modeling of vernal pools to sts upport rt tir did esign · elamelam, kk. lewislewis, andand ss....

Hydrologic Modeling of Vernal Pools Hydrologic Modeling of Vernal Pools t S t R t ti D it S t R t ti D ito Support Restoration Designto Support Restoration Design

Review of Existing StudiesReview of Existing Studies

and Model Selectionand Model Selectionand Model Selectionand Model Selection

Chris CampbellChris CampbellMay 8, 2009May 8, 2009 BAE 558BAE 558

OverviewOverviewOverviewOverview

BackgroundBackgroundBackgroundBackground

Previous and Current StudiesPrevious and Current Studies

d l C i d S l id l C i d S l iModel Comparison and SelectionModel Comparison and Selection


BackgroundBackgroundGeneralGeneral

California vernal poolsCalifornia vernal poolsCalifornia vernal poolsCalifornia vernal poolsHost to a variety of endemic flora and faunaHost to a variety of endemic flora and fauna

More than 60% destroyed (Barbour et al 2003)More than 60% destroyed (Barbour et al 2003)More than 60% destroyed (Barbour et al., 2003)More than 60% destroyed (Barbour et al., 2003)



Vernal pool morphologyVernal pool morphologySmith & Verrill (1998)Smith & Verrill (1998)

Vernal pool morphologyVernal pool morphologyUndulating micro reliefUndulating micro relief

Inundate in the rainy seasonInundate in the rainy season

Smith & Verrill (1998)

Inundate in the rainy seasonInundate in the rainy season

Desiccate in the summerDesiccate in the summer

V i t f l d itiV i t f l d itiVariety of landscape positionsVariety of landscape positions


Keeler‐Wolf et al. (1998)Hobson & Dahlgren (1998)


Vernal pool conservation / restorationVernal pool conservation / restorationVernal pool conservation / restorationVernal pool conservation / restorationCompensatory mitigationCompensatory mitigation

Mitigation monitoringMitigation monitoringMitigation monitoringMitigation monitoringCommunity composition and species richnessCommunity composition and species richness

BiBi‐‐weekly water level readingsweekly water level readingsBiBi weekly water level readingsweekly water level readings

No preNo pre‐‐construction monitoringconstruction monitoring

But what do we know about the hydrologic But what do we know about the hydrologic u a do e o abou e yd o og cu a do e o abou e yd o og cregime of vernal pools? Ecological drivers?regime of vernal pools? Ecological drivers?


BackgroundBackgroundCampbell’s Butte County SiteCampbell’s Butte County Site


Previous StudiesPrevious StudiesHanes & Stromberg (1998)Hanes & Stromberg (1998)

How important areHow important areHow important are How important are upland hydrologic upland hydrologic contributions?contributions?

Do constructed pools Do constructed pools impact the hydrologic impact the hydrologic regime of natural regime of natural pools?pools?

l l dl l dConceptual upland Conceptual upland water balance modelwater balance model


Previous StudiesPrevious StudiesPyke (2002; 2004; 2005)Pyke (2002; 2004; 2005)

What are the hydrologicWhat are the hydrologicWhat are the hydrologic What are the hydrologic variations in rainvariations in rain‐‐fed fed vernal pools?vernal pools?

SeasonalSeasonal

InterInter‐‐annualannual

Climate changeClimate change

Vernal pool hydrologic Vernal pool hydrologic i d l PHYDOi d l PHYDOregime model, PHYDOregime model, PHYDO


Previous StudiesPrevious StudiesWilliamson et al. (2005); Rains et al. (2006)Williamson et al. (2005); Rains et al. (2006)

Refine our understanding of VP hydrologyRefine our understanding of VP hydrologyRefine our understanding of VP hydrologyRefine our understanding of VP hydrologyThree different study sitesThree different study sites

How important are upland hydrologicHow important are upland hydrologicHow important are upland hydrologic How important are upland hydrologic contributions?contributions?

