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Modern Biology
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Classification of Biological Sciencesةق ل ال ل العلوم البيولوجيةتقسيم ال
1‐Fundamental Biological Sciencesاألساسيةالعلوم البيولوجية
• Genetics معلم الوراثة• Biochemistry كيمياء حيوية
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2‐Basic Biological Sciencesالعلوم البيولوجية األساسية
• Botany• Zoology
علم النبات
Zoologyعلم الحيوان• Microbiology
م
الميكروبيولوجى -المجھريعلم االحياء
• Entomology• Medical Sciences
علم الحشرات
الطبية Medical Sciencesالعلوم العلوم الطبية
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Biochemistrync
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B i Bi l i l S iBasic Biological Sciences
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Principles of Applied Biological Sciencesمبادئ العلوم البيولوجية التطبيقية
• Toxicology السموم Toxicologyعلم• Animal Breeding
علم السموم
تربية الحيوان
• Medical Entomology علم الحشرات الطبية
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Applied Biological Sciencesالبيولوجية التطبيقيةالعلوم
ل •لط Preventive Medicine الطب الوقائى • Horticulture Horticultureالبساتين ين ب• Agronomy المحاصيل•
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Geneticsعلم الوراثة
للل •ل Mendilian Genetics المندليةالوراثةعلم • Cytogenetics الخلويةعلم Cytogeneticsالوراثة ويم ور • Population genetics وراثة العشائر• Quantitative genetics الوراثة الكميةعلم• Molecular Genetics Molecular Geneticsالجزيئيةالوراثةعلم الجزيئيةالوراثة علم
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Biotechnology includes all Employments of newBiotechnology includes all Employments of new techniques to handle living systems at cellular and subcellular levels It comprises plant tissueand subcellular levels. It comprises plant tissue culture, animal cloning and embryo storage.
التقنيات استخداماتالحيوية التكنولوجياتشمل على سواء الحية الكائنات مع للتعامل الحديثة
ات ت ةال تالخل ةالت تتألف وھي.خلويةوالتحت الخلويةالمستويات تتألفھخلجزرن واالستنساخالنباتية،األنسجةزراعةمن يأل خب ال و
.الجنين مع والتعامل الحيواني
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However, handling living components, at the molecular level is a g g pmolecular biology approach. Moreover, when experiments concentrate on the genetic material the approach proceed to
l l imolecular genetics. Genetic engineering has been recognized as one of the most
important applications that promoted due to the advancements inimportant applications that promoted due to the advancements in molecular genetics.
ھواساس الجزيئي المستوى على الحية، الكائنات مع التعامل ا ل ةال ال
.الجزيئيةالبيولوجيا
أھم من واحدة باعتبارھا الوراثية الھندسة االعتراف تم وقد.الجزيئي الوراثة علم في التقدم بسبب تروج التي التطبيقات
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Therefore genetic Engineering can be identified as aTherefore genetic Engineering can be identified as autilization of a group of techniques and methods toreform the genetic material by adding or eliminatereform the genetic material by adding or eliminatecertain sequences aiming the reformation of a cell or anorganism The added genetic material could be from theorganism. The added genetic material could be from thesame species or form any other species.
من مجموعة استخدام أنھا على تعريف يمكن الوراثية الھندسة لذا أو إضافة طريق عنالوراثيةالمادةتشكيلاعادةواألساليبالتقنيات المادة .حي كائن أو خلية تشكيل إعادة إلى تھدف تسلسالت بعض إزالة
من نوعأي تشكيلأوالنوعنفسمنتكونأنيمكنالمضافةالوراثية.األخرى األنواع
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Based on the former explanations, differences arerelatively recognized between biotechnology,y g gy,molecular biology, molecular genetics and geneticengineeringengineering
التكنولوجيا بين نسبيةاختالفاتھناكفأن السابقة،التفسيراتعلىوبناء الوراثية والھندسة الجزيئية الوراثة وعلم الجزيئية والبيولوجيا الحيوية
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Convential breeding and genetic engineering have the sameConvential breeding and genetic engineering have the same target, however, three differences are existed:
1‐ The range of genetic improvement: As by genetic engineering tools genes can be transferred from any organism to any organism. In other words all the Evolutionary barriers fall down in the molecular era.
وھو الھدف نفس لھم الوراثية والھندسة التقليدية التربية طرق فان وعموما ن ااناالالت فضعنختلف
:فىبعضعنيختلفواانھماالالتحسين
الھندسة أدوات استخدام طريق عن :الوراثي التحسين مجال اتساع -١ة اث نالنقلال اكنالتال ةكائنأإلكائنأننقل ا
وبعبارة.كائن أي إلىكائنأيمننقلھايمكنوالتىالجينىوالنقلالوراثية على الكائنات مع التعامل عند التطورية الحواجز جميع تسقط أخرى
ى ت زيئال ال الجزيئيالمستوى
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2‐ The accuracy of gene transfer and monitoring:2 The accuracy of gene transfer and monitoring:
High technology has already its ways of monitoring. Genetic engineering techniques enable researchers to follow up the transferred material in the donor cell, in the vector p ,and in the host cell. Moreover, it is quite possible to recheck the transferred material at intervals.
: الجينات ومتابعتھا نقل دقة فى -٢ا تقن ثة ال ا ل التكن ا التقن ا تخ ةا ن الھندسةباستخدام التقنيات التكنولوجيا الحديثة مع تقنيات ال
الباحثين من متابعة الجينات بعد نقلھا للخاليا الوراثية تمكن ومتابعة نواقل المادة الوراثية مثل البالزميد ومتابعة ايضا التاثير
الخلية تماما.المضيفةعلى الممكن فمن ذلك، على إعادةوعالوة ي ن .يى ن ى و إ و.فحص المواد المنقولة على فترات
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3‐ The needed time:Convential breeding programs Consume several years or several decades, which can be easily saved by applying the new techniques.
:الالزم الوقت -٣ةا ةالت د لكالتقل ت اتدةت ددةأن التق
والتيعقود، عدةأوسنواتعدةتستھلكالتقليديةالتربيةبرامج البيوتكنولوجى تقنيات تطبيق خالل من بسھولة حفظھا يمكن.الجديدةل
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Biochemistry & GeneticsBiochemistry & Genetics
• Biochemical Genetics• Biochemical Genetics• Molecular Genetics
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::
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DNA strands are anti‐parallel
The first proof was providedIn 1961 by measuring the ratio of different dinucleotides
5’ 3’ratio of different dinucleotides in DNA. The concentration of 5’AG3’ was equal to 5’CT3’ (asexpected from an antiparallelorientation) and not equal to5’TC3’ (as expected from a a parallel orientation). DNA sequencing in 1970sconfirmed this conclusion.
3’ 5’
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Fig 5 13Fig. 5.13
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All genes are present in all cells of theg porganism.
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Amino acids are joined to form unbranched polypeptides by a peptide bond.peptide bond.
Peptide bond = covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and amino group of the next amino acid.
N-terminus C-terminusN-terminus C-terminus
5’ (DNA) 3’ (DNA)