mortem et gloriam army lists - syria and asia minor...lucius licinius murena was left in charge of...

Version 2019.02: 1st January 2019 © Simon Hall

Army Lists Syria and Asia Minor

Contents Asiatic Greek 670 to 129 BCE Lycian 525 to 300 BCE Bithynian 434 to 74 BCE Armenian 330 BCE to 252 CE Asiatic Successor 323 to 280 BCE Cappadocian 300 BCE to 17 CE Attalid Pergamene 282 to 129 BCE Galatian 280 to 62 BCE Early Seleucid (02) 279 to 167 BCE Seleucid 166 to 129 BCE Commagene 163 BCE to 72 CE Late Seleucid 128 to 56 BCE Pontic 110 to 47 BCE Palmyran 258 CE to 273 CE


Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists Use the army lists to create your own customised armies using the Mortem et Gloriam Army Builder.

There are few general rules to follow: 1. An army must have at least 2 generals and can have no more than 4. 2. You must take at least the minimum of any troops noted, and may not go beyond the maximum of any. 3. No army may have more than two generals who are Talented or better. 4. Unless specified otherwise, all elements in a UG must be classified identically. Unless specified otherwise, if an optional characteristic is

taken, it must be taken by all the elements in the UG for which that optional characteristic is available. 5. Any UGs can be downgraded by one quality grade and/or by one shooting skill representing less strong, tired or understrength troops. If any

bases are downgraded all in the UG must be downgraded. So Average-Experienced skirmishers can always be downgraded to Poor-Unskilled. Where allies are allowed they must conform to the following rules:

1. They must be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 4 UGs. 2. They must take UGs sufficient to get them to at least 50% of the minimums in the list being used. 3. They can thereafter take any troops up to the maximum to create the rest of the allied contingent. 4. Unless specified in the notes, the general must be the same type as the army commander in the main list but cannot be legendary.

Usually this results in 1-3 UGs being compulsory and you having full flexibility on the rest. Where an internal ally is allowed, and no contingent is specified they must conform to the following rules:

1. They must be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 4 UGs. 2. The total number of troops taken of each type in the entire army must not exceed the maxima for that troop type. 3. They must take UGs sufficient to get them to at least 50% of the minimums in the list if there is sufficient allowance for a UG after the core

army itself has taken the minimum. 4. They can thereafter take any troops up to the maximum to create the rest of the allied contingent.

Usually this results in 1-3 UGs being compulsory and you having full flexibility on the rest.


Historical Introduction Syria and Asia Minor were captured by the Achaemenid Persians in the 6th century BCE. Sardis, the former capital of the Lydian empire, became the chief city of their western empire. Asia Minor (modern Asiatic Turkey) was a patchwork of kingdoms which the Persians ruled through their system of satraps.

Some of the kingdoms within Asia Minor, although nominally under Persian rule, maintained a high degree of independence. Lycia, an ancient kingdom in the south west briefly became members of the Athenian empire. In 429 BCE, Athens sent an expedition against Lycia to try to force it to re-join the league. This failed when Lycia's leader Gergis of Xanthos defeated General Melasander.

Bithynia in the north west also maintained a high degree of independence. The Bithynians were a Thracian people.

The conquest of the Persian empire by Alexander the Great removed the Persians as rulers but did not affect Asia Minor greatly. Alexander did not spend a great amount of time in Asia Minor. He landed in May 334 BCE and spent less than 18 months there and never returned. He made his own appointments as satraps but left the Persian system of government largely unaltered. Alexander’s victory at Issus consolidated his hold on Asia Minor and Syria. Syria at this time was relatively unimportant.

The death of Alexander in 323 BCE. left his empire up for grabs by his generals. Eumenes of Cardia, the former secretary of Alexander, fought a series of campaigns against Antigonus One-Eyed. He was eventually betrayed by his own troops and Antigonus established his power base in Asia Minor. He became so powerful that Lysimachus, Ptolemy, Seleucus and Cassander formed an alliance against him. In 301 BCE he was defeated and killed at the Battle of Ipsus. Asia Minor was divided between the victors, Seleucus and Lysimachus, with Seleucus holding the east and Lysimachus the west.

Some of the Persian dynasts who had survived Alexander’s conquests were able to re-establish their control. Both the Orontid dynasty in Armenia and the Ariarathid dynasty in Cappadocia re-established control after overthrowing Macedonian governors.

Although holding Babylon and the eastern satrapies, Seleucus established the heart of his kingdom in Syria. He established a chain of cities for military settlers. Antioch, established by his son and successor Antiochus I became the capital of the Seleucid west. Seleucus went on to defeat Lysimachus at the Battle of Corupedium in 281 BCE. Seleucus was assassinated a few months later. Antiochus struggled to gain control over the Lysimachid territories that he inherited from his father. A victory over the Galatians, a group of Celtic tribes that had overrun Macedonia and Asia Minor, helped to establish his control, but it was not enough to prevent Eumenes of Pergamum declaring himself independent.

The death of Antiochus I led to the Seleucid empire being divided between his sons. The eldest son, Seleucus II, controlled most of the Seleucid empire, but the younger son Antiochus Hierax maintained a kingdom in Asia Minor until driven out by Eumenes.


The reign of Antiochus III (222 to 187 BCE) saw a revival in Seleucid fortunes until he waged war against Rome. The Romans decisively defeated him at Magnesia in 189 BCE and gave their ally, Eumenes II, the Seleucid territories in Asia Minor. The Seleucid kingdom became involved in a struggle to retain their eastern satrapies from the Parthians. In 163 B.C. the satrap of Commagene, Ptolemaeus, established himself as independent ruler following the death of the Seleucid king, Antiochus IV Epiphanes. The defeat of Antiochus VII Sidetes by Phraates of Parthia established Parthian control over the eastern satrapies and Babylonia. Continual civil wars reduced the Seleucid kingdom to a rump in Syria.

