modul kimia tingkatan 4

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Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. (919810-T), 2012

Printed by Pramaju Sdn. Bhd.

No. 35, Jalan 5/10B

Spring Crest Industrial Park

68100 Batu Caves

Selangor Darul Ehsan

CONTENTSKANDUNGAN

1THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

STRUKTUR ATOM1

2CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATIONS

FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA22

3PERIODIC TABLE

JADUAL BERKALA49

4CHEMICAL BOND

IKATAN KIMIA72

5ELECTROCHEMISTRY

ELEKTROKIMIA88

6ACID AND BASES

ASID DAN BES114

7SALT

GARAM139

8MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

BAHAN KIMIA DALAM INDUSTRI168

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MATTER / JIRIM

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS / STRUKTUR ATOM

PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER / TEORI ZARAH JIRIM To state the particle theory of matter Menyatakan teori zarah jirim

To differentiate and draw the three types of particles i.e. atom, ion and molecule Membezakan dan melukis tiga jenis zarah jirim iaitu atom, ion dan molekul

To describe the laboratory activity to investigate the diffusion of particles in gas, a liquid and a solid. (To prove that matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles)

Menghuraikan aktiviti makmal untuk mengkaji resapan zarah dalam gas, cecair dan pepejal (Untuk membuktikan bahawa jirim terdiri daripada

zarah-zarah yang halus dan diskrit)

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER / TEORI KINETIK JIRIM To state the kinetic theory of matter Menyatakan teori kinetik jirim

To relate the change of physical states of matters with energy change Menghubungkaitkan perubahan keadaan jirim dengan perubahan tenaga

To relate the change of energy in the particles with kinetic particle theory of matter Menghubungkaitkan perubahan tenaga dalam zarah dengan perubahan tenaga kinetik zarah

HISTORY OF ATOMIC MODELS DEVELOPMENT / SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN MODEL ATOM To state the contribution of scientists in the atomic structure model such as the scientists who discovered electron, proton,

nucleus, neutron and shell Menyatakan sumbangan ahli sains kepada perkembangan model struktur atom dan ahli sains yang menemui elektron, proton, nukleus, neutron dan

petala

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES / ZARAH-ZARAH SUBATOM To compare and differentiate subatomic particles i.e. proton, neutron and electron from the aspect of charge, relative mass

and location Membanding dan membezakan zarah-zarah subatom iaitu proton, neutron dan elektron dari segi cas, jisim relatif dan kedudukan

To state the meaning of proton number and nucleon number based on the subatomic particle Menyatakan maksud nombor proton dan nombor nukleon berdasarkan zarah subatom

To write the symbol of elements with proton number and nucleon number Menulis simbol unsur yang mengandungi nombor proton dan nombor nukleon

ISOTOPE / ISOTOP To state the meaning, examples and the use of isotopes Menyatakan maksud isotop, contoh-contoh isotop dan kegunaan isotop

ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT / SUSUNAN ELEKTRON To know the number of electron shells and number of electrons in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd shell Mengetahui bilangan petala elektron serta bilangan elektron yang diisi dalam petala 1, 2 dan 3

To write the electron arrangement of atoms based on proton number or number of electrons and state the number of valence electron

Menulis susunan elektron bagi suatu atom berdasarkan nombor proton atau bilangan elektron dan seterusnya menyatakan bilangan elektron valens

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMSSTRUKTUR ATOM

1

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MATTER / JIRIM

Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space.Jirim adalah sebarang bahan yang mempunyai jisim dan memenuhi ruang.

The Particle Theory of Matter / Teori Zarah Jirim

1 Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles. Three types of tiny particles are atoms , ions and molecules . Jisim terdiri daripada zarah yang halus dan diskrit. Tiga jenis zarah tersebut ialah atom , ion dan molekul .

2 Matter can be classified as element or compound. / Jirim boleh dikelaskan sebagai unsur atau sebatian.

3 Complete the following: / Lengkapkan yang berikut:

Elements can be identified as metal or non-metal by referring to the Periodic Table. Unsur boleh dikenal pasti sebagai logam atau bukan logam dengan merujuk kepada Jadual Berkala Unsur.

Formation of molecule and ion will be studied in Chapter 4 (Chemical Bond). Pembentukan molekul atau ion akan dipelajari dalam Tajuk 4 (Ikatan Kimia).

Types of particles / Jenis zarah Types of particles / Jenis zarah

Atom / AtomThe smallest neutral particle of an element (Normally pure metals, noble gases and a few non-metal elements such as carbon and silicon).Zarah neutral yang paling kecil

bagi suatu unsur (Biasanya logam

tulen, gas adi dan beberapa unsur

bukan logam seperti karbon dan

silikon).

Example:Contoh:

Sodium metal, NaLogam natrium, Na

Na Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na Na Na

Neon gas, NeGas Neon, Ne

Ne Ne

Ne

Molecule / MolekulA neutral particle consists of different non-metal atoms which are covalently-bonded.Zarah neutral terdiri daripada

atom-atom bukan logam berlainan

terikat secara ikatan kovalen.

Example:Contoh:

Carbon dioxide gas, CO2

Gas karbon dioksida, CO2

O OC

O OC

O OC

Water, H2O

Air, H2O

H HO

H HO

H HO

Molecule / MolekulA neutral particle consists of similar non-metal atoms which are covalently-bonded.Zarah neutral terdiri daripada

atom-atom bukan logam serupa

terikat secara ikatan kovalen.

Example:Contoh:

Oxygen gas, O2

Gas oksigen, O2

O O O O

O O

Hydrogen gas, H2

Gas hidrogen, H2

H H H H

H H

Ion / IonPositively or negatively charged particles, which are formed from metal atom and non-metal atom respectively. The force of attraction between the two oppositely charged ions forms an ionic bond.Zarah bercas positif atau negatif

terbentuk dari logam dan bukan

logam terikat secara ikatan ion.

Daya tarikan antara dua ion yang

berlawanan cas membentuk ikatan

ion.

Example:Contoh:

Sodium chloride, NaClNatrium klorida, NaCl

Na+

Na+

Na+

Cl

Na+

Cl

Na+

Cl

Cl

Cl

Na+

Na+

Na+

Cl

Cl

Calcium oxide, CaOKalsium oksida, CaO

Ca2+

O2

Ca2+

O2

Ca2+

O2

O2

Ca2+

O2

Ca2+

Ca2+

O2

Ca2+

O2

Ca2+

ELEMENT / UNSUR

A substance made from only satu type of atom.

Bahan yang terdiri daripada satu jenis atom sahaja.

COMPOUND / SEBATIAN

A substance made from two or more different elements which are bonded together.

Bahan yang terdiri daripada dua atau lebih

unsur berbeza yang terikat secara kimia.

MATTER / JIRIM

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Diffusion in a gasResapan dalam gas

Diffusion in a liquidResapan dalam cecair

Diffusion in a solidResapan dalam pepejal

ExperimentEksperimen

ObservationPemerhatian

The brown colour of bromine vapour,

Br2 spreads far throughout

the two jars.Warna perang wap bromin, Br

2 merebak

dengan cepat memenuhi kedua-dua

balang gas.

The purple colour of solid potassium manganate(VII), KMnO

4 spreads

slowly throughout the water.Warna ungu pepejal kalium manganat(VII),

KMnO4 merebak dengan perlahan

di dalam air.

The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate,

CuSO4 spreads very slowly

throughout the gel. Warna biru kuprum(II) sulfat,

CuSO4 merebak

sangat perlahan

di dalam agar-agar.

ExplanationPenerangan

Bromine vapour, Br2 and air are made

up of molecules .Wap bromin, Br

2 dan udara terdiri

daripada molekul .

Bromine molecules diffuse quickly between large

space of air particles which is in gas

form.Molekul bromin meresap pantas

melalui ruang besar antara zarah-

zarah udara yang berbentuk gas.

Potassium manganate(VII) is made up of potassium ions and manganate(VII) ions. The ions

diffuse slowly between close

space of water particles which is in

liquid form.Kalium manganat(VII) terdiri daripada

ion kalium dan ion manganat(VII). Ion-ion ini meresap perlahan

antara ruang rapat zarah air

yang berbentuk cecair.

Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 is made

up of copper(II) ions and

sulphate ions . The ions

diffuse very slow between closely packed space of gel particles

which is in solid form.Kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO

4 terdiri daripada

ion kuprum(II) dan ion

sulfat. Ion-ion ini meresap dengan

sangat perlahan antara ruang padat zarah agar-agar yang

berbentuk pepejal.

4 Determine the type of particles in the following substances: Tentukan jenis zarah bagi setiap bahan berikut:

SubstancesBahan

Type of particleJenis zarah

SubstancesBahan


SubstancesBahan


Hydrogen gas (H2)

Gas hidrogen (H2)

Molecule

Sulphur dioxide (SO

2)

Sulfur dioksida(SO

2)

MoleculeTetrachloromethane (CCl

4)

Tetraklorometana (CCl4) Molecule

Copper(II) sulphate (CuSO

4)

Kuprum(II) sulfat (CuSO

4 )

IonIron (Fe)

Ferum (Fe) Atom

Zink chloride (ZnCl2)

Zink klorida (ZnCl

2 )

Ion

Argon (Ar)Argon (Ar) Atom

Carbon (C)Karbon (C) Atom

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O

2)

Hidrogen peroksida (H2O

2) Molecule

5 Diffusion Resapan

(a) The tiny and discrete particles that made up matter are constantly moving. In gases, these particles are very far apart from each other, in liquids, the particles are closer together and in solids, they are arranged closely packed.

Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah halus dan diskrit yang sentiasa bergerak. Dalam gas, susunan zarah-zarahnya adalah berjauhan

antara satu sama lain, dalam cecair, zarah-zarahnya disusun lebih rapat dan dalam pepejal, zarah-zarahnya disusun dengan sangat

padat dan teratur.

(b) Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move between the particles of another substance. Resapan berlaku apabila zarah-zarah suatu bahan bergerak di antara zarah-zarah bahan lain.

