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MRN412 - Research Project (2018)

Project List22 November 2017

5Dr M Mehrabi

. . . . . . . . 5Design and manufacture of inserted and reversible fluidic connectors for lab-on-a-chip devices

. . . . . . . 7Design and manufacture of contact-based and reversible interconnects for lab-on-a-chip devices

9Mr BD Bock

. . . . . . . 9Development of OpenSource DAQ for measurement purposes – polymeric heat sink testing rig

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Development of OpenSource DAQ for control purposes – Thermal Bath

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Development of low cost open source control valve and flow meter characterisation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Influence of surface material on flat plate boiling heat transfer

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Prototype Falling Film Distributor

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Development of 3D printed Polymeric Heat Sinks

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Hydrocyclonic fly ash separation – optimum fly ash concentration and flow rate

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Hydrocyclones - Performance comparison of Bradley and Rietma hydrocyclones

22Mr J Huyssen

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Development of a Propulsion System integrated into a Wing

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Development of a combustion chamber for periodic continuous combustion

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Fuselage Stability and Lift Investigation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Free-flight models for flight mechanic evaluations

26Dr N Wilke

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26An Investigation on the Generation of a Stable Arch in Granular Materials

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Investigation into the prediction of ball mill lifter heights using statistical learning

. . . . . 29Investigation into the rotating cylinder as a characterization experiment for cohesive DEM models

30Prof NJ Theron

. . . . . . . . . . 30Active structural control: creating a pole placement demonstrator (non-modal approach)

. . . . . . . . . . . 31Converting the existing water level control system into a pole placement demonstrator

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Study in dynamic structural response to base excitation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Study in elasticity modelling in multi-body dynamics

34Ms L Smith

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Launch catapult design and testing for the AREND UAV

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Landing systems design improvement and tests for the AREND UAV

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Aerodynamic investigation of the AREND UAV to ensure fuselage ventilation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Redesign and test an Electric small UAV to have hybrid-electric properties

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Design, build and test force measurement device using a low speed airfoil

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Redesign of a medium range UAVs wing for improved aerodynamic performance

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Redesign of a medium range UAVs wing for a hybrid-electric system

41Prof JFM Slabber

42Dr M Sharifpur

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Project to be defined at a later stage, please consult lecturer for further details.

43Mr S Roux

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Uncertainty Analysis of an Arduino Measurement Platform

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Constant Temperature Heat Transfer Surface Controller

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Design and Testing of a Solar Tracker

46Mr L Page

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Natural Convection for Parallel Heated Plates

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Helical Baffles for a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Wing with Boundary Layer Suction

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Topology Optimization

50Prof JP Meyer

51Mr RF Meeser

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Wheelchair component fatigue failure analysis and improvement

. . . . . 52Design, building, testing and characterisation of a lightweight two-plane electromagnetic actuator

. . . . . . . . 53Research internal combustion efficiency curves to find the best operating point of the engine

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Model rocket stabiliser

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55AREND VTOL

56Dr G Mahmood

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Flow visualization of film-cooling flow in wall bounded flow.

. . . . . . . . . . . . 57Convection heat transfer and pressure distributions on a grooved pin-fin and endwall

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Convection heat transfer from a target surface with a battery of synthetic jets

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Lift and drag control on rotating cylinders in cross-flow employing grooves.

60Prof S Kok

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Stress-strain curve of cold-drawn wire

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Springback after plastic deformation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Use of finite element software to design snap though structures

63Dr CJ Kat

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Ride comfort evaluation of a vehicle

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Ride optimisation of bicycle

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Sensitivity analysis of ride comfort evaluations

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Lumbar spine model for vehicle ride studies

67Dr H Inglis

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Effect of additives on the mechanical properties of polymer-clay nanocomposites

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Microscopy to investigate properties of polymer-clay nanocomposites

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Using Calculix to model plastic collapse in structural members containing defects

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Modeling particulate composites using Finite Element Analysis

. . . 73Development of finite element models and experiments to illustrate principles in Structural Mechanic

74Prof PS Heyns

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Dynamic characterization of rubber mounts

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Dynamic investigations of vibratory screens

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Accurate measurement of torsional vibration on rotating machinery

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Develop a set-up for bearing durability testing

80Prof PS Els

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801) Baja ride comfort

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Baja brakes

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Baja handling

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Baja mass and mass moments of inertia

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Baja Adams model

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Baja CVT tuning

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Baja drivetrain efficiency

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Baja steering robot

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Baja pedal robot

89Dr J Dirker

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Phase change material thermodynamic property determination

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Renewable energy flow system stability using thermal storage

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Rib heat transfer enhancement in water systems using liquid crystal thermography

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Natural renewable cooling using phase change material

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Parabolic through solar collector adaption for water heating

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Impact of air infiltration on the performance of a commercial cooling system

98Prof KJ Craig

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Development of point-focus receiver for parabolic dish (7 students)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Shape optimization of solar reflector using adjoint method (3 students)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Optimization of Tesla patent for non-return valve conduit (3 students)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Energy efficient HVAC using clay pottery evaporation (3 students)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Natural convection passive cooling (3 students)

103Ms B Huyssen

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Research the efficiency gains in pressure adaptive aircraft control surfaces.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Wing Twist Evaluations

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Wing Dihedral Effect Evaluations

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Investigation of turbine blade impact with and penetration of shroud

108Mr H Hamersma

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Rubber friction testing

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Terramechanics modelling and validation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Baja tyre test trailer

111Dr W LeRoux

. . . . . . . . . 111Testing and development of a dish-mounted solar still for water desalination/purification

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112High-temperature solar receiver testing

. . . . . . . 113Testing and development of a dish-mounted solar still for alcohol distillation/fuel production

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Decreasing the optical error of a small-scale solar dish

115Dr LJ duPlessis

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Simulate and test an optimizable 5-axis machine tool

116Dr M MoghimiArdekani

. . . . 116Design and optimization of cooling channels of hybrid photovoltaic/thermal solar collectors (PV/T)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Design of solar water pump and Improvement of its efficiency

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118Design and construction of solar water distiller

. . . . . . . . 119Design and Optimization of Dust Barrier to minimize collector mirror soiling in PTC plants

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Design and construction of solar air heater

121Mr T Botha

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Robot arm kinematic control

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Low cost RPI Telemetry development

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Development of low cost MEMS accelerometer/gyroscopes

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Linearisation of Infra Red displacement sensor

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125PIC speed sensor development and testing

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Develop low cost LIDAR system

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Low cost DGPS system evaluation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Single point laser displacement sensor

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Dr M Mehrabi

Design and manufacture of inserted and reversible fluidic connectors forlab-on-a-chip devices

Lecturer, Dr M MehrabiMax students, 10

Project Description

1. BackgroundBesides a high-quality sealing, an equally important factor for a functional lab-on-a-chip device is a reliable fluidic interfacebetween the chip and the peripherals (e.g. external pumps, valves, tubings, etc). These fluidic interfaces are commonly called‘‘fluidic interconnect’’, ‘‘world-to-chip’’ or ‘‘macro-to-micro’’ interfaces and we here use these terms interchangeably.Although the importance of fluidic interconnects is sometimes neglected in the microfluidics community, they are typically theleast reliable components of a lab-on-a-chip device and often limit the overall performance of these devices. The back-endprocesses required for integrating fluidic connections significantly contribute to the cost of the device.

2. Problem statementThere are a few standards for fluidic interfacing, such as Luer Lock and Luer Cone, but these are suitable for a small number ofapplications and not readily compatible with most of the fabrication techniques. A universally-accepted fluidic connection doesnot exist, but the community working on microfluidics has developed a wide variety of techniques specific to the targetapplication.Ideally, a fluidic interconnect should (1) have minimal dead volume, (2) avoid cross-contamination of samples, (3) be easy toplug, (4) be removable and reusable, (5) be reliable at high pressures, (6) be small enough to allow high-density connections, (7)be made using simple and low-cost techniques, (8) be chemically inert, and (9) be compatible with commercial tubings andfittings. There are various world-to-chip interfaces having some of these features and they can be categorized based on theplugging orientation, the material of the microfluidic device, pressure capability, and the maximum number of connections thatcan be achieved simultaneously. Reversible insertion, reversible and permanent fluidic connections are three different categoriesof interconnects that are important in any microfluidic design. In this project, our focus will be on inserted, adhesive-free andreversible fluidic connectors.

3. Theoretical objectivesBased on the new inspiration of seeing a lab-on-a-chip device in microfluidics as an electronic device and try to designeverything as an electronic component, it is necessary to look for microfluidic connections that are mimicking conventionalelectronic connectors. The connections that are mimicking conventional electronic connectors are user-friendly and affordableconnections. Adding zero leakage and easy fabrication process to them will make them the best options for any microfluidicconnections. One of the most straightforward fluidic interfacing techniques is based on the insertion of a tubing to a receivingopening that is defined on the cover layer or on the substrate of a microfluidic device. Early examples of such microfluidicinterconnects were compatible with chips based on glass and silicon. Fluidic connections for insertion are typically pluggedmanually to the ports, the locations of which vary from design to design.

4. Experimental objectivesStudents will manufacture their designed connectors for a lab-on-a-chip device.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsManufactured microfluidic connectors will be examined to make sure that they are leakage free and their pressure performancewill be compared with other connectors have been introduced in the literature.

Category

Mechanical

Group

Thermofluids Research Group

External Supervisor

N/A

External Supervisor Location

of 128

N/A

External Organisation

N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500

Experimental Requirements

List Any Specific Experimental Requirements e.g. specific lab equipment, services or space/location requirements

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Design and manufacture of contact-based and reversible interconnects forlab-on-a-chip devices

Lecturer, Dr M MehrabiMax students, 9

Project Description

1. BackgroundBesides a high-quality sealing, an equally important factor for a functional lab-on-a-chip device is a reliable fluidic interfacebetween the chip and the peripherals (e.g. external pumps, valves, tubings, etc). These fluidic interfaces are commonly called‘‘fluidic interconnect’’, ‘‘world-to-chip’’ or ‘‘macro-to-micro’’ interfaces and we here use these terms interchangeably.Although the importance of fluidic interconnects is sometimes neglected in the microfluidics community, they are typically theleast reliable components of a lab-on-a-chip device and often limit the overall performance of these devices. The back-endprocesses required for integrating fluidic connections significantly contribute to the cost of the device.

2. Problem statementThere are a few standards for fluidic interfacing, such as Luer Lock and Luer Cone, but these are suitable for a small number ofapplications and not readily compatible with most of the fabrication techniques. A universally-accepted fluidic connection doesnot exist, but the community working on microfluidics has developed a wide variety of techniques specific to the targetapplication.Ideally, a fluidic interconnect should (1) have minimal dead volume, (2) avoid cross-contamination of samples, (3) be easy toplug, (4) be removable and reusable, (5) be reliable at high pressures, (6) be small enough to allow high-density connections, (7)be made using simple and low-cost techniques, (8) be chemically inert, and (9) be compatible with commercial tubings andfittings. There are various world-to-chip interfaces having some of these features and they can be categorized based on theplugging orientation, the material of the microfluidic device, pressure capability, and the maximum number of connections thatcan be achieved simultaneously. Reversible insertion, reversible and permanent fluidic connections are three different categoriesof interconnects that are important in any microfluidic design. In this project, our focus will be on contact-based and reversibleinterconnects fluidic connectors.

3. Theoretical objectivesInsertion-based reversible interconnects allow for easy and fast interfacing to lab-on-a-chip devices because they do not requirecustom-designed fixtures or frames for applying a significant compression force to ensure leak-free connections. However, theseconnections are typically not reliable at high pressures and not compatible with simultaneous plugging of high-densityconnections. Instead, contact-based connections have been developed, particularly to be used in automated tools with highdensity I/O ports. This type of world-to-chip interfaces comprises a soft intermediate element, such as an O-ring, a PDMS(Polydimethylsiloxane) gasket, or a silicone tubing, and a fixing mechanism to compress the tubings against a flat area of themicrofluidic chip.

4. Experimental objectivesStudents will manufacture their designed connectors for a lab-on-a-chip device.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsManufactured microfluidic connectors will be examined to make sure that they are leakage free and their pressure performancewill be compared with other connectors have been introduced in the literature.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


of 128

N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



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Mr BD Bock

Development of OpenSource DAQ for measurement purposes – polymeric heat sinktesting rig

Lecturer, Mr BD BockMax students, 2

Project Description

1. Background

Data acquisition and control (DAQ) is a ubiquitous task in modern industry and research. Research and Development (R) inparticular requires accuracies that are often above industry standards while at the same time require easy customization asexperiments are constantly changed. Furthermore the equipment and programming interface should have a low barrier to entryas many researchers have minimal electronic or coding backgrounds.

Unfortunately most commercial DAQ units, such as National Instruments or LabJack, are prohibitively expensive, especially sofor smaller projects.

A project is underway at University of Pretoria to develop an OpenSourceDAQ to provide a suitable replacement for thesecommercial units.

The OpenSource DAQ is based on the Arduino line of microcontrollers and isinterfaced with Node-Red, an open source graphical programming language, on a laptop or PC to capture the information anddisplay it in real time. Node-RED’s graphical programming interface and easy dashboard creation offers a number of noveladvantages over other competing approaches.

This project will seek to expand on the effort already invested in this initiative - (Seesites.google.com/view/opensourcehardwaresouthafrica for more info).

In this particular case, a heat sink testing station will be developed to showcase the low cost DAQ's capabilities in automatedtesting and data measurement.

[Note: Students who choose this topic will have to learn some basic JavaScript coding to communicate with the Arduino UnoBoard using Node-RED. While no previous experience is required, it is recommended that students are comfortable withprogramming]

2. Problem statement

The development of a low cost DAQ system for the testing of metal and polymeric heat sinks.

3. Theoretical objectives

Model the heat loss of a heat sink can provide under various air flow rates.Determine the measurement uncertainty of the rigBenchmark and compare the device’s performance to other commercial options

4. Experimental objectives

Build the compact DAQ based on the Arduino Uno and Screw Shield with 3D printed caseBuild a simple convective heat sink experiment consisting of a heat sink cooled by a PC fan and heated by a heating pad.Build a simple polymeric heat sink and compare its performance to a metal heat sink[The experiment must be automated with data logging capabilities.]

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Compare the measured heat transfer rates to the predicted rates.

Category

Mechanical

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Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Lab space

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Development of OpenSource DAQ for control purposes – Thermal BathLecturer, Mr BD Bock

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. Background

Data acquisition and control (DAQ) is a ubiquitous task in modern industry and research. Research and Development (R) inparticular requires accuracies that are often above industry standards while at the same time being easy customizable asexperiments are constantly changed. Furthermore the equipment and programming interface should have a low barrier to entryas many researchers have minimal electronic or coding backgrounds.

Unfortunately most commercial DAQ units, such as National Instruments or LabJack, are prohibitively expensive, and oftenunnecessarily so for smaller projects.

A project is underway at University of Pretoria to develop an OpenSourceDAQ to provide a suitable replacement for thesecommercial units.

The OpenSource DAQ is based on the Arduino line of microcontrollers and isinterfaced with Node-Red, an open source graphical programming language, on a laptop or PC to capture the information anddisplay it in real time. Node-RED’s graphical programming interface and easy dashboard creation offers a number of noveladvantages over other competing approaches.

This project will seek to expand on the effort already invested into this initiative - (Seesites.google.com/view/opensourcehardwaresouthafrica for more info).

In this particular case, a thermal bath will be developed with both heating and cooling capabilities to demonstrate theOpenSource DAQs capabilities in the field of control.

[Note: Students who choose this topic will have to learn some basic JavaScript coding to communicate with the Arduino UnoBoard using Node-RED. While no previous experience is required, it is recommended that students are comfortable withprogramming]


The development of a low cost DAQ system for the control of a Thermal Bath


Model the heating through electrical element, cooling through tube-in-tube heat exchanger and heat loss to the atmosphereDetermine the measurement uncertainty of the rigBenchmark and compare the device’s performance to other commercial options


Build the compact DAQ based on the Arduino Uno and Screw Shield with 3D printed caseBuild a simple thermal bath that can both heat and cool a body of water. The heating will be electrical, the cooling will bethrough the controlled use of the Heat Transfer Labs cooling water supply and an already available heat exchanger.[The experiment must be automated with data logging capabilities.]


Compare the measured heat transfer rates to the predicted rates.

Category

Mechanical

Group


of 128

External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Lab space

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Development of low cost open source control valve and flow meter characterisationLecturer, Mr BD Bock

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. Background

A number of solid-liquid separation rigs in the Department still make use of manual flow measurement (i.e. they use a bucketand stop watch), while flow control is still often achieved with the manual adjustment of hand valves.

While commercial electronic flow meters and control valves do exist, they are prohibitively expensive.

This project aims to leverage the OpenSource, DIY and 3D printing community together with online resources to develop lowcost alternatives for these two technologies.

For flow measurement, low cost turbine flow meters are widely available and easily interfaced with Arduino technology.However their actual accuracy has not been investigated.

Similarity, low cost valves, such as PVC garden ball valves, are widely available. However control units for these valves are notavailable.