From this time on politics in Asia Minor was increasingly dominated by the Romans. The kings of Pergamum and Bithynia both bequeathed their kingdoms to the Romans. Against the Romans emerged one of the great characters of history, Mithridates of Pontus. Pontus was originally part of the Cappadocian kingdom but during the 4th century B.C. a local dynasty had established itself. Mithridates took advantage of the chaos during the Social War in Italy to invade the Roman province of Asia and then Greece. The First Mithridatic War, fought between 88 and 84 BCE, saw Lucius Cornelius Sulla force Mithridates VI out of Greece proper. Sulla needed to return to Italy so a treaty was hastily arranged. As Sulla returned to Italy Lucius Licinius Murena was left in charge of Roman forces in Anatolia. The lenient peace treaty, which was never ratified by the Senate, allowed Mithridates VI to recoup his forces. Murena attacked Mithridates in 83 BCE, provoking the Second Mithridatic War from 83 B.C. to 81 B.C. Mithridates scored a victory over Murena's green forces before peace was again declared by treaty. When Rome attempted to annex Bithynia (bequeathed to Rome by its last king) nearly a decade later, Mithridates VI attacked with an even larger army, leading to the Third Mithridatic War from 73 to 63 BCE. First Lucullus and then Pompey were sent against Mithridates. Mithridates was defeated and fled with a small army to Colchis and then the Crimea where he committed suicide.

Roman control over Asia Minor was fully established by Augustus. For the next four hundred years the region was held by the Romans with one short interruption. By the third century CE, Palmyra was a prosperous regional centre reaching the apex of its power in the 260s, when Palmyrene King Odaenathus defeated Persian Emperor Shapur I. The king was succeeded by regent Queen Zenobia, who rebelled against Rome and established the Palmyrene Empire which briefly encompassed the Roman provinces of Syria Palaestina, Arabia Petraea, Egypt and large parts of Asia Minor. In 273 CE, Roman emperor Aurelian destroyed the city.

1 Dates0-3 Terrain0-1 Camp

Min

Mandatory Optional Max

Unskilled 0 4,6Javelin 12

Experienced 0 4,6Javelin 6

- 0 6,8- 48- 12 6,8- 48

- 0 6,8- 8- 0 6,8- 12- 0 6,8- 24- 0 6,8- 24

Unskilled 0 6,8,9Javelin 18


- Shoot & ChargeSkirmisher

PeltastsINFANTRY

Average Unprotected -

Shove Orb/SquareDrilled Close

---

Thracians or Asiatic hillmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear - -Tribal Loose

Mercenary Thureophoroi (from 269 to 129 BCE)

INFANTRYAverage Protected Long Spear

Shove, Shield Cover

Orb/SquareDrilled Close

Mercenary hoplites (from 404 to 270 BCE)


Shove, Shield Cover

Orb/SquareDrilled Close

Mercenary hoplites (from 450 to 405 BCE)


Replace best hoplites with

Tyrant's bodyguardINFANTRY

Superior Protected Long SpearShove, Shield

CoverOrb/Square

Drilled Close

Shove, Shield Cover

Orb/SquareFormed Close

Citizen hoplitesINFANTRY

Poor Protected Long SpearShove, Shield

CoverOrb/Square

Formed Close

Best hoplitesINFANTRY

Average Protected Long Spear

- Shoot & ChargeFormed Loose

Light horseCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - -Cantabrian, Combat ShySkirmisher

CavalryCAVALRY

Average Protected Short Spear

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

Asiatic GreekArmy Commander Any Instinctive 670 BCE to 129 BCESub-Generals Any Instinctive Standard, Coastal, Mountains

Version 2019.01: 1st December 2018 © Simon Hall

Asiatic GreekExperienced 0 6,9

Javelin 18Experienced 0 6,9

Bow 12Experienced 0 6,9

Sling 12Skilled 0 6,9Bow 9

Separated from Classical Greek list.

Historical NotesThis list covers the Greek states in Asia Minor and Cyprus.

Troop NotesThe Greeks retained their traditional hoplite style of fighting, sometimes supplemented by local mercenaries.

Changes from last version

- Combat ShySkirmisher

AlliesSatrapal allies - Later Achaemenid Persian (Ephesus in 409 BCE)

Cretan archersINFANTRY


Combat Shy -Skirmisher

Psiloi - slingerINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher

Psiloi - archerINFANTRY


Psiloi - javelinmenINFANTRY



1 Dates1-3 Terrain

CampMin




- 0 6,8,9- 12- 0 6,8- 48- 0 6,8- 8

Experienced 9 6,9Bow 18


Mercenary hoplites (from 426 BCE)


Shove, Shield Cover

Orb/Square

Archers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -

Javelinmen Average

Infantry: Lycian infantry fought with javelins and short thrusing spears. The Lycians also carried the Drepanon, a sickle shaped hand weapon similar to a falx or rhomphaia. Infantry in the Greek cities of Lycia fought as hoplites or later as thureophoroi. At the battle of Magnesia they are described as peltasts.

The Lycians are known to history since the records of ancient Egypt and the Hittite empire. They were a client state under the Achaemenid Persians and intermittently became a free agent. Briefly allied to the Athenians they were under Persian control, revolted and then conquered by Masusolus, satrap of Caria. When the Persians were defeated by Alexander the Great they fell under Macedonian control. In 188 BCE they were given to Rhodes by the Romans and then in 168 BCE set up as an independent league. In 43 CE they were incoporated into the Roman empire.

Troop Notes

Changes from last versionAdded Shoot & Charge option.

INFANTRYSkirmisher

Unprotected - Combat Shy -

Historical Notes

Skirmisher

Drilled CloseINFANTRY

Devastating Chargers

Melee ExpertTribal Loose

Upgrade warriors to hoplitesINFANTRY

Average Protected Long Spear - Orb/SquareTribal Close

Warriors with drepanonINFANTRY

Average Protected -


WarriorsINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear - Shoot & ChargeTribal Loose

CavalryCAVALRY


Internal Allied Generals Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

LycianArmy Commander Any Instinctive 525 BCE to 300 BCESub-Generals Any Instinctive Coastal, Mountains



Min


- 0 4,6- 6



- 1/4 6,8- 3/4- 0 6,8- 12




Combat Shy -

Archers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher

Formed Close

Light horse Average

Galatian allies (from 278 BCE)

NotesAn Internal ally represents a Paphlagonian ally and can only command warriors who have not been upgraded, light horse and javelinmen.

