacenames,oramapofroadways.WMSimagesarenotusedincalculations.

FormoreinformationonanyofthegeographicdataformatsthatcanbeusedinAtoll,seetheUserManual,andtheTechnicalReferenceGuide.Forinformationonimportinggeographicdata,seetheUserManual.

4.1.2 ImportingCWMeasurementsInAtoll,youcanimportCWmeasurementfilesintheformofASCIItextfiles(withtabs,commas,semicolons,orspacesastheseparator),withDAT,TXT,andCSVextensions.ForAtolltobeabletousethedatainimportedfiles,theimportedfilesmustcontainthefollowinginformation:

ThepositionoftheCWmeasurementpoints.Whenyouimportthedata,youmustindicatewhichcolumnsgivetheabscissaandordinate(XYcoordinates)ofeachpoint.

Themeasuredsignallevelateachpoint.Theimportedfilescanalsocontainotherinformation,suchaspointnamesandfieldcharacteristics,thatcanbeusedtodefinethedisplayofmeasurementpoints,forexample,tofilterpoints.YoucanimportasingleCWmeasurementfileorseveralCWmeasurementfilesatthesametime.IfyouregularlyimportCWmeasurementfilesofthesameformat,youcancreateanimportconfiguration.Theimportconfigurationcontainsinformation

Allimportedrastergeographicfilesmustbeusethesamecartographicsystem.Ifnot,youmustconvertthemtoasinglecartographicsystem.

TheonlypropagationmodelsthatcantakeclutterheightsintoaccountincalculationsaretheStandardPropagationModelandWLLmodel.34

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideAT321_MCG_E5 Chapter4:TheModelCalibrationProcessthatdefinesthestructureofthedataintheCWmeasurementfile.Byusingtheimportconfiguration,youwillnotneedtodefinethedatastructureeachtimeyouimportanewCWmeasurementfile.Inthissection,thefollowingaredescribed:

"ImportingaCWMeasurementPath"onpage 35 "ImportingSeveralCWMeasurementPaths"onpage 36 "CreatingaCWMeasurementImportConfiguration"onpage 38 "DefiningtheDisplayofCWMeasurements"onpage 39.

4.1.2.1 ImportingaCWMeasurementPathToimportaCWmeasurementfile:

1. ClicktheNetworktabintheexplorerwindow.2. RightclicktheCWMeasurementsfolder.Thecontextmenuappears.3. SelectImportfromthecontextmenu.TheOpendialogueappears.4. Selectthefileorfilesyouwanttoopen.5. ClickOpen.TheImportofMeasurementFilesdialogueappears.6. OntheGeneraltab:

a. EnteraNamefortheCWmeasurement.Bydefault,theCWmeasurementisgiventhenameofthefilebeingimported.

b. UnderReferenceTransmitter,selecttheTransmitterwithwhichtheCWmeasurementsweremade,itstechnology,anditstransmittingFrequencyduringthemeasurementsurvey.

c. UnderReceiver,entertheHeightofthereceiver,theGain,andtheLosses.d. UnderMeasurements,definetheUnitusedfortheCWmeasurements.e. IftheCoordinatesusedfortheCWmeasurementdataaredifferentthantheonedisplayed,clicktheBrowsebut

ton( )andselectthecoordinatesystemused.

7. ClicktheSetuptab(seeFigure 4.1).Ifyoualreadyhavean importconfigurationdefiningthedatastructureoftheimportedfileorfiles,youcanselectitfromtheConfigurationlistontheSetuptaboftheImportofMeasurementFilesdialogue.Ifyoudonothaveanimportconfiguration,continuewithstep 8.a. UnderConfiguration,selectanimportconfigurationfromtheConfigurationlist.b. Continuewithstep 9.

CWmeasurementsareusuallymadeusingWGS84.Bydefaultthecoordinatesystemdisplayedinthecoordinatesfieldisthedisplaysystemusedinthedocument.IftheCWmeasurementsweremadeusingWGS84,besuretoselectWGS84,ageographicsystemasindicatedbytheglobesymbol( ).35

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter4:TheModelCalibrationProcess 2015Forsk8. UnderFile,ontheSetuptab:a. Enterthenumberofthe1stMeasurementRow,selectthedataSeparator,andselecttheDecimalSymbolused

inthefile.b. ClickSetuptolinkfilecolumnsandinternalAtollfields.TheCWMeasurementSetupdialogueappears.c. SelectthecolumnsintheimportedfilethatgivetheXCoordinatesandtheYCoordinatesofeachpointintheCW

measurementpathfile.

d. IntheMeasurementsbox,selectthefieldthatcontainsthevalueofthemeasuredsignalforeachdefinedpoint.e. ClickOKtoclosetheCWMeasurementSetupdialogue.f. Ifthereisotherdataavailableinthefile,inthetableunderFile,definetheTypeforeachadditionalcolumnof

data.