Develop a low cost control unit consisting of a flow meter and control valve.


Determine the uncertainties of a low cost turbine flow meter and high accuracy flow meter (available in the lab)Predict the control capabilities of the open source control valve developed


Perform flow measurements using both a low cost turbine flow meter and high accuracy flow meterBuild a low cost open source control valve and test its ability to control water flow


Compare the experimental results to the predicted results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500

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Lab space

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Influence of surface material on flat plate boiling heat transferLecturer, Mr BD Bock

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. Background

Boiling heat transfer is a fundamental industrial phenomenon that is an ever present topic of research and development. At UPwe are involved in the investigation of boiling in a number of contexts, such as boiling on tubes, insides tubes and on flat plates,all with a variety of fluids as well as enhanced surfaces.

The boiling heat transfer coefficient is influenced by a number of factors, with surface roughness, surface material and surfaceenhancements all playing a role.


The influence of surface material on boiling heat transfer needs to be characterized.


Model the expected boiling heat transfer achieved.


Upgrade the existing flat plate boiling rig so that plates of various materials can easily be inserted and swopped, and thensubsequently safely testedTest the influence of differing materials on the boiling heat transfer coefficient of water at atmospheric pressure


Compare the theoretical model to the measured performance as well as literature standards.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Thermocouples, DAQ, Lab space

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Prototype Falling Film DistributorLecturer, Mr BD Bock

Max students, 3

Project Description

1. Background

Falling Film evaporators are a type of shell and tube heat exchanger where liquid is spread evenly along the outside of heatedtubes so that it can boil easily.

At the Clean Energy Research Group we are conducting experimental research into horizontal falling film evaporators for therefrigeration industry to better understand their advantages and disadvantages.

Our current experimental rig has a simple liquid distributor that evenly spreads the liquid over the length of a tube. It does thispumping refrigerant into a box with a long slit at the bottom that allows the refrigerant to pour out along the length of a tube.

However it has shown to have a few shortcomings while also being significantly different to the commercial units available,which often make use of shower head type attachments to spray liquid across the length of tubes.

This project aims to design and test a number of prototype distributors that can improve on the current design, making use ofwater as a simple test fluid.


Develop an improved liquid distribution system


Model the pressure drops that each design will produceQuantify the effectiveness of the liquid distributors


Assemble a small test rig to approximate a horizontal tube bankDesign and build a number of improved liquid distributorsTest the liquid distributors to determine their effectiveness


Compare experimental to theoretical results.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

of 128

500


Lab space

of 128

Development of 3D printed Polymeric Heat SinksLecturer, Mr BD Bock

Max students, 3

Project Description

1. Background

Heatsinks are mass produced products used to shed heat into the surrounding atmosphere. They have traditionally been madefrom metals dues to their high thermal conductivity, with aluminium a common choice.

An opportunity exists to rather manufacture these heatsinks from polymeric material so as to lower their cost. The low thermalconductivity of polymers is a challenge however, as this reduces the heat sinks effectiveness greatly.

An advantage of polymers however is that they can be manufactured to have more complicated designs than their metalliccompatriots. These advanced designs may allow for the polymeric heat sink to overcome its inherent low thermal conductivityand compete with metallic heat sinks

3D printing presents the opportunity to design and manufacture a number of heat sinks with enhanced shapes at low cost to testthis theory.


Compare the performance of a number of 3D printed polymeric heat sinks to that of a traditional metallic heat sinks


Model the expected thermal performance of the various heat sinks designed


Build a simple test stand to heat polymeric and metal heatsinks and measure the resulting thermal performance

Design and 3D print polymeric heat sinks with enhanced designs and compare their performance to a metal heatsink


Compare the theoretical model to the measured performance as well as literature standards.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500

Experimental Requirements of 128

Thermocouples, DAQ, Lab space

of 128

Hydrocyclonic fly ash separation – optimum fly ash concentration and flow rateLecturer, Mr BD Bock

Max students, 3

Project Description

1. Background

Fly ash is produced in boilers from the combustion of the coal. This fly ash is mixed with water to form a slurry and transportedfrom the boiler plant to ash processing plants where the ash is separated again from the water and then dumped on ash heaps.

Hydrocyclones can be used as a separation tool. However work still needs to be done to understand the optimum fly ashconcentration and flow rates that should be used to gain the optimum separation performance while allowing for the maximumvolume of fly ash to be transported.


The optimization of ash concentration and flow rate for hydrocyclonic separation


Model a hydrocyclone and the influence of ash content on its performance in dewatering an ash slurry


Build a hydrocycloneUsing the Ash Separation Rig, conduct tests to determine the optimum flow rates and ash concentrations for fly ash separationusing your newly built hydrocylone


Compare experimental to theoretical results.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Hydrocyclones - Performance comparison of Bradley and Rietma hydrocyclonesLecturer, Mr BD Bock

Max students, 3

Project Description

1. Background

A number of industries, irrigation for example, require solid particle removal from water streams to prevent clogging ofdownstream devices. Cyclonic separators are a common choice due to their low maintenance and easy use.

However a number of variants of hydrocyclones exist, with the more common designs consisting of the “Bradley” and “Rietma”hydrocyclone. These designs determine the dimensions to which the hydrocyclone must be built.

The performance of these differing hydrocyclone designs has not been tested at UP before.


Compare the performance of two differing Hydrocyclone designs.


Empirically model the various separation devices and predict their performanceCompare the various modelling approaches and determine the best


Build hydrocyclones of differing designsMake use of the hydrocyclone testing facility to compare the performance of the differing designs across a number of flow ratesand particle sizes.


Compare the theoretical predictions against the experimental results.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Lab space

of 128

Mr J Huyssen

Development of a Propulsion System integrated into a WingLecturer, Mr J Huyssen

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundAny aircraft propulsion system has to provide the thrust to overcome drag. Therefore, any power system which actively reducesdrag would be a part of a propulsion system. With electric power systems becoming useful in full-scale aviation the opportunityemerges to provide small distributed electric power units along the entire wing.In the sport of gliding there exists a class of propulsion systems called ‘sustainers’. These are only used to extend the range of asailplane if necessary. When not in use, the propulsion system is aerodynamically hidden away to avoid any additional drag.Boundary layer suction and blowing can be used to change the airfoil performance.

2. Problem statementA system is needed by which electric or pneumatic power can be used to pump air from a boundary layer ingestion slot to a trustslot or a blowing slot on a flap. An arrangement should be proposed for the integration of such a system inside an airfoil alongthe span of a wing.

3. Theoretical objectivesDevelop a theoretical prediction of the drag reduction potential, the power requirement and the thrust which such a system couldprovide.

4. Experimental objectivesConstruct an experimental setup by which lift, drag and thrust measurements can be done on the proposed airfoil in a windtunnel.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the unpowered lift and drag to the lift and drag with boundary layer suction and the measured thrust and power againstthe prediction.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


A blower unit, a drag / thrust wind tunnel balance, wind tunnel airfoil, flow meters, wind tunnel.

of 128

Development of a combustion chamber for periodic continuous combustionLecturer, Mr J Huyssen

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundCombustion of fuel is done in repeated cycles in the reciprocating combustion engine or on a continuous basis in the continuouscycle engine like the gas turbine. There are applications in which periodic continuous combustion is required to maintain adesired operating pressure and temperature in an open thermodynamic cycle.

2. Problem statementDevelop a system of air feeding, fuel injection and ignition, and flame holding inside a high pressure combustion chamber.

3. Theoretical objectivesUnderstand the principle of combustion to predict the temperature and pressure change in a combustion chamber as a result offuel burning. Develop a theoretical model to predict the feed rates of fuel and air to provide a desired flow delivery at a desiredoperational temperature and pressure.

4. Experimental objectivesConstruct an experimental setup by which regulated feed air from a high pressure reservoir can be delivered into a combustionchamber for reheating. Fuel needs to be injected into the combustion chamber where it needs to ignite to maintain combustion aslong as fuel is being injected. Monitor the pressure and temperature in the chamber as it delivers flow to an external load.Monitor also the power of the external load and temperature and pressure of the supply reservoir.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the measured endurance of the unfueled system to that of the fueled system and compare the measured changes to thetheoretical predictions.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Combustion chamber, temperature and pressure transducers, flow meter, a pneumatic load, high pressure cylinders, pressureregulators, fuel pump, fuel injector, igniter, valves and fittings.

of 128

Fuselage Stability and Lift InvestigationLecturer, Mr J Huyssen

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundAny aircraft requires a fuselage for its payload. Such a body should be shaped in favor of minimum drag and structural weight.The typical aircraft fuselage is long and slender to hold an empennage and is therefore not ideal in terms of drag and weight. Itis possible to design an aircraft without an empennage. It would then help if the fuselage is aerodynamically stable about thepitch axis and if it would contribute to the generation of lift. This can be achieved by giving the fuselage a trailing edge.

2. Problem statementDevelop a fuselage of low fineness ratio with an adjustable trailing edge which would offer fuselage stability and lift.

3. Theoretical objectivesDerive a fuselage shape of low drag for a given flow regime. Develop a theoretical prediction by means of CFD of the stabilityresulting from the trailing edge.

4. Experimental objectivesBuild a model of which the aft-body with its trailing edge can be modified to do stability and lift investigations. Find the centreof pressure and the neutral point for various trailing edge layouts and angles of attack.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the predicted position of the centre of pressure and the neutral point with the experimental observations.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Adjustable fuselage model, a dynamic pitch mounting rig for a vehicle or a wind tunnel, lift measurement load cell, camera.

of 128

Free-flight models for flight mechanic evaluationsLecturer, Mr J Huyssen

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundThis project relates to the research on aircraft configurations. Much insight can be gained from flight mechanic investigationsusing easily producible and adjustable free-flight models. Even some performance comparisons of different aircraftconfigurations can be made if scales are kept the same.

2. Problem statementDevelop a method of construction of small free-flight glider models which will produce a robust adjustable experimental toolwhich would be easy to produce and to repair.

3. Theoretical objectivesDerive the expected flight mechanic properties to determine a suitable model sizes. Derive a comparative model of the standardbaseline configuration.

4. Experimental objectivesBuild a set of models and a means of repeatable launching by which comparative investigations can be made.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the properties of the various models with each other and with predicted properties.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Wing profiling tool, a launcher, a hall for indoor testing, camera

of 128

Dr N Wilke

An Investigation on the Generation of a Stable Arch in Granular MaterialsLecturer, Dr N Wilke

Max students, 7

Project Description

1. Background

Granular materials plays a major role in material handling and processing applications that include the mining sector, energysector, food processing and clinical pharmaceutical industries. Arching is one of the most common phenomena encountered ingranular materials both in the field and laboratory. Several studies have been carried out to investigate the arching effectincluding settlement of pile supported embankments, stability of tunnels, bearing resistance of piles, load on buried structures,and granular flow in hoppers and silos.

2. Problem statementConsider particles in a container with a trapdoor at the bottom to release particles. Investigate experimentally the influence thatan opening width of the trapdoor, gravitational acceleration, internal friction angle of cohesion-less aggregates has on the widthand height of stable arch formation in the plane strain condition. The experimental data is then used to characterize a discreteelement software model following the same methodology to artificial neural network training. That is the experimental dataneeds to be split into a tuning set and a prediction set. By constructing a simple neural network architecture the modelparameters of the discrete element code needs to be characterized to best represent the data in the tuning set. The data in theprediction set then needs to be predicted using the characterized discrete element code to quantify the quality of the modeling.

3. Theoretical objectivesUnderstand granular flow and the modeling of granular flow using the discrete element method. Following a sensitivity study toidentify the dominant model parameters a good understanding on characterizing discrete element modeling software usingsimplistic neural network architectures. Students will be required to write their own characterization routines in Python, henceonly students with a strong mathematical and programming background should consider this topic.

4. Experimental objectivesDevelop a trapdoor apparatus to find the dimensions of arches formed over the door in cohesionless aggregates. This setupneeds to allow the trapdoor opening to change in addition to the angle the setup makes with the horizontal so that the influenceof gravity on the experimental setup can be changed. This experimental setup will easily fit in the R500 allocated budget.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe experimental data is used to characterize the a discrete element code and to quantify the prediction quality of thecharacterized discrete element model. This will be done using a simple neural network training methodology.

Category

Mechanical

Group

Center for Asset Integrity Management

External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500

of 128



of 128

Investigation into the prediction of ball mill lifter heights using statistical learningLecturer, Dr N Wilke

Max students, 7

Project Description

1. BackgroundAround 8% of the annual energy consumption of planet earth is related to primary material processing. Ball mill operationsaccount for a significant fraction of primary material processing. In fact energy accounts for 50% of ball mill operations. Theability to change mill operations to improve the energy efficiency can have a significant impact on the global energy demand.Process optimization can be costly when done in situ, the alternative is to use simulation to predict improved performanceparameters.

2. Problem statementThis study aims to introduce this concept simulation based performance improvement by focussing on measurable and concreteaspects of a milling operation namely the lifters inside the mill. The aim is to predict the lifter height from measuringoperational quantities of a ball mill such as power draw at various rpm etc.

3. Theoretical objectivesUnderstand granular flow in mill operations and the modeling of granular flow using the discrete element method. Understandstatistical regression models to characterize modeling software and to predict lifter heights from experimental and simulateddata. Only students with a strong mathematical and interest in programming should consider this topic. Discrete elementsimulations can be time consuming, hence this project will require proper planning an engagement early on.

4. Experimental objectivesConstruct a simple mill setup for which the lifter height can be easily changed, the rpm controlled and the power drawmeasured. The setup should also have a clear front to allow visual access to the inside of the mill. Numerical experiments willalso be conducted to measure the same quantities from simulation as measured experimentally.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe lifter height predictions from the experimental data and simulated data will be compared to quantify the quality of thesimulated lifter height predictions.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Investigation into the rotating cylinder as a characterization experiment for cohesiveDEM models

Lecturer, Dr N WilkeMax students, 7

Project Description

1. BackgroundGranular materials plays a major role in material handling and processing applications that include the mining sector, energysector, food processing and clinical pharmaceutical industries. Moisture content can significantly affect granular flow due asthey significantly affect cohesive forces.

2. Problem statementInvestigate whether the suitability of the rotating cylinder to characterize cohesive models (e.g. JKR) in discrete elementsoftware.

3. Theoretical objectivesUnderstand granular flow and the modeling of granular flow using the discrete element method, in particular the modeling ofcohesion. Good understanding on characterizing discrete element modeling software using simplistic neural networkarchitectures and statistical learning. Students will be required to write their own characterization routines in Python, hence onlystudents with a strong mathematical and programming background should consider this topic.

4. Experimental objectivesConstruct a rotating cylinder setup, in which particles are placed inside a cylinder that is transparent on which both ends can beclosed. The RPM of the cylinder needs to be controlled and images/videos captured of the particles inside the cylinder.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe information captured experimentally will be used to characterize the cohesion DEM models and to quantify the predictionquality of the characterized discrete element model. This will be done using a simple neural network training methodology.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Prof NJ Theron

Active structural control: creating a pole placement demonstrator (non-modalapproach)

Lecturer, Prof NJ TheronMax students, 3

Project Description

In recent years a number of final year research projects managed to illustrate the pole placement control technique changing thepole pair associated with the lowest natural vibration frequency of a cantilevered beam inside a control loop to differentpre-determined locations. Various different feedback measurements were used in the different projects, like the use of a laservibrometer to measure the velocity of a point on the beam, strain gauges to measure the bending strain at two locations and alaser displacement meter to measure the displacement of a point on the beam. Various actuators were also used, like a smallelectro-magnetic shaker and a small hydraulic actuator. All these projects had to employ observers to estimate the states notmeasured. In all but one case the observer and feedback gains were implemented as digital compensators on a NationalInstruments CompactRIO control computer.

All the previous attempts at pole placement was based on the use of a modal superposition method to model the beam structuraldynamics. This approach does have limitations and it was not yet possible to illustrate control of both the 1st and the 2nd naturalvibration modes. An alternative approach to the modal superposition method needs to be developed. One possibility is to use afinite element model with sub-structuring to reduce the number of degrees of freedom.