INFANTRY

AlliesHeraclean allies - Asiatic Greek (from 280 to 253 BCE)

SkirmisherJavelinmen Average Unprotected -

CAVALRYSkirmisherINFANTRY

Unprotected - -Cantabrian, Combat Shy

-----

Thracian mercenariesINFANTRY

Average Protected -Devastating

ChargersMelee Expert

Formed Loose

Upgrade warriors to thureophoroi

Average Protected Long Spear Shove Orb/Square

- -Tribal Loose

INFANTRYFrom 252 BCE

WarriorsINFANTRY



Melee ExpertFormed Loose

CavalryCAVALRY

Average Protected Short Spear - Shoot & ChargeFormed Loose

Best cavalryCAVALRY

Superior Protected -

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive (only from 179 BCE) Unfortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

BithynianArmy Commander Any (Instinctive before 252 BCE) 435 BCE to 74 BCESub-Generals Any (Instinctive before 252 BCE) Coastal, Mountains


Bithynian

Added Shoot & Charge option.

The Bithynians were a Thracian people who settled in Asia Minor on the opposite side of the Bosporus. They established their independence prior to the arrival of Alexander the Great. The kingdom became increasingly hellenized. In 278 BCE Nicomedes I invited the Galatians to Asia Minor to help in a dynastic struggle against his brother. The last king Nicomedes IV was expelled by Mithridates VI of Pontus. After being restored to the throne he bequeathed his kingdom through his will to the Romans in 74 BCE.

Troop NotesThe Bithynians were related to the Thracians and fought in a similar fashion. Bithynia became increasingly hellenised and adopted Greek methods of warfare.


Historical Notes



Min



- 0 4,6- 6

- 0 4,6- 8- 0 4,6- 6

- 4,6- All- 0 4,6- 6




Only from 204 BCE to 244 CE

Regrade Armenian cavalry as lancers

Average ProtectedCharging

Lancer- Melee Expert

Guard Superior ProtectedCharging

Lancer- -

Protected Short Spear - Shoot & ChargeTribal Loose

Formed Loose

Only from 245 CE

Only before 204 BCE

Nobles and followers SuperiorArmHrs/ Protected

Short Spear - -

ArchersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - - Combat ShyTribal Loose

JavelinmenINFANTRY


HiberiansINFANTRY

Average

CAVALRY

-----

Formed Loose

Devastating Chargers, Shove

-Tribal Close

CAVALRY

GuardCAVALRY

SuperiorArmHrs/Fully

ArmouredLong Spear

Upgrade Armenian cavalry to cataphracts

CAVALRYAverage

ArmHrs/Fully Armoured

Long SpearDevastating

Chargers, Shove-

Tribal Close

Tribal Close


CAVALRY

Armenian cavalryCAVALRY


ArmenianArmy Commander Any Instinctive 330 BCE to 627 CESub-Generals Any Instinctive Plains, MountainsInternal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and


ArmenianExperienced 6 4,6

Bow 36Experienced 4,6

Bow Up to halfExperienced 0 6,9


Sling 18Experienced 0 6,9

Javelin 18

- 4,6- All- 0 8- 16- 0 6,8- 12

Combat Shy -

AlliesMedia Atropatene allies - Parthian Vassal States (from 83 to 69 BCE)

Upgrade horse archers Average Unprotected - Cantabrian Combat Shy

Archers Poor Unprotected - Combat Shy -

Slingers Poor

Combat Shy Orb/Square

Troops armed in Roman fashion

Average Protected Impact Weapon - -Formed Close

CAVALRY

Only Tigranes the Great from 83 to 69 BCE

Skirmisher

Upgrade Armenian cavalry to cataphracts

Average

Historical NotesThe kingdom of Armenia started as a satrapy of the Achaemenid empire of Persia. It was only superficially affected by the conquests of Alexander the Great. It maintained an autonomous status under the Seleucid empire and during this period absorbed Hellenistic influences. In 188 BCE Artaxias unified and enlarged the Armenian kingdom. During the reign of Tigranes the Great (95 BCE to 55 BCE) the kingdom was at the zenith of its powere and briefly became the most powerful state to the Roman east controlling Mesopotamia and Syria. Roman involvement in Asia Minor brought Tigranes' empire to an end. Armenia was to become a buffer state between Rome and Parthia.It was partitioned between Rome and Sassanid Persia in 386 CE but the Sassanid part remained semi-independent and continued until the arrival of the Arabs.

Nomadic Arab allies - Pre-Islamic Arab (from 83 to 69 BCE) Sarmatian allies - Early Sarmatian (only in 35 CE) Media Atropatene allies - Parthian Vassal States (only in 230 CE) Alan allies (only in 230 CE) Hephthalite allies (450 to 451 CE)

INFANTRYDrilled CloseINFANTRY



Chargers, Shove-

Phalangites

Tribal Close

Average Protected Pike

INFANTRY

CAVALRY

Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher

Javelinmen Poor Unprotected -

INFANTRYSkirmisherINFANTRY

Skirmisher

Unprotected - - Combat ShySkirmisher

Horse archersCAVALRY

Average


Armenian

Restricted number of Cantabrian. Reclassified phalangites. Added Shoot & Charge option. Combat Shy option for light horse.