9. Onceyouhavedefinedtheimportparameters,clickImport.TheCWmeasurementdataareimportedintothecurrentAtolldocument.

4.1.2.2 ImportingSeveralCWMeasurementPathsToimportseveralCWmeasurementfiles:

1. ClicktheNetworktabintheexplorerwindow.2. RightclicktheCWMeasurementsfolder.Thecontextmenuappears.

Figure 4.1:TheSetuptaboftheImportofMeasurementFilesdialogue

WhenimportingaCWmeasurementpathfile,existingconfigurationsareavailableintheFilesoftypelistoftheOpendialogue,sortedaccordingtotheirdateofcreation.AfteryouhaveselectedafileandclickedOpen,Atollautomaticallyproposesaconfiguration, if itrecognisestheextension. Incaseseveralconfigurationsareassociatedwithanextension,Atollchoosesthefirstconfigurationinthelist.

Thedefined configurations are stored,bydefault, in the file "MeasImport.ini",located in the directorywhereAtoll is installed. Formore information on theMeasImport.inifile,seetheAdministratorManual.

YoucanalsoidentifythecolumnscontainingtheXYcoordinatesofeachpointintheCWmeasurementpathbyselectingthemfromtheFieldrowofthetableontheSetuptab.36

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideAT321_MCG_E5 Chapter4:TheModelCalibrationProcess3. SelectImportfromthecontextmenu.TheOpendialogueappears.4. Selectthefileorfilesyouwanttoopen.

5. ClickOpen.TheImportofMeasurementFilesdialogueappears.6. OntheGeneraltab:

a. EnteraNamefortheCWmeasurement.Bydefault,theCWmeasurementisgiventhenameofthefilebeingimported.

b. UnderReferenceTransmitter,selecttheTransmitterwithwhichtheCWmeasurementsweremade,itstechnology,anditstransmittingFrequencyduringthemeasurementsurvey.

c. UnderReceiver,entertheHeightofthereceiver,theGain,andtheLosses.d. UnderMeasurements,definetheUnitusedfortheCWmeasurements.e. IftheCoordinatesusedfortheCWmeasurementdataaredifferentthantheonedisplayed,clicktheBrowsebut

ton( )andselectthecoordinatesystemused.

7. ClicktheSetuptab(seeFigure 4.1).Ifyoualreadyhavean importconfigurationdefiningthedatastructureoftheimportedfileorfiles,youcanselectitfromtheConfigurationlistontheSetuptaboftheImportofMeasurementFilesdialogue.Ifyoudonothaveanimportconfiguration,continuewithstep 8.a. UnderConfiguration,selectanimportconfigurationfromtheConfigurationlist.b. Continuewithstep 9.

8. UnderFile,ontheSetuptab:a. Enterthenumberofthe1stMeasurementRow,selectthedataSeparator,andselecttheDecimalSymbolused

inthefile.b. ClickSetuptolinkfilecolumnsandinternalAtollfields.TheCWMeasurementSetupdialogueappears.c. SelectthecolumnsintheimportedfilethatgivetheXCoordinatesandtheYCoordinatesofeachpointintheCW

measurementpathfile.


data.

Youcanselectcontiguousfilesbyclickingthefirstfileyouwanttoimport,pressingSHIFTandclickingthelastfileyouwanttoimport.YoucanselectnoncontiguousfilesbypressingCTRLandclickingeachfileyouwanttoimport.

CWmeasurementsareusuallymadeusingWGS84.Bydefaultthecoordinatesystemdisplayedinthecoordinatesfieldisthedisplaysystemusedinthedocument.IftheCWmeasurementsweremadeusingWGS84,besuretoselectWGS84,ageographicsystemasindicatedbytheglobesymbol( ).

WhenimportingaCWmeasurementpathfile,existingconfigurationsareavailableintheFilesoftypelistoftheOpendialogue,sortedaccordingtotheirdateofcreation.AfteryouhaveselectedafileandclickedOpen,Atollautomaticallyproposesaconfiguration, if itrecognisestheextension. Incaseseveralconfigurationsareassociatedwithanextension,Atollchoosesthefirstconfigurationinthelist.

Thedefined configurations are stored,bydefault, in the file "MeasImport.ini",located in the directorywhereAtoll is installed. Formore information on theMeasImport.inifile,seetheAdministratorManual.

YoucanalsoidentifythecolumnscontainingtheXYcoordinatesofeachpointintheCWmeasurementpathbyselectingthemfromtheFieldrowofthetableontheSetuptab.37

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter4:TheModelCalibrationProcess 2015Forsk9. Ifyouwishtosavethedefinitionofthedatastructuresothatyoucanuseitagain,youcansaveitasanimportconfiguration:

a. OntheSetuptab,underConfiguration,clickSave.TheConfigurationdialogueappears.b. Bydefault,Atollsavestheconfigurationinaspecialfilecalled"MeasImport.ini"foundinAtollsinstallationfolder.

Incaseyoucannotwriteintothatfolder,youcanclickBrowsetochooseadifferentlocation.c. EnteraConfigurationNameandanExtensionofthefilesthatthisimportconfigurationwilldescribe(forexample,

"*.csv").

d. ClickOK.Atollwillnowselectthisimportconfigurationautomaticallyeverytimeyouimportadrivetestdatapathfilewiththeselectedextension.Ifyouimportafilewiththesamestructurebutadifferentextension,youwillbeabletoselectthisimportconfigurationfromtheConfigurationlist.

10. Onceyouhavedefinedtheimportparameters,youcanimporttheselectedfiles: Whenimportingseveralfilesforthesametransmitter:ClickImportAll.TheCWmeasurementdataareimported

intothecurrentAtolldocument.

