mongolia climate change report

7/31/2019 Mongolia Climate Change Report

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Childrens vulnerability

and their capacityas agents for

community-based

adaptation in Mongolia

a

Global climate change is already aecting

Mongolia. It is putting poor and vulnerable

children and their parents at risk o losing their

lives and livelihoods. The predicted eects

o climate change on Mongolia include an

increased requency o extreme weather and

environmental hazards, such as ash oods,

droughts, dust and snowstorms, torrential

rains, heat waves and wild fres as well as

unavourable changes in precipitation

patterns, the shiting in ecological zones

and desertifcation.

In particular, climate change threatens theability o children and their parents to access

nutritious ood, sae water and sustain

their livelihoods in a sae environment. It is

pervasive and its impacts are diverse, meaning

that it can no longer be addressed by separate

ad hoc interventions. Instead, its eects on

the core development priorities must be

continuously assessed and such assessment

integrated into the design, monitoring and

evaluation o programmes and policies.

The situation now requires that the country

adapt to the realities that climate change is

bringing and will bring adaptation is now

both a survival and a development issue. The

impacts o a changing climate introduce new

threats to childrens well-being; the new risks

and detrimental eects on their lives need to

be calculated and redressed. Strengthening

disaster risk reduction policies and their ocus

on children is particularly important and

includes continuously assessing present and

uture hazards brought on by climatic changes.

Where the ull extent o localized impacts is

difcult to determine with certainty, building

resilience at the household, community, local

and national levels must remain an urgent

priority. The capacity o local and national

institutions to adjust, modiy or change their

practices to provide an enabling environment

or sustainable livelihoods in a changing

climate needs to be targeted.

The UNICEF East Asia and Pacifc Regional

Ofce commissioned a study o childrens

vulnerability to climate change and their role

in adaptation eorts in Mongolia. The study

is part o a regional series aiming to raise the

otherwise low profle o childrens needs and

capacity in relation to the growing international

policy ocus on climate change issues. This

extract paper highlights the fndings contained

in the comprehensive report.


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Summary o observed climate change

and eects in Mongolia: The mean air temperature has increased

by .14C over the past 70 years, with more

intensifed warming registered since the 1980s.

Warming has been most pronounced in

winter, with a mean temperature increase

o .6C; while spring, autumn and summer

mean temperatures have risen by 1.8C,

1.C and 0.5C, respectively.

Autumn and winter precipitation has

increased by 49 per cent. Spring and summer precipitation has

decreased by 7.510 per cent.

Grassland has declined by 7 per cent and

orest areas have declined by 6 per cent.

Annual heat wave duration has increased by

818 days.

Surace water has declined by 19 per cent

since the 1970s.

There has been a marked decline in high-nutrient pasture plant species.

The requency and aerial extent o the

orest and steppe fres in Mongolia have

signifcantly increased in the second hal o

the twentieth century as a consequence o

a 17 per cent decline in spring precipitation

and a rise in surace temperature.

Climate projections or the period

20202080 in Mongolia: Winter warming will be more pronounced

than summer warming up to 8.7C

increase by 080, leading to more requent

icing up o pastures, creating a barrier to

livestock grazing.

Winter precipitation will increase by

between 1.6 and 10 per cent.

More intense and requent snow storms will

occur during the winter periods.

Summers will be drier because a slightincrease o summer rainall (rom .5 per

cent decrease to 11. per cent increase) will

be matched by a much higher predicted

increase o evapotranspiration, 190 per

cent, depending on the ecosystem region.

Summer temperature increase will vary,

rom 1.C to 8.6C.

Climate change is expected to reduce

aquier recharge and water levels, especially

in shallow aquiers, resulting in increasingwater shortages.

The speed and volume o thawing o snow

cover in spring is projected to accelerate in

western Mongolia, and the thawing time

could advance, which may lead to more

ash oods in the spring.

More requent droughts, extreme weather

events and increased heat wave duration

will occur, along with an increase in the

areas aected.

Delays in the onset o spring and greening

o pastures are predicted.

Productivity o grassland in the country

is expected to decline, particularly in the

Mongolian steppe where a 100 per cent

decline is projected by the end o this

century. A northward shit o agricultural

zones is likely, resulting in an expansion o

the steppe and desert steppe.