Troop NotesThe Armenians were influenced by their Persian overlords. Armenian contingents are mentioned in Persian armies. Xenophon encountered Armenians during the march of the ten thousand. The first description of an Armenian army is when Lucullus encountered the army of Tigranes the Great.Cavalry: The Armenians employed Cataphracts. These are assumed to have been introduced at the time when the Seleucids nominally ruled Armenia. Prior to this time it is assumed they used Persian arms and tactics.Horse archers: Were used by the time of Tigranes and may have existed back to Persian times.Infantry: The Armenians were described as fierce by Xenophon. They were probably hill tribesmen with javelins or bows.Tigranes acquired Phalangites from his control of Syrian territories. After encountering the Romans, troops were trained in the Roman fashion.




Min


- 0 2,3,4- 6

Experienced 2,3,4Bow Any

- 4 4,6- 12



- 0 8- 24- 8- See note- 16 8- 32- 0 8- 32- 0 6,8- 8




- Orb/Square

Pantadapoi Average Protected Pike Combat Shy Orb/SquareFormed Close

Satrapal horse archersCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - - -

Macedonian phalangites Average Protected Pike Shove Orb/Square

Upgrade Macedonian phalangites as elite

Superior

- Combat ShyTribal Loose

ArchersINFANTRY


- Shoot & ChargeTribal Loose

Asiatic hillmenINFANTRY


ThraciansINFANTRY


INFANTRY

Mercenary hoplitesINFANTRY

Average Protected Long SpearShove, Shield

CoverOrb/Square

Drilled Close

Drilled CloseGreek mercenaries Average Protected Pike


Protected Pike Shove Orb/Square

Drilled Close

Formed FlexibleINFANTRY

- Melee ExpertDrilled Loose

Satrapal cavalryCAVALRY


Companions and Xystophoroi

CAVALRYSuperior Protected

Charging Lancer

Shove -Tribal Loose

Upgrade elephants with accompanying foot

ELEPHANTSAverage Protected - Shove -

Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

Average Protected -

Internal Allied Generals Any Professional Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

Asiatic SuccessorArmy Commander Any Professional 323 BCE to 280 BCESub-Generals Any Professional Standard, Coastal, Mountains


Asiatic SuccessorExperienced 0 4,6






Sling 36Skilled 0 6,9Bow 9


SlingersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -

Asiatic archers Poor Unprotected - Combat Shy -

Asiatic slingers Poor

NotesThis list covers the successors in Asia including Antigonus, Demetrius, Eumenes, Ptolemy, Pithon, Peucestas, Seleucus, Alcetas, Arrhidaeus, Attalus, Craterus, Leonnatus and Neoptolemus. Eumenes must take ally generals, not sub generals.Eumenes may upgrade all his Macedonian phalangites to elite (representing the Silver Shields and Hypaspists). Antigonus, Demetrius, Seleucus and Ptolemy may upgrade one TuG of 8 to elite. Other generals may not upgrade the Macedonian phalangites.

AlliesAthenian, Arcadian or Achaean allies up to 2 contingents - Classical Greek (only Demetrius from 307 BCE) Cappadocian allies (only Antigonos from 318 BCE) Cypriot allies - Asiatic Greek (only Ptolemy from 315 to 307 BCE)

JavelinmenINFANTRY


INFANTRY


Cretan archers Average Unprotected - - Combat ShySkirmisher

SkirmisherINFANTRY

SkirmisherINFANTRYSkirmisher

- Shoot & ChargeSkirmisher

ArchersINFANTRY


Mercenary peltastsINFANTRY


Light horseCAVALRY



Asiatic Successor

Changes from last versionReclassified phalangites. Added Shoot & Charge option. Combat Shy option for light horse.

The Successors to Alexander in the East suffered from a shortage of phalangites. Pantadapoi were Persian and other native troops trained to fight as phalangites. They also relied on the large number of Greek mercenaries which Alexander had settled in the East as well as native troops.Peucestas brought a large contingent of Persian archers and slingers to join the army of Eumenes.

Historical NotesWhen Alexander the Great died there was almost immediately a dispute among the generals as to whom his successor should be. Initially Perdiccas was regent but he was assasinated by his officers after he marched to attack Ptolemy who had seized Egypt. By the treaty of Tripardisus (321 BCE) Antipater was appointed as supreme regent. He appointed Antigonus to continue the war against Eumenes (who had supported Perdiccas). Antipater died shortly afterwards leaving the regency to Polyperchon. Polyperchon returned to Macedonia.Antigonos had Eumenes killed after capturing him following the battle of Gabiene in 316 BCE This left Antigonos as the most powerful ruler in Asia. In 312 BCE Seleucus returned to Babylon from where he had been forced to flee by Antigonos. During the next 10 years he consolidated his position in the East. In 303 BCE he made peace with the Indian emperor Chandragupta Maurya for which he received 500 war elephants. These would play a decisive part in the battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE This victory secured the position of Seleucus in Asia and founded the Seleucid empire. In 281 BCE Seleucus defeated Lysimachus at the battle of Corupedium, but upon arriving in Thrace was assasinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus.

Troop Notes


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 0 4,6- 8




- 0 6,8- 8


Experienced 0 6,8,9Bow 18

Mercenaries (from 255 BCE)INFANTRY


Light cavalry Average Unprotected - -Cantabrian, Combat Shy

Archers Average

There is little reliable information on Cappadocian troops. Some Cappadocian cavalry may have ridden armoured horses.

Historical Notes

Armenian allies (before 255 BCE) Attalid Pergamene allies (from 180 to 129 BCE)

Cappadocia became an independent kingdom under Ariarthes I in 332 BCE as the Persian empire fell to the Macedonians. Macedonian rule was established by Perdiccas and Eumenes but after Eumenes died the adopted son Ariarthes II recovered the kingdom. In the latter part of the 2nd century BCE the kingdom fell under the influence of Pontus. In 93 BCE the Armenian king, Tigranes the Great, invaded and placed a client king Gordios on the throne. When Rome defeated Tigranes, the kingdom became a client state of Rome, eventually being incorporated as a Roman province in 17 CE.

