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From cork toMontado

Soraia Costa

Planning Department,Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Alnarp, Sweden

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From cork toMontado

Montados are one of the best examples of a multifunctional Mediterranean forest but

in the last decades these forests have been declining. There are many reasons toexplain this but not so many strategies applied to stop it. Cork is the main product ofthese forests but there is much more than that related to agriculture, silviculture,pasture, tourism, hunting etc. to be protected and conserved for the sustainability andbiodiversity of these beautiful landscapes. In this paper I will focus on the tangible andintangible heritage of these forests to the Portuguese people and try to share someideas and solutions to keep them active and appropriate to nowadays economic, social,political and environmental situation.

Keywords: Montado; Mediterranean forests; cork; Quercus; multifunctionality;heritage; Alentejo.

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Table of Contents

Is there future for Montado? 4

Reasons of decline

Montado in Portuguese natural and cultural heritage 7

Tangible and intangible heritage

What isMontado? 10

New strategies to maintain the sustainability ofMontado 15

References 18

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Is there any future forMontado?

Reasons of decline

The intensive exploration of the tree and soil, a cultural technique, seductive

and misleading, poorly adapted to the agro-climatic conditions of the country;

disinterest by replacing, in time, the deciduous trees, cutting or premature destruction of

very simple and valid promising grove, the enlargement of the crops, the expansion of

pine forests and olive groves, diseases, pests and climate fatalities weakened and still

weaken day by day Montado Portuguese heritage and threaten its future."

(Natividade 1950)

Since the 50s that a lot of expertises like Vieira da Natividade are warning us

about the threats that Montado will face in the future. Well, now is the future and

nothing has changed since the 50s and our sustainable oak forests are doomed if we

just let them decline and dont take some important measures.

There are many reasons for the decline of Montado, some are natural but the

most of them are human activities (Sousa, E. et al, 2007). The progressive artificiality

and the intensive exploitation are having, in some cases, negative consequences on the

coaks vitality and health. Nowadays a lot of farmers are managing Montado in not asustainable way, in order to earn as much as possible in less time. The trees are planted

in rows, without the natural randomness that provides the different habitats for

animals and different micro-climes for other plants, the shrubs are being cut down to

clear the soil and make it easy for the machines and people to pass, losing the shelter

and food for many animals and losing also the ecological chain, the bark of the oaks is

being stripped off to soon, in a smaller period than every ninth years, which weakens

the trees and finally the trees are also being subject to intensive pruning which can leadto higher mortality.

The preference for the arable crops instead of cork oaks, losing the balance

between these two components of Montado, is another issue that threats these

landscapes. The dead trees are not being replaced by new ones and Montados are

becoming more and more opened, day by day. Instead of planting new trees or

protecting the natural regeneration farmers are investing more and more in cereal crops

because the subsidises are much higher. In order to get the much solar exposition thetrees start losing their importance and the continuous crown cover is lost. Another issue

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related to this situation is the use of

soil management techniques such

as tillage and disk. These

techniques are really aggressive for

the trees and usually destroy their

roots, and the fungus associated

with them, because the oaks roots

are very superficial (Image 1)

(Matias, M.). This can be fatal in the future because

the lost trees will need at least two

generations to be replaced by new healthy and adult trees, the natural regeneration will

be almost inexistent because new cork oak need some shadow in the first years to grow,

so the regeneration will be much more expensive and not so sustainable and, besides

some birds, the biodiversity is doomed in this kind ofMontados. Once felled, cork

woodlands are very difficult to restore because a complex ecosystem such as the

Montados takes knowledge and patience to recreate.

Other problem that affects Montado inAlentejo is the human desertification. In

the 60s, a lot of farmers, due to poverty and hard of work and living conditions, moved

to other places in the country, especially to the coast side, or to other countries like

France, Germany and Switzerland among others. Their land has been left and nowadays

there are a lot of Montados dying and being replaced by bushes. On one hand, there is

good land to be managed that isnt and on the other hand the landscape left over is more

easily attacked by fires, due to the amount of shrubs and oil plants that spontaneously

grow is this areas.

The climate changes and the drought periods that Alentejo has passed also

helped to accelerate the cork oaks mortality. The extreme temperatures and the lack of

water led to the weakness of the trees and exposed them to diseases, pests and plagues.