Whenimportingseveralfilesfordifferenttransmitters:i. ClickImport.TheCWmeasurementdataareimportedintothecurrentAtolldocument.ii. ClicktheGeneraltabtoensurethattheinformationontheGeneraltab,especiallytheReferenceTransmitter

selected,reflectthecurrentfilebeingimported.iii. Ifnecessary,clicktheSetuptabandredefinetheimportconfigurationforthecurrentfilebeingimported.iv. ClickImporttoimportthecurrentfile.v. Repeatthesestepsforeachfilebeingimported.

4.1.2.3 CreatingaCWMeasurementImportConfigurationIfyouregularlyimportCWmeasurementfilesofthesameformat,youcancreateanimportconfigurationthefirsttimeyouimporttheCWmeasurementfiles.TheimportconfigurationcontainsinformationthatdefinesthestructureofthedataintheCWmeasurementfile.Byusingtheimportconfiguration,youwillnotneedtodefinethedatastructureeachtimeyouimportanewCWmeasurementfile.TocreateaCWmeasurementimportconfiguration:

1. ClicktheNetworktabintheexplorerwindow.2. RightclicktheCWMeasurementsfolder.Thecontextmenuappears.3. SelectImportfromthecontextmenu.TheOpendialogueappears.4. Selectthefileorfilesyouwanttoopen.5. ClickOpen.TheImportofMeasurementFilesdialogueappears.6. ClicktheSetuptab(seeFigure 4.1).7. UnderFile,ontheSetuptab,definethedatastructureofthefileorfilesyouhaveselected:

a. Enterthenumberofthe1stMeasurementRow,selectthedataSeparator,andselecttheDecimalSymbolusedinthefile.

b. ClickSetuptolinkfilecolumnsandinternalAtollfields.TheCWMeasurementSetupdialogueappears.

Youdonothavetocompletetheimportproceduretosavetheimportconfigurationandhaveitavailableforfutureuse.

WhenimportingaCWmeasurementfile,youcanexpandtheMeasImport.inifilebyclickingthebutton( )infrontofthefile intheSetupparttodisplayalltheavailableimportconfigurations.Whenselectingtheappropriateconfiguration,theassociationsareautomaticallymadeinthetableatthebottomofthedialogue.

YoucandeleteanexistingimportconfigurationbyselectingtheimportconfigurationunderSetupandclickingtheDeletebutton.

When you click the ImportAll button,Atoll does not import files that domatch thecurrentlyselectedimportconfiguration.Itdisplaysanerrormessageandcontinueswiththenextfile.38

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideAT321_MCG_E5 Chapter4:TheModelCalibrationProcessc. SelectthecolumnsintheimportedfilethatgivetheXCoordinatesandtheYCoordinatesofeachpointintheCWmeasurementpathfile.


data.

8. OntheSetuptab,underConfiguration,clickSave.TheConfigurationdialogueappears.a. Bydefault,Atollsavestheconfigurationinaspecialfilecalled"MeasImport.ini"foundinAtollsinstallationfolder.

Incaseyoucannotwriteintothatfolder,youcanclickBrowsetochooseadifferentlocation.b. EnteraConfigurationNameandanExtensionofthefilesthatthisimportconfigurationwilldescribe(forexample,

"*.csv").

c. ClickOK.Atollwillnowselectthisimportconfigurationautomaticallyeverytimeyouimportadrivetestdatapathfilewiththeselectedextension.Ifyouimportafilewiththesamestructurebutadifferentextension,youwillbeabletoselectthisimportconfigurationfromtheConfigurationlist.

4.1.2.4 DefiningtheDisplayofCWMeasurementsYoucandefinehowCWmeasurementsaredisplayed inAtollsmapwindow.CWmeasurementsareorganised in foldersaccordingtotheirreferencetransmitterontheNetworktaboftheexplorerwindow.YoucandefinethedisplayofindividualCWmeasurementsbutalsosetthesamedisplayparametersforallCWmeasurementsorforallCWmeasurementsforthesamereferencetransmitter.TodefinethedisplayofaCWmeasurementpath:

1. ClicktheNetworktabintheexplorerwindow.2. ClicktheExpandbutton( )toexpandtheCWMeasurementsfolder.3. ClicktheExpandbutton( )toexpandthefolderofthereferencetransmitter.4. RightclicktheCWmeasurementwhosedisplayyouwanttodefine.Thecontextmenuappears.5. SelectPropertiesfromthecontextmenu.ThePropertiesdialogueappears.6. SelecttheDisplaytab.Thefollowingoptionsareavailable:

"DefiningtheDisplayType"onpage 40 "UsingtheActionsButton"onpage 40 "DefiningtheVisibilityScale"onpage 41 "DefiningtheTipText"onpage 41 "AddingCWMeasurementPointstotheLegend"onpage 41.

7. Setthedisplayparameters.8. ClickOK.

YoucanalsoidentifythecolumnscontainingtheXYcoordinatesofeachpointintheCWmeasurementpathbyselectingthemfromtheFieldrowofthetableontheSetuptab.

Youdonothavetocompletetheimportproceduretosavetheimportconfigurationandhaveitavailableforfutureuse.