Develop a pole placement demonstrator in which the complex conjugate pole pair associated with at least the lowest naturalvibration frequency of a cantilevered beam is changed, by modelling the beam with the finite element method.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Converting the existing water level control system into a pole placement demonstratorLecturer, Prof NJ Theron

Max students, 1

Project Description

The Department owns a water level control system that is used for two practicals in the module MBB 410 Control Systems. Inthese two practicals the dynamics of the DC motor driving the water pump is ignored, as this is a reasonable approximation.Some aspects of this practical may be improved if the dynamics of the DC motor is also modelled and taken into account. To dothis the necessary measurements need to be made to identify the DC motor in terms of a 3rd order system transfer function.After the motor has been identified, it will be possible to create a pole placement demonstrator of the water level control systemthat may be used in the postgraduate module MBB 780 Control Systems.Carry out a system identification on the DC motor and develop a pole placement demonstrator as described above.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Study in dynamic structural response to base excitationLecturer, Prof NJ Theron

Max students, 8

Project Description

In recent final year projects various students experienced problems in obtaining good correlation between experimentalmeasurements and analytical prediction of base excitation structural dynamic problems. This project will investigate this issue atdepth and must end up with good correlation for linear system behaviour between analytical modelling and experimentalmeasurement, and multibody dynamic simulation and experiment in the case of systems with non-linear behaviour.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Study in elasticity modelling in multi-body dynamicsLecturer, Prof NJ Theron

Max students, 8

Project Description

A recent final year research project investigated multi-body dynamics modelling, comparing a simple finite element model inANSYS and a modal superposition method in MSC ADAMS. It was recently announced that MSC ADAMS now providemulti-body dynamics analysis using full finite element modelling, i.e., without using a modal superposition method with itsassociated limitations.Explore this new capability of MSC ADAMS, on the one hand with a three-way comparison between simple FEM modelling ina programme such as ANSYS and modal based and FEM based modelling in MSC ADAMS, and on the other hand the analysisof more complex systems where a normal FEM programme can no longer be used.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Ms L Smith

Launch catapult design and testing for the AREND UAVLecturer, Ms L Smith

Max students, 2

Project Description

Team AREND will design a technological solution to aid Kruger National Park (KNP) rangers in the protection of black andwhite rhinos from poaching. The solution shall constitute, but not be limited to, an unmanned aircraft (18kg, 4.2m wingspan,cruise speed 20m/s, stall speed 15m/s) capable of conducting remote surveillance of large park areas such as KNP. The UAVshall be operable from a central base within KNP, have extended flight endurance (~120 min), and be able to detect/distinguishhumans and animals with onboard sensors.

The final deliverable of the AREND project shall be an aircraft test flight to demonstrate flight worthiness and provide avalidation document. Initial flight tests are done using a RC controller but the intention is that the aircraft will later flyautonomously. Within this context team AREND requires a launch device that can ideally also act as a flight testing device. TheUAV is designed without a dedicated undercarriage and therefore requires a device to assist in the runway launch process.

Design, build and test a cradle for a bungee catapult for the existing AREND UAV. This launch device needs to travel at amaximum speed of 15 – 20m/s. The structural integrity of the UAV as well as the catapult structure has to be considered toensure the current design can with stand the launching forces. The device needs to be lightweight, portable and robust. Thedevice must be easy to maintain and store.

The device will be tested on the existing launch rail at the University of Pretoria. Initially using dummy weights in the shape ofthe UAV structure to which this device is attached to ensure the balance and release mechanism are functional. In addition itneeds to consider the launch speed and release angle of the UAV. Finally the AERND UAV prototype will be launched tovalidate the final design of the cradle system for the catapult.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

Adam Rosman


N/A


AMS

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Landing systems design improvement and tests for the AREND UAVLecturer, Ms L Smith

Max students, 1

Project Description


The landing of a UAV presents the most challenging phase of flight. The success and the cost of UAV operations dependlargely on the success of the landings. UAVs are still lost at unacceptable high percentage due to landing incidents. For thesereasons the design of the landing systems is receiving the highest priority in the design and development of the ARENDairframe.Design, build and test a model for a landing skid system for the existing AREND UAV. The system has to be retractable duringflight in order to not contaminate the aerodynamic body and during landing strong enough to survive a controlled crash intoterrain. The device must be light weight and able to integrate with the existing structure of the AREND UAV.

The initial skid system has been tested and the concept is feasible. The final detail design of the light-weight skid system has tobe completed, manufactured and tested on the skid testing device at the University of Pretoria. A FEA analysis on the lightweight structure has to be completed to compare these results. After these test integration of the skid system into the main framewill be completed and flight tests with the AREND UAV will be conducted to test the system with the RC pilot on real landings.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Aerodynamic investigation of the AREND UAV to ensure fuselage ventilationLecturer, Ms L Smith

Max students, 2

Project Description


Operating the UAV in the high temperatures in the KNP often leads to overheating of the electronic sensors and equipment inthe fuselage of the UAV. There are multiple ways to ensure proper ventilation of the fuselage to reduce the risk of sensordamage during operation.Establish the heat emitted from the AREND UAV system. Investigate ventilation options for UAV sensor system with the focuson fuselage shape design. Conduct a CFD study by isolating the UAV fuselage with and without these ventilation inlets. Finallycreate moulds and build these models for the fuselage to test the system in the wind tunnel at the University of Pretoria.Compared the results and recommend additional changes to the final design of the fuselage shape of the AREND UAV.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Redesign and test an Electric small UAV to have hybrid-electric propertiesLecturer, Ms L Smith

Max students, 2

Project Description

A small (5kg) fully electric UAV system for military and commercial use currently has an endurance of less than 50min. Toimprove the endurance range the UAV would be required to carry fuel in addition or as an alternative to the battery system itcurrently has.

Consider the current design of the small UAV and conduct a detailed mass balance to determine the ideal layout and installationof the fuel motor and fuel tanks. Redesign the small UAV remaining within the weight constraints to include the fuel motor andtanks. Ensure that the aerodynamic and flight mechanic properties of the aircraft is not negatively affected. Integrate thesecomponents into the full scale UAV and do taxi tests to demonstrate the effective mass balance and the transition betweenpower systems.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

Marius Cronje


N/A


Paramount

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Design, build and test force measurement device using a low speed airfoilLecturer, Ms L Smith

Max students, 4

Project Description

A range of measuring probes, force balances and rakes are required to conduct flowfield surveys and aerodynamic forcemeasurements in the UP LSWT (Low Speed Wind Tunnel).

Make use of the LSWT testing wing and develop a cheap 2-component force balance to measure lift and drag in the windtunnel. The device must be able to interface with different wind tunnel models easily and have a calibration procedure whicheach new test set-up will have to go through before actual testing. Conduct an FEA analysis to ensure the system will be able tomeasure the forces at the locations predicted and within the magnitude range of expected forces to be measured.

Making use of XFOIL and CFD develop analytical results for selected airfoil. Conduct experiments at a single Re number at awide range of angle of attack to be able to compare the results. Consider the uncertainties of both the experimental and CFDresults and give recommendations for future work.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Redesign of a medium range UAVs wing for improved aerodynamic performanceLecturer, Ms L Smith

Max students, 6

Project Description

Mwewe is one of Paramount’s fully automated medium range unmanned aerial vehicles. Its flight objectives include, mobileobservation, medium range intelligence missions and surveillance. It weighs less than 25kg and has a range of 40km orendurance of 4hours.The aerodynamic design of the Mwewe UAV has not been analysed or improved over the last 5 years. Although there arevarious aspects to improve Mwewe, the main focus of this project would be to redesign and test the wing. The objective of thisredesign is to evaluate what the improvement in performance could be with a different airfoil and planform shape wing that ismade with light-weight materials. The wing must maintain all structural requirements as well as its ability to fit into a certaindimensional requirement for ease of transport. The interface with the fuselage will remain unchanged.

For this project a wing design will be completed using open source software XFOIL and XFRL5. A wind tunnel model of thewing will be built and testing in the low speed wind tunnel at the University of Pretoria. Experimentally determining theaerodynamic forces to establish the performance of the new wing for Mwewe.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

Marius Cronje


N/A


Paramount

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Redesign of a medium range UAVs wing for a hybrid-electric systemLecturer, Ms L Smith

Max students, 2

Project Description

Mwewe is one of Paramount’s fully automated medium range unmanned aerial vehicles. Its flight objectives include, mobileobservation, medium range intelligence missions and surveillance. It weighs less than 25kg and has a range of 40km orendurance of 4hours.The aerodynamic design of the Mwewe UAV has not been analysed or improved over the last 5 years. Although there arevarious aspects to improve Mwewe, the main focus of this project would be to redesign and test the wing. The objective of thisredesign is to evaluate what the improvement in performance could be with a different airfoil and planform shape wing that ismade with light-weight materials. The wing must maintain all structural requirements as well as its ability to fit into a certaindimensional requirement for ease of transport. A strong focus on the overall system mass balance and the impact of the newwing shape and loading is required. For the system to become a hybrid system fuel tanks can be placed in the wing and the bodyand this will impact the wing design as well as the overall system mass balance.

For this project a wing design will be completed using open source software XFOIL and XFRL5. A taxi runway test or windtunnel model of the wing will be built and testing in the low speed wind tunnel at the University of Pretoria. Experimentallydetermining the aerodynamic forces to establish the performance of the new wing for Mwewe. Careful consideration here needsto be on the change in CG of the aircraft during the flight profile.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

Marius Cronje


N/A


Paramount

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Prof JFM Slabber

of 128

Dr M Sharifpur

Project to be defined at a later stage, please consult lecturer for further details.Lecturer, Dr M Sharifpur

Max students, 20

Project Description

Project to be defined at a later stage, please consult lecturer for further details.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Mr S Roux

Uncertainty Analysis of an Arduino Measurement PlatformLecturer, Mr S Roux

Max students, 7

Project Description

1. BackgroundMeasurement instrumentation is expensive but open-source computing platforms (such as Arduino) offer a means of takingexperimental measurements at a highly reduced cost. The accuracy of these devices is unfortunately difficult to determine andunknown.

2. Problem statementDetermine the accuracy of an Arduino measurement system in comparison to a typical datalogger for experimentalmeasurements.

3. Theoretical objectivesDevelop an uncertainty model and calibration rig to test and compare both devices.

4. Experimental objectivesBuild the calibration rig and compare the results. An attempt must be made to minimise the uncertainty.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe uncertainty model should correlate with the experimental data.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


calibrators (pressure and temperature), Agilent datalogger, power supply

of 128

Constant Temperature Heat Transfer Surface ControllerLecturer, Mr S Roux

Max students, 7

Project Description

1. BackgroundFor heat transfer experiments, experimentally maintaining a constant surface temperature is often difficult due to fluctuatingfluid temperatures and heat transfer coefficients over the heated surface.

2. Problem statementDesign a control system that regulates the power to a set of heaters so that the entire heat transfer area is maintained at aconstant temperature.

3. Theoretical objectivesDesign a control system to regulate the power to each heater so that a constant surface temperature. This will require theprogramming of an Arduino microcontroller.

4. Experimental objectivesBuild and test the designed system.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe experimental tests should correlate with results expected from the theoretical design.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


small wind tunnel, power supply

of 128

Design and Testing of a Solar TrackerLecturer, Mr S Roux

Max students, 6

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe use of solar panels to generate electricity to live off the grid or when on the road has become popular but they can only beeffective if they receive the maximum possible sunlight.

2. Problem statementDesign and build a tracking system for solar panels.

3. Theoretical objectivesDesign a tracking system that is based on an Arduino microcontroller

4. Experimental objectivesBuild the designed system and calculate the efficiency compared to that of a baseline case

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe tested system should meet the requirements specified by the design.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


None

of 128

Mr L Page

Natural Convection for Parallel Heated PlatesLecturer, Mr L Page

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundNatural convection is a mechanism, or type of heat transport, in which the fluid motion is not generated by any external source(like a pump, fan, suction device, etc.) but only by density differences in the fluid occurring due to temperature gradients. Acommon industrial application of natural convection is free air cooling without the aid of fans: this can happen on small scales(computer chips) to large scale process equipment. Natural convection, however, has a lower heat transfer rate than that offorced convection and thus ways of augmenting the heat transfer rate, due to natural convection, are of interest.

2. Problem statementInvestigate the effect that different plate geometries have on the heat transfer rate of parallel heated plates cooled by naturalconvection.

3. Theoretical objectivesThrough the use of CFD, numerically investigate the effect that vibration has on the heat transfer rate of parallel heated platescooled by natural convection for various different parameters such as:1) Rayleigh Number2) Plate spacing3) Plate geometry

4. Experimental objectivesDetermine the correct testing procedures and methodology for the testing of the heat transfer rate from heated parallel platescooled by natural convection. Build a test rig to experimentally validate the heat transfer characteristics, determinednumerically, for a selected case (set of parameters). The experimental data obtained must then be compared to theoretical andnumerical results.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe experimental data obtained must be intelligently and scientifically compared to theoretical and numerical results. Anydeviations between results must be investigated, reported and discussed in detail. Meaningful conclusions should then be madeas well as any recommendations.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Thermocouples; Data Logger; Heating Element. of 128

Helical Baffles for a Shell and Tube Heat ExchangerLecturer, Mr L Page

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundA shell and tube heat exchanger is a class of heat exchanger design, that is used in a wide variety of industrial applications. Asits name implies, this type of heat exchanger consists of a shell (a large pressure vessel) with a bundle of tubes inside it. Onefluid runs through the tubes, and another fluid flows over the tubes (through the shell) to transfer heat between the two fluids.The set of tubes is called a tube bundle.

The classical shell and tube heat exchanger has straight baffles inside the shell, perpendicular to the shell's surface, to force thefluid over the tube bundles. However in many applications there is a build-up of sediment in the corners between the baffles andthe shell surface and to overcome this problem the concept of helical baffles has become very popular.

2. Problem statementDesign, build and test a small scale shell and tube heat exchanger with helical baffles for the purposes of reducing the sedimentbuild-up, while maintaining a high heat transfer rate and a low pressure drop.

3. Theoretical objectivesInvestigate / research the effects of different baffle configurations (normal and helical) on sediment build-up, heat transfer rateand pressure drop of a shell and tube heat exchanger. Design the shell and tube heat exchanger and estimate its efficiency fromavailable literature. CFD may be used to assist with the design and the estimation of the exchanger's efficiency.

4. Experimental objectivesBuild a small scale shell and tube heat exchanger from the design. Determine the correct testing procedures and methodologyfor the testing of this heat exchanger and then test the heat exchanger for a few different flow rates. The experimental dataobtained must then be compared to theoretical results and numerical data in order to asses the accuracy and validity of the heatexchanger design.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe experimental data obtained must be intelligently and scientifically compared to theoretical and numerical results. Anydeviations between results must be investigated, reported and discussed in detail. Meaningful conclusions should then be madeas well as recommendations on how to improve the design of the heat exchanger.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Thermocouples; Mass flow meter; Manometer; Data logger; Make use of existing undergraduate Armfield test bench only forwater heating flow control- no modifications may be made.

of 128

Wing with Boundary Layer SuctionLecturer, Mr L Page

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe boundary layer which forms on the suction surface of a wing contributes to profile drag which is a major component ofoverall aircraft drag especially when separation occurs at larger angles of attack. This study will entail the design of a wing witha porous suction or an upper surface with a suction system to remove the boundary layer which forms during flight conditions.The experimental investigation will involve the manufacture, assembly and wind tunnel testing of a representative wing model.

2. Problem statementDesign a wing with either porous suction or an upper surface with a suction system to remove the boundary layer, which formsduring flight conditions, in order to improve the performance of the wing.

3. Theoretical objectivesThe wing will be numerically modelled and the performance characteristics of the wing should be determined. Theseperformance characteristics should then used for comparison with the experimental results. The student must use the standardwing (without suction) as a benchmark.

4. Experimental objectivesIdentification of key characteristics of the wing that can be used to characterize the performance of the wing. Of thesecharacteristics should be the polar curve (lift coefficient versus drag coefficient). Other possible characteristics could include theporosity, suction power, etc. The student should select some of these characteristics and design experiments to accurately andrepeat ably measure these characteristics.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe experimentally measured and theoretically calculated characteristics of the wing should be intelligently and scientificallycompared. Additionally, the theoretically calculated characteristics of the standard wing (without suction) should be used as abenchmark. Any deviations between the two should be investigated, reported and discussed in detail. Meaningful conclusionsshould than be made as well as recommendations for future research aspects.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Closed-loop WindTunnel with associated pressure transducers and data loggers

of 128

Topology OptimizationLecturer, Mr L Page

Max students, 7

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe progress toward smaller scales in electronics makes the cooling of integrate circuits become an important issue. Theconventional convective cooling method which is feasible and often used to control the temperature of a system becomesimpractical because the channels of heat transfer take up too much space for high compacted integrate circuit. Hence, it isnecessary to build heat conduct structures with high conductivity materials so that the heat can be collected, transferred andexchanged with external environment automatically and rapidly. A key problem is how to design the structures with a rationaldistribution of high conductive materials, which not only benefits to the temperature control but also can reduce material andmanufacturing costs and bring possibilities for further miniaturization.

2. Problem statementNumerically determine the optimized topology (conduction paths) for transporting heat away from one or more heat sources.Critically assess and refine the optimized topology for practical manufacturability. Experimentally validate the numericallyobtained optimized topology.

3. Theoretical objectivesThrough the use of CFD, numerically determine the optimized topology (conduction paths) for transporting heat away from oneor more heat sources. The thermal performance characteristics must also be determined.