Sources: Batima, P. et al.,005; Bayasgalan, B. et al., 011; Dagvadorj, D. et al., 009; IPCC, 007; Gomboluudevet al., 005; Ministry o Nature, Environment and Tourism, 010.


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Climate change-related risks to children

in Mongolia

Decreased access to ood.The level o ood

insecurity is already high among children in

Mongolia. Currently, approximately 4 per

cent o the Mongolian population relies on

nomadic pastoralism as their main or sole

livelihood strategy. Livestock are raised at

open pasture, making them directly dependent

on the climate and natural resource base.

Climate change will lead to decreased and

limited productivity o grasslands, water

scarcity and more requent extreme weather

events. Seasonal ood insecurity will be

severely exacerbated by increasingly adverse

weather and climate patterns. In the rural

calendar, early spring is when ood is most

scarce and also when livestock are weakestand most vulnerable. With climate change, the

onset o spring will become delayed. More

requent dzuds1 caused by climate change

will lead to the increased deaths o livestock,

creating severe ood shortages in spring.

Frequent livelihood shocks and increasingly

uncertain availability o natural resources to

sustain pastoral livelihoods will mean that

ood insecurity among vulnerable children

and parents will increase with the ollowingimplications or children:

Increased risk o inectious diseases leading

to inant mortality as lowered immunity

among children results rom increasing ood

and micronutrient shortages.

Increased risk o malnutrition, with potential

increase in stunting. Children younger than

fve years old are particularly vulnerable to

the eects o malnutrition since they are

in a vital stage o development and lack o

nutrients aects their lives and capacity inthe long term.

Water scarcity.Despite a predicted increase

in overall precipitation, the recharge o

groundwater throughout the country will

diminish with climate change. Sudden and

heavy runo events will be combined with a

decreased level o precipitation in summer

months, leading to overall drought and water

shortages that will impact rural and

1 Dzud: A Mongolian word or mass mortality o livestockresulting rom a sequence o or single occurrenceso weather and environmental extremes.

There is a strong relationship between ood

insecurity and livelihood shocks and stresses

caused by climate change. This highlights the

need to address the underlying causes o lack

o access to ood while considering how these

causes will be aected by climate change.

Food insecurity is a key cause o vulnerability

to climate change and disasters.

urban areas. In the rural areas, subsistence

pastoralists livelihoods are highly sensitive to

water availability.

In the peri-urban and rural areas alike, the

risk o water scarcity will be exacerbated by

the low capacity o the water sector and a

lack o water inrastructure (Batimaa, 010).

In 005, only 7.7 per cent o district schoolsand 16.1 per cent o district hospitals had an

institutional drinking water supply and only 50

per cent o these could meet the standard or

sae water quality (UNICEF, 007). An increased

prevalence o droughts and water scarcity will

mean the ollowing or vulnerable children:

Increased risks to childrens health

rom waterborne inectious diseases.

The latest fgures rom the World Health

Organization show that 14 per cent o

deaths o children younger than 5 yearsin Mongolia are caused by diarrhoeal

disease. The highest rates o incidence o

dysentery and salmonella in recent years

occurred between 001 and 00, coinciding

with a very severe drought during which

many springs and small rivers dried up

throughout the country.

Increased risk o ood insecurity or children

o pastoralist amilies as livestock are lost

due to drought and water shortages.

Disasters.The occurrence o dzud and other

climate-related disasters, including dust

storms, droughts, ash oods and wild fres,

will become more requent with climate

change, aecting childrens vulnerability in the

ollowing ways:

Children increasingly engage in risky

household-coping strategies, such as

livestock herding during snow blizzards and

dust storms.


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Protection and care or children can

decrease when parents and caregivers are

under extreme stress during a disaster. This

leads to increasing risks to children rom

a range o other hazards in the home and

outdoors, including injury and sickness.

Psychological stress during disasters hasbeen observed among children in Mongolia

and has oten resulted in psychosocial

trauma. A recent study by UNICEF revealed

that 47 per cent o children in areas

aected by the 010 dzud displayed signs

o psychological stress, characterized by

expressions o disappointment, loss o

sel-confdence, nervousness and insomnia

(UNICEF, 007). Psychosocial stress can

impair childrens development.

More children drop out o school and somechildren are coerced to take up or choose child

labour out o necessity in the atermath o

climate-related disasters. Boys are particularly

vulnerable and a particularly hazardous orm

o child labour is inormal mining.