Troop Notes

INFANTRYSkirmisher


Allies

Skirmisher

Drilled CloseCAVALRY

- -Tribal Loose

ArchersINFANTRY


FootINFANTRY


- -Tribal Close

CavalryCAVALRY


Cavalry on armoured horsesCAVALRY

SuperiorArmHrs/ Protected

Short Spear

Internal Allied Generals Unfortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

CappadocianArmy Commander Any Instinctive 300 BCE to 17 CESub-Generals Any Instinctive Plains, Mountains


CappadocianChanges from last versionAdded armoured horses. Added Shoot & Charge option. Combat Shy option for light horse.


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 4 4,6- 6


- 12 6,8,9- 48- 0 8- 16- 0 6,8,9- 18- 0 6,8- 32




Experienced 0 6,9Javelin 27Skilled 0 6,9Bow 18

Experienced 0 6,9Sling 9


- Cantabrian

Peltasts Average Unprotected - - Shoot & ChargeSkirmisher

Galatian footINFANTRY


Chargers-

Pergamene levy Poor Protected Long Spear Shove Orb/Square

Mysian javelinmen Average


JavelinmenINFANTRY



Trallian slingersINFANTRY




INFANTRY

EuzenoiINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear -Melee Expert,

Shoot & ChargeSkirmisher

SkirmisherLight horse Average Protected -

INFANTRYTribal LooseCAVALRY

Protected Short Spear - -

Formed Close

Tribal CloseINFANTRY


PhalanxINFANTRY

Average Protected Pike - Orb/SquareDrilled Close

ThureophoroiINFANTRY



Mercenary cavalryCAVALRY


XystophoroiCAVALRY

Superior ProtectedCharging

Lancer


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

Attalid PergameneArmy Commander Any Professional 282 BCE to 129 BCESub-Generals Any Professional Standard, Coastal, Mountains


Attalid Pergamene

- 0 4- 4- 0 2- 2

Cataphracts AverageArmHrs/Fully

ArmouredLong Spear


-

Elephants Average Protected - Shove -

Reclassified phalangites. Added Shoot & Charge option. Updated territory types.


Tylis allies - Galatian (only in 218 BCE)

Historical NotesThe Attalid dynasty of Pergamon started because the city was selected as the repository for 9000 talents accumulated by Lysimachus and placed in charge of a warden Philetaerus. He switched sides, declaring for Seleucus, contributing to the Seleukid victory at Corupedium in 281 BCE. Philetaerus died in 263 BCE having adopted a nephew, Eumenes as his heir. From this point the Attalid's maintained independence against the Seleucid empire. They also obtained several victories over the Galatians who were a constant threat. Eumenes II allied with Rome, first against Macedon and then against the Seleucids. The defeat of Antiochus III at Magnesia in 190 BCE led to the Attalid dynasty controlling a large portion of Asia Minor. Attalus III died bequeathing the kingdom to Rome. A revolt in 129 BCE was put down and the Roman province of Asia was established.

Troop NotesThe Attalid army was largely reliant on mercenaries.Phalanx: There is no direct evidence for the use of a Macedonian phalanx by the Attalids. However, phalanxes were raised by Antiogonus and Lysimachus in the preceedingdecades. The sources refer to "peltasts" and although it is likely that these were skirmishers, it is also possible that "peltast" could refer to phalangites. The Pergamene contingent in the Roman army at Magnesia appears to have been a token force, rather than the main Pergamene army.Galatians: Hiring Galatian mercenaries was one way to prevent them raiding your territory. At least one group of mercenaries proved unreliable and turned against theirpaymasters.Levy: The Greek cities could raise a militia for defence.Elephants: The Pergamenes acquired some Elephants captured from the Seleucids.

ELEPHANTS

AlliesTribal Loose

Formed CloseCAVALRY

Only from 188 BCE



Min




- 24 6,8,9- 108

-

- See note



- 0 2,3,4- 4



- Shoot & Charge

-----

Light horse Average Unprotected - -Cantabrian, Combat Shy

Expendables -

CAVALRY

Tribal Close

Paphlagonians subjects Average Protected Short Spear - -

Javelinmen Poor

Pisidian footSkirmisher


SkirmisherINFANTRY

Pisidian contingent (from 278 BCE)

Formed LooseScythed chariots (only in 273 BCE)

Poor Protected -

INFANTRYSkirmisher

BATTLE CHARIOTS


Tribal LooseINFANTRY

Feared warriors Average Protected Short SpearDevastating

Chargers, Melee Expert

-


-Tribal Close

INFANTRY

Upgrade warriors as feared:

WarriorsINFANTRY

Average Protected -

- -Formed Loose

CavalryCAVALRY


Galatian chariotsLIGHT CHARIOTS


Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive (up to 1 Pisidian) Unfortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

GalatianArmy Commander Any Instinctive 280 BCE to 62 BCESub-Generals Any Instinctive Plains


Galatian

Troop Notes

Added Shoot & Charge option. Combat Shy option for light horse.

The Galatians appear to have used traditional Celtic methods of fighting. The devastation they caused after they intially broke into Macedonia led to a fearsome reputation. This declined somewhat but they were still sought after as mercenaries.


The Galatians originated as part of a Celtic migration which invaded Macedon and Greece. The original Celts who sellected in Galatia came from Thrace at the invitation of Nicomedes of Bithynia in 278 BCE to assist him in a dynastic dispute. Once their contract with Nicomedes was fulfilled they systematically raided throughout western Asia Minor. They were defeated by Antiochus I in his "elephant victory" in 275 BCE. The Galatians settled in central Anatolia in a territory which became known as Galatia.The Romans inflicted a severe defeat on the Galatians in 189 BCE. In Pompey's settlement of 64 BCE they became a client-state of the Roman empire. Around 25 BCE Augustus incorporated Galatia into the Roman empire.

Antiochus Hierax - Early Seleucid (from 241 to 227 BCE)

NotesBefore 273 BCE all Warriors can be upgraded as feared. Before 229 BCE up to 50% of warriors can be upgraded as feared. From 229 BCE only 1 minimum sized unit in each command can be upgraded as feared.A Pisidian contingent must be commanded by an ally general and can only contain Pisidian troops. Pisidian troops are only compulsory if a Pisidian contingent is taken.