(c) Diffusion occurs in a solid, liquid and gas. Complete the following table: Resapan berlaku dalam pepejal, cecair dan gas. Lengkapkan jadual berikut:

Selepassehari

Kuprum(II) sulfat

Copper(II) sulphate

Agar-agarGel

After a day

Beberapa titiscecair bromin

Selepasbeberapa

minit

A few drops of bromine liquid

After few minutes

Air

Selepas beberapa jam

Water

Kalium manganat(VII)

Potassium manganate(VII)

After a few hours

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(d) Conclusions: Kesimpulan:

(i) Diffusion occurs faster in gas than in liquid. There is larger space in between the particles of

a gas than a liquid. Particles in a gas are further apart. The particles in the liquid

are closer together.

Resapan berlaku lebih cepat di dalam gas berbanding di dalam cecair. Terdapat ruang yang lebih besar

antara zarah-zarah gas berbanding dengan cecair. Zarah-zarah gas adalah berjauhan

antara satu sama lain. Zarah-zarah cecair adalah lebih rapat antara satu sama lain.

(ii) Diffusion occurs faster in a liquid than in solid. There is larger space in between the particles

of a liquid than a solid. The particles in the solid are very close together.

Resapan berlaku lebih cepat di dalam cecair berbanding di dalam pepejal. Terdapat ruang yang lebih besar

antara zarah-zarah cecair berbanding dengan pepejal. Zarah-zarah pepejal tersusun sangat rapat

dan padat antara satu sama lain.

(iii) Bromine gas, potassium manganate(VII) and copper(II) sulphate are made up of tiny and discrete

particles that are constantly moving/constant motion .

Gas bromin, kalium manganat(VII) dan kuprum(II) sulfat terdiri daripada zarah-zarah halus dan diskrit

yang sentiasa bergerak .

The Kinetic Theory of Matter / Teori Kinetik Jirim

1 Matter exists in three different states which are solid , liquid and gas .

Jirim wujud dalam tiga keadaan iaitu pepejal , cecair dan gas .

2 Matter that made up of tiny and discrete particles which are always in constantly moving .

Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah halus dan diskrit yang sentiasa bergerak .

3 As the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of particles increases and the particles move faster .

Apabila suhu meningkat, tenaga kinetik zarah-zarah akan bertambah dan zarah-zarah akan bergerak dengan lebih cepat .

4 Particles in different states of matter have different arrangement, strength of forces between them, movement and energy content.

Zarah-zarah dalam keadaan jirim yang berbeza mempunyai susunan, daya tarikan antara zarah, pergerakan dan kandungan

tenaga yang berbeza.

5 Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:

State of matterKeadaan jirim

SolidPepejal

LiquidCecair

GasGas

Draw the particles arrangement. Each particle (atom/ ion/molecule) is represented by Lukis susunan zarah. Setiap zarah

(atom / ion / molekul) diwakili dengan

Particles arrangementSusunan zarah

The particles are arranged closely packed in orderly manner.

Zarah-zarah tersusun padat

dan teratur .

The particles are arranged closely packed but not in orderly manner .

Zarah-zarah tersusun padat

tetapi tidak teratur .

The particles are very widely separated from

each other.Zarah-zarah terpisah jauh

antara satu sama lain.

Particles movementPergerakan zarah

Particles can only vibrate

and rotate about their fixed position.Zarah bergetar dan berputar

pada kedudukan tetap.

Particles can vibrate , rotate and move

throughout the liquid.Zarah bergetar , berputar dan

bergerak dalam cecair.

Particles can vibrate , rotate and move

freely.Zarah bergetar , berputar dan

bergerak bebas.

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Attractive forces between the particlesDaya tarikan antara zarah

Very strong forces between the particles.Daya tarikan yang sangat kuat

antara zarah-zarah.

Strong forces between the

particles but weaker than the forces in the solid.Daya tarikan yang kuat

antara zarah-zarah tetapi

lebih lemah berbanding di

dalam pepejal.

Weak forces between the perticlesDaya tarikan yang lemah

antara zarah-zarah.

Energy content of the particlesKandungan tenaga zarah

Energy content is very low .Kandungan tenaga sangat

rendah .

Energy content is higher than solid but less than in a gas.Kandungan tenaga lebih tinggi

daripada pepejal tetapi

lebih rendah daripada gas.

Energy content is very high.Kandungan tenaga sangat

tinggi.

6 Changes in the state of matter Perubahan keadaan jirim

(a) Matter undergoes change of state when heat energy is absorbed or released/lose :

Jirim mengalami perubahan keadaan apabila tenaga haba di serap atau di bebaskan :

(i) When heat energy is absorbed by the matter (it is heated), the kinetic energy of the particles

increases and they vibrate faster.

Apabila tenaga haba diserap oleh jirim (semasa dipanaskan), tenaga kinetik zarah bertambah

dan zarah tersebut bergerak dengan lebih cepat.

(ii) When matter releases heat energy (it is cooled), the kinetic energy of the particles decreases and they vibrate less vigorously.

Apabila tenaga haba dibebaskan oleh jirim (semasa disejukkan), tenaga kinetik zarah berkurang dan

zarah tersebut bergerak kurang cergas.

(b) Inter - conversion of the states of matter: Perubahan keadaan jirim:

7 Determination of melting and freezing points of naphthalene Penentuan takat lebur dan takat beku naftalena

Materials / Bahan: Naphthalene powder, water

Apparatus / Radas: Boiling tube, conical flask, beaker, retort stand, thermometer 0 100C, stopwatch,

Bunsen burner and wire gauze

Procedure / Prosedur:

I. Heating of naphthalene / Pemanasan naftalena Set-up of apparatus: / Susunan radas:

Thermometer / Termometer

Boiling tube / Tabung didih

Water / Air

Naphthalene / Naftalena

HeatHaba

Solid

Pepejal

Liquid

Cecair

Gas

Gas

Melting / Peleburan Boiling/Evoporation / Pendidihan/Penyejatan

Freezing / Pembekuan Condensation / Kondensasi

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(a) A boiling tube is filled 3 - 5 cm height with naphthalene powder and a thermometer is

placed into it.

Tabung didih diisi dengan serbuk naftalena setinggi 3 5 cm dan termometer diletakkan

di dalamnya.

(b) The boiling tube is immersed in a water bath as shown in the diagram so that the water level in the water bath is higher than naphtalene powder in the boiling tube.

Tabung didih dimasukkan ke dalam kukus air seperti di dalam gambar rajah dan pastikan aras air dalam kukus air lebih tinggi

daripada aras naftalena dalam tabung didih.

(c) The water is heated and the naphthalene is stirred slowly with thermometer .

Air dipanaskan dan naftalena dikacau perlahan-lahan dengan termometer .

(d) When the temperature of naphthalene reaches 60C , the stopwatch is started. The temperature of

naphthalene is recorded at 30 seconds intervals until the temperature of naphthalene reaches 90C .

Apabila suhu naftalena mencapai 60C , mulakan jam randik. Suhu naftalena dicatat setiap 30 saat

sehingga suhunya mencapai 90C .

II. Cooling of naphthalene / Penyejukan naftalena

NaphthaleneNaftalena

(a) The boiling tube and its content is removed from the water bath and put into a conical flask as shown in the diagram.

Tabung didih dan kandungannya dikeluarkan daripada kukus air dan dipindahkan ke dalam kelalang kon seperti

dalam gambar rajah.

(b) The content in the boiling tube is stirred constantly with thermometer throughout cooling

process to avoid supercooling (the temperature of cooling liquid drops below freezing point, without

the appearance of a solid).

Kandungan dalam tabung didih dikacau perlahan-lahan dengan termometer sepanjang proses penyejukan untuk

mengelakkan penyejukan lampau (Suhu cecair yang disejukkan turun melepasi takat beku tanpa pembentukan

pepejal).

(c) The temperature of naphthalene is recorded every 30 seconds interval until the temperature drops

to 60C .

Suhu naftalena dicatat setiap 30 saat sehingga suhunya mencapai 60C .

(d) A graph of temperature against time is plotted for the heating and cooling process respectively.

Graf suhu melawan masa dilukis untuk proses pemanasan dan penyejukan.

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The Explanation of the Heating Process of Matter / Penerangan Proses Pemanasan

1 The heating curve of naphthalene: Lengkung pemanasan naftalena:

Temperature/CSuhu/C

Time/sMasa/s

A

B C

D E

F

2 When a solid is heated, the particles absorb heat and move faster as its energy content increases. As the heat

energy is absorbed , the state of matter will change.

Apabila pepejal dipanaskan, zarah-zarah menyerap haba dan bergerak lebih cepat disebabkan kandungan tenaga bertambah.

Tenaga haba diserap menyebabkan perubahan keadaan jirim.

PointTitik

State of MatterKeadaan jirim


A to BA ke B

Solid

Heat energy is absorbed by the particles in the solid naphthalene causing their

kinetic energy to increase and vibrate faster . The temperature

increases.

Tenaga haba diserap oleh zarah-zarah pepejal naftalena menyebabkan tenaga kinetik akan

bertambah dan zarah bergetar dengan lebih cepat . Suhu semakin meningkat .

B to CB ke C

Solid and Liquid

Heat energy absorbed by the particles in the liquid naphthalene is used to

overcome forces between particles so that the solid turn to liquid . The

temperature remains constant .

Tenaga haba yang diserap oleh zarah-zarah dalam pepejal naftalena digunakan untuk mengatasi

daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah supaya pepejal berubah menjadi cecair . Suhu adalah tetap .

C to DC ke D

Liquid

Heat energy absorbed by the particles in the liquid naphthalene causing their

kinetic energy to increase and move faster . The temperature

increases .

Tenaga haba diserap oleh zarah-zarah cecair naftalena menyebabkan tenaga kinetik akan

bertambah dan zarah-zarah bergerak dengan lebih cepat . Suhu semakin meningkat .

