Module 24

Encoding: Getting Information In

Encoding: Getting Information In

Encoding

Effortful Automatic

Encoding Automatic Processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information space time frequency

well-learned information word meanings

we can learn automatic processing reading backwards

Encoding

Effortful Processing requires attention and conscious

effort Rehearsal

conscious repetition of information to maintain it in consciousness to encode it for storage

Encoding

Activity - Song

The gifts are repeated, those at the beginning are repeated more often. The first gift is repeated 12 times.

Encoding

Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables TUV ZOF GEK WAV the more times practiced on Day 1,

the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2

Spacing Effect distributed practice yields better

long- term retention than massed practice

Ebbinghaus forgetting curveMethod: Ebbinghaus taught himself nonsense syllables until he could recall perfectly. Then tested himself at various intervals to determine how much he forgot.

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ving

s

What is the point? Cramming is a bad idea

Encoding

20

15

10

5

08 16 24 32 42 53 64

Time in minutestaken to relearnlist on day 2

Number of repetitions of list on day 1

Encoding: SPEffect

Activity – U.S. Presidents Star Spangled Banner

You will see a list of words displayed one at a time.

After you see the last word, you will be asked to write down as many of the words as you can recall.

You do not have to write down the words in the order you saw them.

*******

PLANT

SEA

WOODS

ARM

BABY

FUR

BLOOD

CHAIR

QUEEN

BAR

TOWN

COAST

SUGAR

MARKET

GRASS

GIRL

SKY

WOMAN

FENCE

WALLET

PANTRY

Write all the words you can recall in any order

STOP

First wordsPLANTSEAWOODSARMBABYFURBLOOD

Last wordsGRASSGIRLSKYWOMANFENCEWALLETPANTRY

Middle wordsCHAIRQUEEN BARTOWNCOASTSUGARMARKET

LIST 1: STANDARD PROCEDURE

You will see another list of words displayed one at a time.

After you see the last word, you see instructions to count backwards out loud by 3s from 999.

You will then be asked to write down as many of the words as you can recall.

You do not have to write down the words in the order you saw them.

*******

DRESS

MONKEY

BAKERY

QUART

APPLE

FLAG

LIP

HOUSE

DESK

PEARL

STREET

HILL

SHIP

ROCK

MEAT

COTTON

SEAT

FOREST

PAPER

STATUE

LEAF

Count backwards out loud by 3’s from 999

Write all the words you can recall in any order

STOP

First wordsDRESSMONKEYBAKERYQUARTAPPLEFLAGLIP

Middle wordsHOUSEDESKPEARLSTREETHILLSHIPROCK

Last wordsMEATCOTTONSEATFORESTPAPERSTATUELEAF

LIST 2: DISTRACTOR TASK

You will see one more list of words.

This time, the words will be displayed at a faster rate than before.

At the end of the list, you will be asked to write down as many of the words as you can recall.

You do not have to write down the words in the order you saw them.

*******

GOLD

FLOWER

ENGINE

TABLE

PAPER

DUST

CORN

MONEY

CAT

WIFE

DOLLAR

MATCH

CELLAR

WING

OCEAN

SHIRT

BUTLER

COFFEE

ANIMAL

STONE

GARDEN

Write all the words you can recall in any order

STOP

First wordsGOLDFLOWERENGINETABLEPAPERDUSTCORN

Last wordsOCEANSHIRTBUTLERCOFFEEANIMALSTONEGARDEN

Middle wordsMONEYCATWIFEDOLLARMATCHCELLARWING

LIST 3: FAST PRESENTATION RATE

Encoding: Serial Position Effect

12

Percentage of words

recalled

0

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Position of word in list

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Serial Position Effect-tendency to recall best the last items in a list

What Do We Encode?

Semantic Encoding encoding of meaning including meaning of words

Acoustic Encoding encoding of sound especially sound of words

Visual Encoding encoding of picture images

Encoding

Activity - Encoding or List

Why does this work? When you think about meaning you

remember better. It gives you a way of distinguishing the

material.

What Do We Encode?

Encoding Imagery

mental pictures a powerful aid to effortful processing,

especially when combined with semantic encoding

Is the heart of many memory aids like Mnemonics

memory aids especially those techniques that use

vivid imagery and organizational devices

Encoding

Chunking organizing items into familiar,

manageable units like horizontal organization--

1776149218121941

often occurs automatically use of acronyms

HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior

ARITHMETIC--A Rat In Tom’s House Might Eat Tom’s Ice Cream

Encoding: Chunking Organized information is more easily recalled

Encoding Hierarchies

complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories Encoding

(automatic or effortful)

Imagery(visualEncoding)

Meaning(semanticEncoding)

Organization

Chunks Hierarchies