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Mahatma Gandhi University

MEGHALAYA

www.mgu.edu.in

SYLLABUS MANUAL

PROFESSIONAL

PROGRAMME

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PROGRAMME CODE---

Master Of Science In Bio-Technology (MSCBT)

Semester-1

CODE SUBJECT CREDIT

MSCBT11 Introductory Biology 3

MSCBT12 Molecular Biology-1 3

MSCBT13 Bioenergetics & Metabolism 3

MSCBT14 Microbiology 3

MSCBT15-P practical 6

Semester-2

CODE SUBJECT CREDIT

MSCBT21 Bio Physical Chemistry & Instrumentation 3

MSCBT22 Enzymology & Enzyme Technology 3

MSCBT23 Bio-Informatics 3

MSCBT24 Molecular Biology-2 3

MSCBT25-

P

Practical

6

Semester-3

CODE SUBJECT CREDIT

MSCBT31 Immunology 3

MSCBT32 Plant Biotechnology 3

MSCBT33 Environmental Biotechnology 3

MSCBT34 Bioprocess Engineering & Technology 3

MSCBT35-P Practical 6

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Semester -4

CODE SUBJECT CREDIT

MSCBT41 Biostatistics 3

MSCBT42 Animal Biotechnology 3

MSCBT43-P Practical 6

MSCBT44-P Project-Viva 6

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Detailed Syllabus

MSCBT 11—Introductory Biology

Unit-1:The Science of Our Lives

Science and Scientific Method ,Theories Contributing to modern Biology

Unit -2 : Cell : The Unit of Life ; Structure and Function

Cell wall; Cell membrane; End membrane system (ER, Golgi apparatus/Dictyosome, Lysosomes, Vacuoles);

Mitochondria; Plastids; Ribosome; Cytoskeleton; Cilia and Flagella; Centrosome and Centriole; Nucleus;

Microbodies. Structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic, and between plant and animal cells. Cell

cycle (various phases); Mitosis; Meiosis. Biomolecules – Structure and function of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids,

and Nucleic acids. Enzymes – Chemical nature, types, properties and mechanism of action.

Unit-3 : Genetics and Evolution

Mendelian inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Gene interaction; Incomplete dominance; Co-dominance;

Complementary genes; Multiple alleles; Linkage and Crossing over; Inheritance patterns of hemophilia and blood

groups in humans.DNA –its organization and replication; Transcription and Translation; Gene expression and

regulation; DNA fingerprinting.Theories and evidences of evolution, including modern Darwinism.

Unit-4: Structure and Function – Plants

Morphology of a flowering plant; Tissues and tissue systems in plants; Anatomy and function of root, stem(including

modifications), leaf, inflorescence, flower (including position and arrangement of different whorls, placenta ion), fruit

and seed; Types of fruit; Secondary growth; Absorption and movement of water (including diffusion, osmosis and

water relations of cell) and of nutrients; Translocation of food; Transpiration and gaseous exchange; Mechanism of

stomata movement. Mineral nutrition – Macro- and micro-nutrients in plants including deficiency disorders;

Biological nitrogen fixation mechanism. Photosynthesis – Light reaction, cyclic and non-cyclic

photophosphorylation; Various pathways of carbon dioxide fixation; Photorespiration; Limiting factors .Respiration –

Anaerobic, Fermentation, Aerobic; Glycolsis, TCA cycle; Electron transport system; Energy relations.

Unit –5: Structure and Function - Animals

Tissues: Elementary knowledge of morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems of earthworm, cockroach

and frog. Human Physiology – Digestive system - organs, digestion and absorption; Respiratory system – organs,

breathing and exchange and transport of gases. Body fluids and circulation – Blood, lymph, double circulation,

regulation of cardiac activity; Hypertension, Coronary artery diseases. Excretion system – Urine formation, regulation

of kidney function Locomotion and movement – Skeletal system, joints, muscles, types of movement.

Control and co-ordination – Central and peripheral nervous systems, structure and function of neuron, reflex action

and sensory reception; Role of various types of endocrine glands; Mechanism of hormone action.

