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CHAPTER 6

Launching the New Nation

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CHAPTER 6

Section 1 – Washington Heads the

New Government

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Washington at the Helm Washington at the Helm George Washington,

commanding general of Continental Army during Revolution, unanimous choice to be the first president

Constitution provided strong foundation, but lacked details

Washington and his admin. would have to figure out a lot on their own

Needed to figure how to…1. Raise $ and manage economy2. Provide for defense3. Set up a court system

Set many important precedentshttp://davecrone.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/gw-no-smiles.jpghttp://davecrone.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/gw-no-smiles.jpg

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Washington’s Cabinet Washington’s Cabinet

In 1789 Congress created the first four executive departments

The heads of each of these departments made up the first cabinet – a group of advisors to the president

Secretary of StateThomas Jefferson

Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton

Secretary of War Henry Knox

Attorney GeneralEdmund Randolph

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Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton

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Creating the Courts Creating the Courts Constitution said little

about the structure of the judicial branch

Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 to establish structure of the courts

Established three levels of the Federal Judiciary- Supreme Court- Federal Courts of Appeals- Federal District Court

Supreme Court included 6 justices including a Chief Justice (today it is 9 justices)

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John Jay John Jay 11stst Chief Justice of Supreme Chief Justice of Supreme

CourtCourt

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Hamilton’s Economic Plan Hamilton’s Economic Plan

U.S. incurred millions of $ of debt from Revolution – some to other countries, some to U.S. citizens (bonds)

Hamilton’s Plan Calls For... 1. Fed. government to assume

individual state debts2. Bonds to be repaid in full by

National government3. National Bank

Many in South opposed plan – felt it favored the North

Northern and southern states strike a deal – Hamilton’s plan passes and capital moves to Washington D.C.

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Hamilton’s Economic Plan Hamilton’s Economic Plan Debate over Hamilton’s plan led

to rift in Washington’s cabinet, formation of first political parties

Hamilton and supporters of plan become Federalists, Jefferson and opponents of plan become Democratic-Republicans

Biggest divide over National Bank proposal

Federalists believe Elastic Clause (Art. I Sec. 8) gives Congress power to create bank – “loose” interpretation of Constitution

Dem-Rep oppose bank, believe in “strict” interpretation

http://lehrman.isi.org/media/images/cache/Thomas_Jefferson_Secretary_of_State_

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The Whiskey Rebellion The Whiskey Rebellion In 1791 Hamilton’s

proposed tax on the manufacture of American whiskey passed in Congress

Western farmers were outraged by the tax, and in 1794 the Whiskey Rebellion took place in western Pennsylvania

Washington sent in 13,000 troops to stop the rebellion

Demonstrates the ability of the new government to enforce federal law http://www.gallon.com/prodimages/gl-gl-115.jpghttp://www.gallon.com/prodimages/gl-gl-115.jpg

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Federalists Republicans Federalists Republicans

Believed in strong central government

Economy based on business/industry

Loose interpretation of Constitution

Led by Hamilton, John Adams

Most from Northeast Bankers, artisans,

merchants Supported English

Believed in states’ rights Economy based on

farming – agrarianism Strict interpretation of

Constitution Led by Jefferson,

Madison Most from South and

West Farmers Support French

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Hamiltonian vs. Jeffersonian

Trinity Church Trinity Church New York, NYNew York, NY

Monticello Monticello Charlottesville, VACharlottesville, VA

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CHAPTER 6

Section 2

Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation

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Washington’s Foreign PolicyWashington’s Foreign Policy

French Revolution begins in 1789

Radicals gain control, Britain and France go to war again in 1792

Washington issues proclamation of neutrality

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Jay’s Treaty Jay’s Treaty Britain began seizing

American ships, inciting Native Americans

Washington sends John Jay to Britain in attempt to avoid war

Britain drives hard bargain – Jay’s Treaty bad for US

Republicans unhappy with treaty, but Washington ratifies

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Conflict with Native Americans Conflict with Native Americans Indian Confederacy

forms in Northwest Territory led by Chief Little Turtle

Washington sends Gen. “Mad Anthony” Wayne to put down resistance

Wayne defeats Native Americans at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in southern Ohio

Ended resistance in Northwest Territory

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Election of 1796Election of 1796 After 2 terms,

Washington decides step down and retire

In his famous Farewell Address to the American people, he warns against sectionalism, political parties, and foreign alliances

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Election of 1796 Election of 1796

First openly contested election in U.S.

Federalists nominate John Adams, Republicans nominate Thomas Jefferson

Adams wins 71-68 in electoral college

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The Quasi-War With France The Quasi-War With France

Enraged by Jay Treaty, French start seizing American ships

Adams sends Charles Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry, and John Marshall to France to improve relations

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The Quasi-War With France The Quasi-War With France In the XYZ Affair, the

French foreign minister refused to talk to Americans, has agents ask for bribe and $12 million loan

France and U.S. fight Quasi-War, undeclared war at sea from 1798-1800

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The Alien and Sedition ActsThe Alien and Sedition Acts Passed by Federalists at

the height of anger towards France

Three laws aimed at aliens – prevented immigrants from voting (most voted Republican)

Fourth law deprived citizens of right to criticize public officials; several Republicans arrested