And now in a big part ofMontado or the trees are dying or they have health problems.

In 1988, inventory data showed that about 50% of Montados have absolutely no natural

regeneration or very low levels (Martins, 1988 in Sousa. E. e tal, 2007).

But there is another enormous issue and maybe the worse one, because it puts at

stage the economic practicability ofMontado and it is directly related to cork. In spite of

the multi-functionality of these landscapes they show one huge vulnerability: the onlyeconomically profitable market is the cork market and most of other products like

Image 1: Montado manage in order to promote the arable crops withlarge areas without any tree, decreasing the biodiversity and

sustainability of the system.

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honey, mushrooms, wool are commercialized though informal markets and therefore

their value is not very well known. The forecast decline of the global cork market from

the growing use of substitutes for cork bottle stoppers is threatening the market value of

cork and with it the incentive to preserve and manageMontados. So the sustainability of

these landscapes is dependent on cork still being the major product to wine bottle

stoppers. But why the market of plastic and aluminium stoppers began at the first place?

At the 80s the wine drinking became more popular and so did the demand for cork

stoppers. The demand was so intense that some producers of cork stoppers could hardly

keep pace and in some factories the standards of quality decreased. That was when we

started to hear about the tainted wine. Some United Kingdom supermarket chains (the

worlds biggest importer of wine) start to argue that the plastic stoppers were better

because cork could damage the wine, leaving, in 4 - 12% of cases, the wine with a cork

taste. Well, facing this serious competition, the Portuguese factory owners have

modernized their production and improved the hygienic conditions. Nowadays the

sheets of cork have to pass through many processes of sterilization and each stopper is

individually scanned for imperfections. One study from RSPB, made by Eduardo

Gonalves, contests the previous numbers and, according to one British laboratory of

analyses, only 0,1%0,5% of all wines are jeopardized by the chemical substance that

gives wine the bad taste (TCA), and 10% of the wine will be spoiled for other reasons.

There is a lot of competition in stoppers industry and the plastic and aluminium

stoppers will not disappear but at least we know that the cork stopper is correlated with

high quality wines, and no producer of expensive and important wine will bottle their

wines with other kind of stoppers even though cork prices is higher than most of its

substitutes. So the next step to cork market is to reach again the ordinary wine or table

wine.

These are the main issues that threat Montados in these days: bad managementand instability of the markets. We cannot speed time to make cork oaks grow faster and

we cannot simplify the system in to huge mono-functional areas. When dealing with

nature elements the simplification is never the long term sustainable solution. It is the

complexity and the equilibrium between elements that gives the landscape long life.

Men have to learn how to deal with complex landscapes and take the best advantage of

them and their multi-functionality without spoiling them. This takes knowledge, effort,

good practices and respect.

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Montado in Portuguese Natural and Cultural HeritageTangible and Intangible Heritage

Vineyards of mine, olive groves of my parents, and Montados of my ancestors.

Saying from Alentejo

It is a bit hard for me to fully understand the deep intangible heritage of

Montados because I wasnt born there and I just spent four years of my life in this

region, but I had the luck to meet a lot of people from there that thought me a lot of

things and in just four years I almost feel as I lived always there.

There is a lack of information about the history ofMontados. When do they

appear? For which purpose? What changes did they suffer along the times and what

changes did they provide in peoples lives? These are some questions that are not yet

solved but one thing we know for sure: this way of managing the land is very old and

some might say that Montados remount at the ancient times when men started to clear

the forest with fire, cutting the shrubs, and taking advantage of the acorn and pastures to

feed their cattle. So, although we know that Montados are not a natural forest, some

may assume that they were always like they are now, due to their ancestral past, perfect

harmony in the landscape and the huge ecosystem that turns around them. In fact,

Montado is the perfect symbiosis between men and nature and it has been like that since

a long time ago.

The main areas covered by

Montado also represent the poorest

areas of the country, where the soil is

not so fertile and where the people

survived just with what the land could

give them. The life was always toughin Alentejo but, at the same time, this

strong link with the land and landscape

was and still is the main feature of the people from this region. Each wrinkle from their

faces tells a story of work and sacrifice, their sunburned skin reveals the hours of labour

in the fields but their eyes show us the pride of belonging to this place (Image 2).