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Unit -6: Reproduction, Growth and Movement in Plants

Asexual methods of reproduction; Sexual Reproduction - Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination

(Types and agents); Fertilization; Development of embryo, endosperm, seed and fruit (including parthenocarpy and

apomixis).

Growth and Movement – Growth phases; Types of growth regulators and their role in seed dormancy, germination

and movement; Apical dominance; Senescence; Abscission; Photo- periodism; Vernalisation; Various types of

movements.

Unit -7 : Reproduction and Development in Humans

Male and female reproductive systems; Menstrual cycle; Gamete production; Fertilisation; Implantation; Embryo

development; Pregnancy and parturition; Birth control and contraception.

Unit-8: Ecology and Environment

Meaning of ecology, environment, habitat and niche. Ecological levels of organization (organism to biosphere);

Characteristics of Species, Population, Biotic Community and Ecosystem; Succession and Climax. Ecosystem –

Biotic and a biotic components; Ecological pyramids; Food chain and Food web; Energy flow; Major types of

ecosystems including agroecosystem.

Ecological adaptations – Structural and physiological features in plants and animals of aquatic and desert habitats.

Biodiversity – Meaning, types and conservation strategies (Biosphere reserves, National parks and Sanctuaries)

Environmental Issues – Air and Water Pollution (sources and major pollutants); Global warming and Climate change;

Ozone depletion; Noise pollution; Radioactive pollution; Methods of pollution control (including an idea of

bioremediation); Deforestation; Extinction of species (Hot Spots).

Unit -9: Biology and Human Welfare

Animal husbandry – Livestock, Poultry, Fisheries; Major animal diseases and their control. Pathogens of major

communicable diseases of humans caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoans and helminths, and their control.

Cancer; AIDS. Adolescence and drug/alcohol abuse;

Basic concepts of immunology.

Plant Breeding and Tissue Culture in crop improvement.

Biofertilisers (green manure, symbiotic and free-living nitrogen-fixing microbes, mycorrhizae);

Biopesticides (micro-organisms as biocontrol agents for pests and pathogens); Bioherbicides;

Microorganisms as pathogens of plant diseases with special reference to rust and smut of wheat, bacterial leaf blight

of rice, late blight of potato, bean mosaic, and root - knot of vegetables.

Bioenergy – Hydrocarbon - rich plants as substitute of fossil fuels.

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Unit-10: Biotechnology and its Applications

Microbes as ideal system for biotechnology;

Microbial technology in food processing, industrial production (alcohol, acids, enzymes, antibiotics), sewage

treatment and energy generation.

Steps in recombinant DNA technology – restriction enzymes, DNA insertion by vectors and other methods,

regeneration of recombinants.Applications of R-DNA technology. In human health –Production of Insulin, Vaccines

and Growth hormones, Organ transplant, Gene therapy. In Industry – Production of expensive enzymes, strain

improvement to scale up bioprocesses. In Agriculture – GM crops by transfer of genes for nitrogen fixation,

herbicide-resistance and pest-resistance including Bt crops

Unit -11: Biotransformation

Factors Affecting Biotransformation of drugs, Biotransformation of nitriles

Unit-12 : Human Anatomy

Anatomy of the Brain,Anatomy of the Heart,Blood Vessels,Organ systems,Tissue Types

MSCBT 12 Molecular Biology-1

Unit-1: The beginning of molecular Biology

Historical perspective:Insights into heredity from round and wrinkled peas: mendelian genetics into the nature of

heredity material, The importance of technological advances:-the heresy chase experiment. A model for the structure

of DNA: the DNA helix

Unit-2: The Dynamic Cell

Cell organelles: Structure function, structure of mitochondria and organization of respiratory chain, organization of

cytoskeleton and nucleic.

Unit-3: The Structure of DNA

Primary structure :the components of nucleic acids Five carbon sugars, nitrogenous bases,the phosphate functional

group ,nuclides and nucleosides, significance of 5’ and 3’,Nomenculature of nucleotides,The length of RNA and

DNA

Unit-4:The Secondary structure of DNA

Hydrogen bonds form between the bases, Base stacking provides chemical stability to the DNA helix, structure of the

Watson-crick DNA double helix, Distinguishable between features of alternative double-helical structures ,unusual

DNA secondary structures, slipped structures, cruciform structures,Triple helix structures.