Historical Notes

AlliesThessalian allies - Classical Greek (only in 279 BCE) Paeonian allies (from 278 to 274 BCE)


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 0 2,3,4- 4

Experienced 0Bow Any

- 0 4,6- 6- 4 4,6- 12- - Up to half- - All- 0 4,6- 6


- 0 8- 16- 8 8- 32- 0 6,8- 8- 0 6- 6- 0 6,8,9- 9



ThraciansINFANTRY

Average Protected -


ThorakitaiINFANTRY


CoverOrb/Square

Drilled Close



ShoveCombat Shy, Orb/SquareDrilled Close

Agyraspides and phalangitesINFANTRY

Average Protected Pike Shove Orb/SquareDrilled Close

Guard AgyraspidesINFANTRY

Superior Protected Pike


-Drilled Close

Galatian cavalry (from 244 BCE)

CAVALRYAverage Protected Short Spear - Shoot & Charge

Formed Loose

Agema (from 204 BCE)CAVALRY


ArmouredLong Spear


Convert line cavalry to cataphracts (from 204 BCE)

CAVALRYAverage



Chargers, Shove-

Formed Close

Upgrade line cavalryCAVALRY


Lancer


Line cavalryCAVALRY

Average ProtectedCharging

Lancer- Melee Expert

Drilled Loose

CompanionsCAVALRY


Lancer

Shove -Tribal Loose



Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

Average Protected -


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

Early SeleucidArmy Commander Any Professional 279 BCE to 167 BCESub-Generals Any Professional Standard, Plains, Mountains


Early Seleucid- 0 6,8,9- 9



- 0 6,8- 16




Skilled 0 6,9Bow 9




- 0 2,3,4- 4

Antiochus Hierax can only have a maximum of 6 line cavalry and Agyraspists must be downgraded to Average.

Scythed chariotsBATTLE CHARIOTS

Poor Protected - Expendables -Formed Loose

AlliesAitolian allies - Hellenistic Greek (from 191 to 189 BCE)

Notes


JavelinmenINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher

SlingersINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected -


Skirmishing archersINFANTRY




- CantabrianSkirmisher


Average Unprotected - - Combat ShySkirmisher

"Tarentine" light horseCAVALRY

Average Protected -

Shove Orb/SquareFormed Close

Light horseCAVALRY


City militiaINFANTRY

Poor Protected Long Spear

- -Tribal Loose

ArchersINFANTRY


HillmenINFANTRY


Galatian mercenaries (from 244 BCE)

INFANTRYAverage Protected -


-Formed Close


Early Seleucid

The core of the Seleucid army were the Iranian cavalry and the phalangites.Elephants: Elephants were obtained from India and the Bactrian kings. In 145 BCE African elephants were captured from Ptolemaic Egypt.Cavalry: The cavalry were lancers. At the end of the 3rd century BCE Cataphract armour was adopted by the bulk of the cavalry.Phalanx: The phalanx were provided by settlers given land in return for military service. The largest settlements were in Syria.The performance of the Seleucid phalanx during this period was pretty dismal. For historical results all guard agyraspists should arguably be downgraded combat shy, hence the option.Cretan archers: The Seleucid armies regularly contained contingents of Cretan archers.

Changes from last version2019.01: Split Seleucid list. Added Agema. Added Shoot & Charge option. Combat Shy option for light horse. Updated territory types. 2019.02: Reverted maximum number of guard agyraspists to 16, adjusted phalangites.

Historical NotesAt the death of Seleucus I, the Seleucid kingdom held territories from Thrace to the borders of India. His son, Antiochus I retained most of the Asiatic territory but the kingdom was difficult to control and gradually the further parts of the empire seceded. The Seleucid kings fought a series of wars against the Ptolemaic kings of Egypt for control of Judaea. Bactria and Parthia were lost c. 250 BCE. The Attalids declared independence in Pergamum. Briefly Antiochus III established control over the Eastern territories but then suffered a significant defeat to the Romans at Magnesia in 189 BCE which deprived the kingdom of territories west of the Taurus mountains.

Troop Notes


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 0 2,3,4- 4

Experienced 0Bow Any

- 0 4- 4- 0 4- 4- 4 4,6- 12


- 8 8- 16- 0 8- 24- - All- 0 8- 8- 0 6,8- 8- 0 6- 6- 0 6,8,9- 9

Shove Orb/Square

Downgrade phalangites (from 145 BCE)

Average Protected Pike - Orb/SquareDrilled Close

CataphractsCAVALRY

AverageArmHrs/Fully

ArmouredLong Spear


-

Galatian cavalry Average Protected Short Spear - Shoot & Charge

Agyraspides Average



ThraciansINFANTRY

Average Protected -


ThorakitaiINFANTRY


CoverOrb/Square

Drilled Close



INFANTRY

Re-equip Agyraspides equipped in Roman fashion

INFANTRYAverage Protected Impact Weapon - Orb/Square

Drilled Close

Drilled ClosePhalangites Average Protected Pike


Protected Pike Shove Orb/Square

Formed Loose

Formed CloseCAVALRY


AgemaCAVALRY


ArmouredLong Spear


-Drilled Close

CompanionsCAVALRY


Lancer

Shove -Tribal Loose



Tribal Loose

ElephantsELEPHANTS

Average Protected -


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

SeleucidArmy Commander Any Professional 166 BCE to 129 BCESub-Generals Any Professional Standard, Plains, Mountains


Seleucid- 0 6,8,9- 9



- 0 6,8- 16




Skilled 0 6,9Bow 9

Skilled 0 6,9

Bow 18




- 0 2,3,4- 4

Scythed chariotsBATTLE CHARIOTS

Poor Protected - Expendables -Formed Loose

- Combat Shy -Skirmisher

SlingersINFANTRY


Cretan archers (only Demetrius II from 147 to 139 BCE)

INFANTRYAverage Unprotected - - Combat Shy

Skirmisher

Historical NotesAfter the death of Antiochus IV the kingdom suffered a series of civil wars. Media and Babylonia were lost to the Parthians in 129 BCE.