4. Experimental objectivesDetermine the correct testing procedures and methodology for the testing of the optimized topology (conduction paths). Build atest rig to experimentally validate the thermal performance characteristics, determined numerically, for selected cases (set ofparameters). The experimental data obtained must then be compared to theoretical and numerical results.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe experimental data obtained must be intelligently and scientifically compared to theoretical and numerical results. Anydeviations between results must be investigated, reported and discussed in detail. Meaningful conclusions should then be madeas well as recommendations on future work and improvements.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Thermocouples; Data logger; Heating element;

of 128

Prof JP Meyer

of 128

Mr RF Meeser

Wheelchair component fatigue failure analysis and improvementLecturer, Mr RF Meeser

Max students, 1

Project Description

BackroundA disabled student at the University of Pretoria makes use of a wheelchair daily to be able to move around. He has been havingproblems with the front end of the wheelchair as the daily use of it on Campus has caused fatigue failure of the front wheels andthe supports holding it to the wheelchair.StudyDesign a new front end of the wheelchair that takes in consideration the daily use on Campus and the weight, strength,deformation of the design to ensure that the student will no longer experience failure of the front end.Studies to be completed include fatigue, shock and loading of the front end to ensure an optimal new design can be proposed.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Design, building, testing and characterisation of a lightweight two-planeelectromagnetic actuator

Lecturer, Mr RF MeeserMax students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundReducing unwanted small movements/vibrations by operators of some devices such as binoculars, cameras and even firearmscan greatly increase the usability of these devices. Human induced vibrations by attempting to hold a device steady are verysmall and almost unnoticeable to the naked eye, but once the effect of this vibration is extrapolated to a greater distance themovements can have an almost detrimental effect on the functionality of the device.2. Problem statementFor this project the student is to design, build, test and characterise a small two axis actuator that can be used to increase thestability of these handheld devices.3. Theoretical objectivesThe theoretical aspect of the project will entail determining the frequency range and magnitude of the forces required toeffectively stabilise a handheld for the average operator. An appropriately designed stabiliser is then to be designed that is ableto counter the vibrations.4. Experimental objectivesFor the experimental setup it is required to build the designed stabiliser, test it using an appropriately conceived test setup andcharacterize the actuator to facilitate ude of this device in real applications.5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe results from the test setup are then to be compared to the theoretical predictions and the necessary conclusions are to bemade

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Research internal combustion efficiency curves to find the best operating point of theengine

Lecturer, Mr RF MeeserMax students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundIt is of importance for modern systems to be as environmentally friendly as possible. Hybrid energy delivery systemscomprising of a fossil fuel engine as well as electric storage device allows the system to run the fossil fuel energy supply at itsoptimal point whilst storing the generated energy in electric form.2. Problem statementThe goal of this project is to perform tests on an IC engine to determine a characteristic map of fuel efficiency over its entireoperational range.3. Theoretical objectivesA model of the theoretical efficiency characteristics of the engine needs to be built.4. Experimental objectivesDetermine optimal power delivery point and an empirical equation for the efficiency throughout the operational range5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the theoretical model to the actual engine’s efficiency characteristic.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Model rocket stabiliserLecturer, Mr RF Meeser

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundModel rockets are a fun way of experiencing physics first hand. These rockets do however sometimes tend to fly off in a randomdirection with very little control over the flight path after the rocket motor has been fired up.2. Problem statementThe goal of this project is to design, build and test a small scale control system that can be implemented into a model rocket tostabilize the movement of the device and make the flight path predictable and controllable.3. Theoretical objectivesInvestigate the control surfaces and forces required to be able to adequately stabilize a model rocket, and then design anappropriate control system to use the control surfaces to yield a predictable flight pattern.4. Experimental objectivesBuild an appropriate test setup that is capable of validating the proposed stabilizer5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the theoretically predicted performance of the system to the experimentally obtained results.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

AREND VTOLLecturer, Mr RF Meeser

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe most difficult/risky part of any aerial device is not the keeping in the air, but the taking it up and bringing it down safelyand repeatably. Most UAV’s meet their end in either landing or taking off.2. Problem statementDevelop a Vertical Take-off and Landing system that can be implemented on a unmanned aerial vehicle such as the ARENDUAV.3. Theoretical objectivesPerform a theoretical design for the system, including propulsion, balance/control system and attachment design4. Experimental objectivesBuild an appropriate small size experimental setup that can be used to validate the usability of the AUV VTOL system5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the theoretical design to the experimentally found results and make appropriate conclusions/recommendations

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Dr G Mahmood

Flow visualization of film-cooling flow in wall bounded flow.Lecturer, Dr G Mahmood

Max students, 5

Project Description

Near endwall secondary vortical-flow structures in the gas turbine passages scoop-up the film-coverage flow meant forblanketing the endwall from the hot main gas-flow. As a result, the endwall is exposed to the extremely hot combustion gasflowing through the passage and subjected to the thermal stresses. Engineers apply different film cooling configurations andstudy the interactions of the film-cooling flow with the endwall boundary layer with the objectives of increasing the filmcoverage on the endwall. Flow visualization using the smoke, reacting agents, and oil paint are few of the experimentaltechnique to visualize the three-dimensional interactions qualitatively between the endwall flows and film-cooling flow.This project will design and fabricate the film-cooling test section, and perform the flow visualization in the low speed flowchannel of the study leader. The test section must be maneuverable to provide different flow angle relative to the main channelflow. A flow visualization technique is to be developed and employed for the investigation. The video streaming of theflow-field near the endwall is to be captured and presented.Special instructions: The student undertaking the project must have good background in fluid mechanics. Some CFD(computational fluid dynamics) simulations using the commercial CFD softwares available at UP are desirable. CFD trainingsare usually offered during the March/April period of every year.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Convection heat transfer and pressure distributions on a grooved pin-fin and endwallLecturer, Dr G Mahmood

Max students, 5

Project Description

Pin-fins are commonly employed in the cooling channels of the gas turbine passages, electronic chips, bearing housings, andjackets of machine-components to provide structural support as well as to enhance convection heat transfer. However, largepressure penalty across the pin-fin channel increases the pumping power requirements of the coolant flow through the channel.The thermal performance of the pin-fin cooling channel thus suffers. Engineers employ different configurations and geometry ofthe pin-fins to reduce the pressure penalty with the minimal effects on the heat transfer enhancements. As the circular pin-finsare common in the applications, geometric modifications are applied on the circular pin-fins to investigate the effects in therectangular channel flow.This project will design and fabricate a three row pin-fin channel, and investigate the convection heat transfer distributions andpressure distributions on and around a circular pin-fin modified with longitudinal grooves (parallel to the pin-axis). The pin-finand neighbouring endwall are to be instrumented for the temperature and pressure measurements. The experiments can beperformed in the pin-fin test facility of the study leader.Special instructions: The student undertaking the project must have good background in fluid mechanics and heat transfer. SomeCFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations using the commercial CFD softwares available at UP are desirable. CFDtrainings are usually offered during the March/April period of every year.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Convection heat transfer from a target surface with a battery of synthetic jetsLecturer, Dr G Mahmood

Max students, 5

Project Description

Synthetic jets are also known as the periodic jets and zero mass-flux jets. Because of the low power requirements with the smallmass flow rate, the synthetic jects are being investigated in the recent years in the cooling applications of electronic chips. Mostof the investigations apply the jets in the direction perpendicular to the target surface or in the impingement configuration. Thepresent investigation will apply a battery of synthetic jets perpendicular to a heated target-surface. The synthetic jets in thebattery can be activated in unison or alternating pattern to provide the optimum results on the surface heat removal. Thetemperature distributions on the surface will quantify the forced convection effects from the synthetic jet.This project will design and fabricate the battery of synthetic jets, and investigate the effects of the synthetic jets on the heatremoval from a flat target-surface. The target-surface is to be instrumented with heater and thermocouple for theforced-convection heat transfer measurements. The measurements must take place in the UP Wind Tunnel lab.Special instructions: The student undertaking the project must have good background in fluid mechanics and heat transfer. SomeCFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations using the commercial CFD softwares available at UP are desirable. CFDtrainings are usually offered during the March/April period of every year.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Lift and drag control on rotating cylinders in cross-flow employing grooves.Lecturer, Dr G Mahmood

Max students, 5

Project Description

The Magnus Effect on the rotating cylinder in a cross-stream generates the lift force on the cylinder. The rotating cylinder incross-stream has become a research object for the aeronautical engineers in the recent years. The lift generating capability of therotating cylinder has shown promising potentials for applications in the mini-aerial vehicles (MAVs) and wing objects toincrease the aerodynamic performance (the ratio of lift force to drag force or CL/CD). However, the inherent drag property ofthe cylinder in the cross-flow poses a limit on the increase of CL/CD ratio. Engineers employ passive techniques such asimplement the dimple or groove indented surface on the cylinder to control the drag on the non-rotating cylinders.This project will design and fabricate a frame containing an array of cylinders with and without grooved surface, and investigatethe lift and drag forces on the cylinders rotating at different speeds in a cross-flow. The frame should be instrumented with loadcells or strain gages to measure lift and drag on the cylinders. The effects of groove on the CL/CD ratio will be estimated basedon the results obtained from the cylinders without the grooves and with the grooves.Special instructions: The student undertaking the project must have good background in fluid mechanics. Some CFD(computational fluid dynamics) simulations using the commercial CFD softwares available at UP are desirable. CFD trainingsare usually offered during the March/April period of every year.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Prof S Kok

Stress-strain curve of cold-drawn wireLecturer, Prof S Kok

Max students, 7

Project Description

1. BackgroundWires of various shapes are used in concrete as an alternative to rebar (reinforcement bar). In order to investigate the effect ofdifferent shape wires (wave, hooked end etc) on the pull-out force, we want to run finite element analyses of the wire pull-outprocess. Such a finite element analysis requires a stress-strain curve of the metal wire well into the plastic region (typically10-20% plastic strain). However, a standard tensile test fails to provide the stress-strain curve due to the high yield stress andlow work hardening of cold drawn wire. These properties combine to give almost immediate necking during a tensile test.although the wire remains ductile during a bending test.

2. Problem statementConduct a bending followed by reverse bending experiment in order to infer the stress-strain curve of cold drawn metal wire.Use the experimental data to estimate the stress-strain curve of the metal wire using machine learning algorithms such as thePartial Least Squares (PLS) algorithm. The PLS algorithm will use a dataset obtained from finite element simulations of theexperiment. Each simulation will use a different stress-strain curve. The PLS algorithm will then approximate the stress-straincurve of the real experiment by interpolating from the dataset.

3. Theoretical objectivesUnderstand plasticity e.g. yield function, flow rule, work hardening (isotropic and kinematic)Understand machine learning algorithms

4. Experimental objectives (numerical experiments as well)Get exposure to metal plasticity, specifically reverse loading and the Baushinger effect.Plasticity finite element simulations will be solved numerous times. Only students that are eager to master difficult finiteelement simulations and some associated programming to perform automated post processing should consider this topic.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsEventually the stress-strain curve obtained from the machine learning algorithm will be used to simulate the experiment. Theforce deflection behaviour of the experiment will then be compared to the simulated result in order to characterize the accuracyof machine learning algorithms.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


List Any Specific Experimental Requirements e.g. specific lab equipment, services or space/location requirements of 128

Springback after plastic deformationLecturer, Prof S Kok

Max students, 7

Project Description

1. BackgroundElastic springback after plastic deformation cannot be avoided. The use of high yield strength sheet metal to form productsmake the springback even larger. The effects of springback can no longer be ignored and dies have to be designed in such a waythat the product is in the desired shape after springback.

2. Problem statementInvestigate the ability of the finite element method to accurately predict springback in high yield strength metal plate. Conduct asimple experiment where the amount of deformation i varied, and the subsequent springback is measured. Perform finiteelement simulations of the experiment and quantify the accuracy of springback prediction.

3. Theoretical objectivesUnderstand basic plasticity theory e.g. yield function, flow rule and word hardening.

4. Experimental objectivesPerform accurate springback experiments.Perform detailed finite element simulations (numerical experiments) to predict springback after unloading.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe simulated and measured springback will be compared in order to judge the ability of modern finite element software topredict springback during unloading.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Use of finite element software to design snap though structuresLecturer, Prof S Kok

Max students, 6

Project Description

1. BackgroundSome structures exhibit a N-shape load deflection curve. This behaviour is known as snap through. Sometimes such structuresexhibit a bi-stable configuration i.e. there are two configurations in which the system is in static equilibrium. Such bi-stablestructures sometimes find practical application e.g. keyboard buttons and switches.

2. Problem statementInvestigate the ability of the finite element method to design a snap through structure. Conceive an experiment of a structure thatis known to exhibit snap-through behaviour. Vary some feature of the design and repeat the experiment. Then investigate theability of the finite element method to accurately predict the behaviour of the system. Students that select this topic needs to becomfortable with the finite element method and programming.

3. Theoretical objectivesUnderstand bi-stable structures and snap throughUnderstand the arc length control algorithm

4. Experimental objectivesConceive, plan and execute an experiment that characterizes a snap through structure. Vary at least one feature of the structureand repeat the experiment a number of times to illustrate how the characteristics of the structure changes as the structure varies.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe experimental force-deflection behaviour of the structure will be compared to the simulated behaviour.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Dr CJ Kat

Ride comfort evaluation of a vehicleLecturer, Dr CJ Kat

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe ride of a vehicle (bicycle, motorcycle, car, etc.) is of critical importance and these days consumers expect exceptional levelsof ride comfort from their vehicle. Vehicle manufacturers evaluate the ride comfort of the vehicle using applicable standards toensure that it meets consumer expectations.This project requires a dedicated student that is up for a challenging and interesting project. The student should preferably havean interest in human factors and in vehicle dynamics as the student will have to read up on ride comfort standards.

2. Problem statementEvaluate and compare the ride comfort of a vehicle over typical roads using the various standards.

3. Theoretical objectivesUsing a mathematical model compare the different standards and their applicability to different roads.

4. Experimental objectivesPerform an experimental ride comfort evaluation of a vehicle taking into account the results from the theoretical objective.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsValidation of the model has to be performed by comparing the experimental measurements to the predictions of the model.Note that no vehicle has been specified. The student may make use of a bicycle, Tuks Baja or any other vehicle to which thesupervisor agrees to.

Category

Mechanical

Group

Vehicle Systems Group

External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Ride optimisation of bicycleLecturer, Dr CJ Kat

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundCycling is a popular recreational past time for many. The terrain that many of these mountain bikers take on is in many casesextremely rough. Mountain bikes (MTB) have evolved from no suspension, to compliant front forks to the currentfull-suspension mountain bikes in order to improve handling as well as ride comfort of the rider. The ride of a bicycle is notonly important in mountain biking but also for bike commuters using non-suspended bikes.This project requires a dedicated student that is up for a challenging and interesting project. The student should preferably havean interest in human factors in vehicle dynamics as the student will have to read up on ride comfort standards. This project willrequire the use of CAE tools, such as a Multi-body dynamics software package (i.e. ADAMS/View), to perform the modelling.The student will therefore be required to familiarise him/herself with the required tools.

2. Problem statementRide of a bicycle is important from both a health and perception perspective. The optimal settings for a suspended andnon-suspended bicycle is critical in obtaining the best ride.

3. Theoretical objectivesModel the bicycle (suspended or non-suspended) using a multi-dynamics software package such as ADAMS in order to evaluateand optimize the ride of the bicycle.

4. Experimental objectivesObtain the required parameters needed to model the bicycle as well as the experimental measurements to validate the model.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsValidation of the model has to be performed by comparing the experimental measurements to the predictions of the model. Thevalidation process must make use of relevant validation metrics.Note that even though this project is suggested to make use of a bicycle the vehicle considered may also be the Tuks Bajavehicle.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Sensitivity analysis of ride comfort evaluationsLecturer, Dr CJ Kat

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe ride of a vehicle (bicycle, motorcycle, car, etc.) is of critical importance and these days consumers expect exceptional levelsof ride comfort from their vehicle. Vehicle manufacturers evaluate the ride comfort of the vehicle using applicable standards toensure that it meets consumer expectations. It is therefore critical that the ride comfort evaluations are performed with a robustand reliable procedure.This project requires a dedicated student that is up for a challenging and interesting project. The student should preferably havean interest in human factors in vehicle dynamics as the student will have to read up on ride comfort standards. This project willrequire the use of CAE tools, such as a Multi-body dynamics software package (i.e. ADAMS/View), to perform the modelling.The student will therefore be required to familiarise him/herself with the required tools.

2. Problem statementDetermine the sensitivity of ride comfort evaluations to important and relevant parameters (such as speed).

3. Theoretical objectivesUsing a mathematical model perform a sensitivity analysis to indicate the level of sensitivity to the various parameters.

4. Experimental objectivesPerform an experimental sensitivity analysis of the important parameters identified from the theoretical objective.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsValidation of the model has to be performed by comparing the experimental measurements to the predictions of the model. Thevalidation process must make use of relevant validation metrics.Note that no vehicle has been specified. The student may make use of a bicycle, Tuks Baja or any other vehicle to which thesupervisor agrees to.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Lumbar spine model for vehicle ride studiesLecturer, Dr CJ Kat

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundVehicle ride is one of the important aspects when considering vehicle dynamics. The human is subjected to whole bodyvibrations in the vehicle. The main source of vibration is the road irregularities. The human perceives the vibrations and relatesthis to ride comfort. In addition to ride comfort it is also important to consider health aspect of whole body vibration. Healtheffects of whole body vibration have been reported to be linked with lower back pain. Mathematical lumbar spinal models havebeen developed to investigate the intervertebral disc pressures in whole body vibration applications.This project requires a dedicated student that is up for a challenging and interesting project. The student should preferably havean interest in biomechanics and vehicle dynamics as the student will have to read up on these fields. This project will require theuse of CAE tools, such as a Multi-body dynamics software package (i.e. ADAMS/View), to perform the modelling. The studentwill therefore be required to familiarise him/herself with the required tools. The project will also require the student to designand manufacture a cost-effective physical lumbar spine model.