D to ED ke E

Liquid and Gas

Heat energy absorbed by the particles in the liquid naphthalene is used to

overcome the forces of attraction between particles. The particles begin to move freely

to form a gas . The temperature remains constant .

Tenaga haba diserap oleh zarah-zarah dalam cecair naftalena digunakan untuk mengatasi

daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah. Zarah-zarah mula bergerak bebas untuk membentuk gas . Suhu

adalah tetap .

E to FE ke F

Gas

Heat energy is absorbed by the particles in the gas causing their kinetic

energy to incerease and move faster . The temperature increases .

Tenaga haba diserap oleh zarah-zarah gas naftalena menyebabkan tenaga kinetik akan bertambah

dan zarah-zarah bergerak dengan lebih cepat . Suhu semakin meningkat .

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3 The constant temperature at which a solid completely changes to become a liquid is called the melting point .

During the melting process, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy absorbed by the particles

is used to overcome the forces between particles so that the solid change to turn into a liquid .

Suhu tetap di mana suatu pepejal berubah kepada keadaan cecair dipanggil takat lebur .

Semasa proses peleburan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang diserap oleh zarah-zarah digunakan untuk

mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah supaya pepejal berubah menjadi cecair .

4 The constant temperature at which a liquid completely changes to become a gas is called the boiling point .

During the boiling process, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy absorbed by the particles

is used to overcome the forces between particles so that the liquid change to turn into a gas.

Suhu tetap di mana suatu bahan dalam keadaan cecair berubah kepada keadaan gas dipanggil takat didih .

Semasa proses pendidihan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang diserap oleh zarah-zarah digunakan untuk

mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah supaya cecair berubah menjadi gas.

The Explanation for the Cooling Process of Matter: / Penerangan Proses Penyejukan Bahan:

1 The cooling curve of naphthalene: Lengkung penyejukan naftalena:

2 When the liquid is cooled, the particles in the liquid release energy and move slower as its energy content

decreases. As the energy is released to the surrounding, the state of matter will change.

Apabila cecair disejukkan, zarah cecair membebaskan tenaga dan bergerak semakin perlahan. Keadaan jirim

berubah semasa tenaga dibebaskan ke persekitaran.

PointTitik

State of matterKeadaan jirim


P to QP ke Q

Liquid

Heat is released/given out to the surrounding by the particles in the liquid naphthalene.

The particles in the liquid lose their kinetic energy and move slower. The

temperature decreases .

Haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam cecair naftalena. Zarah-zarah dalam

cecair kehilangan tenaga kinetik dan bergerak semakin perlahan. Suhu semakin menurun .

Q to RQ ke R

Liquid and Solid

The heat released to the surrounding by the particles in liquid naphthalene is balanced

by the heat energy released as the particles attract one another to form a solid .

The temperature remains constant .

Haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam cecair naftalena diimbangi oleh

tenaga haba yang terbebas apabila zarah-zarah tertarik antara satu sama lain untuk membentuk

pepejal . Suhu adalah tetap .

R to SR ke S

Solid

The particles in the solid naphthalene releases heat and vibrate slower . The temperature

decreases .

Zarah-zarah dalam pepejal naftalena membebaskan tenaga dan bergetar dengan lebih perlahan .

Suhu semakin menurun .

Temperature/CSuhu/C

Time/sMasa/s

P

Q R

S

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3 The constant temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid is called freezing point . During the freezing

process, the temperature remains unchanged because the heat released to the surrounding is balanced by the

heat released when the liquid particles rearrange themselves to become a solid .

Suhu tetap di mana suatu cecair berubah kepada keadaan pepejal dipanggil takat beku . Semasa proses

pembekuan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang dibebaskan ke persekitaran diimbangi oleh haba yang terbebas

apabila zarah-zarah cecair menyusun semula untuk membentuk pepejal .

Keadaan Fizik Bahan pada Sebarang Suhu: / Physical State Of A Substance At Any Given Temperature:

1 A substance is in solid state if the temperature of the substance is below melting point

Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan pepejal jika suhu bahan tersebut lebih rendah daripada takat leburnya.

2 A substance is in liquid state if the temperature of the substance is between melting and boiling points.

Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan cecair jika suhu bahan tersebut berada antara takat lebur dan takat didihnya.

3 A substance is in gas state if the temperature of the substance is above boiling point.

Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan gas jika suhu bahan tersebut lebih tinggi daripada takat didihnya.

EXERCISE / LATIHAN

1 The table below shows substances and their chemical formula. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bahan dan formula kimia masing-masing.

Substance / Bahan Chemical formula / Formula kimia Type of particle / Jenis zarah

Silver / Argentum Ag Atom

Potassium oxide / Kalium oksida K2O Ion

Ammonia / Ammonia NH3

Molecule

Chlorine / Klorin Cl2

Molecule

(a) State the type of particles that made up each substance in the table. Nyatakan jenis zarah yang membentuk bahan dalam jadual di atas.

(b) Which of the substances are element? Explain your answer. Yang manakah antara bahan tersebut merupakan suatu unsur? Jelaskan jawapan anda.

Silver and chlorine. Silver and chlorine are made up of one type of atom

(c) Which of the substance are compound? Explain your answer. Yang manakah antara bahan tersebut merupakan suatu sebatian? Jelaskan jawapan anda.

Potassium oxide and ammonia. Potassium oxide and ammonia are made up of two different elements

2 The table below shows the melting and boiling points of substance P, Q and R. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bagi bahan P, Q dan R.

Substance / Bahan Melting point / Takat lebur / C Boiling point / Takat didih / C

P 36 6

Q 18 70

R 98 230

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(a) (i) What is meant by melting point? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan takat lebur?

The constant temperature at which a solid charges to a liquid at particular pressure

(ii) What is meant by boiling point? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan takat didih?

The constant temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas at particular pressure

(b) Draw the particles arrangement of substances P, Q and R at room condition. Lukis susunan zarah P, Q dan R pada keadaan bilik.

Substance P / Bahan P Substance Q / Bahan Q Substance R / Bahan R

(c) (i) What is the substance that exist in the form of liquid at 0C. Nyatakan bahan yang wujud dalam keadaan cecair pada suhu 0C.

P, Q

(ii) Give reason to your answer. Jelaskan jawapan anda.

The temperature 0C is above the melting point of Q and below the boiling point of Q

(d) (i) Substance Q is heated from room temperature to 100C. Sketch a graph of temperature against time for the heating of substance Q.

Bahan Q dipanaskan dari suhu bilik hingga 100C. Lakarkan graf suhu melawan masa bagi pemanasan bahan Q terhadap masa

untuk pemanasan bahan Q.

(ii) What is the state of matter of substance Q at 70C? Apakah keadaan zik bahan Q pada 70C?

Liquid and gas

(e) Compare the melting point of substances Q and R. Explain your answer. Bandingkan takat lebur bahan Q dan R. Terangkan jawapan anda.

The melting point of substance R is higher than subtance Q. The attraction force between particles in substance R

is stronger than Q. More heat is needed to overcome the force between particles in substance R.

Temperature/C

Time/s

70

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3 The melting point of acetamide can be determined by heating solid acetamide until it melts as shown in the diagram below. The temperature of acetemide is recorded every three minutes when it is left to cool down at room temperature.

Takat lebur asetamida boleh ditentukan dengan memanaskan pepejal asetamida sehingga lebur seperti dalam rajah di bawah. Suhu asetamida

dicatatkan setiap tiga minit semasa disejukkan pada suhu bilik.

(a) What is the purpose of using water bath in the experiment? Apakah tujuan menggunakan kukus air dalam eksperimen ini?

To ensure even heating of acetemide. Acetamide is easily combustible.

(b) State the name of another substance which its melting point can also be determined by using water bath as shown in the above diagram.

Namakan satu bahan lain yang mana takat leburnya boleh ditentukan dengan menggunakan kukus air seperti rajah di atas.

Naphthalene

(c) Sodium nitrate has a melting point of 310C. Can the melting point of sodium nitrate be determined by using the water bath as shown in the diagram? Explain your answer.

Natrium nitrat mempunyai takat lebur 310C. Bolehkah takat lebur natrium nitrat ditentukan dengan menggunakan kukus air seperti

yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas? Jelaskan jawapan anda.

No, because the melting point of water is 100C which is less than the melting point of sodium nitrate.

(d) Why do we need to stir the acetemide in the boiling tube in above experiment? Mengapakah asetamida dalam tabung didih itu perlu dikacau sepanjang eksperimen?

To make sure the heat is distributed evenly

(e) The graph of temperature against time for the cooling of liquid acetamide is shown below. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa untuk penyejukan cecair asetamida.

Temperature / Suhu/ C

Time / Masa/sT1

T2

T3

Q R

(i) What is the freezing point of acetamide? Apakah takat beku asetamida?

T2C

(ii) The temperature between Q and R is constant. Explain. Suhu antara titik Q dan R adalah tetap. Jelaskan.

The heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by the heat released when the liquid particles

rearrange themselves to become solid.

(f) Acetemide exists as molecules. State the name of another compound that is made up of molecules. Asetamida wujud sebagai molekul. Namakan sebatian lain yang terdiri daripada molekul.

Water/naphthalene

(g) What is the melting point of acetamide? Apakah takat lebur asetamida?

T2C

Thermometer / Termometer

Water / AirAcetamide / Asetamida

Boiling tube / Tabung didih

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The Atomic Structure / Struktur Atom

1 History of the development of atomic models: Sejarah perkembangan model atom:

ScientistSaintis

Atomic ModelModel atom

DiscoveryPenemuan

Dalton

(i) Matter is made up of particles called atoms .

Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah dipanggil atom .

(ii) Atoms cannot be created , destroyed or divided .

Atom tidak boleh dicipta , dimusnah atau dibahagi .

(iii) Atoms from the same element are identical .

Atom daripada unsur sama adalah sama .

Thomson

(i) Discovered the electrons , the first subatomic particle.