Unit-5:Tertiary structure of DNA

Super coiling of DNA,Topoisomerases relax Supercoilied DNA, what is the significance of super coiling in VIVO

Dieases box 2.2 topoisomerases –targeted anticancer drugs

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Unit-6:Genome organization: From nucleotides to chromatin

Eukaryotic genome, chromatin structure:historical perspective,Histones,Nucleosomes,Beads –on-a string:10nm

Fibre,the 30 nm fibre ,loop domains,metaphase chromosomes,Alternative chromatin structures,Bacterial

genome,plasmids,Bacterialphages and mammalian DNA antiviruses,Organelle Genome-chroloplast DNA

mitochondria DNA,RNA based Genome, Eukaryotic RNA viruses,Retroviruses,viroids,other subviral

pathogens,Dieases box 3.2 avian flu

Unit-7 :The Versatality of RNA

Secondary structure of RNA, Secondary structure of mofis in RNA,Base-paired RNA adopts an A-type double

helix,RNA helices often contain noncanonical base pairs,tertiary structures of RNA ,Kinetics of RNA folding,RNA is

involved in a wide range of cellular processes,Histrorical perspective :the discovery of RNA catalysis,Tetrahymena

group 1 intron ribozyme,RNAse p Ribozyme,Ribozymes catalyze a variety of chemical reactions,mode of ribozyme

action,large and small ribozymes.

Unit-8: Gene to Protien

The central dogma,The genetic code,protein structure,protein function,protein function,protein folding and

misfolding.

Unit-9: DNA replication and telomere maintenance

Historicial perspective:Insight into the mode of DNA replication:the meselson –stahl experiment, Insight into the

mode of DNA replication:Visualisation of replicating bacterial DNA,

DNA synthesis occur from 5’->3’,DNA polymerases are the enzymes thet catalyzes DNA synthesis,Semidiscontinous

DNA replication ,Nuclear DNA replication in eukaryotic cells,replication factories,histones removal at the origin of

replication ,Duplex unwinding of replication forks,RNA priming of leading strand and lagging strand DNA

synthesis,polymerase switching,Elogation of leading strand and lagging strand DNA

synthesis,proofreading,Maturation of nacent DNA Strands,Termination,replication of organelle DNA ,Rolling circle

replication,telemore maintenance:the role of tolemere in DNA replication,aging and cancer

Unit-10: DNA Repair and Recombination

Types of mutations and their phenotypic consequences:Transitions and transversion can lead to silent,missense,or

nonsense mutations ,insertions or deletions can cause frameshift mutations,General classes of Dna damage,lesian

Bypass,direct reversal of DNA damage,Repair of single base change and structural distortions by removal of DNA

damage,Double Strand break repair by removal of DNA damage

Unit-11: Recombinant DNA technology and molecular cloning

Cutting and joining DNA,Molecular Cloning,constructing DNA libraries,probes,library screening,Expression

libraries, Restriction mapping,RFLP(Restriction Fragment length Polymorphism,DNA sequencing.

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Unit-12: Tools for analyzing gene expression

Transient and stable transfection assays,Reporter genes,In Vitro mutagenesis,Analysis at the level of gene

transcription:RNA expression and localization,Antisense technology,Analysis of DNA-protein interactions, Analysis

of protein –protein interactions,Structural analysis of proteins ,Model organisms.Transcription and translation are

coupled in bacteria,Mechanism of transcription,Lactose(lac) operon regulation ,mode of action of transcriptional

regulators,control of gene expression by RNA

MSCBT 13 Bioenergetics & Metabolism

Unit-1: Classification

Microscopic and macroscopic aspects,anabolism and Catabolism,Primary and secondary metabolism,macromolecular