WhenimportingaCWmeasurementfile,youcanexpandtheMeasImport.inifilebyclickingtheExpandbutton( )infrontofthefileintheSetupparttodisplayalltheavailableimportconfigurations.Whenselectingtheappropriateconfiguration,theassociationsareautomaticallymadeinthetableatthebottomofthedialogue.

YoucandeleteanexistingimportconfigurationbyselectingtheimportconfigurationunderSetupandclickingtheDeletebutton.

Thedefined configurations are stored,bydefault, in the file "MeasImport.ini",located in the directorywhereAtoll is installed. Formore information on theMeasImport.inifile,seetheAdministratorManual.39

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter4:TheModelCalibrationProcess 2015ForskDefiningtheDisplayTypeDependingontheobjectselected,youcanchoosefromthefollowingdisplaytypes:unique,discretevalues,valueintervals,oradvanced.Tochangethedisplaytype:

1. Open theDisplay tabof thePropertiesdialogueasexplained in "Defining theDisplayofCWMeasurements"onpage 39.

Tomodifytheappearanceofthesymbol:a. Clickthesymbolinthetablebelow.TheSymbolStyledialogueappears.b. Modifythesymbolasdesired.c. ClickOKtoclosetheSymbolStyledialogue.

2. SelectthedisplaytypefromtheDisplayTypelist: Unique:definesthesamesymbolforallCWmeasurementpoints. Discretevalues:definesthedisplayofeachCWmeasurementpointaccordingtothevalueofaselectedfield.This

displaytypecanbeusedtodistinguishCWmeasurementpointsbyonecharacteristic.Forexample,youcouldusethisdisplaytypetodistinguishCWmeasurementpointsbythecluttertypetheyareon,orbytheirreferencetransmitter.

i. SelectthenameoftheFieldbywhichyouwanttodisplaytheobjects.ii. YoucanclicktheActionsbuttontoaccesstheActionsmenu.Forinformationonthecommandsavailable,see

"UsingtheActionsButton"onpage 40. Valueintervals:definesthedisplayofeachobjectaccordingtosetrangesofthevalueofaselectedfield.Thisdis

playtypecanbeused,forexample,todistinguishpopulationdensity,signalstrength,orthealtitudeofsites.i. SelectthenameoftheFieldbywhichyouwanttodisplaytheobjects.ii. Definetherangesdirectlyinthetable.iii. YoucanclicktheActionsbuttontoaccesstheActionsmenu.Forinformationonthecommandsavailable,see

"UsingtheActionsButton"onpage 40. Advanced:allowsyoutodisplaymeasurementpointsbymorethanonecriterionatatime. onlyavailablefortransmitters;Atollautomaticallyassignsacolourtoeachtransmitter,ensuringthateachtrans

mitterhasadifferentcolourthanthetransmitterssurroundingit.i. Clickthesymbolinthetablebelow.TheSymbolStyledialogueappears.ii. Modifythesymbolasdesired.iii. ClickOKtoclosetheSymbolStyledialogue.iv. YoucanclicktheActionsbuttontoaccesstheActionsmenu.Forinformationonthecommandsavailable,see

"UsingtheActionsButton"onpage 40.UsingtheActionsButtonTheActionsbuttonontheDisplaytabofthePropertiesdialogueallowsyoutomodifythedisplaytypeasdefinedin"DefiningtheDisplayType"onpage 40.ToaccesstheActionsmenu:

1. Open theDisplay tabof thePropertiesdialogueasexplained in "Defining theDisplayofCWMeasurements"onpage 39.

2. ClicktheActionsbutton.TheActionsmenugivesyouaccesstothefollowingcommands: Selectall:Atollselectsallthevaluesinthetable. Delete:Atollremovesselectedvaluefromthetable. Insertbefore:Whentheselecteddisplaytypeisvalueintervals,Atollinsertsanewthresholdinthetablebefore

thethresholdselectedinthetable. Insertafter:Whentheselecteddisplaytypeisvalueintervals,Atollinsertsanewthresholdinthetableafterthe

thresholdselectedinthetable. Shading:AtollopenstheShadingdialogue.When"ValueIntervals"istheselecteddisplaytype,youselectShading

todefinethenumberofvalueintervalsandconfiguretheircolour.Entertheupperandlowerlimitsofthevaluein theFirstBreakandLastBreakboxesrespectively,andenteravalue in the Intervalbox.Define thecolourshadingbychoosingaStartColourandanEndColour.Thevalueintervalswillbedeterminedbythesetvaluesandcolouredbyashadegoingfromthesetstartcolourtothesetendcolour.40

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideAT321_MCG_E5 Chapter4:TheModelCalibrationProcessWhen"DiscreteValues"istheselecteddisplaytype,youselectShadingtochooseaStartColourandanEndColour.