Menjumpai elektron , zarah subatom yang pertama.

(ii) Atom is sphere of positive charge which embedded with

negatively charged particles called electrons .

Atom adalah sfera yang bercas positif yang mengandungi zarah

bercas negatif dipanggil elektron .

Rutherford

(i) Discovered the nucleus as the centre of an atom and

positively charged .

Menjumpai nukleus yang merupakan pusat bagi atom dan

bercas positif .

(ii) Proton is a part of the nucleus.

Proton adalah sebahagian daripada nukleus.

(iii) Electron move outside the nucleus.

Elektron bergerak di sekeliling nukleus.

(iv) Most of the mass of the atom found in the nucleus .

Nukleus mempunyai hampir semua jisim atom.

Neils Bohr

(i) Discovered the existence of electron shells .

Menjumpai kewujudan petala elektron.

(ii) Electrons move in the shells around the nucleus.

Elektron bergerak di dalam petala mengelilingi nukleus .

James Chadwick

(i) Discovered the existence of neutron .

Menjumpai kewujudan neutron .

(ii) Nucleus of an atom contains neutral particles called

neutron and positively charged particles called

proton .

Nukleus mengandungi zarah-zarah neutral dipanggil neutron dan

zarah-zarah bercas positif dipanggil proton .

(iii) The mass of a neutron and proton is almost the same.

Jisim neutron dan proton adalah hampir sama.

Positively charged sphere

Sfera bercas positif

Electron charges negativeElektron bercas negatif

Electron moves outside the nucleus

Elektron bergerak di luar

nukleus

Nucleus that contain proton

Nukleus mengandungi

proton

mengandungi

Shell

Nucleus that contain proton

Nukleus mengandungi

proton

Electron

Shell

Nucleus that contain proton and neutron

Nukleus mengandungi

proton dan neutron

Electron

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2 The structure of an atom: / Struktur Atom:

(a) An atom has a central nucleus and electrons that move in the shells around the nucleus.

Atom mempunyai nukleus di tengahnya dan elektron bergerak di dalam petala mengelilingi nukleus tersebut.

(b) The nucleus contains protons and neutrons.

Nukleus mengandungi proton dan neutron.

(c) Each proton has charge of +1 . Each electron has an electrical charge of 1 . The neutron has no

charge (it is neutral ). An atom has the same number of protons and electrons, so the overall charge

of atom is zero . Atom is neutral . (If an atom loses or gains electrons it is called an ion formation of ion will be studied in Chapter 4)

Setiap proton bercas +1 . Setiap elektron bercas 1 . Neutron tidak mempunyai cas (ianya adalah neutral ).

Setiap atom mempunyai bilangan proton dan elektron yang sama, oleh itu cas keseluruhan bagi atom adalah sifar . Atom

adalah neutral . (Suatu atom akan membentuk ion apabila ia kehilangan atau menerima elektron pembentukan ion akan

dipelajari dalam Tajuk 4.)

(d) The relative mass of a neutron and a proton which are in the nucleus is 1. The mass of an atom is obtained mainly

from the number of proton and neutron .

Jisim relatif proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus ialah 1. Jisim suatu atom diperoleh daripada jumlah bilangan proton

dan bilangan neutron .

(e) The mass of an electron can be ignored as the mass of an electron is about 1

1 840 times the size of a proton or

neutron.

Jisim elektron boleh diabaikan kerana ia terlalu kecil iaitu 1

1 840 daripada jisim proton dan neutron.

3 Complete the following table: Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:

Subatomic particlesZarah subatom

SymbolSimbol

ChargeCas

Relative atomic massJisim atom relatif

PositionKedudukan

Electron/Elektron e (negative)1

1 840 = 0 In the shells

Proton/Proton p + (positive) 1 In the nucleus

Neutron/Neutron n neutral 1 In the nucleus

4 Atom is the smallest neutral particle of an element. Atom adalah zarah neutral paling kecil dalam suatu unsur.

Complete the following diagram: / Lengkapkan yang berikut:

Na Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na

Na

Sodium element

Unsur natrium

Sodium element

Unsur natrium

Sodium element

Unsur natrium

Sodium atom

Atom natrium

Shell / Petala

Electron / Elektron

Nucleus that contain proton and neutron Nukleus yang mengandungi proton dan neutron

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5 Proton number of an element (Refer to Periodic table of an element) Nombor proton sesuatu unsur (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Unsur)

(a) Proton number of an element is the number of proton in its atom .

Nombor proton sesuatu unsur adalah bilangan proton yang terdapat dalam atom .

(b) The number of proton of an atom is also equal to the number of electrons in the atom because atom is neutral . Bilangan proton sesuatu atom adalah sama dengan bilangan elektron dalam atom kerana atom adalah neutral .

(c) Every element has its own proton number: Setiap unsur mempunyai nombor protonnya tersendiri:

Proton number of potassium, K is 19. Potasium atom has 19 protons in the nucleus and 19 electrons in the shells.

Nombor proton untuk kalium, K ialah 19. Atom kalium mempunyai 19 proton di dalam nukleus dan

19 elektron di dalam petala.

Proton number of oxygen, O is 8. Oxygen atom has 8 protons in the nucleus and 8 electrons in the shells.

Nombor proton untuk oksigen, O ialah 8. Atom oksigen mempunyai 8 proton di dalam nukleus dan

8 elektron di dalam petala.

6 Nucleon number of an element (Refer to Periodic table of an element) Nombor nukleon sesuatu unsur (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Unsur)

(a) Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its atom .

Nombor nukleon sesuatu unsur adalah jumlah bilangan proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus sesuatu atom .

(b) Nucleon number is also known as a mass number. Nombor nukleon juga dikenali sebagai nombor jisim.

(c) Nucleon number = number of proton + number of neutron. Nombor nukleon = bilangan proton + bilangan neutron.

Symbol of Element And Standard Representation For An Atom of Element Simbol Unsur dan Perwakilan Piawai bagi Atom Sesuatu Unsur

1 The symbol of an element is a short way of representing an element. If the symbol has only one letter, it must be a capital letter. If it has two letters, the first is always a capital letter, while the second is always a small letter.

Simbol unsur adalah cara mudah untuk mewakilkan unsur. Jika simbol hanya terdiri daripada satu huruf, maka ia mesti ditulis dengan huruf

besar. Tetapi jika simbol terdiri daripada dua huruf, maka huruf pertama merupakan huruf besar dan huruf kedua merupakan huruf kecil.

Example: / Contoh:

ElementUnsur

SymbolSimbol

ElementUnsur

SymbolSimbol

ElementUnsur

SymbolSimbol

Oxygen/Oksigen O Nitrogen/Nitrogen N Calcium/Kalsium Ca

Magnesium/Magnesium Mg Sodium/Natrium Na Copper/Kuprum Cu

Hydrogen/Hidrogen H Potassium/Kalium K Chlorine/Klorin Cl

The first letter of each element is capitalised to show that it is a new element. This is helpful when writing a chemical formula.

For example KCl. There are two elements chemically bonded in KCl because there are two capital letters represent potassium and chlorine.

Huruf yang pertama bagi setiap unsur ditulis dengan huruf besar untuk menunjukkan ia adalah unsur yang baru. Ini sangat berguna semasa menulis formula

kimia. Contohnya KCl. Terdapat dua unsur yang terikat secara kimia dalam KCl kerana adanya dua huruf besar yang mewakili kalium dan klorin.

2 Standard representation symbol represents one atom of an element. It can be written as:

Simbol perwakilan piawai mewakili satu atom sesuatu unsur. Ianya boleh ditulis sebagai:

Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon

Proton number/Nombor protonSymbol of an element/Simbol unsur

AX

Z

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Example: / Contoh:

2713

A1 The element is Aluminium. Unsur itu adalah Aluminium.

The nucleon number of Aluminium is 27 .

Nombor nukleon Aluminium adalah 27 .

The proton number of Aluminium is 13 .

Nombor proton Aluminium adalah 13 .

Aluminium has 13 protons , 14 neutrons and 13 electrons.

Atom Aluminium mempunyai 13 proton , 14 neutron dan 13 elektron.

3 Isotope / Isotop(a) Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza.

Or / Atau

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same proton number but different nucleon number.

Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai nombor proton yang sama tetapi nombor nukleon yang

berbeza.

Example: / Contoh:

11 H

21 H

Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon = 1 Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon = 2

Proton number/Nombor proton = 1 Proton number/Nombor proton = 1

Number of neutron/Bilangan neutron = 0 Number of neutron/Bilangan neutron = 1

Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 are isotopes. Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 atoms have the same proton number or the same

number of protons but different in nucleon number because of the difference in the number of neutron .

Atom Hidrogen-1 dan Hidrogen-2 mempunyai nombor proton atau bilangan proton yang sama tetapi nombor nukleon yang berbeza

kerana perbezaan bilangan neutron .

Isotopes have the same chemical properties but different physical properties because they have the same electron arrangements.

Isotop mempunyai sifat kimia yang sama kerana mempunyai susunan elektron yang sama tetapi sifat zik yang berbeza.

(b) Examples of the usage of isotopes: Contoh kegunaan isotop:

i. Medical field Bidang perubatan

To detect brain cancer. Untuk mengesan barah otak.

To detect thrombosis (blockage in blood vessel). Untuk mengesan trombosis (saluran darah tersumbat).

Sodium-24 is used to measure the rate of iodine absorption by thyroid gland. Untuk mengukur kadar penyerapan iodin oleh kelenjar tiroid. Contoh: Natrium-24

Cobalt-60 is used to destroy cancer cells. Untuk memusnahkan sel barah. Contoh: Kobalt-60

To kill microorganism in the sterilising process. Untuk membunuh mikroorganisma semasa proses pensterilan.

ii. In the industrial field Bidang industri

To detect wearing out in machines. Untuk mengesan kehausan enjin.

To detect any blockage in water, gas or oil pipes. Untuk mengesan saluran paip air, gas atau minyak yang tersumbat.