Isolation.Isolation in remote areas will

increase due to the lack o road access when

blizzards, snow cover and dangerous icing

are expected to become more requent. In the

010 winter, 1,500 people were let stranded

in remote areas; o them, nearly 5,000were children, elderly people, people with

disabilities and pregnant women (UN, 010).

They were let with no access to uel supplies,

medical services, medicines and acilities. For

children, the isolation means:

Increased risk that inants will be delivered

under unsae conditions because amilies

are more likely to be cut o rom health care

acilities and increased stress will be placed

on hospital uel reserves and inrastructure.

Inants may die due to an increased

prevalence and atality o pneumonia, acute

respiratory inections and other inectious

diseases without access to medical treatment.

Children making a disaster-preparation list in

Tsetserleg soum

Childrens roles in an adaptive societyand childrens capacity to contributeto the resilience o households and

communities

In Mongolia, children are major contributors to

household subsistence and livelihood activities.

They have an excellent knowledge o their

environment and a strong sense o responsibility

and duty to their parents.They fll an important

role in their households preparation or adverse

and hazardous conditions and in coping

strategies during a disaster. Their practical skills

and knowledge in doing so can and should

be considered as a starting point or urther

adaptive capacity-building eorts by United

Nations agencies, child-ocused agencies, the

Government and other actors.

Children have a right to genuinely participate

in climate change adaptation eorts. There are

many ways to empower children to share their

ideas, learn rom each others experiences,

orm and express their opinions and then

put their ideas into action. This is particularly

important in assessing their own levels

o climate risk, vulnerability and capacity,mapping hazards in their environment and

making their views heard in policy dialogue on

adaptation to climate change.

During the UNICEF study in Tsetserleg soum, in

Arkhangai aimag, groups o young adolescents

used pictorial diagrams to represent the

necessities or preparing a Mongolian child

or a climatic hazard. They demonstrated

acute awareness o the practicalities o

preparedness and the importance o earlywarning, compiling exhaustive lists during


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discussions with their peers. Items depicted

on their diagrams included: mobile phones

to receive early warning messages or to

alert emergency services o hazards; maps

to identiy the location o hazards and orient

themselves to saety spots; and medical

acilities and personnel and other human

capital, including people to help with heavy

tasks (such as the emergency slaughter o

livestock or the strengthening o shelters). This

exercise demonstrated the childrens ability to

think comprehensively and creatively about

reducing risks.

Children in Mongolia can be instrumentalin identiying risky environments and

environmental problems as part o participatory

adaptation planning. They can communicate this

knowledge and ensure their perspectives and

priorities are documented through tools, such as

child community and hazards mapping.

Peri-urban Ulaanbaatar is an area identifed

as particularly vulnerable to climate hazards

and ood insecurity. For the UNICEF study,

children in one o its poorest settlements,

Chingeltei, were randomly selected rom the

streets to conduct a mapping exercise o their

community, pointing out sites aected by

climate change hazards. The children depicted

areas that are immersed in water during spring

and summer ash ooding. Throughout the

exercise and without prompting, the children

expressed requests and recommendations

on actions they wanted taken to improve

their living environment and saety in specifc

Children holding up a map they have drawn o their living

area, including sites aected by climatic hazards

problem locations identifed on their maps.

For instance, they noted that the playground

they had depicted and other areas where

children play are dangerous because they

are prone to rockslides in the spring. The

children expressed a wish or the playground

to be relocated. Torrential rains and storms

are major triggers or rockslide hazards, andthese are predicted to become more requent.

The unplanned and overcrowded peri-urban

settlements in Mongolia are particularly

vulnerable to the impacts o heavier rainstorms.

In springtime, rocks roll down onto the

playground One o my riends was injured by

a rock We want to have a playground where

we can spend our ree time This playground

is dangerous and not in a good place

A boy, 11 years old, in Chingeltei, Ulaanbaatar

Big foods happen in this area and I have

seen a ger foating on the food water. Strong

winds destroy the ences around our ger,

letting stray dogs wonder into our yard.

A boy, 10 years old, in Chingeltei, Ulaanbaatar

Continued overcrowding o urban areas due

to climate change stresses in rural Mongolia

will worsen the living conditions or peri-urban

children without the adaptation responses

needed urgently.