DefiningtheVisibilityScaleYoucandefineavisibilityrangeforCWmeasurementpoints.Ameasurementpointisvisibleonlyifthescale,asdisplayedonthezoomtoolbar,iswithinthisrange.Thiscanbeusedto,forexample,preventthemapfrombeingclutteredwithsymbolswhenyouareatacertainscale.Visibilityrangesaretakenintoaccountforscreendisplay,andforprintingandpreviewingprinting.Theydonotaffectwhichmeasurementpointsareconsideredduringcalculations.Todefinethevisibilityrange:

1. AccesstheDisplaytabofthePropertiesdialogueasexplained in"DefiningtheDisplayofCWMeasurements"onpage 39.

2. EnteraVisibilityScaleminimuminthebetween 1:textbox.3. EnteraVisibilityScalemaximumintheand 1:textbox.

DefiningtheTipTextFormostobjecttypes,suchassitesandtransmitters,youcandisplayinformationabouteachobjectintheformofatooltipthatisonlyvisiblewhenyoumovethepointerovertheobject.Youcandisplayinformationfromeveryfieldinthatobjecttypesdatatable,includingfromfieldsthatyouadd.Todefinetiptextforanobjecttype:

1. AccesstheDisplaytabofthePropertiesdialogueasexplained in"DefiningtheDisplayofCWMeasurements"onpage 39.

2. ClicktheBrowsebutton( )besidetheTipTextbox.TheFieldSelectiondialogueappears.3. Selectthefieldswhichyouwanttodisplayinthelabel:

a. Toselectafieldtobedisplayedinthelabelfortheobjecttype,selectthefieldintheAvailableFieldslistandclicktomoveittotheSelectedFieldslist.

b. ToremoveafieldfromthelistofGroupthesefieldsinthisorder,selectthefieldintheSelectedFieldslistandclick toremoveit.

Onceyouhavedefinedthetooltips,youmustactivatethetooltipfunctionbeforetheyappear.Toactivatethetooltipfunction:

ClicktheDisplayTipsbutton( )onthetoolbar.Tooltipswillnowappearwhenthepointerisovertheobject.AddingCWMeasurementPointstotheLegendYoucandisplaytheinformationdefinedbythedisplaytype(see"DefiningtheDisplayType"onpage 40)inyourAtolldocumentslegend.OnlyvisibleobjectsappearintheLegendwindow.Forinformationondisplayingorhidingobjects,seetheUserManual.

InFigure 4.2,ontheDisplaytabofasignallevelprediction,theintervalsdefinedare: Signallevel>=70red 70>Signallevel>=105shadingfromredtoblue(9 intervals)

PredictionsandCWmeasurementsareshadeddifferently.Nevertheless,youcanobtainasimilarcolouringbyexcludingthelastbreakoftheCWpathdisplay.Todothis,selecttheFilteruptoLastBreakcheckbox.

Formostobjecttypes,youcanalsodisplayobjectinformationintheformofatooltipthatisonlyvisiblewhenyoumovethepointerovertheobject.Thisoptionhastheadvantageofnotfillingthemapwindowwithtext.Formoreinformationontooltips,see"DefiningtheTipText"onpage 41.

Youcanalsodisplayinformationaboutdataobjectsintheformofalabelthatisdisplayedwiththeobject.GiventhelargenumberofCWmeasurementpointsinaCWsurvey,defininglabelsthatarealwaysvisibleisnotrecommended.41

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter4:TheModelCalibrationProcess 2015Forsk Signallevel

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideAT321_MCG_E5 Chapter4:TheModelCalibrationProcessIfpanoramicphotographsoftheareasurroundingthebasestationareavailable,youshouldverifythattherearenonearbyobstaclesdisturbingpropagation.Ifthereisanobstacleclosetothebasestation,youcanfilterouttheobstructedCWmeasurementdatausingananglefilterorremovethestationfromthesetofCWmeasurementdataiftheobstructionistoowide.Forinformationondefiningananglefilter,see"FilteringbyAngle"onpage 54.

4.1.4 FilteringMeasurementDataOneofthemostimportantstepsinpreparingCWmeasurementdataforuseinacalibrationprojectisfilteringthemeasurementpoints.WhenyouarefilteringCWmeasurementdata,thegoalistoeliminatethepointsthataretheleastrepresentativeofthesurveyareawhileretaininganumberofpointsthatisbothrepresentativeandlargeenoughtoprovidestatisticallyvalidresults.Thefilteringprocessisoften,therefore,aseriesoftradeoffs.Althoughyouwouldnormallyconsiderfilteringoutcertaindataif,forexample,theirvaluesappearhighorlow,iffilteringthemalloutleavesyouwithtoosmallasample,youmightconsiderleavingsomeofthemin.Bythesametoken,iffilteringoutthepointsonaclutterclassmeansthatthatclutterclasswillnolongerberepresentedatall,youmightconsiderleavingthosepointsontheCWsurveypathwheretheyarebestrepresented.Thereareseveralreasonswhyyouwouldnotwanttotakecertainmeasurementpointsintoconsideration:

Themeasurementpointsmightappearpotentiallyinvalid,theymightbeinclutterclassesthatareofnosignificanceintermsofthepropagationmodeltobecalibrated,theymayshowextremesignallevels,theymightbetooclosetothetransmitter,ortheymightsufferfromtoomuchdiffraction.

Thezoneswherethemeasurementpointsarelocatedmightbeinanareawheretheresultscannotbeconsideredaccurate(forexample,anypointscomingfrombehindadirectionalantennashouldnotbeusedinacalibrationproject).