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To detect leakage of pipes underground. Untuk mengesan kebocoran paip bawah tanah.

To detect defects/cracks in the body of an aeroplane. Untuk mengesan keretakan atau kecacatan pada badan kapal terbang.

iii. In the agriculture field Bidang pertanian

To detect the rate of absorption of phosphate fertilizer in plants. Untuk mengesan kadar penyerapan baja fosfat oleh tumbuhan.

To sterile insect pests for plants. Untuk memandulkan serangga perosak tumbuhan.

iv. In the archeology field Bidang arkeologi

Carbon-14 can be used to estimate the age of artifacts. Karbon-14 untuk menentukan usia sesuatu artifak.

4 Electron Arrangement Susunan elektron

(a) The electrons are filled in specific shells. Every shell can be filled only with a certain number of electrons. For the elements with atomic numbers 1-20:

Elektron diisi dalam petala tertentu. Setiap petala hanya boleh diisi dengan bilangan elektron tertentu. Bagi unsur-unsur yang

mempunyai nombor proton 120:

First shell can be filled with a maximum of 2 electrons.

Petala pertama boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum 2 elektron.

Second shell can be filled with a maximum of 8 electrons.

Petala kedua boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum 8 elektron.

Third shell can be filled with a maximum of 8 electrons.

Petala ketiga boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum 8 elektron.

First shell is filled with 2 electrons (duplet)Petala pertama diisi 2 elektron (duplet)

Second shell is filled with 8 electrons (octet)Petala kedua diisi 8 elektron (oktet)

Third shell is filled with 8 electrons (octet)Petala ketiga disi 8 elektron (oktet)

(b) Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom. Elektron valens: Elektron yang diisi dalam petala paling luar suatu atom.

5 Complete the following table: Lengkapkan jadual berikut:

(a) Draw the electron arrangement and complete the description for each element: Lukis susunan elektron bagi atom dan penerangan bagi setiap unsur berikut:

Standard representationof an element

Perwakilan piawai

unsur

Electron arrangementof an atom

Lukiskan susunan elektron

bagi atom

DescriptionPenerangan

11

H

Hydrogen AtomAtom Hidrogen

H

Number of protons/Bilangan proton 1

Number of eletrons/Bilangan elektron 1

Number of neutrons/Bilangan neutron 0

Proton number/Nombor proton 1

Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon 1

Electron Arrangement/Susunan elektron 1

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2311

Na

Sodium AtomAtom Natrium

Na

Number of protons/Bilangan proton 11

Number of electrons/Bilangan elektron 11

Number of neutrons/Bilangan neutron 12

Proton number/Nombor proton 11

Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon 23

Electron Arrangement/Susunan elektron 2.8.1

(b) Choose the correct statement for the symbol of element X. Pilih pernyataan yang betul bagi simbol unsur X.

2311

Na

StatementPernyataan

Tick ( / )Tanda ( / )

Element X has 11 proton number.Unsur X mempunyai 11 nombor proton.

The proton number of element X is 11.Nombor proton unsur X ialah 11.

The proton number of atom X is 11.Nombor proton atom X ialah 11.

The number of proton of element X is 11.Bilangan proton unsur X ialah 11.

The number of proton of atom X is 11.Bilangan proton atom X ialah 11.

Nucleon number of element X is 23.Nombor nukleon unsur X ialah 23.

Nucleon number of atom X is 23.Nombor nukleon atom X ialah 23.

Number of nucleon of element X is 23.Bilangan nukleon unsur X ialah 23.

Atom X has 23 nucleon number.Atom X mempunyai 23 nombor nukleon.

Neutron number of atom X is 12.Nombor neutron atom X ialah 12.

Number of neutron of atom X is 12.Bilangan neutron atom X ialah 12.

Number of neutron of element X is 12.Bilangan neutron unsur X ialah 12.

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EXERCISE / LATIHAN


ElementUnsur

Symbol of element

Simbol unsur

Number of proton

Bilangan

proton

Number of electronBilangan

elektron

Number of neutronBilangan

neutron

Proton numberNombor

proton

Nucleon numberNombor

nukleon

Electron arrangement

Susunan

elektron atom

Number of valence electronBilangan

elektron valens

HydrogenHidrogen

11

H 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

HeliumHelium

42

He 2 2 2 2 4 2 2

BoronBoron

115

B 5 5 6 5 11 2.3 3

CarbonKarbon

126

C 6 6 6 6 12 2.4 4

NitrogenNitrogen

147

N 7 7 7 7 14 2.5 5

NeonNeon

2010

Ne 10 10 10 10 20 2.8 8

SodiumNatrium

2311

Na 11 11 12 11 23 2.8.1 1

MagnesiumMagnesium

2412

Mg 12 12 12 12 24 2.8.2 2

CalciumKalsium

4020

Ca 20 20 20 20 40 2.8.8.2 2

2 The diagram below shows the symbol of atoms P, R and S. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan simbol atom P, R dan S.

3517

P126

R3717

S

(a) What is meant by nucleon number / Apakah maksud nombor nukleon?

Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its atom

(b) What is the nucleon number of P / Apakah nombor nukleon atom P?

35

(c) State the number of neutron in atom P / Nyatakan bilangan neutron atom P.

18

(d) State number of proton in atom P / Nyatakan bilangan proton atom P.

17

(e) (i) What is meant by isotope / Apakah maksud isotop?

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of proton but different number of neutrons

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(ii) State a pair of isotope in the diagram shown / Nyatakan sepasang isotop dalam rajah yang ditunjukkan.

P and S

(iii) Give reason for your answer in (e)(ii) / Berikan sebab bagi jawapan di (e)(ii).

Atom P and S have same proton number but different nucleon number//number of neutron

(f) An isotope of R has 8 neutron. Write the symbol for the isotope R. Isotop bagi atom R mempunyai 8 neutron. Tuliskan simbol bagi isotop R.

146

R

3 The table below shows the number of proton and neutron of atoms of elements P, Q and R. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan proton dan neutron bagi atom unsur P, Q dan R.

ElementUnsur

Number of protonBilangan proton

Number of neutronBilangan neutron

P 1 0

Q 1 1

R 6 6

(a) Which of the atoms in the above table are isotope? Explain your answer. Berdasarkan jadual di atas, atom yang manakah merupakan isotop? Terangkan jawapan anda.

P and Q. Atom P and Q have same number of proton but different number of neutron // nucleon number.

(b) (i) Write the standard representation of element Q. Tuliskan perwakilan piawai untuk unsur Q.

21

Q

(ii) State three information that can be deduced from your answer in (b)(i). Nyatakan tiga maklumat yang boleh didapati daripada jawapan anda di (b)(i).

The proton number of element Q is 1 // Number of proton of atom Q is 1

Nucleon number of element Q is 2 // Atomic mass of atom Q is 2

Number of neutron of atom Q is 1

Nucleus of atom Q contains 1p and 1n

(c) (i) Draw atomic structure for atom of element R. Lukiskan struktur atom bagi atom unsur R.

6 protons + 6 neutrons

(ii) Describe the atomic structure in (c)(i). Huraikan struktur atom di (c)(i).

The atom consists of 2 parts: the centre part called nucleus and the outer part called electron shell.

The nucleus consists of 6 protons which are positively charged and 6 neutrons which are neutral.

The electrons are in two shells, the first shell consists of two electrons and the second shell consists of

four electrons.

Electrons move around nucleus in the shells.

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(d) Element R react with oxygen and to produce liquid Z at room temperature. The graph below shows the sketch of the graph when liquid Z at room temperature, 27C is cooled to 5C.

Unsur R bertindak balas dengan oksigen dan menghasilkan cecair Z pada suhu bilik. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan lakaran graf

apabila cecair Z pada suhu bilik, 27C disejukkan sehingga 5C.

Temperature /CSuhu /C

Time /sMasa /s

0

5

t1 t2

(i) What is the state of matter of liquid Z from t1 to t

2? Explain why is the temperature remain unchanged from

t1 to t

2.

Apakah keadaan jirim Z daripada t1 hingga t

2? Terangkan mengapa suhu tidak berubah daripada t

1 hingga t

2.

Liquid and solid. Heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by the heat released when the particles at 0 C

(ii) Draw the arrangement of particles of Z at 20C. Lukiskan susunan zarah-zarah Z pada suhu 20C.

(iii) Describe the change in the particles movement when Z is cooled from room temperature to 5C. Nyatakan perubahan dalam pergerakan zarah-zarah apabila cecair Z disejukkan daripada suhu bilik ke 5C.

The particles move slower

1 The diagram shows the arrangement of particles for a type of matter that undergoes a change in physical state through process X.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan zarah sejenis bahan yang

mengalami perubahan keadaan zik melalui proses X.

X

What is process X? Apakah proses X ?

A Melting C Freezing Peleburan Pembekuan

B Boiling D Sublimation Pendidihan Pemejalwapan

2 Which of the following substances can undergo sublimation when heated?

Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah mengalami pemejalwapan apabila

dipanaskan?

A Sulphur C Glucose Sulfur Glukosa

B Ammonium chloride D Sodium chloride Ammonium klorida Natrium klorida

3 The diagram below shows the heating curve for substance X. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bahan X.

Temperature / Suhu C

Time (m)Masa (m)

P

Q

R

ST

U

Which region of the graph does boiling process occur? Bahagian manakah pada graf berlaku proses pendidihan?

A PQ C ST B QR D TU

4 Which of the following information is true? Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah betul?

Change of statePerubahan keadaan

ProcessProses

Heat energyTenaga haba

A Solid LiquidPepejal Cecair

MeltingPeleburan

ReleasedDibebaskan

B Liquid GasCecair Gas

EvaporationPenyejatan

ReleasedDibebaskan

C Gas SolidGas Pepejal

SublimationPemejalwapan

ReleasedDibebaskan

D Gas LiquidGas Cecair

CondensationKondensasi

AbsorbedDiserap

Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif

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5 The diagram below shows the graph of temperature against time when a liquid Y is cooled.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa apabila cecair Y

disejukkan.