FindingsFindingsFindingsFindingsThe hydrologic regime varies significantly The hydrologic regime varies significantly

P h d t t bl ibl fP h d t t bl ibl fPerched water tables are responsible for Perched water tables are responsible for sustaining the water level regimesustaining the water level regime


Current StudiesCurrent StudiesMcCarten (in progress)McCarten (in progress)

Refine our understanding of VP hydrologyRefine our understanding of VP hydrologyRefine our understanding of VP hydrologyRefine our understanding of VP hydrologyReoccupy Williamson et al. (2005) study sitesReoccupy Williamson et al. (2005) study sites

Collect a lot of field dataCollect a lot of field dataCollect a lot of field dataCollect a lot of field data

Apply HYDRUS 2D/3DApply HYDRUS 2D/3D

D l l ti hi b t l dD l l ti hi b t l dDevelop relationships between ecology and Develop relationships between ecology and hydrologyhydrology


Current StudiesCurrent StudiesCampbell (in progress)Campbell (in progress)

Refine our understanding of VP hydrologyRefine our understanding of VP hydrologyRefine our understanding of VP hydrologyRefine our understanding of VP hydrologyInform VP habitat conservation / restorationInform VP habitat conservation / restoration

What are the potential hydrologic impacts ofWhat are the potential hydrologic impacts ofWhat are the potential hydrologic impacts of What are the potential hydrologic impacts of constructed pools on natural pools?constructed pools on natural pools?Are postAre post‐‐construction monitoring protocols construction monitoring protocols adequate?adequate?

Which numerical model should I use?Which numerical model should I use?HYDRUS 3DHYDRUS 3DFEFLOW F3FEFLOW F3


Model ComparisonModel ComparisonModel ComparisonModel Comparison

HYDRUS 3D vs FEFLOW F3HYDRUS 3D vs FEFLOW F3HYDRUS 3D vs FEFLOW F3HYDRUS 3D vs FEFLOW F3Both are finite element models for simulating 2D Both are finite element models for simulating 2D and 3D flow (plus transport and heat) in variablyand 3D flow (plus transport and heat) in variablyand 3D flow (plus transport and heat) in variably and 3D flow (plus transport and heat) in variably saturated media by numerically solving Richards saturated media by numerically solving Richards equation equation


Model ComparisonModel ComparisonFinite Element MeshFinite Element Mesh

HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSMesh generatorMesh generator

Structured, layered Structured, layered

FEFLOWFEFLOWMesh generatorMesh generator

PrismaticPrismatichexahedralhexahedral

Unstructured, layered Unstructured, layered triangulartriangular

Structured, layered Structured, layered quadrilateralquadrilateral

d l dd l dtriangulartriangular

Horizontal or sloping Horizontal or sloping lower boundarylower boundary

Unstructured, layered Unstructured, layered triangulartriangular

Adaptive mesh andAdaptive mesh andyy Adaptive mesh and Adaptive mesh and BASD BASD


Model ComparisonModel ComparisonConductivity and RetentionConductivity and Retention

HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSvan Genuchtenvan Genuchten‐‐MualemMualem

Modified van GenuchtenModified van Genuchten

FEFLOWFEFLOWvan Genuchtenvan Genuchten‐‐MualemMualem

Modified van GenuchtenModified van Genuchten

BrooksBrooks‐‐CoreyCorey

Kosugi (logKosugi (log‐‐normal)normal)

BrooksBrooks‐‐CoreyCorey

Haverkamp (parametric)Haverkamp (parametric)

DualDual‐‐porosity (immobile porosity (immobile micropores)micropores)

DualDual permeability (micropermeability (micro

SplinesSplines

ExponentialExponential

LiLiDualDual‐‐permeability (micro permeability (micro and macropores mobile) and macropores mobile)

Linear Linear


Model ComparisonModel ComparisonHysteresisHysteresis

HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSNoneNone

van Genuchtenvan Genuchten‐‐Mualem onlyMualem only

FEFLOWFEFLOWNoneNone

In retention curve In retention curve

In retention curveIn retention curve

In retention curve and In retention curve and d i id i iconductivityconductivity

In retention curve (no In retention curve (no pumping)pumping)pumping)pumping)

Select either drying or Select either drying or wetting curvewetting curve


Model ComparisonModel ComparisonSoil Properties for Water FlowSoil Properties for Water Flow

HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSManually specifyManually specify

Soil catalogSoil catalog

FEFLOWFEFLOWManually specifyManually specify

Rosetta Lite v1.1Rosetta Lite v1.1


Model ComparisonModel ComparisonInitial ConditionsInitial Conditions

HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSPressure headPressure head