Ifyouwish,youcanpermanentlydeletethepointsyoufilterout.Youcanalwaysreimporttheoriginalmeasurementdataifyouwanttoaddthosepointsagain.Oryoucanfilterthemoutforthecurrentcalibration,butleavetheminthemeasurementdata.FilteringCWmeasurementdataismadeinseveralsteps.DependingontheCWmeasurementdataavailableandtheindividualcalibrationproject,itispossiblethatnotallstepswillbenecessary,however,thebasicstepsare:

1. Filteringbyclutterclass:ThefirststepinfilteringCWmeasurementdataistofilteroutpointsbyclutterclass.Typicallyyouwillwanttoremoveallpointsonclutterclassesthatarerepresentedbylessthan5%ofthetotalmeasurementpointsintheCWsurvey.Forinformationonfilteringbyclutterclass,see"FilteringonClutterClasses"onpage 44.

2. Filteringbysignalstrengthanddistance:Thenextstepistofilteroutpointsthatlayoutsideofadefinedrangeofsignalsandthatareeithertooclosetoortoofarfromthereferencetransmitter.Forinformationonfilteringbydistanceandsignalstrength,see"SignalandDistanceFiltering"onpage 45.

3. Removingsectionsthatarenotrepresentative:ThefinalstepinfilteringCWmeasurementdataconsistsofexaminingtheCWmeasurementdatatoremovepointsthatareaffectedbyobstructionorthatarepotentiallyinvalid,i.e.,measurementpointsaffectedbydiffractionormeasurementpointsthataretoohighortoolow.Forinformationonfilteringbydistanceandsignalstrength,see"FilteringbyGeoDataConditions"onpage 50.

Figure 4.3:DistributionoftheMeasuredSignalStrengtharoundastation43

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter4:TheModelCalibrationProcess 2015Forsk4.1.4.1 FilteringonClutterClassesThefirststepinfilteringmeasurementpointsistofilteroutthepointsbyclutterclass.Ifonlyafewmeasurementpathshavepointsonagivenclutterclassoronlyafewpointsarelocatedonthisclass,thentheclutterclassshouldbefilteredout.Therearenotenoughpointstogiveastatisticallygoodsamplingoftheconditionsforthatclutterclass.Inotherwords,keepingthesepointswill likelycausetheclutterclasstobe incorrectlycalibrated, leadingto incorrectcoveragepredictionresultswhenthecalibratedpropagationmodelisused.Therefore,itishighlyrecommendednottotakeirrelevantclutterclassesintoaccountduringthecalibrationprocess,andtodeducetheclutterlossesafterwardsusingsimilarclutterclassesandtypicalvalues.Theruleofthumbis5%:ifonly5%ofthepointsonameasurementplanareonagivenclutterclass,thepointsforthatclutterclassshouldberemoved.However,thisshouldjustbeusedasaguideline.Undercertaincircumstances,forexample,ifthatclutterclassisnotwellrepresentedinanysurveypath,youmightwanttokeepthem.Youcanalwaystrycalibratingthepropagationmodeloncewiththeclutterclassandoncewithoutandcomparingtheresults.Youshouldalsoremovethemeasurementpointslocatedonclutterclassesthatarenotatallrepresentativeofthesurveyarea.Forexample,theremaybeaparkalongthesurveyroutethatisclassifiedas"Forest"intermsofclutterclass.Iftheareaitselfismostlydenseurban,keepingthepointsintheforestclutterclasswillleadtoinaccurateresults.YoucanviewthepointdistributionstatisticsforallCWmeasurements,orallCWmeasurementsforasinglereferencetransmitter,orforasingleCWmeasurementpath.Figure 4.4showsthedistributionofstatisticsforallCWmeasurements.

TodisplaythepointdistributionstatisticsforCWmeasurements:1. OntheNetworktaboftheexplorerwindow,rightclicktheCWmeasurementswhosestatisticsyouwishtodisplay:

AllCWmeasurements:RightclicktheCWMeasurementsfolder. AllCWmeasurementsforasinglereferencetransmitter:ClicktheExpandbutton( )toexpandtheCWMeas

urementsfolderandrightclickthefolderofthereferencetransmitter. AsingleCWmeasurementpath:ClicktheExpandbutton( )toexpandtheCWMeasurementsfolderandclick

theExpandbutton( )toexpandthefolderofthereferencetransmitter.Then,rightclicktheCWmeasurementpath.

Thecontextmenuappears.2. SelectDisplayStatisticsfromthecontextmenu.

IfmorethanoneCWmeasurementpathisselected,adialogueappearswhereyoucanchoosethestatisticsofwhichCWmeasurementpathsyouwanttodisplay.SelectorclearthecheckboxestochoosetheCWmeasurementpathsandclickOK.Thestatisticsdialogueappears,withthedistributionoftheselectedCWmeasurements(seeFigure 4.4).

3. Takenoteoftheclutterclassesthathavefewmeasurementpoints(withonly5%or lowerofthetotalnumberofpoints).

4. ClickClosetoclosethedialogue.

IfyousetfiltersontheCWMeasurementsfolder,anyfilterssetonindividualCWmeasurementpathswillbeerased.