We can say that this landscape is the bond that connects people. As the language

unifies people from the same country, in these areas (Alentejo) is the landscape thatconnects them. It is a vast area in the country with people that shares de same landscape,

Image 2: Alentejano always with his beret and wool coat

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the same lifestyle, the same concerns and the same knowledge. This is even stronger

when the landscape is so much dependent on men activities and management like

Montados.

The sense of belonging begins at birth, because these forests pass down from

generation to generation through the years. A cork oak tree lives on average 200 years,

which means that at least 6 generations will see this oak. It is completely common to

hear a grandfather telling to his grandson how many times he climbed that oak, how big

were the acorns, how many wild pigs he hunted in that hill etc. The landscape comes

alive, every tree has a different history and meaning and starts soon to be part of every

man past.

There is also another issue linked to time in case ofMontado that is perfectly

explained in the saying described above. Montados need time. No man plants a cork oak

for his own profit, but for his children or grandchildren profit. A cork oak needs at least

28 years to start giving good cork. So it is not an easy process and time and nature make

their own rules and people learned to wait and respect it.

Other issue inAlentejo and that is related to Montado too is the strong sense of

community between people. Due to the difficulty of the work, a lot of activities in

Montado are shared with the neighbours, friends, family or others. Every ninth years,

when the cork must be stripped out

from the cork oaks a group of ten or

fifteen men gathers to work together

during many days, lunch together in

Montado and share experiences and

life (Image 3). Every time a farmer is

going to kill one of his animals he calls

his friends and family to his homesteadto help him and then they

share the meat and they cook, eat and drink together and it is a different day until the

night comes. Every time men go hunting is the same thing.

There are other traditions that bound these people like bull fightings. This

tradition is very old and is still very alive in this region, unlike the rest of the country.

This kind of bulls is also raised in Montado and everything that is related to this

tradition is a big industry inAlentejobulls, horses, suits and equipments etc.

Image 3: Men inMontado during the stripping out period

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In Alentejo are also a lot of

Folk singing groups. These groups

sing traditional songs from Alentejo

and they are usually related to

Montado, to the life in the fields and

to nature (Image 4). Their costumes

and lyrics are examples of a traditional

Alentejanos life.

Talking about Montado is

talking about Alentejo and the opposite

too. And talking about Alentejo is talking about people. There is no distinction between

these words. In these landscapes people lived for a long time doing the same things, the

properties pass down from parents to children and the same activities remain. That is

why it is almost impossible to imagine Alentejo without these cork oaks scattered in the

smooth hills, the cattle calmly grazing and the golden cereal crops swinging in the wind.

But we know that these landscapes are not maintained just to contemplation or delight,

they have to be profitable otherwise farmers will change to other kind of activities, even

though that can be less sustainable or multi-functional. So it is urgent to understand

what are the threats to these landscapes and what should we do to maintain them

ecologically, economically and socially sustainable.

Image 4: Folk singing group ofAlentejo

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What isMontado?

A multi-functional and sustainable system

Montado is an agro-silvopastoral system mostly dominated by Mediterranean

evergreen oaks suck as cork oak (Quercus suber L.) and holm oak (Quercus

rotundifolia). Due to oaks climatic requirements, especially cork oak, these forests are

really rare in the world, appearing only around the Mediterranean Sea in 7 countries:

Portugal (33%), Spain (23%), Algeria (21%), Italy (10%), Morocco (9%), Tunisia (3%)

and France (1%). It is estimated that the total area covered by cork oak forest is around

2.2 million hectares (Image 5).

Image.5 Approximate cork oak Quercus suberdistribution from H Bohbot J Aronson & C Fontaine

Font: CEFE CNRS

In Portugal the area covered byMontado is about 730.000 hectares which is one

third of the country and area the size of Wales. Although the cork oak can appear

almost all over the country it is more likely to appear is the southern regions, below

Tagus River (Image 6), where the soil conditions are favourable, the climate is smooth,

hot in the summer but not so cold in the winter and with low humidity and the land is

almost flat like a peneplain with gentile undulations.