Skirmishing archers


Poor Protected Long Spear Shove Orb/Square

Light horse Average Unprotected - -Cantabrian, Combat Shy

"Tarentine" light horse Average

JavelinmenINFANTRY




INFANTRYPoor Unprotected

CAVALRY

Protected - - Cantabrian

Horse archers Average Unprotected - - Combat ShySkirmisher

SkirmisherCAVALRY

Formed CloseCAVALRYSkirmisher

- -Tribal Loose

ArchersINFANTRY


HillmenINFANTRY


Galatian mercenariesINFANTRY


Chargers-

Formed Close


SeleucidTroop Notes Roman Agyraspides: At his pagent at Daphne, Antiochus IV had 5,000 troops armed in the Roman fashion who might have been half of the Agyraspides (as only 5,000 appearedin the parade and traditionally this corps were 10,000 strong).Cretan archers: Demetrius II ruled after 147 BCE backed by his Cretan mercenaries.

Changes from last versionSplit Seleucid list. Added Agema. Reclassified phalangites. Added Shoot & Charge option. Combat Shy option for light horse. Updated territory types.


1 Dates1-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 0 4,6- 6- 4 4,6- 8- 0 8- 32- 0 6,8- 16




Experienced 4,6Bow Up to half




Cantabrian Combat Shy

Skirmishing archers Poor Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher

HillmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear - -

Archers Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy

Horse archers Average


JavelinmenINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected -

INFANTRY

SlingersINFANTRY


SkirmisherUpgrade horse archers Average Unprotected -

CAVALRYSkirmisherCAVALRY

Unprotected - - Combat Shy

Tribal Loose

Tribal LooseINFANTRY

Combat Shy Orb/SquareDrilled Close


Poor Protected Long Spear Shove Orb/SquareFormed Close

PhalanxINFANTRY



-Tribal Close

CataphractsCAVALRY

AverageArmHrs/Fully

ArmouredLong Spear


-Tribal Close

Guard cataphractsCAVALRY


ArmouredLong Spear


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

CommageneArmy Commander Any 163 BCE to 72 CESub-Generals Any Plains, Mountains


Commagene

Troop NotesThe Commagene army appears to have been a mix of Hellenistic and Armenian fighting traditions. The phalanx sent to aid Titus at the siege of Jerusalem is the last recorded use of a Hellenistic pike phalanx.

Changes from last versionRestricted number of Cantabrian. Reclassified phalangites. Combat Shy option for horse archers.

Historical NotesThe Kingdom of Commagene was an Armenian kingdom located in and around the ancient city of Samosata, which served as its capital. In c. 163 BCE the local satrap, Ptolemaeus of Commagene, established himself as independent ruler following the death of the Seleucid king, Antiochus IV Epiphanes. The Kingdom of Commagene maintained its independence until 17 CE, when it was made a Roman province by Emperor Tiberius. It reemerged as an independent kingdom when Antiochus IV of Commagene was reinstated to the throne by order of Caligula, then deprived of it by that same emperor, then restored to it a couple of years later by his successor, Claudius. The reemergent state lasted until 72 CE, when the Emperor Vespasian finally and definitively made it part of the Roman Empire.


1 Dates1-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 0 4,6- 6


- 0 8- 32- 6 6,8,9- 18- 16 6,8- 32


- 0 6,8- 36



Skilled 0 6,9Bow 18




- Cantabrian

Horse archers Average Unprotected - - Combat ShySkirmisher

Mercenaries armed in the Roman fashion

INFANTRYAverage Protected Impact Weapon - -

Hillmen Average Protected Short Spear - -

City militia Poor


JavelinmenINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected -


SlingersINFANTRY


ArchersINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected -

CAVALRY



Skirmisher"Tarentine" light horse Average Protected -

INFANTRYFormed Close

CAVALRY

Protected Long Spear Shove Orb/Square

Tribal Loose

Formed CloseINFANTRY

- Orb/SquareDrilled Close

Cilician or mercenary thureophoroi

INFANTRYAverage Protected Long Spear Shove Orb/Square

Drilled Close

Settler phalangitesINFANTRY



Mercenary or settler cavalryCAVALRY


CompanionsCAVALRY


Lancer


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

Late SeleucidArmy Commander Any Professional 128 BCE to 56 BCESub-Generals Any Professional Coastal, Plains


Late Seleucid

The Seleucid army of this period was reliant on its core Syrian territories and mercenaries from adjacent areas including Cilicia and Judaea. The regular civil wars appear to have provided plenty of opportunities for mercenaries. The defeats suffered by the Hellenistic armies against the Romans in the 2nd century BCE appear to have influenced fighting styles with increasing numbers of units following the Roman style of fighting.

Changes from last versionReclassified phalangites. Added Shoot & Charge option. Combat Shy option for light horse.

Troop Notes

Historical NotesAfter the loss of Media and Babylon, the Seleucid kingdom collapsed into a series of civil wars over less and less territory. The populace became so desperate that in 93 BCE Tigranes was invited into Syria, the heart of the kingdom. Only a few cities remaining loyal to the Seleucid kings. The Romans annexed Syria as a province in Pompey's settlement of 63 BCE. The last king, Philip II, died sometime after 56 BCE.