2. Problem statementDevelop a physical lumbar spine model that can be used to investigate spinal loads in whole body vibration applications. Theapplication of interest is vehicles.

3. Theoretical objectivesCreate a mathematical model of the lumbar spinal model and use this model to predict the loads on the lumbar spine duringrelevant vehicle driving conditions.

4. Experimental objectivesManufacture the designed lumbar spine model. Test the lumbar spine model and generate the experimental data needed tovalidate the model created during the theoretical objectives.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsValidate the model of the lumbar spine created during the theoretical work using the experimental data measured.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Dr H Inglis

Effect of additives on the mechanical properties of polymer-clay nanocompositesLecturer, Dr H Inglis

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundPolymer-clay nanocomposites are polymers reinforced with nanoscale (1 – 100 nm dimension) clay inclusions, significantlyimproving the stiffness and strength of the polymer, as well as other mechanical, chemical and thermal properties. However,toughness or impact strength may be compromised, in ways which are not yet well-understood. The statistical variation inherentto the material complicates the problem of identifying the effect of the clay inclusions on the composite properties.

http://www.composites.northwestern.edu/research/nanomulticomp/index.htm

Moyo, L., Focke, W. W., Heidenreich, D., Labuschagne, F. J. W. J., Radusch, H.-J. (2013) “Properties of layered doublehydroxide micro- and nanocomposites”, Materials Research Bulletin, 48:1218-1227

Chen, B. and Evans, J. R. G. (2009) “Impact strength of polymer-clay nanocomposites”, Soft Matter, 5:3572-3584

2. Problem statementInvestigate the effect of additives on the adhesion of clay inclusions in a polymer nanocomposite, and hence on the strength andtoughness of polymers.

3. Theoretical objectivesUse a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach to design appropriate experiments, and then to analyse the statistical variationsbetween similar samples as well as the statistical effect of the additives.

4. Experimental objectivesManufacture polymer-clay nanocomposites with clay inclusions in the presence of different additives or bonding agents, andconduct tests to determine the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite, as well as observing the failure behaviour.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare results of experimental and theoretical investigations.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Microscopy to investigate properties of polymer-clay nanocompositesLecturer, Dr H Inglis

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundPolymer-clay nanocomposites are polymers reinforced with nanoscale (1 – 100 nm dimension) clay inclusions, significantlyimproving the stiffness and strength of the polymer, as well as other mechanical, chemical and thermal properties.Understanding the effect of inclusions on the mechanical properties of the polymer requires an identification of themicrostructural mechanisms of failure, performed using a Polarised Optical Microscope (POM), Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) or Tunneling Electron Microscope (TEM).

http://www.composites.northwestern.edu/research/nanomulticomp/index.htm

Moyo, L., Focke, W. W., Heidenreich, D., Labuschagne, F. J. W. J., Radusch, H.-J. (2013) “Properties of layered doublehydroxide micro- and nanocomposites”, Materials Research Bulletin, 48:1218-1227

Chen, B. and Evans, J. R. G. (2009) “Impact strength of polymer-clay nanocomposites”, Soft Matter, 5:3572-3584

Wang, K., Chen, L., Wu, J. Toh, M. L., He, C. and Yee, A. F. (2005) “Epoxy Nanocomposites with Highly Exfoliated Clay:Mechanical Properties and Fracture Mechanisms”, Macromolecules, 38:788-800

2. Problem statementInvestigate the effect of varying bonding agents on polymer clay nanocomposites using microscopy.

3. Theoretical objectivesCollect evidence from the various experimental techniques to identify critical features of the nanocomposite, including failuremechanisms, quality of adhesion, crystallinity of the polymer, and how these change with the addition of varying bondingagents.

4. Experimental objectivesManufacture polymer-clay nanocomposites with clay inclusions in the presence of different additives or bonding agents.Conduct fracture or impact tests, and microscopically observe the failure surfaces to investigate the failure mechanisms of thenanocomposite.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCollect evidence from the various experimental techniques to identify critical features of the nanocomposite, including failuremechanisms, quality of adhesion, crystallinity of the polymer, and how these change with the addition of varying bondingagents.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500

of 128



of 128

Using Calculix to model plastic collapse in structural members containing defectsLecturer, Dr H Inglis

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundPlastic collapse occurs in a structural member when yielding has progressed to such an extent that the member behaves as ahinge, and can hence no longer sustain any load. Note that plastic collapse occurs considerably later than the onset of yield inthe member. Correctly predicting plastic collapse of a structural member using finite element analysis is a good test of nonlinearanalysis capabilities. The numerical modeling can be also be compared with limit load analysis, a theoretical technique allowingthe prediction of plastic collapse loads.

Miller, A. G. (1988), “Review of Limit Loads of Structures Containing Defects”, International Journal of Pressure Vessels andPiping, 32: 197-327.

Benham, P. P., Crawford, R. J., Armstrong, C. G. (1996), Mechanics of Engineering Materials, 2nd Edition, Chapter 15.

http://www.dhondt.de/

https://github.com/mkraska/CalculiX-Examples/tree/master/NonLinear/Sandwichtest

2. Problem statementModel the plastic collapse of a structural member containing defects using the opensource Finite element software Calculix,considering a range of defects for a chosen structural member and loading combination. Verify the FE results by comparisonwith limite load analysis, and validate the FE results by comparison with experimental results.

3. Theoretical objectivesUse nonlinear finite element methods in Calculix to model the plastic behaviour of the structure for various assumptions ofyielding behaviour, and various defects, and hence identify the plastic collapse loads. Use limit load analysis techniques toverify the FE results.

4. Experimental objectivesChoose a structural member and loading configuration, and experimentally test for a range of defect shapes and sizes.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare results of experimental, theoretical and numerical investigations.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


List Any Specific Experimental Requirements e.g. specific lab equipment, services or space/location requirements of 128

Modeling particulate composites using Finite Element AnalysisLecturer, Dr H Inglis

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundParticulate composites are used in many applications, from reinforced polymers, to car tyres, to solid rocket propellant.Modeling these materials requiresnonlinear material modeling for polymer (nonlinear elastic or plastic)modeling of a representative volume element (RVE) with periodic boundary conditionsmodeling debonding of the particle from the matrix (surrounding material)modeling voiding or crazing in the matrixwhich all take a finite element analysis beyond a simple linear elastic model, and test the capabilities of the matrix. The modelwill be validated by comparison with a large-scale model of a particulate composite.

H. M. Inglis, et al., 2007, “Cohesive modeling of dewetting in particulate composites:Micromechanics vs. multiscale finite element analysis.” Mechanics of Materials, 39, 580-595.

Tan, H., Huang, Y., Lui, C., Ravichandran, G., Inglis, H. M., Geubelle, P. H. (2007), “The uniaxial tension of particulatecomposite materials with nonlinear interface debonding”, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 44:1809-1822.

https://github.com/mkraska/CalculiX-Examples/tree/master/RVE/Periodic2. Problem statementUsing Finite Element software (preferably Calculix), develop a model of a particulate composite incorporating more than one ofthe elements listed in the background (i.e. nonlinear material, periodic BC's, debonding, crazing). Use this model to investigatethe sensitivity of the macroscopic response to varying parameters in the model. Develop a large-scale model of a particulatecomposite to experimentally observe the mechanisms you are modeling for comparison with numerical results.

3. Theoretical objectivesModel the particulate composite numerically, incorporating more than one of the following: nonlinear material behaviour,periodic boundary conditions, a cohesive interface law, matrix crazing. Investigate the sensitivity of the macroscopic response tovarying parameters in the model

4. Experimental objectivesDevelop a large-scale model of a particulate composite to experimentally observe the behaviour of the material.


Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500

of 128



of 128

Development of finite element models and experiments to illustrate principles inStructural Mechanic

Lecturer, Dr H InglisMax students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundThere are a number of complex concepts in MSY310 (Structural Mechanics) that would be easier for students to understandwith 3D visualisation in a FEM framework, and with experiments. Some examples are: shear center, shear flow throughthin-walled sections, buckling of columns, spring and thin-walls, strain transformation.

2. Problem statementDevelop finite element models for a number of these concepts, and use these models to create visualisation for students in themodule (videos or tutorials). Validate the finite element models with experimental measurements. The experiments should besuitable for student pracs in the future.

3. Theoretical objectivesDevelop finite element models for a number of these concepts, and use these models to create visualisation for students in themodule (videos or tutorials).

4. Experimental objectivesDesign experiments to validate the finite element models for the chosen concepts. The experiments should be suitable forstudent pracs in the future.


Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Prof PS Heyns

Dynamic characterization of rubber mountsLecturer, Prof PS Heyns

Max students, 6

Project Description

1. Background

Rubber mounts are widely used for supporting dynamic equipment such as vibratory screens. To determine the dynamic forceson the screen foundations, accurate dynamic models of these mounts are required that can be used together with multi-bodydynamic models of the screens. While various models like these (e.g. the Mooney-Rivlin and Ogden models) exist and arewidely used in finite element modelling, the parameters of these models must however generally be based on experimental data.The University of Pretoria recently purchased a suite of four high speed digital cameras. Using these cameras with techniquessuch as digital image correlation, in conjunction with the servo-hydraulic actuators in the Sasol Lab, this project aims to developmaterials characterization techniques which could be applied to characterization of actual rubber mounts. This is a multi-studentproject with different students focusing on different aspects of the problem.


Develop a methodology that will allow the dynamic characterization of rubber mounts using a suite of high speed digitalcameras with a servo-hydraulic actuator. Use these characteristics to design and manufacture new mount configurations and testthe ability of the material models to predict the dynamic response of the new mounts.


Identify appropriate materials models for rubber mounts and implement in a finite element code. Use experimental results basedon digital images to find the optimal characteristics.


Conduct tests to capture the dynamic responses of the mounts over an appropriate frequency range, and find methods to usethese results to determine the material parameters.


Validate and update the numerical model against experimental results. Use the updated model for the optimization studies.Make modelling and design recommendations.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

of 128

500


Servo-hydraulic infrastructure in C-AIM labs.

of 128

Dynamic investigations of vibratory screensLecturer, Prof PS Heyns

Max students, 6

Project Description

1. Background

Modern vibratory screens are very commonly used in material handling applications. Many of these screens are howeverdesigned and built using very simple analytical models which have not been properly validated experimentally. This projectentails the development of such models in a multi-body dynamics environment, and the experimental validation of these modelson a laboratory set-up.


Develop appropriate numerical models of a vibratory screen with a subframe and material running over the screen. Developequations of motion and implement in an appropriate simulation model. Validate experimentally.


Start with an existing simple 2DOF rigid body model. Then add appropriate rotational degrees of freedom. Make provision fordetailed modelling of the screen mounts. Implement in MATLAB or Python for numerical solution of the transient problem.Then solve the equations in a numerical environment.


Upgrade a small scale laboratory screen to be used as a platform for a long term screen development project. Conduct extensiveexperimental investigations using conventional and digital image correlation techniques. This is a multi-student project withvarious students that will focus on different aspects of the project, e.g. materials handling system, materials flow model, opticalmeasurement, etc.


Do extensive experimental validation and model updating. Develop careful recommendations for future work.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Optical and other test infrastructure in the C-AIM labs

of 128

Accurate measurement of torsional vibration on rotating machineryLecturer, Prof PS Heyns

Max students, 6

Project Description

1. Background

It is known that accurate measurement of the torsional behaviour of rotating machinery can provide very useful additionaldiagnostic information which complements information obtained from conventional translational accelerometer information.One of the techniques which is increasingly used for this purpose is the so-called zebra strip. These are typically encoder tapeswith black and white stripes which are attached to the rotating shaft, used with optical sensors. These stripes usually suffer fromgeometrical imperfections that need to be compensated for to obtain good results. The Centre for Asset Integrity Managementhas developed such compensation techniques (Diamond, Heyns and Oberholster, Online shaft encoder geometry compensationfor arbitrary shaft speed profiles using Bayesian regression, MSSP, 2016).


Develop a test setup that could be used to explore and calibrate torsional measurement strategies using appropriate techniquessuch as conventional optical zebra stripes, accurate encoders, high speed photography, torsional laser vibrometry, etc. Test andvalidate the results under simulated field conditions. Then apply the methodologies to selected real problems and demonstratethe diagnostic value of the techniques.


Understand and implement the theoretical methodology developed by Diamond, Heyns and Oberholster (2016). Criticallycompare this to other techniques through numerical simulation. Investigate the possibility of optimising the stripe configuration.Explore the effect of lateral vibration.


Develop a suitable experimental test setup to conduct accurate torsional vibration measurements under highly fluctuating speedconditions. Allow introduction of lateral dynamics to ‘contaminate’ the measurements.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results.Do extensive validation and model improvement.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Specialist equipment in the C-AIM Labs.

of 128

Develop a set-up for bearing durability testingLecturer, Prof PS Heyns

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. Background

The Centre for Asset Integrity Management has a serious research program in the area of bearing condition monitoring. Theprogram requires careful theoretical work to be validated by very careful experiments which are professionally conducted. Forthis purpose a test bench must be designed and built as part of a Design project. Once the test bench has been constructed aseries of careful experiments must be conducted to ensure that the test bench works as planned.

The project therefore comprises two parts: A design that will qualify for a final year design project, as well as a theoretical andexperimental investigation that will qualify for a final year research project.

C-AIM needs the facility by July 2018. It will therefore be ideally suited for students who have to do a design and researchproject in the first semester.


Design a bearing test setup that will allow systematic bearing testing over a large range of variable speeds and loads. It isenvisaged that the test setup will have a variable speed drive that can be controlled via a computer, to provide arbitrary speedprofiles. At the same time it is envisaged that there will a servo-hydraulic actuator that allows arbitrary load profiles to beimposed on the bearing.

The setup will be designed such that there will not be interference of system resonance in the operating range. It is anticipatedthat this will require a finite element eigenvalue analysis.

The setup must also be designed in such a way that the transient motion of the bearing rollers can be studied by using high speedphotography during the tests. The intention with these studies will be to correlate roller behaviour to theoretical bearing models.


The test setup is intended to explore novel bearing condition monitoring techniques which are currently being developed inC-AIM. For the purposes of the final year project it will however be expected to implement standard signal processingtechniques, and demonstrate bearing degradation in the test setup with these techniques and algorithms. It is envisaged thatMATLAB or Python software will have to be developed for this purpose.


Build, manufacture and commission the setup. Then conduct a series of systematic experiments to demonstrate that the systemis working as expected. Very careful attention must be given to the data acquisitioning and control system, and the student willbe expected to reach a fairly high level of maturity in this area.


Careful analysis of experimental data will have to be done, and results must be analysed using standard signal processingtechniques for condition monitoring. Observed responses must be physically explained in terms of the parameters of the testsetup.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A

of 128


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

40000


C-AIM Labs

of 128

Prof PS Els

1) Baja ride comfortLecturer, Prof PS Els

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. Background: TuksBaja has been competing both locally and internationally for 21 years. The team continuously strives tobuild a better, faster, safer and more comfortable car. The car is fitted with a hydropneumatic suspension system on which bothspring and damper characteristics can be easily altered by changing gas volumes or adjusting damper valves.

2. Problem statement: Although the suspension system is adjustable, the team does not know which settings will provide thebest ride comfort. The objective of the research project is to recommend optimal spring and damper settings for best ridecomfort. Please note that this project does NOT require you to be a member of the TuksBaja team and that a Baja vehicle will bereserved for Research Project students so that the normal Baja schedule will not interfere with your research.

3. Theoretical objectives: Analyse the effect of spring and damper characteristics on the ride comfort of the vehicle using adynamics model.

4. Experimental objectives: Measure ride comfort on the vehicle for various spring and damper settings.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results: Compare simulation results to experimental results. Updatethe model to better represent experimental results if required. Use the model to find the optimal settings for the vehicle.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Baja brakesLecturer, Prof PS Els

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. Background: TuksBaja has been competing both locally and internationally for 21 years. The team continuously strives tobuild a better, faster, safer and more comfortable car. The TUKSBaja team always have challenges to get the rear brakes to lockup the rear wheels as required by the competition rules. Please note that this project does NOT require you to be a member ofthe TuksBaja team and that a Baja vehicle will be reserved for Research Project students so that the normal Baja schedule willnot interfere with your research.