and intermediary metabolism,extreme metabolism of Archea

Unit-2 :Methods

Genetics,Biochemistry,Tracer techniques,Inhibtors,Spectroscopy

Unit-3: Bioenergetics

Biochemical thermodynamics,Mitochrondial energy transduction,photosynthesis

Unit-4: Carbon assimilation and catabolism

Calvin Cycle,Other carbon fixing reactions,Glycolysis/TCA/HMP etc

Unit-5: Nitrogen assimilation

GDH,GOGAT and GS,Amino acid Biosynthesis and degradation ,N excretion /balance,

Nucleotide metabolism

Unit -6:Sulphur Metabolism

Unit-7: Integration Of Metabolism

Fatty acid and CHO metabolism ,C and N integration

Unit-8: Secondary metabolism: isoprenoid biosynthesis

Unit-9: Bioenergetics of phosphate compounds

Creatine phosphate

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Unit-10: Regulation of metabolic processes

Unit-11:protein breakdown and urea cycle

Unit-12: Integration of energy metabolism ,Hormones

MSCBT 14 Microbiology

Unit-1: THE world of Bacteria

General characteristics & classification of bacteria according to Bergey's manual of systematic

bacteriology. Nutritional requirements & physical conditions necessary for cultivation of bacteria, properties

of bacteriological media.

Unit-2: Microbial Diversity and Taxonomy

Unit-3: cell organization and Bio chemistry

Unit-4: The Structure and organization of bacteria

Unit 5: Evolution,Ecology and Environmental Microbiology

Unit-6: Microbial Meatbolism Staning techniques

Classification of bacteria on the basis of their nutritional requirements, transport of substances

across membranes. Procedure and principle involved in gram's staining, acid fast staining, flagella staining,

endospore staining.

Unit-7 Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Unit-8 Pharmaceutical and medical microbiology

Unit-9 :- Microbial Ecology

Rhizosphere, phylloplane & role of microorganism is productivity of ecosystem. Interaction between microorganism,

and with plants and animals. Biogeochemical cycle. Microbes & bio-deterioration

Unit-10 Atmospheric Microbiology

Unti- 11 Microbial growth & nutrition

Definition of growth, mathematical expression of growth, measurement of growth field; synchronous growth,

continuous culture, effect of environmental factor on growth.

Unit-12 Microbial Technology

MSCBT 15-P Practical

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MSCBT 21 Biophysical Chemistry & Instrumentation

Unit-1: Electronic theory

Electronic theory of valency dipole moment. Electron displacement, electronic effect, resonance.

The hydrogen bond, hydrophobic interactions. Atomic theory and molecular orbital. Hybridization.

Free radicals in biological systems, antioxidants.

Unit-2: Isomerism

Structural and steroisomerism optical activity, meso compounds. Specific rotation,

chirality, chiral, enantiomers, conformation and configuration Conformational analysis of monosacharides,

boat and chair forms, eclipsed. Mutarotion, glycosides epimers.

Unit-3: Centrifugation

Centrifugation :-Principle, types, analytical and prepared centrifugation, differential density, gradient centrifugation,

sedimentation and coefficient centrifuge and its application.

Unit-4:Electrophoresis

Electrophoresis : Principles, types and application

(paper, starch, gel polyacrylamide and agar electrophoresis.

Unit-5 :Chromatography

Chromatography: Principle type and application, (Paper, thin layer, gas ion exchange and

molecular sieve). Affinity chromatography, HPLC, FPLC.

Unit-6:Photometry

Photometry : Basic Principle of UV-Vis spectrophotometry and colorimetry.

Fluorimetry : Principle, instrument and application

Flame techniques, atomic absorbtion spectroscopy.

Isoelectric focusing and Isotachophoresis.

Unit-7 :Microscopy

Microscopy : Light, phase contrast, interference and electron microscopy. X-ray crystallography.

Radioactivity : Radioisotopes, half life, units. Geiger Mueller counter. Scintillation ; Liquid, Crystal and gamma

counter.

Unit-8 :ESR,NMR,ORD

ESR : Principle, instrumentation and its application.

NMR : Principle, instrumentation and its application.