Time (m)Masa (m)

P

Q R

S

t3

t2

t1

Which of the following statements are true about the curve? Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah betul tentang lengkung

itu?

I At Q, liquid Y begins to freeze. Pada Q, cecair Y mula membeku.

II At PQ, particles in Y absorb heat from the surroundings. Pada PQ, zarah dalam Y menyerap haba dari persekitaran.

III Liquid Y freezes completely at S. Cecair Y membeku dengan lengkap pada S.

IV The freezing point of Y is t2C.

Takat beku bagi Y adalah t2C.

A I and III only C II and III only I dan III sahaja II dan III sahaja

B I and IV only D II and IV only I dan IV sahaja II dan IV sahaja

6 The diagram below shows the graph of temperature against time when solid Z is heated.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa apabila pepejal Z

dipanaskan.


Time (m)Masa (m)

80

10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Which of the following is true during the fourth minute? Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah benar pada minit keempat?

A All the molecules are in random motion. Semua molekul bergerak secara rawak.

B All the molecules are closely packed and in random motion.

Semua molekul sangat rapat dan bergerak secara rawak.

C All the molecules are vibrating at fixed positions. Semua molekul bergetar pada kedudukan tetap.

D Some of the molecules are vibrating at fixed positions but some are in random motion.

Sebahagian molekul bergetar pada kedudukan tetap dan

sebahagian bergerak secara rawak.

7 The table shows the melting points and boiling points of substances S, T, U, V and W.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bahan S, T, U,

V dan W.

SubstanceBahan

Melting point/CTakat lebur/C

Boiling point/CTakat didih/C

S 182 162

T 23 77

U 97 65

V 41 182

W 132 290

Which substance exists as liquid at room temperature? Bahan yang manakah wujud sebagai cecair pada suhu bilik?

A S only C T and U only S sahaja T dan U sahaja

B S and T only D V and W only S dan T sahaja V dan W sahaja

8 The diagram below shows standard representation of an atom copper.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perwakilan piawai atom kuprum.

6429

Cu

Which of the following is correct based on the symbol the diagram?

Antara berikut, yang manakah betul berdasarkan rajah di atas?

Proton numberNombor proton

Nucleon numberNombor nukleon

Number of electronBilangan elektron

A 29 64 29

B 35 29 64

C 64 35 29

D 29 64 35

9 The diagram below shows the standard representation of beryllium atom.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perwakilan piawai atom berillium.

94

Be

What is the number of valence electrons of beryllium atom? Apakah bilangan elektron valens bagi atom berillium?

A 2 C 4 B 3 D 7

10 The table below shows the proton number and the number of neutrons for atoms of elements W, X, Y and Z.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton dan bilangan neutron bagi

atom unsur W, X, Y dan Z.

ElementAtom

Proton numberNombor proton

Number of neutronsBilangan neutron

W 7 7

X 8 8

Y 8 9

Z 9 10

Which of the following pair of elements is isotope? Antara pasangan berikut, yang manakah adalah isotop?

A W and X C X and Y W dan X X dan Y

B W and Y D Y and Z W dan Y Y dan Z

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CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATIONSFORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA

2

RELATIF MASS / JISIM RELATIF

MOLE CONCEPT / KONSEP MOL

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATIONS / FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA

RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS / JISIM ATOM RELATIF (JAR) To state the meaning of relative mass and solve numerical problems Menyatakan maksud jisim atom relatif dan menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan

RELATIVE FORMULA MASS / JISIM FORMULA RELATIF (JFR) To state the meaning of RAM, RMM and RFM based on carbon-12 scale Menyatakan maksud JAR, JMR dan JFR berdasarkan skala karbon-12

RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS / JISIM MOLEKUL RELATIF (JMR) To calculate RAM, RMM and RFM using the chemical formulae of various substances Menghitung JAR, JMR dan JFR menggunakan formula kimia beberapa bahan

MOLE AND THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES / MOL DAN BILANGAN ZARAH To solve numerical problems involving mole and the number of atoms/ ions/ molecules Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan mol dan bilangan atom, ion dan molekul

MOLE AND THE MASS OF SUBSTANCES / MOL DAN JISIM BAHAN To solve numerical problems involving mole and the mass of substances, number of particles and volume of gas using mole

concept Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan mol, jisim bahan, bilangan zarah dan isipadu gas menggunakan konsep mol

MOLE AND THE VOLUME OF GAS / MOL DAN ISIPADU GAS To solve numerical problems involving mole and the mass of substances, number of particles and volume of gas using mole

concept Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan mol, jisim bahan, bilangan zarah dan isipadu gas menggunakan konsep mol

EMPIRICAL FORMULA / FORMULA EMPIRIK Stating the purpose and describe the empirical formula laboratory activities to determine the formula empirical Menyatakan maksud formula empirik dan menghuraikan aktiviti makmal untuk menentukan formula empirik

MOLECULAR FORMULA / FORMULA MOLEKUL Solve calculation problems involving empirical formula Menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan melibatkan formula empirik

CHEMICAL FORMULAE / FORMULA KIMIA To write formula of anion and cation and to write chemical formula for ionic compounds Menulis formula kation dan anion dan menulis formula kimia untuk sebatian ion

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / PERSAMAAN KIMIA Write a balanced chemical equation and solve problems arrangements involving the mole concept Menulis persamaan kimia seimbang dan menyelesaikan masalah pengiraan yang melibatkan konsep mol

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RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS (RAM) / JISIM ATOM RELATIF (JAR)

1 A single atom is too small and light and cannot be weighed directly. Satu atom adalah terlalu ringan, kecil dan tidak dapat ditimbang secara langsung.

2 The best way to determine the mass of a single atom is to compare its mass to the mass of another atom of an element that is used as a standard.

Cara yang paling sesuai untuk menentukan jisim satu atom ialah dengan membandingkan jisimnya dengan jisim suatu atom unsur lain

yang dianggap sebagai piawai.

3 Hydrogen was the first element to be chosen as the standard for comparing mass because the hydrogen atom is the lightest atom with a mass of 1.0 a.m.u (atomic mass unit).

Hidrogen adalah unsur pertama dipilih sebagai piawai untuk membandingkan jisim kerana atom hidrogen adalah unsur yang paling

ringan dengan jisim 1.0 u.j.a (unit jisim atom).

Example: Contoh:

The mass of one helium atom is four times larger than one hydrogen atom. Jisim satu atom Helium adalah 4 kali lebih besar daripada satu atom hidrogen.

RAM for He is 4. JAR untuk He ialah 4.

4 On the hydrogen scale, the relative atomic mass of an element means the mass of one atom of the element compared to the mass of a single hydrogen atom:

Pada skala hidrogen, jisim atom relatif suatu unsur ditakrifkan sebagai jisim satu atom unsur berbanding jisim satu atom hidrogen:

Relative atomic mass of an element (RAM) / Jism atom relatif suatu unsur (JAR)

= The average mass of one atom of the element / Jisim purata satu atom unsur

Mass of one hydrogen atom / Jisim satu atom hidrogen

RAM has no unit. JAR tiada unit.

The new standard used today is the carbon-12 atom. Piawai yang digunakan sekarang adalah berdasarkan atom karbon-12.

RAM based on the carbon-12 scale is the mass of one atom of the element compared with 1

12 of the mass of an

atom of carbon-12: JAR berdasarkan skala atom karbon-12 adalah jisim satu atom unsur berbanding dengan

1

12 jisim satu atom karbon-12:

Relative atomic mass of an element (RAM) / Jisim atom relatif suatu unsur (JAR)

= The average mass on one atom of the element / Jisim purata satu atom unsur

1

12 The mass of an atom of carbon-12 / Jisim satu atom karbon-12

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RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS (RMM) / RELATIVE FORMULA MASS (RFM) JISIM MOLEKUL RELATIF (JMR) / JISIM FORMULA RELATIF (JFR)

1 RMM / JMR = The average mass on one atom of the element / Jisim purata satu molekul

1

12 The mass of an atom of carbon-12 / Jisim satu atom karbon-12

2 RMM is obtained by adding up the RAM of all the atoms that are present in the molecule. JMR diperoleh dengan menambahkan JAR semua atom yang terdapat dalam satu molekul.

Molecular substanceBahan molekul

Molecular formulaFormula molekul

Relative molecular massJisim molekul relatif

Oxygen / Oksigen O2

2 16 = 32

Water / Air H2O 2 1 + 16 = 18

Carbon dioxide / Karbon dioksida CO2

12 + 2 16 = 44


14 + 3 1 = 17

[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, H = 1, C = 12, N = 14]

3 For ionic substances, RMM is replaced with Relative Formula Mass (RFM). Untuk sebatian ion, JMR digantikan dengan Jisim Formula Relatif (JFR).

SubstanceBahan

Chemical formulaFormula kimia

Relative molecular massJisim formula relatif

Sodium chloride / Natrium klorida NaCl 23 + 35.5 = 58.5

Potassium oxide / Kalium oksida K2O 2 39 + 16 = 94

Copper(II) sulphate / Kuprum(II) sulfat CuSO4

64 + 32 + 4 16 = 160

Ammonium carbonate / Ammonium karbonat (NH4)

2CO

32 [14 + 4 1] + 12 + 3 16 = 96

Aluminium nitrate / Aluminium nitrat Al(NO3)

327 + 3 [14 + 3 16] = 213

Calcium hydroxide / Kalsium hidroksida Ca(OH)2

40 + 2 [16 + 1] = 74

Lead(II) hydroxide / Plumbum(II) hidroksida Pb(OH)2

207 + 2 [16 + 1] = 241

Hydrated copper(II) sulphate / Kuprum(II) sulfat terhidrat CuSO45H

2O 64 + 32 + 4 16 + 5 [2 1 + 16] = 250

[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : Na = 23, Cl = 35.5, K = 39, O = 16, Cu = 64, S = 32, N = 14, H = 1, C = 12, Al = 27, Ca = 40, Pb = 207]

(i) The formula of metal oxide of M is M2O

3. Its relative formula mass is 152. What is the relative atomic mass of

metal M? Oksida logam M mempunyai formula M

2O

3. Jisim formula relatif ialah 152. Apakah jisim atom relatif logam M?

M = RAM for M 2M + 3 16 = 152 M = 52

(ii) Phosphorus forms a chloride with a formula PClx. Its relative molecular mass is 208.5. Calculate the value of x. Fosforus membentuk sebatian klorida dengan formula PClx. Jisim molekul relatifnya adalah 208.5. Hitungkan nilai x.