2. Problem statement: Analyse the brake system with the intent to improve the system

3. Theoretical objectives: Model the brake system from the brake pedal up to the brake force that can be applied between thetyres and the road. Determine the critical factors that influence braking performance significantly and suggest improvements

4. Experimental objectives: Measure brake system parameters to quantify baseline performance as well as to validate the model.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results: Compare measured braking performance with theoreticalpredictions. Update the model to better represent experimental results if required. Use the model to find the optimal settings forthe vehicle.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Baja handlingLecturer, Prof PS Els

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. Background: TuksBaja has been competing both locally and internationally for 21 years. The team continuously strives tobuild a better, faster, safer and more comfortable car. The car is fitted with a hydropneumatic suspension system on which bothspring and damper characteristics can be easily altered by changing gas volumes or adjusting damper valves. Please note thatthis project does NOT require you to be a member of the TuksBaja team and that a Baja vehicle will be reserved for ResearchProject students so that the normal Baja schedule will not interfere with your research.

2. Problem statement : Although the suspension system is adjustable, the team does not know which settings will provide thebest handling during the competition. The objective of the research project is to recommend optimal spring and damper settingsfor best handling.

3. Theoretical objectives: Analyse the effect of spring and damper characteristics on the handling of the vehicle using adynamics model.

4. Experimental objectives: Measure handling of the vehicle for various spring and damper settings.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results: Compare simulation results to experimental results. Updatethe model to better represent experimental results if required. Use the model to find the optimal settings for the vehicle.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Baja mass and mass moments of inertiaLecturer, Prof PS Els

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. Background: TuksBaja has been competing both locally and internationally for 21 years. The team continuously strives tobuild a better, faster, safer and more comfortable car. In an effort to streamline the development process, the team needs todevelop a multi-body dynamics model of the vehicle that can be used for suspension, steering and brake development. Pleasenote that this project does NOT require you to be a member of the TuksBaja team and that a Baja vehicle will be reserved forResearch Project students so that the normal Baja schedule will not interfere with your research.

2. Problem statement : Mass properties (mass, centre of mass position and mass moments of inertia) are key properties whendeveloping multi-body dynamics models. The objective of the research project is to determine mass properties of all the maincomponents of a Baja vehicle.

3. Theoretical objectives: Analyse the different techniques that could be used to determine the mass properties of rigid bodies.Propose an efficient and economical test method and develop a mathematical model of the proposed test setup. Calculate themass properties of simple objects that are easily available around the laboratory and for which mass properties can be easily andaccurately calculated analytically.

4. Experimental objectives: Measure the mass properties of the simple objects for which mass properties can be easily andaccurately calculated analytically. Also measure the mass properties of important vehicle components.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results: Compare calculated and measured mass properties for thesimple objects. Determine the accuracy of the measurement.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Baja Adams modelLecturer, Prof PS Els

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. Background: TuksBaja has been competing both locally and internationally for 21 years. The team continuously strives tobuild a better, faster, safer and more comfortable car. In an effort to streamline the development process, the team needs todevelop a multi-body dynamics model of the vehicle that can be used for suspension, steering and brake development. Pleasenote that this project does NOT require you to be a member of the TuksBaja team and that a Baja vehicle will be reserved forResearch Project students so that the normal Baja schedule will not interfere with your research.

2. Problem statement :The objective of the research project is to develop and validate a multi-body dynamics model of a Bajavehicle.

3. Theoretical objectives: Develop a multi-body dynamics model of a Baja vehicle that includes suspension, steering system andtyres.

4. Experimental objectives:Test the vehicle by driving over obstacles of known shape as well as predefined handlingmanoeuvres. Measure relevant parameters that can be used to validate the model.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results:Compare measured and simulated results and determine thevalidity of the model.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Baja CVT tuningLecturer, Prof PS Els

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. Background: TuksBaja has been competing both locally and internationally for 21 years. The team continuously strives tobuild a better, faster, safer and more comfortable car. The drivetrain of the car relies on a continuously variable transmission(CVT) to match engine speed to vehicle speed. The CVT uses a mechanical control system based on flyweights, springs andcams. Please note that this project does NOT require you to be a member of the TuksBaja team and that a Baja vehicle will bereserved for Research Project students so that the normal Baja schedule will not interfere with your research.

2. Problem statement:The objective of the research project is to develop and validate a multi-body dynamics model of a Bajavehicle.

3. Theoretical objectives:Develop a multi-body dynamics model of a Baja vehicle that includes suspension, steering system andtyres.

4. Experimental objectives:Test the vehicle by driving over obstacles of known shape as well as predefined handlingmanoeuvres. Measure relevant parameters that can be used to validate the model.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results:Compare measured and simulated results and determine thevalidity of the model.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Baja drivetrain efficiencyLecturer, Prof PS Els

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. Background: TuksBaja has been competing both locally and internationally for 21 years. The team continuously strives tobuild a better, faster, safer and more comfortable car. The drivetrain of the car relies on a fixed ratio gearbox and constantvelocity joints that transfer the engine torque, via the continuously variable transmission (CVT) to the wheels. The gearbox usesstraight-cut gears and relies solely on oil distributed by the gear rotation, for lubrication. Please note that this project does NOTrequire you to be a member of the TuksBaja team and that a Baja vehicle will be reserved for Research Project students so thatthe normal Baja schedule will not interfere with your research.

2. Problem statement: The objective of the research project is to investigate and improve the efficiency of the drivetrain of aBaja vehicle.

3. Theoretical objectives: Develop an empirical model of the efficiency of the drivetrain based on experimental data.

4. Experimental objectives: Measure the efficiency of different drivetrain components as a function of torque, speed, CV jointangles, oil volume etc.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results: Use the empirical model to determine areas of the designthat may lead to the best improvement in efficiency. Implement one of the recommended changes and test this newconfiguration to determine how well the models predictions were.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Baja steering robotLecturer, Prof PS Els

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. Background:Autonomous vehicles, that can drive themselves without any driver input, promises a significant reduction inroad vehicle accidents. Full autonomy also has many application for off-road driving but the possibilities haven’t been exploredwidely. Autonomous vehicles require actuators to steer the vehicle and control the brakes and throttle, while still allowing adriver to take control of the vehicle when required. Please note that this project does NOT require you to be a member of theTuksBaja team and that a Baja vehicle will be reserved for Research Project students so that the normal Baja schedule will notinterfere with your research.

2. Problem statement:Develop a steering robot that can be used to steer an off-road vehicle, but still allows full manual steeringby a human driver without interfering with the human.

3. Theoretical objectives: Develop a kinematics and dynamics model of the steering system of the vehicle and use this model todetermine specification for the steering robot such as speed and torque.

4. Experimental objectives: Measure the speed and torque applied to the steering wheel by a human driver during typicaloff-road driving conditions.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results: Compare simulation and test results and improve the modeluntil correlation is satisfactory.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Baja pedal robotLecturer, Prof PS Els

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. Background:Autonomous vehicles, that can drive themselves without any driver input, promises a significant reduction inroad vehicle accidents. Full autonomy also has many application for off-road driving but the possibilities haven’t been exploredwidely. Autonomous vehicles require actuators to steer the vehicle and control the brakes and throttle, while still allowing adriver to take control of the vehicle when required. Please note that this project does NOT require you to be a member of theTuksBaja team and that a Baja vehicle will be reserved for Research Project students so that the normal Baja schedule will notinterfere with your research.

2. Problem statement :Develop a pedal robot that can be used to control the brakes and throttle of an off-road vehicle, but stillallows full manual pedal control by a human driver without interfering with the human.

3. Theoretical objectives:Develop a kinematics and dynamics model of the brake and throttle pedals of the vehicle and use thismodel to determine specification for the pedal robot such as speed and force.

4. Experimental objectives:Measure the speed and force applied to the pedals by a human driver during typical off-road drivingconditions.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results:Compare simulation and test results and improve the modeluntil correlation is satisfactory.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Dr J Dirker

Phase change material thermodynamic property determinationLecturer, Dr J Dirker

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundPhase change materials (PCMs) allow for relatively high energy storage densities which are useful in several thermal systemsincluding renewable energy systems and free-cooling systems. During the phase change process (solidification or melting) latentenergy plays an important role. This allows for energy release (during solidification) and energy absorption (during melting) atrelatively constant temperatures. In order to correctly model the energy charging and discharging phenomenon during phasechange processes, a good understanding of the thermo-physical properties of PCMs is needed. Important properties include thethermal conductivity [W/mK] and specific heat [J/kgK] of both the solid and liquid phases, as well as the latent heat of fusion[J/kg].

2. Problem statementSeveral PCM-based studies that were performed in the department of Mechanical and Aeronautical engineering has beenhampered due to the uncertainty of actual material properties of PCMs. Often material properties are not available or the exactchemical composition is not known and broad assumptions are needed which influences calculation results. There is thus a needto verify and validate PCM properties in the lab to sustain other research efforts.

3. Theoretical objectivesUnderstand what impact the thermal conductivity, specific heat and the latent heat of fusion has on the a) amount of energy thatcan be stored and b) at what rate the energy can be charged or discharged. Identify suitable geometries with which theseproperties can be modelled using simplified one-dimensional characteristic analytical equations in the temporal (time) and/orspecial domains. Develop such equations. Temperature ranges of interest are between 0°C and 70°C.

4. Experimental objectivesDesign and construct one or more test sections related to the theoretical objectives with which controlled experiments can beconducted to determine and verify the properties of more than one PCM. Reference test are to be conducted on PCMs for whichproperties are known. Use of heat and temperature measurements will be needed. Different students may be tasked to focus ondifferent material properties.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsPerform reference test on PCMs for which properties are well known. Compare calculated material properties using the onedimensional analytical equations which were developed with those published in literature. Continue to validate properties ofPCMs for which either the chemical composition or material properties are not well documented (for instance paraffin waxes).

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500

of 128


Thermocouples and datalogger, DC power supply

of 128

Renewable energy flow system stability using thermal storageLecturer, Dr J Dirker

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundSolar renewable energy plays an important role in the development of energy systems that are more environmentally friendly.Several solar energy systems exist including concentrated solar energy systems. Amongst these, Direct Steam Generation (DSG)cycles make use of solar collectors in which the working fluid is vaporised directly instead of making use of secondary fluidloops and added heat exchangers. The simplicity of DSG systems can significantly reduce parasitic losses in the power plant andincrease plant thermal efficiency. However, such systems are prone to thermal instability when there is a fluctuation in the solarirradiance. Without increasing parasite losses, an innovative means to increase the thermal mass within the solar collectors toassist in the thermal stability is to integrate the solar collector with a thermal store using an annular geometry with phase changematerials.

2. Problem statementThe technical performance of an integrated solar collector / thermal energy storage system using an annular geometry is not yettested. The influence of the annular geometric dimensions and the type and quantity of a phase change material on the timedomain thermal stability of a flow passage is not quantified when there is a disturbance in the external heat flux (for instancefrom solar irradiance).

3. Theoretical objectivesUnderstand the thermal discharge process of a phase change material. Implement the enthalpy method, energy equation andNavier-Stokes equations in a numerical CFD simulation model to predict the temperature response of an annular geometrycontaining phase change material and a water stream for both steady state and transient state scenarios. Parameterise the modelin terms of the annular dimensions (inner and outer diameters and length), the type of phase change material, the water flowrate, inlet water temperature and applied thermal heat flux on the outer surface. More than one annular configuration existswhich are to be analysed by different students. In one configuration, the water is in the inner tube and the phase change materialis in the annulus, while in the other configuration the opposite is true.

4. Experimental objectivesDesign and construct sections to experimentally investigate the temperature response of the relevant flow system with phasechange material. Inlet and outlet water temperatures as well as strategic phase change temperatures are to be monitored forsteady state and transient state scenarios with different mass flow rates. Parameters that are to be changed (and which will beinvestigated by different students) include the inner diameter, outer diameter and the lay-out configuration.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare experimental and theoretical results with each other and comment on whether CFD analyses could be suitable tocapture the impact of ach geometric parameter. After adjusting the CFD model, extend the CFD analysis to be able tocharacterise the effect of the geometric parameter (i.e. perform several more analyses for different values of the geometricparameter).

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR) of 128

500


Thermocouples and dataloger, DC power supply, existing flow loop with new water flow meter

of 128

Rib heat transfer enhancement in water systems using liquid crystal thermographyLecturer, Dr J Dirker

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundImproved thermal systems required innovative enhance heat transfer mechanism to reduce entropy generation. Several enhancedheat transfer systems exist, which increases local heat transfer coefficients. One such method makes use of ribbed walls on aheat transfer surfaces. These ribs disturb boundary layer development.

2. Problem statementThe local heat transfer coefficients on a ribbed wall with water as the fluid (having a relatively high Prandtl number) are to bedetermined experimentally and numerically for different water flow rates and ribbed geometric parameters (such as rib shape,size and orientation ) for chamfered patterns.

3. Theoretical objectivesSet up a numerical model which could be used to predict the wall heat transfer and temperature distribution on a ribbed wallwith a uniform heat flux imposed on it. The flow is to flow perpendicular to the rib direction. Local heat transfer coefficients areto be determined for different flow rate and geometrical parameters of the ribs.

4. Experimental objectivesUse an existing experimental test section which employs liquid crystal thermography (a paint layer that will change colour interms of temperature) to measure the local base wall temperatures of a ribbed wall. Modifications are to be made based onrecommendation from a preceding study. The test section is to be transparent to allow for visual recording of the colourresponse of the paint using a LCD camera. Based on the imposed heat flux and the energy balance principle, determine the localheat transfer coefficients for different flow rates and rib dimensional parameters. (Each student is to investigate a differentgeometrical parameter).

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare experimentally and theoretically obtained trends with each other. Comment on observable trends and the possibleexistence of an optimum rib parameter.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


thermocouples and datalogger, DC power supply, existing flow loop with new flow meter

of 128

Natural renewable cooling using phase change materialLecturer, Dr J Dirker

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundSignificant amounts of thermal energy are absorbed or released when a substance undergoes phase change. This latent effect canbe used in a wide range of application including passive cooling systems that store the “coolness” of the atmosphere bysolidification during night (charging phase) and releases the “coolness” by melting during the day (discharging phase) whencooling is needed. Several materials (such as paraffin-waxes) exist that undergo phase change in the thermal comfort range ofhumans. Unfortunately, many of these substances have low thermal conductivities, which inhibit the absorption and release heatrates. However, when harnessed correctly, this can dramatically reduce energy consumption of an air-conditioning plant.

2. Problem statementCharacterise a simple phase-change latent storage geometry (such as plates or cylinders) in different gravitational orientations.Due to gravity, denser solid phase molecules will drop to the bottom of the phase change cavity. This will alter the transientthermal response of the module. It is unknown what impact the geometry and orientation have on the discharging (melting)rates.

3. Theoretical objectivesUnderstand the enthalpy method for predicting the phase-change process. Implement this method in a CFD program (such asAnsys Fluent) for one predefined geometric lay-out with the effect of gravity and by making the fluid density temperaturedependent. Perform a set of discharging (melting) transient state analyses for different geometrical parameters (widths and/ordiameters) and low temperature phase change materials.

4. Experimental objectivesDesign and construct a set-up to match the predefined geometric lay-out selected. At least two test modules must be constructed(ie. two chosen geometric parameters). Construct, calibrate and install suitable thermal probes. Track the internal temperatureresponse inside the phase change material during discharging to track the phase change process for at least 3 gravitationorientations (including vertical and horizontal orientations). Make video recordings of melting progression.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare experimental and theoretical results with each other and comment on whether CFD analyses are suitable. Describeobservable experimental trends and comment whether the orientation of the modules have an influence on the discharge rates.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Thermocouples and datalogger, DC power supply

of 128

Parabolic through solar collector adaption for water heatingLecturer, Dr J Dirker

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundNon-traditional innovative water heating systems can reduce the energy utility bill of users that require larger quantities of hotwater. Such systems can also assist in reducing the burden on the power utility companies and reduce the impact of powerproduction the environment. In previous investigations on such a system was investigated and showed some measure of success.This is a follow-on investigation with the view of better understanding the phenomenon at play. The concept makes use of aparabolic through collector in a non-traditional manner to increase the heat flux on the outside of a horizontal water tube. Theincreased concentrated solar heat flux at the bottom of the tube has a dual purpose: (1) to increase the heat transfer coefficientinside the tube due to buoyancy driven secondary flow and (2) It reduces the exposed surface area of the water tube which mightreduce in heat losses to the environment.

2. Problem statementDetrimental weather conditions complicated previous investigations. The impact of wind is to be partially removed by makinguse of an additional transparent layer at each collector surface. It is not known to what extent the protective layer will improvethe efficiency of the collector systems.

3. Theoretical objectivesSet-up a first order thermodynamic and heat transfer model to describe the semi steady state operation of such a system in termsof mass-flow rate and heat absorption ability. The impact of the protective layer is to be included. Extend the theoreticalinvestigation to include a numerical approach (if needed) to improve calculation accuracy. Compare the expected performanceof the proposed heating system with that of a traditional solar collector system.