Moisture content Moisture content

FEFLOWFEFLOWHydraulic headHydraulic head

Pressure headPressure head

Moisture contentMoisture content

Saturation Saturation


Model ComparisonModel ComparisonBoundary ConditionsBoundary Conditions

HYDRUSHYDRUSll

FEFLOWFEFLOWllGeneralGeneral

TransientTransientCross constrainedCross constrained

SpecificSpecific

GeneralGeneralTransientTransientCross constrainedCross constrained

SpecificSpecificppFluxFluxPressure headPressure headSeepage faceSeepage faceF d iF d i

ppFluxFluxHydraulic headHydraulic headPressure headPressure headS fS fFree drainageFree drainage

AtmosphericAtmosphericPrecipitationPrecipitationEvaporationEvaporation

Seepage faceSeepage faceSaturationSaturationMoisture contentMoisture contentFree drainageFree drainage

TranspirationTranspiration AtmosphericAtmosphericPrecipitationPrecipitationEvapotranspiration Evapotranspiration


Model ComparisonModel ComparisonRoot Water UptakeRoot Water Uptake

HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSFeddesFeddes

SS‐‐shapedshaped

FEFLOWFEFLOWNot available Not available


Model ComparisonModel ComparisonOverland Flow and PondingOverland Flow and Ponding

HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSOverland flowOverland flow

2D only, plans for 3D2D only, plans for 3D

FEFLOWFEFLOWOverland flowOverland flow

All water in excess of All water in excess of

All water in excess of All water in excess of infiltration capacity is infiltration capacity is lost to surface runofflost to surface runoff

infiltration capacity is infiltration capacity is lost to surface runofflost to surface runoff

PondingPondinglost to surface runofflost to surface runoff

PondingPonding

Trick it!!Trick it!!

PondingPonding




Model ComparisonModel ComparisonGIS / CAD/ASCII IntegrationGIS / CAD/ASCII Integration

HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSText file for geometry Text file for geometry

FEFLOWFEFLOWESRI shapefilesESRI shapefiles

AutoCAD DXF filesAutoCAD DXF files

ASCII filesASCII files

TIFF / JPEGTIFF / JPEG


Model ComparisonModel ComparisonVisuals / Post Processing / Particle TrackingVisuals / Post Processing / Particle Tracking

HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSVisuals / post processingVisuals / post processing

Internal (1D, good 2D, Internal (1D, good 2D,

FEFLOWFEFLOWVisuals / post processingVisuals / post processing

Internal (1D, good 2D, Internal (1D, good 2D, limited 3D)limited 3D)

Particle TrackingParticle Tracking

ll

poor 3D)poor 3D)

FFPLOT (maps / FFPLOT (maps / graphics)graphics)2D only2D only graphics)graphics)

FEFLOW Explorer FEFLOW Explorer (advanced 3D)(advanced 3D)( )( )

Particle trackingParticle tracking

YesYes


Model ComparisonModel ComparisonGraphical User InterfaceGraphical User Interface

HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSWindowsWindows‐‐based lookbased look

UserUser‐‐friendly friendly

FEFLOWFEFLOWOutdated lookOutdated look

NonNon‐‐intuitiveintuitive

Layered functionality Layered functionality


Model Selection SummaryModel Selection SummaryModel Selection SummaryModel Selection Summary

HYDRUSHYDRUS FEFLOWFEFLOWHYDRUSHYDRUSSame core featuresSame core features

Better representation of Better representation of

FEFLOWFEFLOWSame core featuresSame core features

FEMFEM

physical processphysical processEvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration

MacroporesMacropores

Richards equationRichards equation

Retention / conductivityRetention / conductivity

Advanced preAdvanced pre‐‐ and postand post‐‐MacroporesMacropores

Root water uptakeRoot water uptake

Overland flow and Overland flow and

Advanced preAdvanced pre and postand postprocessing utilitiesprocessing utilities