[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : P = 31, Cl = 35.5]

31 + x 35.5 = 208.5 35.5x = 208.5 31 35.5x = 177.5 x = 5

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MOLE CONCEPT / KONSEP MOL

Mole and the Number of Particles / Bilangan Mol dan Bilangan Zarah

1 To describe the amount of atoms, ions or molecules, mole is used. Untuk menyatakan jumlah atom, ion atau molekul, unit mol digunakan.

2 A mole is an amount of substance that contains as many particles as the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12. Satu mol ialah jumlah bahan yang mengandungi bilangan zarah seperti mana yang terdapat dalam 12 g atom karbon-12.

3 A mole of a substance is the amount of substance which contains a constant number of particles (atoms, ions, molecules), which is 6.02 1023.

Satu mol bahan adalah jumlah bahan yang mengandungi bilangan zarah yang tetap (atom, molekul, ion) iaitu 6.02 1023.

4 The number 6.02 1023 is called the Avogadro Constant or Avogadro Number (NA).

Nombor 6.02 1023 dikenali sebagai Pemalar Avogadro atau Nombor Avogadro (NA

).

5 For compounds that exist as molecules/ions, the number of atoms/ions in that compound must be known. Bagi sebatian yang wujud dalam bentuk molekul/ion, bilangan atom/ion dalam sebatian itu mestilah diketahui.

6 The symbol of mole is mol. Simbol untuk mol ialah mol.


SubstanceBahan

FormulaFormula

Type ofparticlesJenis zarah

Model / FigureModel / Rajah

Number of atom per molecule/ Number of

positive and negative ionBilangan atom per molekul/

Bilangan ion positif dan negatif

Chlorine / Klorin Cl2

Molecule Cl Cl Cl : 2

Water / Air H2O Molecule O HH

H : 2

O : 1


MoleculeH

N HH

N : 1

H : 3

Sulphur dioxide / Sulfur dioksida SO2

Molecule S OOS : 1

O : 2

Magnesium chloride / Magnesium klorida MgCl2

Ion [Cl] [Mg]2+ [Cl]Mg2+ : 1

Cl : 2

Aluminium oxide / Aluminium oksida Al2O

3Ion [O]2 [A1]3+ [O]2 [A1]3+ [O]2

Al3+ : 2

O2 : 3

8 Relationship between number of moles and number of particles (atoms/ions/molecules): Hubungan bilangan mol dan bilangan zarah (atom/ion/molekul):

Number of molesBilangan mol

Number of particlesBilangan zarah

Avogadro Constant / Pemalar Avogadro

Avogadro Constant / Pemalar Avogadro

9 Complete the following: [Differentiate between mole dan molecule] Lengkapkan yang berikut: [Bezakan antara mol dan molekul]

6.02 1023 molecules of ammonia, NH3 / molekul ammonia, NH

3

4 mol atoms / mol atom

(b) 1 mol of NH3

[Ammonia gas] 1 mol NH

3

[Gas ammonia]

1 mol of nitrogen atom, N / mol atom nitrogen, N

3 mol of hydrogen atoms, H / mol atom hidrogen, H

6.02 1023 molecules of chlorine, Cl2 / molekul klorin, Cl

2

2 6.02 1023 atoms of chlorine, Cl / atom klorin, Cl

(a) 1 mol of Cl2

[Chlorine gas] 1 mol Cl

2

[Gas klorin]

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0.25 6.02 1023 molecules of ammonia, NH3 / molekul ammonia, NH

3

1 mol of atoms

1 mol atom

(c) 14

mol of NH3

[Ammonia gas]

1

4 mol NH

3

[Gas ammonia]

0.25 mol of N atoms / mol atom N, number of N atoms / bilangan atom N = 0.25 6.02 10

23

0.75 mol of H atoms / mol atom H, number of H atoms / bilangan atom H = 0.75 6.02 10

23

2 6.02 1023 molecules of SO2 / molekul SO

2

3 2 = 6 mol of atoms

3 2 = 6 mol atom

(e) 2 mol of SO2

[Sulphur dioxide] 2 mol SO

2

[Sulfur dioksida]

2 mol of S atoms / mol atom S, number of S atoms / bilangan atom S = 2 6.02 10

23

4 mol of O atoms / mol atom O, number of O atoms / bilangan atom O = 4 6.02 10

23

2 mol of Mg2+ ions / mol ion Mg2+, number of Mg2+ ions / bilangan ion Mg2+ = 2 6.02 10

23

4 mol of Cl ions / mol ion Cl, number of Cl- ions / bilangan ion Cl = 4 6.02 10

23

(d) 2 mol of MgCl2

[Magnesium chloride] 2 mol MgCl

2

[Magnesium klorida]

10 Complete the table below: Lengkapkan jadual berikut:

Number of molesBilangan mol


0.5 mole of carbon, C0.5 mol atom karbon, C

3.01 1023 atoms of carbon 3.01 1023 atom karbon

0.2 moles of hydrogen gas, H2

0.2 mol gas hidrogen, H2

(i) 0.2 6.02 1023

molecules of hydrogen / molekul hidrogen

(ii) 2 0.2 6.02 1023

atoms of hydrogen / atom hidrogen

1 mole of carbon dioxide molecules, CO2

1 mol molekul karbon dioksida, CO2

6.02 1023 molecules of carbon dioxide contains:6.02 1023 molekul karbon dioksida mengandungi:

6.02 1023 atoms of C and 2 6.02 1023

atoms of O.6.02 1023

atom C dan 2 6.02 1023

atom O.

NUMBER OF MOLES AND MASS OF SUBSTANCE / BILANGAN MOL DAN JISIM BAHAN

1 Molar mass / Jisim molar (a) Molar mass is the mass of one mole of any substance / Jisim molar adalah jisim satu mol sebarang bahan.(b) Molar Mass is the relative atomic mass, relative molecular mass and relative formula mass of a substance in

g mol1. Jisim molar adalah jisim atom relatif, jisim molekul relatif dan jisim formula relatif suatu bahan dalam g mol1.

(c) Molar mass of any substance is numerically equal to its relative mass (Relative atomic mass/ relative formula mass/relative molecular mass).

Jisim molar sebarang bahan mempunyai nilai yang sama dengan jisim relatif (Jisim atom relatif/ jisim formula relatif/ jisim molekul

relatif).

2 Example / Contoh: Molar mass of H

2O = 18 g mol1

Jisim molar H2O = 18 g mol1

Mass of 1 mol of H2O = 18 g

Jisim 1 mol H2O = 18 g

Mass of 2 mol of H2O = 2 mol 18 g mol1 = 36 g

Jisim 2 mol H2O = 2 mol 18 g mol1 = 36 g

Mass of 2.5 mol of H2O = 45 g

Jisim 2.5 mol H2O = 45 g

Number of moles

Bilangan mol

Mass in gramJisim dalam gram

RAM/ /RFM/RMM JAR/JFR/JMR

RAM/ /RFM/RMM JAR/JFR/JMR

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Element/Compound

Unsur/Sebatian

Chemicalformula

Formula kimia

RAM/RMM/RFMJAR/JMR/JFR

CalculatePenghitungan

CopperKuprum

Cu RAM/JAR = 64(a) Mass of 1 mol of Cu / Jisim 1 mol Cu : 1 mol 64 g mol

1 = 64 g

(b) Jisim 2 mol / Jisim 1 mol : 2 mol 64 g mol1 = 128 g

(c) Jisim 12

mol / Jisim 1

2 mol:

12

mol 64 g mol1 = 32 g

(d) Mass of 3.01 1023 Cu atoms / Jisim 3.01 1023 atom Cu: 32 g

Sodium hydroxideNatrium hidroksida

NaOH RFM/JFR = 40(a) Mass of 3 mol of sodium hydroxide: 120 g

Jisim 3 mol natrium hidroksida: 120 g

(b) Number of moles in 20 g sodium hydroxide: 0.5 mol

Bilangan mol natrium hidroksida dalam 20 g: 0.5 mol

Oxygen gasGas oksigen

O2 RMM/JMR = 32 (a) Mass of 2.5 mol of oxygen gas: 2.5 mol 32 g mol

1 = 80 g

Jisim 2.5 mol gas oksigen: 2.5 mol 32 g mol1 = 80 g

(b) Number of moles is 1.5 mol oxygen gas: Bilangan molekul dalam 1.5 mol gas oksigen:

1.5 mol 6.02 1023

(c) Number of molecules in 12

mol of oxygen gas:

Bilangan molekul dalam 1

2 mol gas oksigen:

0.5 mol 6.02 1023

(d) Number of atoms in 2 mol of oxygen gas: Bilangan atom dalam 2 mol gas oksigen:

2 2 6.02 1023

Sodium chlorideNatrium klorida

NaCl RFM/JFR = 58.5 Mass of 0.5 mol of NaCl / Jisim bagi 0.5 mol NaCl:

0.5 mol 58.5 g mol1 = 29.25 g

Zinc nitrateZink nitrat

Zn(NO3)

2 RFM/JFR = 189 Number of moles in 37.8 g of zinc nitrate:Bilangan mol dalam 37.8 g zink nitrat:

37.8 g/189 g mol1 = 0.2 mol

[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif: Cu = 64, Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Zn = 65, N = 14]

NUMBER OF MOLES AND VOLUME OF GAS / BILANGAN MOL DAN ISI PADU GAS

1 Molar volume of a gas: Volume occupied by one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room conditions and 22.4 dm3 at standard temperature and pressure (STP).