Beforethepointdistributionstatisticscanbedisplayed,youmustcalculatesignallevelsontheCWmeasurementpoints.YoucancalculatesignallevelsbyrightclickingtheCWMeasurementsfolderandselectingCalculations >CalculateSignalLevelsfromthecontextmenu.44

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideAT321_MCG_E5 Chapter4:TheModelCalibrationProcessTofilteroutthemeasurementpointsfromtheunderrepresentedclutterclasses:1. OntheNetworktaboftheexplorerwindow,rightclicktheCWmeasurementswhosestatisticsyouhavejustexam

ined: AllCWmeasurements:RightclicktheCWMeasurementsfolder. AllCWmeasurementsforasinglereferencetransmitter:ClicktheExpandbutton( )toexpandtheCWMeas

urementsfolderandrightclickthefolderofthereferencetransmitter.Thecontextmenuappears.

2. SelectFilterfromthecontextmenu.TheCWMeasurementFilterdialogueappears.3. InthePerClutterwindow,underFilter,clearthecheckboxesoftheclutterclassesyouwanttofilterout.Onlythe

clutterclasseswhosecheckboxisselectedwillbetakenintoaccount.4. Ifyouwanttokeepthemeasurementpointsinsidethefocuszone,selecttheUsefocuszonetofiltercheckbox.5. Ifyouwanttopermanentlyremovethemeasurementpointsoutsidethefilter,selecttheDeletePointsOutsideFilter

checkbox.

Ifyoupermanentlydeletemeasurementpointsandlaterwanttousethem,youwillhavetoreimporttheoriginalmeasurementdata.

6. ClickOK.TheselectedCWmeasurementdatawillbefilteredaccordingtothedefinedparameters.Thefiltersettingscanalsobesavedtoafilterconfigurationwhichcanberetrievedafterward.YoucanalsofilteroutthemeasurementpointsfromtheunderrepresentedclutterclassesonasingleCWmeasurementpathbyusingtheFilteringassistant(see"UsingtheFilteringAssistantonCWMeasurementPoints"onpage 47).See"DisplayingStatisticsOveraMeasurementPath"onpage 84and"DisplayingStatisticsOverSeveralMeasurementPaths"onpage 85formoreinformationonmeasurementpathstatistics.

4.1.4.2 SignalandDistanceFilteringThegoalofthecalibrationprocessistoproduceanaccuratepropagationmodelwhichcanbeusedtoreliablycalculatethepropagationofeachbasestationwithinthearea.Torespectthisgoal,thepropagationmodelsownconstraintswithrespecttosignallevelshavetobetakenintoaccount.Therearelimitationsinthemeasurementequipment,whichalsohavetobeconsidered.

Figure 4.4:Pointdistributioninthedifferentclutterclasses

Rememberthat,byselectingtheDeletePointsOutsideFiltercheckbox,youaredefiningapropertyoftheCWmeasurementpath.Onceyouhavedefinedthisproperty,pointsthatyoufilteroutusingothermethods,forexample,usingtheFilteringAssistant(see"UsingtheFilteringAssistantonCWMeasurementPoints"onpage 47)willalsobepermanentlydeleted.

TheClear Allbuttonresetstheexistingfilters.45

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter4:TheModelCalibrationProcess 2015ForskInthissection,filteringoutCWmeasurementpointsbasedonthesignalstrengthortheirdistancefromthereferencetransmitterisexplained:

"TypicalValues"onpage 46 "UsingManualFilteringonCWPoints"onpage 46 "CreatinganAdvancedFilter"onpage 47 "UsingtheFilteringAssistantonCWMeasurementPoints"onpage 47.

4.1.4.2.1 TypicalValuesThevaluestobeusedtofilterCWmeasurementsdependonalotoffactors.Inthissection,sometypicalvaluesaregiven.Thesevaluesarebydefinitiongeneral.AtollprovidesafilteringassistantthatcanbeusedforeachCWmeasurementpath;itishighlyrecommendedtousethefilteringassistanttodefineaspecificsignalanddistancefiltersforeachCWmeasurementfile.Forinformationonthefilteringassistant,see"UsingtheFilteringAssistantonCWMeasurementPoints"onpage 47.WhenfilteringoutCWmeasurementpointsbysignalstrength,generally,signallevelsabove40 dBmarefilteredout,becausetheywouldbeinaccuratebecauseofreceiveroverload.Whenyoufilterontheminimumsignallevel,thesensitivityofthereceiverandtolerancehavetobeconsidered.Therefore,signalsbelowReceiverSensitivity+TargetStandardDeviationhavetobefilteredouttoavoidtheeffectofnoisesaturationintheresults.Atypicalvaluefortheminimumsignallevelfiltercanbethenconsideredtobe:

120+8=112dBmWhenfilteringoutbydistancefromthereferencetransmitter,measurementdataatadistanceoflessthan200 mfromthestationshouldbediscardedbecausethesepointsaretooclosetothestationtoproperlyrepresentthepropagationoverthewholearea.Atypicalmaximumvalueis10 kmforruralareas.

4.1.4.2.2 UsingManualFilteringonCWPointsWhenyoufilterCWmeasurementsonsignalstrengthordistance,youcanfilterthevalues ineitherallCWmeasurementpaths,inalltheCWmeasurementpathsforonereferencetransmitter,orinasingleCWmeasurementpath.TofilteroutCWmeasurementpointsonsignalstrengthordistance:

1. OntheNetworktaboftheexplorerwindow,rightclicktheCWmeasurementswhosepointsyouwanttofilter: AllCWmeasurements:RightclicktheCWMeasurementsfolder. AllCWmeasurementsforasinglereferencetransmitter:ClicktheExpandbutton( )toexpandtheCWMeas


2. SelectFilterfromthecontextmenu.TheCWMeasurementFilterdialogueappears.3. UnderFilter,definethesettingsforsignalstrengthanddistance:

DistancebetweenCWmeasurementpointandreferencetransmitter:EntertheMin.DistanceandMax.Distance.AtollwillkeeponlyCWmeasurementpointswhicharewithinthisrange.