1 Dates0-3 Terrain

CampMin



- 4,6- Up to half- 0 4,6- 6


- 0 6,8- 24- 0 8- 16- 0 8- 16- 0 6,8- 24- 0 6,8,9- 9- 0 6,8,9- 9- 0 6,8,9- 9



- -

Thracians Average Protected -Devastating

ChargersMelee Expert

Formed Loose



Phalanx (before 84 BCE) Average Protected Pike Combat Shy Orb/Square

Phalanx recruited from ex-slaves (from 89 to 85 BCE)

Average


ArchersINFANTRY



-Tribal Flexible

HillmenINFANTRY


Bastarnae footINFANTRY

Average Protected -

INFANTRY

GalatiansINFANTRY


Chargers-

Formed Close

Formed ClosePontic legionaries (from 87 BCE)

Average Protected Impact Weapon

INFANTRYFormed Close

INFANTRY

Protected Pike Combat Shy Orb/Square

Drilled Close

Drilled CloseINFANTRY

- -Formed Loose

Scythian cavalryCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - - -Formed Flexible

Sarmatian cavalryCAVALRY


Lancer


Upgrade Pontic cavalry to cataphracts

CAVALRYAverage



Chargers, Shove-

Tribal Close

Pontic cavalryCAVALRY



Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and

PonticArmy Commander Any Professional 110 BCE to 47 BCESub-Generals Any Professional Coastal, Mountains


PonticExperienced 6 4,6




Javelin 18- 0 2,3,4- 4

Notes

JavelinmenINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected - Combat Shy -

Scythed chariots Poor Protected - Expendables -

Pontus consisted of parts of northern Turkey east of the Halys river. Ruled by the Persian Mithridatic dynasty from the latter part of the 4th century BCE the kingdom progressively expanded. Under Mithridates VI control was extended over Galatia, Cappadocia and the Bosporan kingdom. In 89 BCE he defeated a Roman army and seized the Roman province of Asia, ordering the killing of 80,000 Romans and Italians. A Pontic army invaded Greece and was defeated by Sulla at the battle of Chaeronea. A second defeat was inflicted by the Romans at Orchomenus in 85 BCE. Mithridates agreed to a peace that included returning Asia to the Romans and giving back Bithynia and Cappadocia to their former kings.Further wars were fought with Rome. Between 74 BCE and 67 BCE Lucullus defeated Pontic and Armenian armies but had his command removed from him by Pompey. Pompey defeated Mithridates who fled to the Crimea. He was organising a new army when his son Pharnaces led a revolt against him and he was forced to commit suicide or was assasinated. Pontus became a Roman province with Bithynia.

If phalangites are used, only one TUG of Pontic legionaries is permitted.

Historical Notes

Armenian allies (from 92 BCE)

Allies

SkirmisherBATTLE CHARIOTS

Formed Loose


SlingersINFANTRY



Poor Unprotected -

Light horseCAVALRY



PonticTroop NotesPontus had originally been part of Cappadocia and gradually increased its independence. It had a relatively small native force and relied extensively on mercenaries, either recruited from the Pontic steppes to the north or from the Roman provinces it overran. Mithridates also received a contingent of Armenians when fighting Lucullus.Heavy cavalry: Recruited from the Pontic nobility.Sarmatian cavalry: Recruited from the steppes.Scythian cavalry: Recruited from the steppes.Thracians: Continued to be available as mercenaries.Galatians: Were employed as mercenaries. Bastarnae: Recruited from the steppes.Thureophoroi: Recruited as mercenaries from the Hellenistic influenced areas of Asia Minor.Phalanx: A phalanx was recruited when Mithridates invaded and conquered the Roman provinces of Asia and Greece. It was supplemented by a phalanx of ex-slaves.Imitation legionaries: After defeated in Greece, the army was reorganised and trained on Roman lines.

Changes from last versionReclassified phalangites. Added Shoot & Charge option. Combat Shy option for light horse. Updated territory types.


1 Dates1-3 Terrain

CampMin


- 4 4,6- 18- 0 4,6- 6

Unskilled 0 4,6

Javelin 6



- 0 4,6,8

- 18

Unskilled 0 6,8

Javelin 18


Experienced 4,6Bow Up to half


AlliesNomadic Arab allies - Pre-Islamic Arab

Cantabrian Combat ShySkirmisher



Upgrade horse archersCAVALRY


-Melee Expert,

Shoot & Charge, Orb/SquareDrilled Flexible



Roman auxiliaINFANTRY



Roman legionariesINFANTRY

Average Protected Impact Weapon Shield CoverMelee Expert, Orb/Square,

Integral ShootersDrilled Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY


-Melee Expert,

Shoot & Charge, DismountableDrilled Loose

Best archersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - - Combat ShyDrilled Loose

Roman cavalryCAVALRY



-Formed Close

Upgrade cataphractsCAVALRY


ArmouredLong Spear


-Formed Close

CataphractsCAVALRY

AverageArmHrs/Fully

ArmouredLong Spear

PalmyranArmy Commander Any 258 CE to 273 CESub-Generals Any Plains, DesertInternal Allied Generals Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

UG SizeTraining and


Palmyran

Palmyra became a wealthy city from trade caravans. By the third century CE, Palmyra was a prosperous regional center reaching the apex of its power in the 260s, when Palmyrene King Odaenathus defeated Persian Emperor Shapur I. The king was succeeded by regent Queen Zenobia, who rebelled against Rome and established the Palmyrene Empire which briefly encompassed the Roman provinces of Syria Palaestina, Arabia Petraea, Egypt and large parts of Asia Minor. In 273 CE, Roman emperor Aurelian destroyed the city.

Troop NotesPalmyran troops had been integrated with the Roman army in 224 CECataphracts: The Palmyrene cataphracts gave the Romans a hard time.Horse archers: Some horse archers were equipped with spears. This is similar to some Parthian horse archers who also used spears on occasion. It is not deemed sufficient to equip skirmishers with short spear.Archers: Both regular and levied units of archers were employed.

Changes from last versionReclassified Roman cavalry and iinfantry. Added option for elite cataphracts. Added Shoot & Charge option. Combat Shy option for light horse. Restricted number of Cantabrian. Updated territory types.

NotesFrom 268 CE, Roman foot cannot be mixed in the same command as non-Romans.Roman cavalry dismount as Average, Drilled Loose, Unskilled Javelin, Short Spear (and Melee Expert if this characteristic has been chosen).

Historical Notes


mortem et gloriam army lists - syria and asia minor...lucius licinius murena was left in charge of...

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