ORD and CD : Principle, instrumentation and its application.

Polarimetry : Principle, instrumentation and its application.

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Unit-9: Theoretical modeling of biomolecular systems: Basic principles of modeling, modeling by energy

minimization technique, concept of rotation about bonds, energy minimization by basic technique for small

molecules, Ramachandran plot, torsional space minimization, energy minimization in cartesian space, molecular

mechanics-basic principle, molecular dynamics basic principles,Beer's law.

Unit-10:Mathematical methods and their applications in biological systems: Ordinary differential equations of

the first degree and first order (variable separable method, linear equation), linear differential equations of the second

order with constant coefficients, the Laplace Transform, Inverse Laplace transform, application of Laplace transform

to solutions of differential equations, Fourier series and their applications.

Unit-11:

Quantum biology and its uses: Classical mechanics, Newton, Lagrange and Hamilton’s equations, Schrodinger’s

equation and its complete solution for S.H.O, central force and angular momentum

Quantum chemistry: Atomic orbital models, the wave equation, molecular orbitals, the LCAO method, the overlap

method, coulomb and resonance integrals, the hydrogen molecule, charge distributions, approximate methods.

Unit-12

Spectroscopic techniques: Introduction to spectroscopy, basic principles, instrumentation and applications of UV-

VIS absorption, infrared, Raman, atomic absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism, Laser spectroscopy, nuclear

magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance, acoustic spectroscopy; solvent perturbation; difference spectroscopy;

Fourier transform techniques; applications of Laser; mass spectroscopy.

MSCBT 22 Enzymology & Enzyme Technology

Unit-1: Enzyme

Enzyme: Historical aspects, nomenclature and classification.

General properties of enzymes and the factors that affect their activity and the associated changes.

Extraction assay and purification of enzymes.

Sub-cellular localization and organization of enzymes

Unit-2: Enzyme kinetics

Enzyme Kinetics(steady state), determination of Km value and studying, kinetics using, Lineweaver-Burke plot,

Eadie Hofstee plot "and: IHans-Woolf equations.

Enzyme inhibitors-Presteady state kinetics-fast kinetics to elucidate the intermediate and rate limiting steps (flow and

relaxation techniques)Complex kinetics and analysis.Allosteric enzyme.Rapid reaction techniques.

Unit-3:Enzyme specifity- Evidences for enzyme substrate

complex Nucleophilic and electrophilic attack - Role of metal ions in enzyme catalysis.

Mechanism of enzyme action - (lysozyme, chymotrypsin), DNA polymerase, .Rnase etc.

zymogens and enzyme actiyators, active site determination.Regulations of enzymes.Allosteric interactions and

product inhibition.

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Unit- 4:Coenzyrnes

Isoenzymes & metalloenzymes .Membrance bound enzymes-their extraction assay.

Lipid-protein interaction and the effect of fluidity on enzyme activity.

Unit-5: Immobilisation

Immobilisation ; Principle, kinetics of immobilised systems.

Enzyme immobilisation : Principle, method, activity and application.

Effect of immobilization on : activity, kinetics parameters and stability

Application of immobilized enzyme.

Unit-6:

In Vitro activity of purified enzymes and their application in Industry

Unit-7 :

Enzymes uses in Food processing

Unit-8:

Medicine,diagnostics and production of new compounds

Unit-9:

Enzymes as research tool-modification of biological compounds with the help of enzyme.

Unit-10:Cell

Cell fractionation by Agarose and Polyacyrlamide gel electropho

resis, disc and slab gel electrophoresis and by differential centrifugation

-ultra-centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation.

Unit-11:

Chemical modification of lipase for use in ester synthesis

Unit-12:

Enzyme activity and enantioselectively measurements in organic media

MSCBT 23 Bio-Informatics

Unit-1:Introduction

Overview of Bio-Informatics- Database types, sequence database-nucleotide and protein sequence

database, primary and secondary database, Gene Bank Structure database-protein Data Bank (PDB),

Visualization of structural information,

Unti-2:

Genomics and the genome.