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Image 6: Cork oak distribution in PortugalLight green - potential areas of occurrence

Dark greencurrent major areas of occurrenceFont: rvores e florestas de Portugal. 2007. Vol. 3

As it was said before, Montado

stands are manage in agrosilvo-pasture

system, which means that, in the same space

and at the same time, these three activities

can take place.

Silviculture is provided by the crown

cover of oaks and its products. If it is a Cork

oak Montado, the main product is the cork

that is taken from de bark of the tree. If it is

a Holm oak Montado, the main product is

acorn used to feed the animals. Wood is also

another product from Holm oaks, because it

is very hard and tough and it is mainly used

in construction, boats, and wine barrels. It

can also be used as firewood and to make

charcoal.

Agriculture is mainly related to

forage crops or rainfed crops like wheat, barley, oats, flax and others, but also sunflower

and beans. These crops grow in the spaces between the trees taking advantage of the soil

and they dont have many demands on water supplies. Actually, these are the some of

the few crops that these areas, with not so fertile soils, can provide. These crops can be

used to human feeding, to make flour, to feed the animals, to make sunflower oil, to

make beer and other alcoholic drinks, among other uses.

Pastoralism is related to the raising of livestock, mostly cattle and pigs but also

sheep and goats. The meat is really appreciated by Portuguese people that have a lot of

different traditional recipes, especially in Alentejo region. Actually, there is anautochthonous pigs breed called Porco Preto Alentejano (Alentejano Black Pig) that

lives only in Portuguese Montados. Besides meat, the animals can supply wool,

leather and milk.

Finally, there are other products that Montado provides like aromatic and

medicinal herbs from some shrubs and herbaceous like thyme, asparagus, rosemary,

lavender, among many others. Honey and wild mushrooms are also products of

Montado.

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But multi-functionality ofMontadodoesnt end in these direct benefits, actually

it is much broader. Due to their great biodiversity Montados are also used as hunting

grounds in certain periods. The most hunted animals are rabbits, hares, partridges,

pigeons, turtledoves, wild pigs and deer. The meat of these hunted animals is really

expensive and served in the best restaurants in Alentejo. Tourism is another important

source of income, especially nowadays, that people are more interested in rural

landscapes that in cities. A lot of homesteads and manors provide tourism services like

rural tourism, eco-tourism or agro-tourism. This kind of tourists doesnt want just to

come and see the place, they actually want to take part of the rural life and work in the

fields with the local farmers, so this is a way to aware the people to the local richness.

The biodiversity in Montado is really broad and it shelters a vast autochthonous fauna

and flora. As to the local flora, besides the cork oak and holm oak that are the dominant

trees, we can also find other species of oak, oleaster (wild olive tree), shrubs like kermes

oak, myrtle,common hawthorn and strawberry tree, heather, gorse, brooms and many

others. There is also around 140 different species of aromatic and medicinal herbs such

as those mentioned above and others like rockrose, mint, pennyroyal, digitalis, oregano

etc.

As to the local fauna this is the preferred habitat for many birds and mammals

because this kind of forests occupy large parts of the stands in a relatively continuous

and extensive activities associated with low densities of human presence, which gives

space to animals to live and grow. In these forests live 24 reptile species, more than 160

bird species and 37 mammal species. The Iberian Lynx is the world most endangered

feline and he chooses as preferred habitat the cork oak forests. Unfortunately, due to

human pressure, Portugal has no longer this beautiful feline in Montado, there are just

few remaining in Spain.

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All the hunting species I mentioned before are relatively common in Montado,

but there are many others like eagles, weasels, badgers, mink, owls, storks, Hoopoe and

Bee-eater, woodpeckers, larks, shrikes, Spotless starling, jays and magpies, Robin,

Nightingale and other thrushes, warblers, tits, Tree creeper and Nuthatch, sparrows,

finches and buntings. The Great Bustard is an endangered bird species that only lives in

Portugal, Spain and Russia. In Portugal it is a protected species and it also lives in

Montado but there are just few hundreds remaining.

And last but not the least the environmental services that Montado provides are

really important for stability of this landscape. The trees and shrubs protect the soil

against erosion, fix the carbon emissions, control the extreme temperatures and regulate

the water infiltration.