Measuredsignal:EntertheMin.MeasurementandMax.Measurement.AtollwillkeeponlyCWmeasurementpointswhosevalueiswithinthisrange.

Youcanalsousethisdialoguetofilteronthefollowingcriteria: Clutterclass:Forinformationonfilteringbyclutterclass,see"FilteringonClutterClasses"onpage 44. Anglewiththeantennaazimuth:Forinformationonfilteringbytheanglewiththeantennaazimuth,see"Filtering

byAngle"onpage 54. Additionalfields:Forinformationonfilteringwithadditionalfields,see"CreatinganAdvancedFilter"onpage 47.

4. Ifyouwanttokeepthemeasurementpointsinsidethefocuszone,selecttheUsefocuszonetofiltercheckbox.5. Ifyouwanttopermanentlyremovethemeasurementpointsoutsidethefilter,selecttheDeletePointsOutsideFilter

checkbox.

6. ClickOK.TheselectedCWmeasurementdatawillbefilteredaccordingtothedefinedparameters.Thefiltersettingscanalsobesavedtoafilterconfigurationwhichcanberetrievedafterward.YoucanalsofilteroutCWmeasurementpointsonsignalstrengthordistanceonasingleCWmeasurementpathbyusingtheFilteringassistant(see"UsingtheFilteringAssistantonCWMeasurementPoints"onpage 47).

Ifyoupermanentlydeletemeasurementpointsandlaterwanttousethem,youwillhavetoreimporttheoriginalmeasurementdata.46

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideAT321_MCG_E5 Chapter4:TheModelCalibrationProcess4.1.4.2.3 CreatinganAdvancedFilterAtollenablesyoutocreateanadvancedfilterusingseveralfieldsandexpressionswithwhichyoucanfilterCWmeasurementpoints.YoucancreateanadvancedfiltertofilterthevaluesineitherallCWmeasurementpaths,inalltheCWmeasurementpathsforonereferencetransmitter,orinasingleCWmeasurementpath.TofilteroutCWmeasurementpointsusinganadvancedfilter:

1. OntheNetworktaboftheexplorerwindow,rightclicktheCWmeasurementswhosepointsyouwanttofilter: AllCWmeasurements:RightclicktheCWMeasurementsfolder. AllCWmeasurementsforasinglereferencetransmitter:ClicktheExpandbutton( )toexpandtheCWMeas


2. SelectFilterfromthecontextmenu.TheCWMeasurementFilterdialogueappears.3. ClicktheMorebutton.TheFilterdialogueappears.4. IntheColumnrow,selectthenameofthecolumntobefilteredonfromthelist.Selectasmanycolumnsasyouwant.5. Underneatheachcolumnname,enterthecriteriaonwhichthecolumnwillbefilteredasexplainedinthefollowing

table:

6. ClickOKtofilterthedataaccordingtothecriteriayouhavedefined.Filtersarecombinedfirsthorizontally,thenvertically.Thefiltersettingscanalsobesavedtoafilterconfigurationwhichcanberetrievedafterward.YoucanalsofilteroutCWmeasurementpointsusinganadvancedfilteronasingleCWmeasurementpathbyusingtheFilteringassistant(see"UsingtheFilteringAssistantonCWMeasurementPoints"onpage 47).

4.1.4.2.4 UsingtheFilteringAssistantonCWMeasurementPointsInAtoll,youcanuseaFilteringAssistanttofiltertheCWmeasurementspointsofeachCWmeasurementpath.BecauseeachCWmeasurementpath ismadeunderdifferentcircumstances,youcanonlyusetheFilteringAssistanton individualCWmeasurementpaths,andnotongroupsofCWmeasurementpaths,eveniftheyareforthesamereferencetransmitter.Nevertheless,ifyoucanprovideseveralmeasurementpathsforasametransmitterandwanttousethefilteringassistantforallofthem,youcanmergeallorsomeofthemintothesametable.See"MergingMeasurementPathsforaSameTransmitter"onpage 82.

TheClear Allbuttonresetstheexistingfilters.

Formula Dataarekeptinthetableonlyif=X valueequaltoX(Xmaybeanumberorcharacters)X valuenotequaltoX(Xmaybeanumberorcharacters)X numericalvalueisgreaterthanX=X numericalvalueisgreaterthanorequaltoX*X* textobjectswhichcontainX*X textobjectswhichendwithXX* textobjectswhichstartwithX

TheClear Allbuttonresetstheexistingfilters.47

Atoll3.2.1ModelCalibrationGuideChapter4:TheModelCalibrationProcess 2015ForskTousetheFilteringAssistant:1. OntheNetworktaboftheexplorerwindow,clicktheExpandbutton( )toexpandtheCWMeasurementsfolder.

TheCWMeasurementsfolderopens.2. Click theExpandbutton ( ) toexpand the folderof the reference transmitter.The reference transmitte

model calibration guide

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