Rural children typically contribute heavily to

household-coping strategies during disasters

or other periods o hardship. It is important,

however, to distinguish between coping

measures and household adaptive capacity.

The involvement o children in emergency

coping strategies is more likely to increase

their vulnerability rather than be indicative o

their heightened capacity as agents or climate

change adaptation.

Learning and adapting: Children have a greater

capacity to learn and adapt to new things. In

the context o climate change, children are well

placed to drive orward shits in behaviour that

enable climate-resilient development.

A ger is a traditional Mongolian mobile dwelling with a woodenrame and elt insulation walls that is typically used by pastoralists,who continue to use them ater losing or abandoning theirpastoral livelihood to resettle on the periphery o cities.


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At school, rural children worry a lot about their

amilies back home when a dzud strikes. Many

children need to take days o rom school to

travel back to the amily camp to assist with

care o the livestock. One boy rom my school

died while herding livestock in a winter blizzard

when he was 15. His parents inormed the

teacher, who then inormed my class.A girl, 16 years old, in Khotont soum,

Arkhangai aimag

Rural children are more at risk to disaster than

urban children because rural children herd cattle.

Many people live in very remote areas and have

no transport other than horses, meaning they

have no quick way to access hospitals

in an emergency.

Excerpts rom group discussions with

adolescent schoolchildren in Tsetserleg soum,Arkhangai aimag

In the last winter dzud, I took turns to herd our

livestock...around 40 animals. I needed to dig

the snow to help the livestock reach the grass,

sometimes by hand. When there is a snow

blizzard, I cant see my way and Im araid o

getting lost. Im also araid o wolves. My cheeks

and ears reeze and I get rostbite This makes

my ears very painul by the evening and liquid

comes rom my ears.

A girl, 16 years old, in Khashaat soum,

Arkhangai aimag

There is a lack o adaptive capacity at the

household level, which means households

are unable to prepare or, anticipate or react

to a hazard with exibility using physical,

social or adult human capital. This then means

children are more likely to become involved in

emergency coping strategies, which typically

increases their vulnerability.

I a amily has no way o receiving weather

orecast inormation, they can be aected by

a disaster. Rural children have less access to

weather warnings. Disasters may cause parents

care or children to weaken.

Young children dont have knowledge about just

how dangerous extreme weather conditions can

be. I they do not have proper care, then they are

more exposed to the dangers.

Excerpts rom a group discussion withadolescent schoolchildren in Tsetserleg soum,

Arkhangai aimag

Children pointing out a food-prone location during a walk in

their neighbourhood in peri-urban Ulaanbaatar

Zavzandulam, 15 years old, milks her amilys yak. In theirremote pasture camp, she and her sister look ater the

livestock and their young brother when their parents travel to

the regional town or up to two days at a time.


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The terms coping and adaptation are sometimes used interchangeably, leading to

conusion about the similarities and dierences between these two important concepts.

Coping Adaptation

Short-term and immediate

Oriented towards survival

Not continuous

Motivated by crisis, reactive

Oten degrades the resource base

Prompted by a lack o alternatives

Oriented towards longer-term livelihood security

A continuous process

Results are sustained

Uses resources efciently and sustainably

Involves planning

Combines old and new strategies and knowledge

Focuses on fnding alternatives

Implications or children in Mongolia

Children drop out o school in order to

assist with household coping strategies.

Children are coerced into hard labour as a

livelihood coping strategy, lose their right

to leisure time and become exposed to a

hazardous or unhealthy work environment. Children are exposed to hazardous

conditions when taking care o livestock;

children have died while herding livestock

during extreme climatic conditions.

Emergency coping strategies include

tying children to urniture to restrain their

movement in the absence o child care to

ensure they dont burn themselves on the

stove or stray outdoors while parents are

busy with labour during a disaster.

Implications or children in Mongolia

Children have a chance to be involved in planning or

their uture and in becoming agents or change.

Livelihood and ood security or children are integrated

into adaptation planning in a sustainable way.

Emphasis on uture sustainability allows or inter-

generational equity. Continuous participatory learning and action or

adaptation can ensure that parents and children take

stock o new and innovative strategies in building

their resilience to climatic hazards and adapting to a

changed environment.

The longer-term nature o adaptation ensures that

the capacities o children, parents and communities

are built over time, thus balancing with the social and

cultural specifcities o remote, isolated or excluded

children and adults.