So we can say thatMontados are one of the most important conservation values

in Mediterranean region because it is one example of how landscape and nature can be

manage by men, in order to give us the necessary goods, without destroy it or decrease

its ecosystem. But this sustainability is hard to get and men in such an important agent

as the nature (Image 7). It is the balance between human practices and nature that

provides these landscapes such beauty, harmony and sustainability. For instance, if men

Font: WWF

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stop managing these landscapes, the shrubs, bushes and other oaks will grow and cover

all soil, increasing the competition and the risk of forest fire. But also if men start to

increase the undercover activities related to grazing this will lead to a lack of natural

regeneration of oaks and consequent disappearance of the crown cover with a growing

risk of soil erosion and the lost of biodiversity. So, we can say that the sustainability is

dependent on this balance (Pinheiro, A. Et al, 2008).

Image 7: Different ways of managingMontado: OpenMontado, DisperseMontado and DenseMontado. The type ofMontado

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New strategies to maintain the sustainability ofMontado

To maintain these forest in Portugal a lot of strategies cane be taken in a lot of

different aspects but the most important thing is to give confidence to people who is

working or wants to work with Montados. Farmers need to feel that their work will be

compensated and that all their money spent in managing their properties with ecological

and sustainable concerns will give them some profit, otherwise they will chose the

easiest and cheapest way of managing the land. So Portuguese government and the

European Union have a really important role in creating the right policies that protect

the whole system ofMontado and incentive the good practices. Till now EU polices

have incentivized just the undercover activities related to grazing or agriculture which

has led to a lack of regeneration and the lost of continuous crown cover.Montado has to

be seen as a complex system and subsidizing just part of it is breaking the equilibrium

(Pinheiro, A. Et al, 2008). Good practices should also be rewarded. It is important

nowadays to save some areas in the properties where the vegetation can grow naturally

without human interference or grazing, so that the new oaks can develop, it is also

important to respect the times to make tree cuts or stripping the bark; the artificial

regeneration (oaks planted by man) should happen on time and at the same rhythm as

the old trees die in order to make it efficient, farmers should use as less as possible soil

mobilization techniques etc.

Public awareness and information is another issue that isnt being developed in a

proper way. The complexity of Montado and the innumerous

ecosystems, biodiversity, multi-functionality and the role that

these landscapes play in the life of many people is not well

known and therefore a lot of people dont feel the urge to protect

them or to fight for their conservation. Other problem is that thereisnt any information about the stoppers

material in wine bottles. Even if one person

wants to buy just cork bottled wine he has no

access to that information in the bottle which

is totally incorrect. Retailers should provide

labeling on the shelves or on bottles,

indicating which are stoppered with cork,which is the only way of knowing that we are Image 8: Some cork certification systems

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contributing to the sustainability of a vast Mediterranean area.

Certificates and other quality proofs are also very important to get more

consumers and to get their confidence back, which was lost some years ago due to some

companies that complained about cork bottle wine quality. There are different types of

certification: ones related to cork production and hygiene conditions, others related to

fair trade, other related to branding national production, and others like FSC related to

forestry and the good practices in the management of cork forests (Image 8). These

certificates are a capital gain for cork and wine entrepreneurs, usually the products

prices rise but people buy it more because they feel like they are doing something good.

Cork is a very multi-faceted and malleable product so it can be used in many

different ways. We should open new profitable markets for cork products besides

stoppers in order to break the monopolies. Cork clothe is becoming to be more popular

nowadays not just because it is a very light, smooth and malleable material, but also

because people who wear it feel like they are wearing a cause and protecting the cork

oak forests (Notcias APCOR, 2003).

We should also think about new markets for cork oaks besides the cork. The

wood from cork oaks is really resistant and good for furniture (Knapic S., 2007). So

why not using the branches that are frequently cut off to timber?

Multi-functionality is another scope that we have to rethink. Nowadays these

Montados are not just about production. Some land owners, with some holistic

knowledge and sustainability concerns, are using their land to teach and learn, to spread

ideas, to experiment, to develop a new concept ofMontado.