4. Experimental objectivesImprove/adjust on an existing set-up test-section and reference test section. The reference test section will of a traditionalmultiple pass tube lay-out without solar heat concentration. The other test-section will consist a parabolic through solar reflectorto concentrate the rays onto a single tube. A water circulation system is to be used such that the water flow rate can becontrolled (laminar and turbulent flow regimes). Construct, calibrate and install suitable thermal probes. Determine semi- steadystate temperature field, flow rate, and temperature responses to determine which system has the relative higher thermalefficiency. Different students will consider the effect of different aspects such as the water flow rate, reflector efficiency,collector tube geometry, and intensity of the focused thermal heat flux.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare experimentally and theoretically obtained trends with each other. Comment on observable trends and the possibleexistence of an operating state.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500

of 128


thermocouples and datalogger, Existing test fascility on the roof of Engineering 2.

of 128

Impact of air infiltration on the performance of a commercial cooling systemLecturer, Dr J Dirker

Max students, 1

Project Description

1. BackgroundAir infiltration by means of open doors and openings in the envelope of cooling warehouses can have a significant detrimentaleffect on the performance and energy consumption of the cooling systems.

2. Problem statementFor an international commercial fruit distributor it is unclear what impact hot air infiltration into their warehouses vianon-automated doors and permanent opening in the warehouse enveloped has on their energy consumption.

3. Theoretical objectivesDevelop a first order empirical model of a typical warehouse to represent the existing thermal response of the building envelopewith and without openings that result in significant hot air infiltration. Perform a cooling load analysis for cases with andwithout such openings. Also develop such a model of a scaled down model with and without infiltration openings. The scaledmodel is to capture the main phenomenon at play in the full scale structure. Focus is to be placed on material similarity as far aspossible.

4. Experimental objectivesConstruct a scale model to investigate the influence of the number, size and frequency of operation of openings on thetemperature response of the cold structure for a number of operating conditions to supply data with which the analytical modelcan be validated. Perform transient state temperature measurements to capture the thermal response of the scale model.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare the predicted temperature response of the empirical model with that of the scale model. Make adjustments to theempirical model to improve its accuracy. Extrapolate the adjusted model to the full scale structure and make a recommendationto the client.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

Thabo Mavundza


Westfalia Fruit


Westfalia Fruit

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Thermocouples and datalogger.

of 128

Prof KJ Craig

Development of point-focus receiver for parabolic dish (7 students)Lecturer, Prof KJ Craig

Max students, 7

Project Description

1. BackgroundExtension of previous projects. A novel receiver is being developed (first through 2015 design, then 2017 Masters) and needsevaluation of many parameters. The receiver traps solar energy by reducing the re-radiating surfaces’ view factor back toambient and use jet-impingement heat transfer. A small dish is available as heat source. The students will collaborate on parts ofthe experimental setup but will have separate computational analysis tasks. 1 student will focus on the optics of the receivingcompound parabolic concentrator. 1 student will focus on the heat transfer distribution network. 1 student will focus on jetimpingement cooling of the heat transfer fluid on the solar-heated surface. 1 student will focus on thermal stresses caused by thetemperature. 1 student will focus on different heat transfer fluids. 1 student will focus on thermal storage using a phase-changematerial. 1 student will focus on the tracking mechanism for the dish.2. Problem statementModel a dish receiver using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Structural FEA and/or ray-tracing software. Constructreceiver components and test using solar dish or dedicated lab-scale setup (depending on different sub-topic). Investigaterelevant parameters.3. Theoretical objectivesBuild a CFD/FEA (depending on subtopic) model of the dish and receiver. Perform radiation analysis with specified radiativesurface properties and heat transfer fluid characteristics. Determine optical and thermal efficiency and structural performance.4. Experimental objectivesConstruct a dish receiver for testing and comparison with theoretical model. Use appropriate sensors, instrumentation and datacapturing.5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Shape optimization of solar reflector using adjoint method (3 students)Lecturer, Prof KJ Craig

Max students, 3

Project Description

1. BackgroundExtension of 2017 project. Expand range of orientations used in optimization. The reduction of wind loads on solar reflectorsand PV panels would lead to lighter and cheaper structures that can lead to a cost reduction in the Concentrated Solar Power(CSP) and PV plant. Shape optimization using conventional methods like a parameterized geometry and optimization algorithmis time consuming and limited by the number of parameters. The adjoint method allows for a free-form geometric solution thatcan lead to much higher gains in performance through less computation.2. Problem statementConstruct a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of a solar reflector/panel and determine an optimized shape using theadjoint method in ANSYS Fluent. Test the base and optimal model in the wind tunnel. The 3 students will consider differentreflector/panel types3. Theoretical objectivesBuild a CFD model of the reflector and substructure. Perform flow analysis and adjoint solutions for different observables(objectives). Combine in multi-objective solution and export modified geometry for manufacturing.4. Experimental objectivesConstruct a base model of reflector for initial wind tunnel testing. Development measurement system using load cells andpressure taps. The 3 students will collaborate on the common components (support structure and instrumentation).Manufactured optimized structure (option of 3D printing) and test.5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Optimization of Tesla patent for non-return valve conduit (3 students)Lecturer, Prof KJ Craig

Max students, 3

Project Description

1. BackgroundNikola Tesla patented a valvular conduit (see http://fluidpowerjournal.com/2013/10/teslas-conduit/) that acts as a one-way valvebut has no moving parts. This project will optimize the geometry of this patent through CFD modelling and experimentation.2. Problem statementConstruct a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of the valve conduit. The 3 students will consider differentgeometrical parameters and optimization methods. Manufacture and test the valve for the two flow directions to assess thenon-return capability.3. Theoretical objectivesBuild a CFD model of the valve. Perform flow analysis. Optimize the valve by varying the geometry using either shapeoptimization, topology optimization or adjoint optimization. Export modified geometry for manufacturing.4. Experimental objectivesConstruct a base model of valve for initial testing (all 3 students). Development measurement system. The 3 students willcollaborate on the common components (e.g. inlet/outlet piping, supply and instrumentation). Manufactured optimized geometryand test.5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Energy efficient HVAC using clay pottery evaporation (3 students)Lecturer, Prof KJ Craig

Max students, 3

Project Description

1. BackgroundIn conjunction with Growthpoint properties. Clay pottery is used as a porous material to absorb water. Hot air is then passedthrough the moist material/surface where the water evaporates to cool the air. Air is forced through the system the fan in thegenerator. Thus the HVAC system itself has no electricity consumption. An age old method of cooling air that might have agreat use in modern commercial buildings.2. Problem statementConstruct a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of the HVAC evaporation system. Model the pottery evaporationgeometry. The 3 students will consider different geometrical parameters and optimization methods. Manufacture and test theevaporation setup.3. Theoretical objectivesBuild a CFD/theoretical model of the system. Perform flow analysis for different inlet temperatures, relative humidity and flowrates.4. Experimental objectivesConstruct a model of the evaporation system. Development measurement system and test. The 3 students will collaborate on thecommon components (e.g. inlet/outlet piping, supply and instrumentation).5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Natural convection passive cooling (3 students)Lecturer, Prof KJ Craig

Max students, 3

Project Description

1. BackgroundNatural convection occurs naturally when heated surfaces are exposed to a cooler fluid. For the passive cooling of nuclearreactors, natural convection plays a critical role. Of interest is the relationship between the driving force for convection (densitydifferences driven by temperature differences) and the resistance to flow because of the geometry (shape and obstructions). Innuclear applications, passive cooling can either be used during normal operation to cool critical components, or during abnormalconditions to remove decay heat safely. Different students will investigate different geometrical setups and parameters.2. Problem statementConstruct a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of the natural convection cooling system. The 3 students will considerdifferent geometrical parameters and optimization methods to improve the cooling capacity. Manufacture and test the coolingsetup.3. Theoretical objectivesBuild a CFD/theoretical model of the system. Perform flow analysis for different heat rates, surface temperatures, inlettemperatures, and environmental conditions.4. Experimental objectivesConstruct a model of the cooling system. Development measurement system and test. The 3 students will collaborate on thecommon components (e.g. inlet/outlet piping, heat supply and instrumentation).5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Ms B Huyssen

Research the efficiency gains in pressure adaptive aircraft control surfaces.Lecturer, Ms B Huyssen

Max students, 6

Project Description

1. BackgroundCurrent aircraft control surfaces are controlled by either physical control linkages to a flight control yoke or by hydraulicallyassisted control actuators, dependent on the size and type of aircraft. The controls are normally hinged to move in-plane.Control hinges need to have structural attachment points as well as structural points of actuation, these are all areas ofconcentrated strength mass as well as fatigue induced areas as the loads are cyclical.A design improvement that can be contemplated is to have a more uniform control mechanism to utilise morphing technologiesto reduce mass, gain aerodynamic efficiency for similar or better control effectiveness.

2. Problem statementCarry out research to establish the efficiency gains in a typical pressure actuated cellular control surface as well as construct amodel of a pressure adaptive control surface utilising a pneumatic control system. An aircraft in the commuter class can be usedas the test case. (ATR42, Dash8 etc.)

3. Theoretical objectivesThe following is the expected work to be performed with complementary outputs:• Carry out an analysis of the aerodynamic efficiency increase for a morphed control surface against a traditional hinged controlsurface. A wind tunnel model may be utilised as an additional means to determine aerodynamic efficiency• Mass improvement of distributed load applied to control surface as against control hardware given that the aircraft in questionis already hydraulically actuated. An assessment of the morphing structure required will also be necessary as part of the massgain/loss.• Conceptual design of the pressure adaptive cells within the control surface with expected deflection angles achievable inpressurised state. A typical pressure adaptive cell could be honeycomb structures as an example of a flexible membraneallowing pressure differential movement.

4. Experimental objectivesBuild of an experimental model of a control surface with pressure adaptive cells connected to a simple pneumatic control systemto demonstrate the deflection of the control surface. This control can be a simple up or down. Should a more comprehensivecontrol mechanism be desired by the student, this can be extended to include a control system actuated by a “flight stick”connected to a servo controlling the pneumatic pressure in the control surface cells to demonstrate a typical flight state.5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

Rob Yonker


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500

of 128



of 128

Wing Twist EvaluationsLecturer, Ms B Huyssen

Max students, 6

Project Description

1. BackgroundThis project relates to the research on aircraft configurations. For best flight efficiency and aircraft has to induce the bestdownwash distribution along the wing span. This can be controlled by the wing twist distribution. For each angle of attack aslight adaptation of the wing twist is necessary to maintain the ideal distribution.2. Problem statementDevelop a method of construction of a wind tunnel model and wake investigation by which the wing twist can be adapted togive the ideal downwash distribution.3. Theoretical objectivesPredict a twist distribution by means of panel methods or CFD which would give the desired lift distribution.4. Experimental objectivesBuild a wind tunnel model of a complete wing of which the trailing edge can be modified to the shape predicted by thenumerical investigation. Measure the flow field in the wake of the wing.5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsExtract and compare the measured downwash distribution to the design distribution. Modify if necessary the twist arrangementto experimentally obtain the desired result.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Wind tunnel model, wind tunnel, sting, 5-hole probe, y-z traverse, data acquisition equipment and software.

of 128

Wing Dihedral Effect EvaluationsLecturer, Ms B Huyssen

Max students, 6

Project Description

1. BackgroundThis project relates to the research on aircraft configurations. For good handling properties of an aircraft it must have a suitabledihedral effect. The combination of sweep and dihedral will determine the resultant effect on rolling moment produced by aside-slip angle.2. Problem statementDevelop a method of construction of a wind tunnel model and method of moment measurements by which the wing sweep anddihedral angles can be adapted to find the best dihedral effect.3. Theoretical objectivesPredict a suitable combination of sweep and dihedral angles by means of panel methods or CFD which would give the desireddihedral effect.4. Experimental objectivesBuild a wind tunnel model of a complete wing and fuselage of which the sweep and dihedral angles can be modified to theshape predicted by the numerical investigation. Measure the roll and yawing moments produced by the wing.5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsExtract and compare the measured dihedral effect the one predicted. Modify if necessary the sweep and dihedral angles toexperimentally obtain the desired result.

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


Wind tunnel model, wind tunnel, 4 component force balance, sting, data acquisition equipment and software.

of 128

Investigation of turbine blade impact with and penetration of shroudLecturer, Ms B Huyssen

Max students, 3

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe CSIR is developing an electronic warfare training pod for fast-jet aircraft called Inundu. This pod is fitted with a ram-airturbine that enables it to generate its own electric power.It is important to be able to demonstrate that if a turbine blade separatesat the maximum attainable turbine speed, it will not penetrate the shroud and damage the pod or the aircraft carrying it.Currently the turbine is made from PEEK (polyether ether ketone) plastic and the turbine shroud from 6082-T651 aluminium2. Problem statementThe high-speed impact characteristics of PEEK are not well known. It will be useful to compare the impact and penetrationcharacteristics of PEEK with 6082-T651 aluminium and steel alternatives.3. Theoretical objectivesModel a simplified blade and shroud geometry using a finite element modelling (FEM) tool to investigate the impact andpenetration behaviour for different speeds.4. Experimental objectivesBuild a test setup to launch a blade sample at a shroud sample and validate the FEM analyses.5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsAnalyse the actual ram-air turbine blade/shroud interaction

Category

Aeronautical

Group


External Supervisor

Kevin Jamison


CSIR


CSIR

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Mr H Hamersma

Rubber friction testingLecturer, Mr H Hamersma

Max students, 6

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe Vehicle Dynamics Group (VDG) is interested in modelling the friction between rubber and different surfaces. This relatesto the VDG’s interest in modelling the tyre-road interface.

2. Problem statementThe need exists to theoretically model and experimentally investigate the friction mechanism between rubber (a tyre in thiscase) and several surfaces, ranging from (but not limited to) steel to concrete.

3. Theoretical objectivesThe theoretical objective of this project entails the fit or development of a theoretical model that accurately captures the frictionbehaviour between a rubber tyre and another surface of interest.

4. Experimental objectivesThe experimental objectives include the parameterisation and validation of the theoretical model.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe experimental validation of the theoretical results is essential to the successful completion of this project.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


VDG friction tester

of 128

Terramechanics modelling and validationLecturer, Mr H Hamersma

Max students, 6

Project Description

1. BackgroundTerramechanics is the study of the interaction of mechanical systems with soil. The Vehicle Dynamics Group wants to expandits expertise in terramechanics, specifically with regard to the interaction between a tyre and soil.

2. Problem statementA validated soil model is needed that can be used to accurately predict the behaviour of the soil when loaded. The exact problemstatement will be finalised after consultation with the candidate, but there are several areas to be investigated:• The use of a cone penetrometer to model the soil properties• The use of a bevameter to model the soil properties• The development of a tyre pressure-sinkage model

3. Theoretical objectivesThe theoretical objectives of this study will entail researching existing soil models and the selection of an applicable one or thedevelopment of a new model to be characterised with the identified experimental approach.

4. Experimental objectivesExperimental objectives include the parameterisation and validation of the theoretical model.


Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


VDG terramechanics rigs

of 128

Baja tyre test trailerLecturer, Mr H Hamersma

Max students, 9

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe Vehicle Dynamics Group has a tyre test trailer designed to parameterise and validate tyre models of the tyres used on theUniversity of Pretoria’s Baja vehicles. There are several research and development projects to be performed on the tyre testtrailer.

2. Problem statementThree categories can be defined within this project, with the exact problem statements of each to be refined in consultation withthe student. The categories are:• modelling of the tyre test trailer,• modelling the tyres used on the Baja vehicle and• improving the longitudinal tyre slip actuation and control during longitudinal tyre testing

3. Theoretical objectivesEach of the abovementioned categories will include a good dose of theoretical work, such as:• designing suitable experimental setups to determine mass and mass moments of inertia properties• tyre modelling• brake system modelling and control

4. Experimental objectivesThe experimental objectives include parameterisation and validation of the developed theoretical models.


Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


VDG blue tyre test trailer

of 128

Dr W LeRoux

Testing and development of a dish-mounted solar still for waterdesalination/purification

Lecturer, Dr W LeRouxMax students, 3

Project Description

1. BackgroundWater can be purified by boiling it and capturing the condensate. By doing this, all the heavy ingredients in the water staybehind and can be separated from the pure water condensate. Water can be boiled with concentrated solar heat from a solar dishreflector. A desalination/water purifying unit can be placed at the focus point of a small-scale solar dish which tracks the sun.

2. Problem statementWater is an important resource, especially for the water-scarce Southern Africa. Water is often dirty and not safe for drinking.The small-scale purification of water is also expensive. The solar desalination and purification of water in South Africa wouldbe useful since South Africa has a good solar resource.

3. Theoretical objectivesThe unit should be modelled mathematically. The amount of water purified per minute should be anticipated.

4. Experimental objectivesA dish-mounted solar water purification/desalination unit should be built and tested. The amount of water treated per minuteshould be measured. A small-scale solar tracking system and dish is already available and can be used for the testing.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsTheoretical and experimental results should be compared, typically in terms of litres of water purified per hour.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


A small solar tracking system and dish are available for the experiments

of 128

High-temperature solar receiver testingLecturer, Dr W LeRoux

Max students, 7

Project Description

1. BackgroundA solar receiver captures heat from a solar concentrator. The tubular solar cavity receiver heats air for the operation of amicro-turbine as used in a small-scale solar thermal Brayton cycle. The solar receiver operates at very high temperatures andloses heat mostly due to radiation heat loss.