Isi padu molar gas: Isipadu yang dipenuhi oleh satu mol sebarang gas iaitu 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik dan 22.4 dm3 pada suhu dan

tekanan piawai (STP).

2 The molar volume of any gas is 24 dm3 at room conditions and 22.4 dm3 at STP. Isi padu molar sebarang gas adalah 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik dan 22.4 dm3 pada STP.

3 Generalisation: One mole of any gas always occupies the same volume under the same temperature and pressure: Umumnya: satu mol sebarang jenis gas menempati isi padu yang sama pada suhu dan tekanan yang sama.

Example / Contoh:(i) 1 mol of oxygen gas, 1 mol ammonia gas, 1 mol helium gas dan 1 mol sulphur dioxide gas occupy the same

volume of 24 dm3 at room conditions. 1 mol gas oksigen, 1 mol gas ammonia, 1 mol gas helium dan 1 mol gas sulfur dioksida menempati isi padu yang sama iaitu 24 dm3

pada keadaan bilik.

(ii) 2 mol of carbon dioxide gas occupies 44.8 dm3 pada STP.

2 mol gas karbon dioksida menempati 44.8 dm3 pada STP.

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(iii) 16 g of oxygen gas = 0.5 mol of oxygen gas. Therefore, 16 g of oxygen gas occupies a volume of 12 dm3 at room conditions [Relative atomic mass: O =16]

16 g gas oksigen = 0.5 mol gas oksigen. Oleh itu, 16 g gas oksigen menempati isi padu 12 dm3 pada keadaan bilik.

[Jisim atom relatif; O = 16]

Formula for conversion of unit: Formula untuk penukaran unit:

Volume of gas in dm3

Isi padu gas dalam dm3

24 dm3 mol1/ 22.4 dm3 mol1 24 dm3 mol1/ 22.4 dm3 mol1

Mass in gram (g)Jisim dalam gram (g)

(RAM/ /RFM/RMM) g mol1

(JAR/JFR/JMR) g mol1

(RAM/ /RFM/RMM) g mol1

(JAR/JFR/JMR) g mol1

Number of moles

Bilangan

mol


(6.02 1023)

(6.02 1023)

EXERCISE / LATIHAN

1 Relative atomic mass of calcium is 40 based on the carbon-12 scale. Jisim atom relatif kalsium berdasarkan skala karbon-12 ialah 40.

(a) State the meaning of the statement above. Nyatakan maksud penyataan di atas.

Mass of calcium atom is 4 times greater than 1

12 mass of carbon-12 atom.

(b) How many times is one calcium atom heavier than one oxygen atom? [Relative atomic mass: O = 16] Berapa kalikah satu atom kalsium lebih berat daripada satu atom oksigen? [JAR: O = 16]

Relative atomic mass of calcium

Relative atomic mass of oxygen =

40

16 = 2.5 times

(c) How many calcium atoms have the same mass as two atoms of bromine? [RAM Br = 80] Berapakah bilangan atom kalsium yang mempunyai jisim yang sama dengan dua atom bromin? [Jisim atom relatif: Br = 80]

Number of calcium atom 40 = 2 80

Number of calcium atom = 2 80

40 = 4

2 A sampel of chlorine gas weighs 14.2 g. Calculate / Suatu sampel gas klorin berjisim 14.2 g. Hitungkan: [Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : Cl = 35.5]

(a) Number of moles of chlorine atoms / Bilangan mol atom klorin.

Number of mol of chlorine atoms, Cl = 14.2

35.5 = 0.4 mol

(b) Number of moles of chlorine molecules (Cl2) / Bilangan mol molekul klorin (Cl

2).

Number of mol of chlorine molecule, Cl2 =

14.2

71 = 0.2 mol

(c) Volume of chlorine gas at room conditions / Isi padu gas klorin pada keadaan bilik. [Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room temperature and pressure] [Isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol1 pada suhu dan tekanan piawai]

Volume of chlorine gas = 0.2 mol 24 dm3 mol1 = 4.8 dm3

Number of moles of gasBilangan mol gas

Volume of gas in dm2

Isi padu gas dalam dm3

24 dm3 mol1/ 22.4 dm3 mol1

24 dm3 mol1/ 22.4 dm3 mol1

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3 (a) Calculate the number of atoms in the following substances / Hitungkan bilangan atom yang terdapat dalam bahan berikut: [Relative atomic mass: N = 14; Zn = 65; Avogadro Constant = 6.02 1023]

[Jisim atom relatif: N = 14; Zn = 65; Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023]

(i) 13 g of zinc / 13 g zink

Number of mol of zinc atom = 13

65 = 0.2 mol

Number of zinc atom = 0.2 6.02 1023

= 1.204 1023

(ii) 5.6 g of nitrogen gas / 5.6 g gas nitrogen

Number of mol of N atom = 5.6

14 = 0.4 mol

Number of N atom = 0.4 6.02 1023

= 2.408 1023

(b) Calculate the number of molecules in the following substances / Hitungkan bilangan molekul dalam bahan berikut: [Relative atomic mass: N = 14, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Avogadro Constant = 6.02 1023] [Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 1023]

(i) 8.5 g of ammonia gas, NH3 / 8.5 g gas ammonia, NH

3

8.5

17 6.02 1023

= 2.408 1023

(ii) 14.2 g of chlorine gas, Cl2 / 14.2 g gas klorin, Cl

2

14.2

71 6.02 1023

= 1.2 1023

4 A gas jar contains 240 cm3 of carbon dioxide gas. Calculate: Suatu balang gas berisi 240 cm3 gas karbon dioksida. Hitungkan:

[Relative atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16; Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol1 at room conditions] [Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16; Isi padu molar gas: 24 dm3 mol1 pada keadaan bilik]

(a) Number of moles of carbon dioxide gas / Bilangan mol gas karbon dioksida:

Number of moles of CO2 =

240

24 000 = 0.01 mol

(b) Number of molecules of carbon dioxide gas / Bilangan molekul gas karbon dioksida:

Number of molecules of CO2 = 0.01 6.02 1023

= 6.02 1021

(c) Mass of carbon dioxide gas / Jisim gas karbon dioksida: Mass of CO

2 = 0.01 mol [12 + 2 16] g mol1

= 0.44 g

5 What is the mass of chlorine molecules (Cl2) that contains twice as many molecules as that found in 3.6 g of water?

Berapakah jisim molekul klorin (Cl2 ) yang mengandungi dua kali ganda bilangan molekul yang terdapat dalam 3.6 g air?

[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : H = 1, O = 16, Cl = 35.5]

Number of moles of chlorine molecule = 2 no of mol in H2O

= 2 3.6

18 = 0.4 mol

Mass of Cl2 = 0.4 71= 28.4 g

6 Calculate the mass of carbon that has the same number of atoms as found in 4 g of magnesium. Hitungkan jisim karbon yang mempunyai bilangan atom yang sama seperti yang terdapat dalam 4 g magnesium.

[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : C = 12, Mg = 24]

2 g

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7 Compare the number of molecule in 32 g of sulphur dioxide (SO2) with 7 g of nitrogen gas (N

2). Explain your answer.

Bandingkan bilangan molekul dalam 32 g sulfur dioksida (SO2 ) dengan 7 g gas nitrogen (N

2 ). Terangkan jawapan anda.

[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : S = 32, O = 16, N = 14]

Number of moles of molecules in 32 g SO2 =

3264

= 0.5 mol

Number of moles of molecules in 7 g N2 =

728

= 0.25 mol

Number of molecule in 32 g SO2 is two times more than 7 g N

2.

Number of mole in sulphur dioxide molecule is two times more than number of mole of nitrogen molecule.

8 Compare number of atoms in 1.28 g of oxygen to the number of atoms in 1.3 g of zinc. Explain your answer. Bandingkan bilangan atom dalam 1.28 g oksigen dengan bilangan atom dalam 1.3 g zink. Terangkan jawapan anda.

[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, Zn = 65]

Number of mol of O atoms in 1.28 g SO2 =

1.2816

= 0.08 mol

Number of mol of Zn atoms in 1.3 g Zn = 1.3065

= 0.04 mol

Number of oxygen atoms in 1.28 g oxygen is 2 times more than number of zinc atoms in 1.3 g zinc.

Number of mol of oxygen atom is 2 times more than zinc atom.

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND CHEMICAL EQUATIONS / FORMULA KIMIA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA

1 Symbol of elements use capital letters for the first alphabet and use small letters if there is a second alphabet. Simbol unsur gunakan huruf besar untuk huruf pertama dan huruf kecil jika ada huruf kedua.

Example / Contoh: Potassium / Kalium K, Sodium / Natrium Na Calcium / Kalsium Ca, Nitrogen / Nitrogen N Iron / Ferum Fe, Fluorine / Fluorin F

Chemical Formula A set of chemical symbols for atoms of elements in whole numbers representing chemical substances.

Formula kimia Satu set simbol kimia bagi atom-atom unsur dengan gandaan nombor bulat yang mewakili bahan kimia.

Chemical substanceBahan kimia

Chemical formulaFormula kimia

NotesCatatan

WaterAir

H2O

2 atoms of H combines with 1 atom of O. 2 atom H bergabung dengan 1 atom O.

AmmoniaAmmonia

NH3

3 atoms of H combines with 1 atom of N.3 atom H bergabung dengan 1 atom N.

PropanePropana

C3H

8

3 atoms of C combines with 8 atoms of H.3 atom C bergabung dengan 8 atom H.

2 Information that can be obtained from the chemical formula / Maklumat yang diperoleh daripada formula kimia:(i) All the elements present in the compound / Jenis unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian,(ii) Number of atoms of each element in the compound / Bilangan atom setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian,(iii) Calculation of RMM/RFM of the compound / Peng

modul kimia tingkatan 4

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