They arrange meetings with expertise, other land owners and academics to discuss

about Montados contemporaneous threats, new forms of agriculture, innovative

systems of managing the land, permaculture, biodiversity, tourism among other

important items. These discussions can be the beginning of mentalitys change and for

sure they will help farmers to improve and to invest in different things in their lands that

they didnt knew about. Actually, there is a group called CrieMontado in Alentejo in

which 12 land owners are part of and they are making a difference because they are

providing a lot of workshops and courses in their homesteads related to a lot of different

subjects, they are always in contact with universities and local governments and they are

one example of how working together and cooperation is the best way of reaching our

interests. Unfortunately, the ordinary land owners in Portugal are not used to cooperateor work in a group, they are not used to participate in public discussions and they dont

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want anyone to tell them what to do with their properties. Frequently, the land owners

are old people that dont have the entrepreneurial spirit neither the dynamic to be part of

something that for them is new. A lot of people keep selling their products through

informal markets because it is more comfortable, they already have their usual

costumers and they dont have to invest some much in it. They sell honey or

mushrooms or wood or wool to neighbors, locals, friends etc. This is one problem when

we want to compete with stronger and organized producers that sell large quantities of

some product at lower prices. So in my opinion, Portuguese land owners should be

more open minded, maybe the next generations will, and cooperate with each other in

order to make their production profitable. If one land owner alone produces a small

quantity of one product, all together makes a big quantity that can compete in the

markets outside.

These are some theoretical strategies, which can only be applied with time and

perseverance but they might help to conserve Montados active, profitable and healthy,

and keep all the benefits that derived from them, protecting these unique and beautiful

landscapes that are one of the best examples of still alive cultural and natural heritage.

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References

Books

Berrahmouni, N., Escut, X., Regato, P., and Stein, C., 2007.Beyond Corka wealth of

resources for people and Nature. Lessons from the Mediterranean.

Howard, P., ed., 2003. Heritage: Management, Intrepertation, Identity. Continuum

International Publishing.

Matias, M. A importncia do Montado para o desenvolvimento rural. Que futuro no

distrito de Beja? e-Geo Centro de Geografia e Planeamento Regional Faculdade de

Cincias Sociais e HumanasUniversidade Nova de Lisboa. Lisboa

Natividade, J.V., 1950. Subericultura, Lisboa

Pinheiro, A. C., Ribeiro, N. A., Surovy, P., Ferreira, A. G., 2008. Economic

implications of different cork oak forest management systems. In International Journalof Sustainable Society Vol. 1 Issue 2.

Sousa, E., Santos, M., Varela, M., Henriques, J., 2007. Perda de vigor dos montados de

sobro e azinho: Anlise da situao e perspectivas . MADRP, DGRF, INRB. Lisboa

Conferences

Knapic, S., 2007. Novos aproveitamentos do Sobreiro: Produtos de madeira de alta

qualidade.Frum cultural de Alcochete 2007. Lisboa.

Jounals

Associao Portuguesa de Cortia, 2003.Noticias Apcor. Julho/Agosto. Ed. N31.

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Webpages

http://www.afn.min-agricultura.pt/[Accessed 10 December 2010]

http://www.corksupply.com [Accessed 10 December 2010]

http://www.forestry.pt/[Accessed 9 December 2010]

http://www.realcork.org/index.php?lang=en [Accessed 10 December 2010]

http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/project_map/project_details

.cfm?uProjectID=9E0722[Accessed 12 December 2010]

http://naturlink.sapo.pt/article.aspx?menuid=20&exmenuid=76&bl=1&cid=2000

[Accessed 8 December 2010]

http://www.afn.min-agricultura.pt/lhttp://www.corksupply.com/http://www.forestry.pt/http://www.realcork.org/index.php?lang=enhttp://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/project_map/project_details.cfm?uProjectID=9E0722http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/project_map/project_details.cfm?uProjectID=9E0722http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/project_map/project_details.cfm?uProjectID=9E0722http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/project_map/project_details.cfm?uProjectID=9E0722http://naturlink.sapo.pt/article.aspx?menuid=20&exmenuid=76&bl=1&cid=2000http://naturlink.sapo.pt/article.aspx?menuid=20&exmenuid=76&bl=1&cid=2000http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/project_map/project_details.cfm?uProjectID=9E0722http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/project/project_map/project_details.cfm?uProjectID=9E0722http://www.realcork.org/index.php?lang=enhttp://www.forestry.pt/http://www.corksupply.com/http://www.afn.min-agricultura.pt/l