2. Problem statementA tubular solar cavity receiver should be tested at high temperature to determine its heat losses, especially due to radiation heatloss. The solar receiver is mounted at the focus point of a small-scale solar dish which follows the sun during the day. Thereceiver is thus mounted at different angles throughout the day. Depending on the wind direction and receiver angle, heat lossdue to convection can also be significant.

3. Theoretical objectivesThe heat loss from the solar cavity receiver at high temperature should be modelled.

4. Experimental objectivesConvection, conduction and radiation heat loss rates at high receiver temperatures should be measured.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsThe theoretical and experimental results should be compared and discrepancies should be explained.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


A small solar tracking system and dish are available for the experiments.

of 128

Testing and development of a dish-mounted solar still for alcohol distillation/fuelproduction

Lecturer, Dr W LeRouxMax students, 3

Project Description

1. BackgroundAlcohol can be purified by boiling it and capturing the condensate. By doing this, all the heavy ingredients stay behind and canbe separated from the pure condensate. Boiling can be done with concentrated solar heat from a solar dish reflector. Adistillation unit can be placed at the focus point of a small-scale solar dish which tracks the sun. Alcohol can be used in theproduction of fuel.

2. Problem statementFuel is an important resource world-wide but is also expensive. The production of solar fuels in South Africa would be usefulsince South Africa has a good solar resource.

3. Theoretical objectivesThe unit should be modelled mathematically. The amount of fuel created per minute should be anticipated.

4. Experimental objectivesA dish-mounted solar still unit should be built and tested. The amount of fuel created per minute should be measured. Asmall-scale solar tracking system and dish is already available and can be used for the testing.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsTheoretical and experimental results should be compared, typically in terms of litres of fuel produced per hour.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


A small solar tracking system and dish are available for the experiments

of 128

Decreasing the optical error of a small-scale solar dishLecturer, Dr W LeRoux

Max students, 7

Project Description

1. BackgroundA solar receiver captures heat from a solar dish concentrator with an aperture which is directed towards the solar dish. Thetubular solar cavity receiver heats air for the operation of a micro-turbine as used in a small-scale solar thermal Brayton cycle.The solar receiver operates at very high temperatures and loses heat through its aperture mostly due to radiation heat loss.

2. Problem statementAny slight dish manufacturing error will lead to an optical error. In order to minimise radiation heat loss, the solar receivercavity aperture is relatively small. The small cavity aperture puts a constraint on the dish optical error allowed and at the sametime it increases the costs involved with the manufacturing of the solar dish. This calls for an investigation into the accuracy oflow-cost solar dish optics and the integration of adjustability of the solar dish.

3. Theoretical objectivesThe amount of spillage (rays that missed the solar receiver aperture) as well as the optical error of various low-cost solar dishesshould be determined theoretically. This can typically be done by using ray tracing software such as SolTrace.

4. Experimental objectivesThe amount of spillage (rays that missed the solar receiver aperture) as well as the optical error of various low-cost solar dishesshould be determined experimentally so that a more accurate solar dish (possibly with adjustability) can be developed.Currently, a small-scale solar tracking system and dish is already available and can be used for initial testing.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsTheoretical and experimental results should be compared, typically in terms of energy captured by the solar receiver, so thatdiscrepancies can be explained.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


A small solar tracking system and dish are available for initial experiments

of 128

Dr LJ duPlessis

Simulate and test an optimizable 5-axis machine toolLecturer, Dr LJ duPlessis

Max students, 20

Project Description

The simulation part of this project is an expansion of the 2017 MOW323 Assignment 6. The expansion is that apart from theNX model that needs to be simulated, a CAAMS-model of the mechanism also needs to be created for verification purposes.Each student will simulate his / her own tool path.

As far as the experimental part of the project is concerned, the frame of the optimizable 5-axis machine tool already exists. Themoving parts of the mechanism will be designed and built. Each student will test his / her simulated tool path.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500


See Project Description

of 128

Dr M MoghimiArdekani

Design and optimization of cooling channels of hybrid photovoltaic/thermal solarcollectors (PV/T)

Lecturer, Dr M MoghimiArdekaniMax students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundHybrid photovoltaic/thermal solar collectors (PV/T) are integrated systems which combine photovoltaic (PV) panels and a solarthermal component/system to simultaneously generate electricity and heat. A significant amount of research and developmentworks have been conducted on the PV/T technology since 1970s. In terms of the amount of generated energy per unit surfacearea, PV/T systems are more efficient than PV panels and solar thermal collectors side by side. In addition, these systems canpotentially generate energy at a lower installation cost. Efficient design of Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) channels in PV/Ts wouldlead to the improvement of both thermal and electrical efficiencies of PV/T.

2. Problem statementDesign and model HTF channels using Computational Fluid dynamics (CFD) software. Then the proposed design is optimizedin ANSYS DX to maximize the thermal performance of the PV/T and minimize the pressure drop (required pumping power).Construct the cooling channel and then test it.

3. Theoretical objectivesBuild a CFD model of the cooling channel. Perform CFD with specified HTF thermophysical properties. Determine theefficiency of system from the first and second law of thermodynamic viewpoint.

4. Experimental objectivesConstruct the channel for testing and comparison with theoretical model. Use appropriate instruments fro testing.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against the experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

2000



of 128

Design of solar water pump and Improvement of its efficiencyLecturer, Dr M MoghimiArdekani

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundSolar water pumps are renewable energy based-systems which can be designed for irrigation in agriculture to stock anddomestic pumping in rural areas. This Pumping system is reliable off-grid pumping system that can substitute windmill pumpsin south Africa. One of the main components of these systems is photovoltaic (PV) panel. PV cells convert up to 27.6% ofincoming solar radiation into electricity based on PV cell material, while the remaining more than 72% is reflected or convertedinto heat.The incident energy converted into heat leads to elevated PV temperatures. The higher operating temperature ofphotovoltaic panels (above the standard operating temperature, usually 25 ºC) adversely affects the panel’s efficiency. Thereforeeither cooling down of these panels or increasing the incident solar radiation are crucial approaches for improving the efficiencyof these systems.

2. Problem statementA small solar-powered water pump system has to be designed for this study and then the students must numerically andexperimentally investigate the effect of various cooling options as well as boosting incident radiation on these systems. Thesesystems could be cooled down with any of these options: water spraying, Phase Change Material, water jacket as well asreceiving higher incident solar radiation with the help of concentrators

3. Theoretical objectivesFor designing solar water pump, at first, a site assessment has to be done, then Solar PV pumping system layout (location of thecomponents) have to be determined, then the array tilt and orientation must be determined, After that, the required flow ratesand total dynamic head have to be calculated. Finally the pump and solar array is selected.Then regarding to cooling of the panels, based on the cooling approach a CFD model is built. A CFD simulation with specifiedthermophysical properties is performed.However regarding to the solar incident radiation boosting, a ray tracing model is built and run to improve the amount of solarincident radiation.

4. Experimental objectivesThe solar water pump system as well as cooling system and concentrator should be constructed. Use appropriate instruments fortesting.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against the experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

2000



of 128

Design and construction of solar water distillerLecturer, Dr M MoghimiArdekani

Max students, 5

Project Description

1. BackgroundProviding clean fresh water is crucially important for communities face with water shortage. This shortage usually takes placedue to drought, disaster and so on. Water distiller is a solution to this problem. Water distiller naturally occurs when rainproduces in nature. Water from any undrinkable sources (polluted water, salty sources, dirty ground water and so on) evaporatesand then condenses in clouds and returns to the ground in the form of rain (clean drinkable water). This project is going todesign and construct a cheap, efficient and practical solar water distiller which could provide enough drinkable water for peopledo not have access to this vital life element.2. Problem statementModel a water distiller using Ray-tracing software as well as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) if required. Construct thedistiller and test it. Determine the efficiency of unit.3. Theoretical objectivesBuild a raytracing model of the distiller and if required build a CFD model as well. Perform ray –tracing and find the absorbedheat flux on the walls of distiller. Determine the efficiency of the unit.4. Experimental objectivesConstruct the solar distiller for testing and comparison with theoretical model. Use appropriate sensors , instrumentation anddata capturing5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

2500



of 128

Design and Optimization of Dust Barrier to minimize collector mirror soiling in PTCplants

Lecturer, Dr M MoghimiArdekaniMax students, 3

Project Description

1. BackgroundMirror soling is one of the biggest challenges of CSP plants which drastically drop the efficiency of these plants. Therefore, tokeep the optical efficiency of a plant in an acceptable efficiency level, the mirror field must be cleaned regularly. However,mirror cleaning is water consuming process. Most effective conventional mirror cleaning uses 0.2-1.0 litres of water per m2 ofcollector area which in terms of a CSP plant mirror area would ends to huge water consumptions. Therefore, implementing windbreaker around the CSP field (in particular PTC field) could be an effective approach to act as a dust barrier for the mirror fieldand reduce water consumption of the field. The design of the dust barrier must be carried out in such a way to cause largerparticles fall to ground under gravity in the vicinity of the barrier whilst providing sufficient lift to accelerate smaller particles toa height where they are likely to pass over the solar field.2. Problem statementTo model a wind barrier, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software is used. Construct the prototype of wind barriers andPTC field. Investigate the effect of various parameters (e.g wind barrier shapes, porosities, and dimensions) on the mirrorsoiling.3. Theoretical objectivesBuild a CFD model of the wind-barrier around a PTC field, run the CFD model and estimate the amounts of particles sits onmirror surfaces4. Experimental objectivesConstruct the wind barrier and PTC field prototype for testing and comparison with theoretical model. Use appropriate sensors,instrumentation and data capturing5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

1500



of 128

Design and construction of solar air heaterLecturer, Dr M MoghimiArdekani

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundSolar air heater is a renewable equipment that can be designed for heating air getting into rooms and spaces such as barn, stableand so on. This equipment can lead to a huge saving in fuel costs especially in cold seasons or in rural areas. In addition, it is agood step towards less carbon foot print and a greener world. The design of solar air heaters is interesting and can be consideredfrom different thermo-fluid viewpoints e.g. cycling air, pressure drop of air, heat gain and heat losses of the equipment and …2. Problem statementUsing Ray-tracing and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software to model solar air heaters. Construct the solar air heaters.Investigate various parameters to improve its efficiency.3. Theoretical objectivesBuild a raytracing model of the air heater to captured absorbed heat flux, patch the heat flux on the CFD model and run the CFDmodel to get the numerical performance of the heater. Determine the efficiency of the heater.4. Experimental objectivesConstruct the solar air heater for testing and comparison with theoretical model. Use appropriate sensors , instrumentation anddata capturing5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

2000



of 128

Mr T Botha

Robot arm kinematic controlLecturer, Mr T Botha

Max students, 3

Project Description

1. BackgroundA small robot arm with several degrees of freedom is to be used to control the motion of an object. It is desired to have a controlsystem which can control the actuators of the robot such that a desired 3 dimensional space profile is followed.

2. Problem statementDevelop a control algorithm that can take 3D coordinates ans translate them into actuator inputs to the robot arm

3. Theoretical objectivesDevelop a model in a multi-body dynamics package such as ADAMS and develop a control algorithm which can convert 3Dpositions in to motor inputs and simulate in simulation environment

4. Experimental objectivesExperimentally test develop control algorithm on actual robot arm.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare results of experimental and theoretical results and discuss differences.

Requires substantial modelling capability and electronic knowledge.

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Low cost RPI Telemetry developmentLecturer, Mr T Botha

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe vehicle dynamics group developed a low cost Raspberry Pi data acquisition. It is required that an add-on be developedwhich can transform the data acquisition system into a telemetry system for use in a wheel force transducer. This will includethe electronics for the signal conditioning the transmission of power from a stationary system to a rotating system as well asmeasurement of the angle between a stationary reference point and the rotating wheel.

2. Problem statementDevelop a low cost telemetry system for wheel force transducer.

3. Theoretical objectivesPerform the necessary development and simulation of the electronics needed to amplify the strain gauge signals formeasurement.

4. Experimental objectivesBuild and test system using a wheel force transducer. Develop basic software for converting raw wheel force transducermeasurements into vertical, longitudinal and lateral tyre force

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare results between experimental and theoretical

Project includes knowledge of electronics and programming

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Development of low cost MEMS accelerometer/gyroscopesLecturer, Mr T Botha

Max students, 3

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe vehicle dynamics group is in need of low cost sensors for use in student projects. One sensor often required is anaccelerometer or a gyroscope. Low cost MEMS sensors are available but a circuit board is required which will allow the sensorsto be interfaced with standard data acquisition system. This includes the measurement of the MEMS system using a PIC andcommunicating the values out on an digital to analogue converter

2. Problem statementDevelop low cost MEMS based accelerometer/gyroscope sensors

3. Theoretical objectivesDevelop the circuit which will read the measurement of the MEMS sensors and output it in analogue.4. Experimental objectivesExperimentally test the sensor with a more expensive reference sensor on a vibrator. Develop a transfer function between thereference accelerometer and the MEMS accelerometer.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare developed transfer function with the data sheet of the MEMS accelerometer.

Project required knowledge of electronics as well as programming (basic C programming)

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Linearisation of Infra Red displacement sensorLecturer, Mr T Botha

Max students, 20

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe vehicle dynamics group has low cost Infra Red (IR) displacement sensors. These sensors however do not provide a linearoutput. i.e. the output voltage and distance to object is not linear. In order to make the sensor easier to use the sensor needs to belinearised. This includes the development of a PIC to read the values and linearise the measurements and output a linearmeasurement on a digital to analogue converter. The IR sensor may also produce difference responses on different surfaces andit is desired to test the difference outputs on different reflective surfaces

2. Problem statementDevelop circuit to linearise IR sensor

3. Theoretical objectivesDevelop circuit and calibration equation to linearise the IR sensor. Develop theory explaining the working principle andpossible response of sensor on different surfaces from literature

4. Experimental objectivesExperimentally test IR sensor with reference laser sensor and develop comparison between the IR and reference sensor onmultiple surfaces of different reflectivity.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare results of literature and experimental results

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

PIC speed sensor development and testingLecturer, Mr T Botha

Max students, 4

Project Description

1. BackgroundThe wheel speed is a required measurement in most control systems of vehicles, such as ABS, ESC etc. The wheel speed can bemeasured using mutiple types of sensors each with their respective advantages and disadvantages. The current prototype sensorin the Vehicle Dynamics Group uses a PIC micro processor to read pulses on the wheel. The time between pulses are used todetermine the wheel speed. One problem is that the system only updates its output when a pulse is obtained it is desired to havea sensor which will estimate the position in advance and correct the output when a pulse is obtained.

2. Problem statementDevelop a predictor corrector wheel speed sensor algorithm in a PIC

3. Theoretical objectivesDevelop the algorithm using a suitable simulation environment. Develop any additional electronic component needed forimprovement.

4. Experimental objectivesCode the algorithm on a PIC using C. Test the estimator using an experimental setup with base line measurements.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare experimental results with theoretical results and make conclusions and recommendations.

Requires programming in Python and C programing for PIC

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Develop low cost LIDAR systemLecturer, Mr T Botha

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. BackgroundA LIDAR system makes use of a ranging sensor typically laser based to generate a point cloud of the environment. A singlesensor is typically attached to a rotating base to generate a point cloud in 360degrees. IT is desired to create a low cost LIDARsystem using inexpensive sensors and platform

2. Problem statementCreate low cost LIDAR system

3. Theoretical objectivesDevelop the electronics and algorithm required to generate a point cloud from the low cost sensor and platform4. Experimental objectivesTest system on a reference scene to estimate the accuracy of the system

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare experimental results obtained against base line and provide recommendations

Requires electronic and substantial programming skill

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Low cost DGPS system evaluationLecturer, Mr T Botha

Max students, 20

Project Description

1. BackgroundA Differential GPS (DGPS) system uses a stationary base station to improve the accuracy of a movable rover. These system aregenerally very expensive. The vehciel dynamics group wants to compare the accuracy of a more expensive DGPS system with amore low cost system.

2. Problem statementTest the accuracy of a low cost DGPS system

3. Theoretical objectivesDevelop the theory behind DGPS systems and provide a theoretical accuracy of the system using literature. Develop a testingprotocol to test the accuracy of the system

4. Experimental objectivesExperimentally validate the accuracy using the developed testing protocol.

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare results from experimental testing to literature in theoretical development

Requires substantial programming knowledge

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

Single point laser displacement sensorLecturer, Mr T Botha

Max students, 2

Project Description

1. BackgroundA high accurate displacement sensor makes use of a laser diode and a line scan camera to measure the location of the laser pointreflecting on the surface. These sensor van achieve highly accurate results. These system are generally expensive and it isrequire to develop a low cost sensor and tests its performance

2. Problem statementDevelop and test low cost laser displacement sensor

3. Theoretical objectivesDevelop the algorithm which will use a line scan camera and laser point to determine distance. Develop the interface betweencamera and processor.

4. Experimental objectivesProgram the developed algorithm on embedded processor and experimentally test setup using a base line sensor

5. Validation of theoretical predictions against experimental resultsCompare results between theoretical study and experimental results

Requires substantial programming knowledge

Category

Mechanical

Group


External Supervisor

N/A


N/A


N/A

Total Funding (ZAR)

500



of 128

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