Overland flow and Overland flow and ponding an issueponding an issue

UserUser‐‐friendly GUIfriendly GUI

ponding an issueponding an issue

Old school GUIOld school GUI


ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferencesBarbour, M., A. Solomeshch, C. Witham, R. Holland, R. Macdonald, S. Cilliers, J.A. Molina, J. Buck, J. Hillman. 2003. VernalBarbour, M., A. Solomeshch, C. Witham, R. Holland, R. Macdonald, S. Cilliers, J.A. Molina, J. Buck, J. Hillman. 2003. Vernal popool vegetation of ol vegetation of California: variation within pools, 2003, Madrono 50(3):129California: variation within pools, 2003, Madrono 50(3):129‐‐146.146.Diersch HDiersch H J G 2005 WASY Software FEFLOW Finite Element Subusrface Flow & Transport Simulation System Reference ManualJ G 2005 WASY Software FEFLOW Finite Element Subusrface Flow & Transport Simulation System Reference ManualDiersch, H.Diersch, H.‐‐J.G. 2005. WASY Software FEFLOW Finite Element Subusrface Flow & Transport Simulation System Reference Manual.J.G. 2005. WASY Software FEFLOW Finite Element Subusrface Flow & Transport Simulation System Reference Manual.Diersch, H.Diersch, H.‐‐J.G. 2009. WASY Software FEFLOW Finite Element Subusrface Flow & Transport Simulation System User Manual.J.G. 2009. WASY Software FEFLOW Finite Element Subusrface Flow & Transport Simulation System User Manual.Hanes, T. and L. Stromberg. 1998. Hydrology of vernal pools on nonHanes, T. and L. Stromberg. 1998. Hydrology of vernal pools on non‐‐volcanic soils in the Sacramento Valley. In Ecology, Conservvolcanic soils in the Sacramento Valley. In Ecology, Conservation, and ation, and Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems –– Proceedings from a 1996 Conference, eds. C.W. Witham, E.T. Bauder, D. Felk, W.R. Ferren JProceedings from a 1996 Conference, eds. C.W. Witham, E.T. Bauder, D. Felk, W.R. Ferren Jr., and R. r., and R. Ornduff, 38Ornduff, 38‐‐49. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.49. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.Hobson, W.A. and R.A. Dahlgren. 1998. Soil Forming Processes in Vernal Pools of Northern California, Chico Area. In Ecology, Hobson, W.A. and R.A. Dahlgren. 1998. Soil Forming Processes in Vernal Pools of Northern California, Chico Area. In Ecology, ConConservation, and servation, and Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems –– Proceedings from a 1996 Conference. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.Proceedings from a 1996 Conference. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.KeelerKeeler Wolf T D Elam K Lewis and S Flint 1998 California Vernal Pool Assessment Preliminary Report CA DFGWolf T D Elam K Lewis and S Flint 1998 California Vernal Pool Assessment Preliminary Report CA DFGKeelerKeeler‐‐Wolf, T., D. Elam, K. Lewis, and S. Flint. 1998. California Vernal Pool Assessment Preliminary Report. CA DFG.Wolf, T., D. Elam, K. Lewis, and S. Flint. 1998. California Vernal Pool Assessment Preliminary Report. CA DFG.Pyke, C.R. 2002. Modeling vernal pool hydrologic regimes and assessing their sensitivity to climatic and landPyke, C.R. 2002. Modeling vernal pool hydrologic regimes and assessing their sensitivity to climatic and land‐‐use change. Ph.D. use change. Ph.D. Dissertation. Dissertation. University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA.University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA.Pyke, C.R. 2004. Simulating vernal pool hydrologic regimes for tow locations in California, USA. Ecological Modelling 173(2):Pyke, C.R. 2004. Simulating vernal pool hydrologic regimes for tow locations in California, USA. Ecological Modelling 173(2):109109‐‐127.127.Pyke, C.R. 2005. Assessing climate change impacts on vernal pool ecosystems and endemic branchiopods. Ecosystems 8(1):95Pyke, C.R. 2005. Assessing climate change impacts on vernal pool ecosystems and endemic branchiopods. Ecosystems 8(1):95‐‐105.105.Rains, M.C., R.A. Dahlgren, G.E. Fogg, T. Harter, R.J. Williamson. 