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Urgent action or child-centred climate

change adaptation in Mongolia

The ollowing are ways in which the United

Nations in Mongolia, partner institutions

and the Government can cooperate to

reduce the vulnerability and enhance the

adaptive capacity o the poorest and most

vulnerable children and their amilies. The

recommendations are in line with existing

government priorities but emphasize a ocus

on children and the urgent need or climate

change adaptation:

1. Ensure a coordinated eort or national

disaster preparedness and disaster

risk reduction

Key actors: National Emergency Management

Agency (NEMA); UN Mongolia

Increase support to the Government and

NEMA in the coordinating and managing

o national disaster risk reduction and

preparedness programming, including the

strengthening o early warning systems

and ensuring childrens participation in the

designing and implementing o local disaster

risk reduction activities.

2. Climate-proo and retroft schools,dormitories, hospitals, play areas, wells

and inrastructure

Key actors: Government o Mongolia; UN

Mongolia

This is an urgent priority in Mongolia.

Inrastructure needs to be recovered, invested

in and adapted to an increasingly severe

and changing climate. The introduction o

legislation on building codes might be a good

way to ensure this practice is sustained.

3. Ensure genuine participation o children in

climate change adaptation eorts

Key actors: UN Mongolia; child agencies in

Mongolia; education proessionals; local

government sta; the National Authority or

Children; Ministry o Education, Culture, and

Science; NEMA; Aimag Childrens Councils;

children in and out o school in rural and peri-

urban areas

Important activities include participatory

contingency planning with children in schools

and dormitories, encouraging children to

monitor their own levels o risk and to become

involved in community-based climate change

adaptation. The participation o children who

are typically excluded rom inormation and

even basic services should also be a ocus.Awareness raising at all institutional levels

is needed on the value o genuine childrens

participation in climate change adaptation and

should also be a priority.

4. Support programmes that improve access

to sae water and sanitation

Key actors: Ministry o Nature, Environment

and Tourism (MNET); Mongolia Water

Authority; international NGOs; UN Mongolia

Linking the targeted eorts o the MNET,

the Mongolia Water Authority and other

partners could ensure that adequate budget

allocations and resources are available to

increase investments in the water sector,

with a ocus on the peri-urban supply and

reaching remote o-grid population centres.

Initiatives could also engage authorities

in drating and strengthening action plans

under the new Integrated Water Resources

Management Plan (national) and IntegratedUrban Water Management Plan (Orkhon-Tuul

river basin), helping to ensure that various

actors are engaged and that hospitals, schools

and domestic use are prioritized in water

sector plans. UNICEF can help identiy urban

communities that are and will be most aected

by shortages in water supply and propose

short-, medium- and long-term solutions to

help ensure that essential needs are met.

5. Addressing access to ood and

proper nutrition

Key actors: Ministry o Food, Agriculture and

Light Industry; Ministry o Social Welare and

Labour; World Bank; UN Mongolia; grass-

roots herder institutions; rural and peri-urban

vulnerable households; vulnerable adolescents

and youths

Interventions include livelihood diversifcation

assistance, vocational skills training and

awareness raising on proper nutrition or

growing children and pregnant women.


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Valuing the roles o children in adaptation

processes and acknowledging the contributions

they already make to household and

community resilience and what they are

capable o is essential.

Both adults and children need to realize, respect

and protect childrens agency or adaptation.

Childrens perspectives derived rom direct

dialogue and participatory research can and

should be integrated into national adaptation

policies and programmes, thus enabling them

to genuinely participate in the political spheres

o inuence.

6. Integrating climate change into policy

documents relating to children

Key actor: Government o Mongolia

Ensure that major national strategy and policy

documents relating to children, such as the

National Plan o Action or the Development

and Protection o Children 00010 and the

National Report o the World Fit or Children

Plan o Action: A Mongolia Fit or Children

006, include an assessment o the climate

change-related risks to the priorities, explicitly

address climate change and have been

reviewed or climate sensitivity and resilience.

7. Educate all children in remote areas

Key actors: Ministry o Education, Culture and

Science; UN Mongolia; child-ocused agencies

Continue the support to mobile education

programmes to ensure access to inormation

and the socialization o children in remote

areas, enabling them to express their opinions

and to act on adaptation to climate change.