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The Alien and Sedition ActsThe Alien and Sedition Acts Republicans respond to

acts with Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, secretly written by Madison and Jefferson

Kentucky Resolutions introduced idea of nullification, when states declare a federal law invalid because they believe it is unconstitutional

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CHAPTER 6

Section 3

Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course

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Election of 1800Election of 1800 Adams vs. Jefferson Constitutional flaw was

exposed – Jefferson tied with running-mate Aaron Burr

Election thrown into Federalist-controlled House of Reps

Burr tries to steal election and the runoff in House ends in a tie

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Election of 1800Election of 1800

Jefferson strikes deal with Federalists to keep Hamilton’s financial system in place

Jefferson wins by one vote after several ballots are cast

Peaceful transition – Jefferson later called Revolution of 1800

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Thomas Jefferson Takes OfficeThomas Jefferson Takes Office Believed in small

government – cut government spending and began to pay off national debt

Eliminated whiskey tax Reduced size of army

and navy Congress repealed

Alien and Sedition Acts

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The Rise of the Supreme Court The Rise of the Supreme Court Before Jefferson took

office, Federalists passed Judiciary Act of 1801

Created 16 new federal judges, Adams appoints Federalists known as “midnight judges”

Republicans repeal act early in 1802, doing away with midnight judges

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Impeaching Judges Impeaching Judges Republicans then tried

to remove other Federalist judges through impeachment

In 1804 the House impeached Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase

Senate did not remove him – he was not guilty of “high crimes or misdemeanors”

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Marbury vs. Madison Marbury vs. Madison Adams appointed

Federalist John Marshall chief justice of Supreme Court

In 1803, Marshall and the Supreme Court established precedent of judicial review – the power to decide whether laws passed by Congress were constitutional

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The Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase In 1800, France regains

Louisiana from Spain in secret deal

Worried about control of Mississippi River, Jefferson sends delegation to Paris

Napoleon needs money to fight war in Europe

France sells Louisiana to U.S. for bargain price of $15 million

More than doubled size of U.S.

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Lewis and Clark Expedition Lewis and Clark Expedition Jefferson sends

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore Louisiana Territory

Found path through Rocky Mts, reached Pacific Ocean

Along the way they met Sacagawea, a Native American woman who served as a guide

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WARM-UP REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Identify the nation’s first two political parties and describe at least two differences in the basic beliefs of the parties

2. Identify 2 of the 3 parts of Hamilton’s economic plan. Describe the compromise that led to the passage of Hamilton’s economic plan.

3. What country did the United States fight a “Quasi War” with in 1798? Why did the two countries have this Quasi War?

4. Why was the Election of 1800 so wacky? 5. Describe the two important events that both

happened in 1803?

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CHAPTER 6

Section 4 – The War of 1812

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Rising Tensions With Britain After fragile peace fell apart,

Britain and France go back to war in 1803

Britain began to use impressment, kidnapping Americans off of merchant ships and forcing them to serve in the British Navy

In June 1807, a British warship opened fire on the American warship The Chesapeake

Jefferson tries an embargo but it does not work – repealed in 1809

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The Road to War James Madison elected

president in 1808 Like Jefferson, Madison

tried economic pressure to get France and England to stop interfering with American ships

The Non-Intercourse Act and Macon’s Bill #2 both failed to convince Britain or France to respect American shipping rights

Finally in 1810, France agreed to stop restricting American trade

James Madison

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The Road to War War Hawks – group of

young Republicans from the South and West who are pushing for war with Britain

The northeast is against a war – hurts trade

In June 1812, Madison asked Congress for a Declaration of War

Congress voted to declare war; 79-49 in the House and 19-13 in the Senate Henry Clay

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Causes of the War of 1812 Impressment of

American sailors Western settlers blamed

British for problems with Native Americans

Southern farmers were losing money because of British trade restrictions

Lack of communication between Britain and U.S.

France tried to lead U.S. and Britain into war

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Problems of the War of 1812 U.S. was not ready to

fight War of 1812 – only 7,000 troops and 16 ships

Americans deeply divided – New England called it “Mr. Madison’s War”

U.S. financial problems – National Bank charter had expired

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The War of 1812 U.S. decided to invade

Canada in 1812 – huge mistake

U.S. had some success on Lake Erie in 1813

In 1814, Britain’s war with France ended and the British shifted extra troops to America

With U.S. focused on Canada, Britain invaded via the Chesapeake Bay and burnt Washington to the ground in Aug 1814

U.S.S. Constitution

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The Star Spangled Banner After attacking

Washington D.C., the British attacked Baltimore

U.S. prepared to defend Baltimore

After the British bombarded Fort McHenry all night long on Sep. 13th, Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner the next morning

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The War of 1812 Support for the war declined,

especially among New England Federalists

At the Hartford Convention in December 1814, High Federalists urged New England to secede from the Union

A month later the U.S. gets a decisive victory at the Battle of New Orleans – General Andrew Jackson becomes a war hero

The Hartford Convention all but ended the Federalist Party

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The War of 1812 Ends Britain and the U.S.

signed the Treaty of Ghent on December 2, 1814

Treaty was actually signed before the Battle of New Orleans

Treaty said nothing about impressment and no territory changed hands

War of 1812 increased the nation’s prestige overseas, as well as unity and patriotism