2008. Geological control of physical and chemical hydrologRains, M.C., R.A. Dahlgren, G.E. Fogg, T. Harter, R.J. Williamson. 2008. Geological control of physical and chemical hydrology iy in California vernal pools. n California vernal pools. Wetlands 28(2):347Wetlands 28(2):347‐‐362.362.R i M C G E F T H R A D hl d R J Willi 2006 Th l f h d if i h d l i lR i M C G E F T H R A D hl d R J Willi 2006 Th l f h d if i h d l i l i i di i dRains, M.C., G.E. Fogg, T. Harter, R.A. Dahlgren, and R.J. Williamson. 2006. The role of perched aquifers in hydrological conRains, M.C., G.E. Fogg, T. Harter, R.A. Dahlgren, and R.J. Williamson. 2006. The role of perched aquifers in hydrological connecnectivity and tivity and biogeochemical processes in vernal pool landscapes, Central Valley, California. Hydrological Processes 20:1157biogeochemical processes in vernal pool landscapes, Central Valley, California. Hydrological Processes 20:1157‐‐1175.1175.Šimůnek, J., M. Th. van Genuchten, and M. Šejna. 2006. The HYDRUS Software Package for Simulating TwoŠimůnek, J., M. Th. van Genuchten, and M. Šejna. 2006. The HYDRUS Software Package for Simulating Two‐‐ and Threeand Three‐‐Dimensional MovDimensional Movement of ement of Water, Heat, and Multiple Solutes in VariablyWater, Heat, and Multiple Solutes in Variably‐‐Saturated Media Technical Manual Version 1.0. PC Progress, Prague, Czech Republic.Saturated Media Technical Manual Version 1.0. PC Progress, Prague, Czech Republic.Šimůnek, J., M. Th. van Genuchten, and M. Šejna. 2008. Development and applications of the HYDRUS and STANMOD software packagŠimůnek, J., M. Th. van Genuchten, and M. Šejna. 2008. Development and applications of the HYDRUS and STANMOD software packages es and related and related codes. Vadose Zone Journal 7(2):587codes. Vadose Zone Journal 7(2):587‐‐600.600.Šimůnek, J., M. Šejna, and M. Th. van Genuchten. 2007. The HYDRUS Software Package for Simulating TwoŠimůnek, J., M. Šejna, and M. Th. van Genuchten. 2007. The HYDRUS Software Package for Simulating Two‐‐ and Threeand Three‐‐Dimensional MovDimensional Movement of ement of Water Heat and Multiple Solutes in VariablyWater Heat and Multiple Solutes in Variably Saturated Media User Manual Version 1 02 PC Progress Prague Czech RepublicSaturated Media User Manual Version 1 02 PC Progress Prague Czech RepublicWater, Heat, and Multiple Solutes in VariablyWater, Heat, and Multiple Solutes in Variably‐‐Saturated Media User Manual Version 1.02. PC Progress, Prague, Czech Republic.Saturated Media User Manual Version 1.02. PC Progress, Prague, Czech Republic.Smith, D.W. and W. L Verrill. 1998. Vernal PoolSmith, D.W. and W. L Verrill. 1998. Vernal Pool‐‐SoilSoil‐‐Landform Relationships in the Central Valley, California. In Ecology, ConseLandform Relationships in the Central Valley, California. In Ecology, Conservation, and rvation, and Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems –– Proceedings from a 1996 Conference. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.Proceedings from a 1996 Conference. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA.Trefry, M.G. and C. Muffels. 2007. FEFLOW: a finiteTrefry, M.G. and C. Muffels. 2007. FEFLOW: a finite‐‐element ground water flow and transport modeling tool. Ground Water 45(5):52element ground water flow and transport modeling tool. Ground Water 45(5):5255‐‐528.528.Williamson, R.J., G.E. Fogg, M.C. Rains, and T. Harter. 2005. Hydrology at Three Sites, Southern Sacramento Valley. Prepared Williamson, R.J., G.E. Fogg, M.C. Rains, and T. Harter. 2005. Hydrology at Three Sites, Southern Sacramento Valley. Prepared forfor the California the California Department of Transportation. Report No. FHWA/CA/IRDepartment of Transportation. Report No. FHWA/CA/IR‐‐2004/08.2004/08.


modeling of vernal pools to sts upport rt tir did esign · elamelam, kk. lewislewis, andand ss....

Documents