8. Provide sustainable solutions or energy

supply to households and childrens acilities

Key actors: Ministry o Fuel and Energy; UN

Mongolia

The increasing requency o dzuds due to

climate change will lead to increased pressureon uel supplies or households. This may lead

to an increase in the use o low-quality solid

uels, which are one o the leading causes

o morbidity among children in Mongolia

when used indoors or heating and cooking.

Sustainable solutions to this problem should

ocus on reduced uel and energy expenditure

by poor households and on healthier solutions

or domestic heating and cooking uel and

electricity supply. Such solutions would be

in line with Mongolias National Renewable

Energy Programme. Work with the Governmentshould ensure that schools and hospitals are

priority targets. The Global Alliance or Clean

Cookstoves may be a source or lessons o

good practice and possible partnerships or

similar initiatives in Mongolia.

9. Protecting the existence and unctioning

o markets, including in remote areas, and

supporting private enterprise to improve

market outcomes or the beneft o

subsistence pastoralists.Key actors: Ministry o Finance; Ministry o

Food, Agriculture and Light Industry; UN

Mongolia; international donor agencies; grass-

roots herder institutions

Identiy measures or local and central

Government to promote markets, the national

distribution o goods and storage, and year-

round supplies, especially or emergency and

seasonal odder stocks; improve the rapid

destocking capacity (reducing the numbero livestock). This would increase livelihood

security among subsistence pastoralists who

are vulnerable to the eects o climate change.

Sustainable markets would also acilitate a

better supply o ood to urban areas and a more

varied supply o ood to remote rural areas.


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Reerences

Batima, P. et al., Observed Climate Change in Mongolia, AIACC Working Paper No. 1, supported by grantAS06 rom Assessments o Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC), a joint project o START,the Third World Academy o Sciences, and the UN Environment Programme, 005.

Batima, P., Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation in the Livestock Sector o Mongolia, A Final Report,Submitted to Assessments o Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change (AIACC), Project No. AS 06,

Institute o Meteorology and Hydrology, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, the International START Secretariat, 006.

Batima, P., B. Bat, and Ts. Tserendorj, Evaluation o Adaptation Measures or Livestock Sector in Mongolia,AIACC Working Paper No. 41, The AIACC Project Ofce, International START Secretariat, 006.

Batimaa, P. et al., Urban Water Vulnerability to Climate Change in Mongolia, Ministry o Nature,Environment and Tourism Water Authority/ UNEP, Ulaanbaatar, 011.

Bayasgalan, B. et al., Climate Change and Sustainable Livelihood o Rural People in Mongolia, NetherlandsClimate Assistance Programme (NCAP), 011, available at:http://v.weadapt.org/knowledge-base/wikiadapt/images/c/ca/NCAP.MON.CON-01.BookChapter.fnal.pd

Dagvadorj, D. et al., Mongolia: Assessment report on climate change MARCC 009, Ministry o

Environment, Nature and Tourism, Ulaanbaatar, 009, available at:www.roap.unep.org/publications/MARCC009_BOOK.pd

Gomboluudev, P., Vulnerability o Rural People to Extreme Climate Events in Mongolia, NCAP WorkshopPaper, 008.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Fourth Assessment Report. IPCC: Geneva,007, available at: www.ipcc.ch.

Ministry o Nature, Environment and Tourism, Mongolia Second National Communication under the UnitedNations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Ulaanbaatar, 010, available at:http://unccc.int/essential_background/library/items/599.php?such=j&symbol=MNG/COM/%0E#beg

United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), Situational Analysis o Children and Women in Mongolia,

UNICEF Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 007.

United Nations Mongolia Country Team, Dzud Appeal, Ofce or the Coordination o HumanitarianAairs, 010.


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Children and Climate Change: Childrens vulnerability and their capacity as agents or

community-based adaptation in Mongolia

Author: Preslava Nenova-Knight

All photographs Preslava Nenova-Knight

UNICEF East Asia and Pacifc Regional Ofce (EAPRO) 011

Any part o this document may be reely reproduced with the appropriate acknowledgement.

Design and layout: Quo Keen (www.quo-global.com), Bangkok, Thailand

UNICEF East Asia and Pacifc Regional Ofce

19 Phra Atit Road

Bangkok 1000 Thailand

Tel: (66 ) 56-9499Fax: (66 ) 80-56

E-mail: [email protected]

www.unice.org/eapro

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