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Unit-3:

Fact file of Bioinformatics

Unit-4:

Pharmacology

Unit-5:

Drug metabolism

Unit-6:

Frontiers in pharmacology

Unit-7:

Statistical methods in pharmacology

Unit-8:

Introduction to research in pharmacology

Unit 9:

Introduction to pharmacoinformatics

Unit10:

Project sequencing and sequence assembling using computers.

Unit 11:

Genoinformatics

Unit-12:

Biodiversity and Ecological Informatics

MSCBT 24 Molecular Biology-2

Unit -1: TRANSPOSABLE GENETIC ELEMENTS

Discovery & definition of transposons, simple transposons ( IS elements ), composite transposons (Tn3,

Tn5, Tn9, TnlO ), Ac/Ds elements in maize, P elements in drosophila, Retxotransposons,

Unit-2: Mechanisms of transposition.

Unit -3: Cell cycle

An overview of cell cycle; Components of cell cy

cle control system; Intracellular and Extra-cellular control of cell division, Programmed cell death (Apoptosis),

intrinsic & extrinsic pathways of cell death, Apoptosis in relation with Cancer, Viral disease (AIDS) & Organ

transplant.

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Unit -4: Gene Expression

Structure, classes & function of RNA. RNA transcription and processing in Eukaryotes and prokaryotes genetic code

and protein synthesis Transcription and translational controls.

Unit-5: Regulation of Gene Expression

The operon concept regulatory gene, promoter gene operator gene and structural gene, role of CAMP and CRP in

gene expression, catabotite repression, induces, repressor corepressor.

Unit-6:Gene Expression

Brief account of Eukaryotic gene expression (Britson & Davidson model). Protein localization: synthesis of secretary

and membrane protein.

Unit-7: Gene as unit of Mutation & Recombination

Physical and Chemical Basis of Mutation: Mechanism of mutagenesis, Mutation of DNA & protein levels.

Unit-8: Recombination is Bacteria

Recombination is Bacteria - Transformation, transduction and conjugation, mechanism of gene transfer

and application.

Unit-9:Oncogenes

Oncogenes and their properties ; classifiction, characteristics and significance in development, Differentiation and

Carcinogens .

Unit-10:

An overview of Apoptosis its phases and significance, Apoptosis in pathogenesis & therapeutic implication.

Unit-11:

Molecular Biology Techniques

Unit-12:

Biomolecules

Carbohydrates (Anomaric carbon, Mutarotation, Simple Chemical reactions of Glucose, Reducing & Non-reducing

Sucrose, Maltose & Lactose, Elementary idea of structure of Starch & Cellulose); Proteins (Denaturation of proteins,

Enzyme Kinetics), Nucleic acids (Mechanisms of Replication, Transcription & Proteinsynthesis, Genetic code);

Hormones,classification, structural features & functions inbio-systems); Vitamins (classification, functions

of vitamins in bio-systems).

MSCBT 25 –P PRACTICAL

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MSCBT 31 Immunology

Unit-1:Immune

Immune response : Type of Immunity, Antigens and haptens.

Anatomy of lymphoid organs; primary and secondary lymphoid organs.

Immunoglobulin Structure, function and synthesis, memory cells lymphocyte differentiation.

Unit-2:Cell of The immune System

Cell of the immune system : Mononuclear cells and granulocytes, Lymphocytes and their subsets.

Unit-3: Biology of complement systems

structure and function of MHC class I & II molecules.

Antigen recognition and presentation, cell mediated immune responses.

Hypersensitivity reactions; Immune suppression and Immune Tolerance immune disorders, Transplanation.

Role of complement system in immune responses.

Unit-4:Antigen

Antigen - Isolation, purification and characterization of various antigens and haptens from pathogens and other

biological molecules by biophysical and chemical and affinity separation methods. Production of

antibodies,purification of antibodies, Quantitation of immunoglobulin by RID,

EID and nephlometry. Hybridoma and monoclonal antibody production.

Immuno-diagnosis and Applications of monoclonal antibodies in biomedical research; human monoclonal antibodies,

Catalytic antibodies;complement fixation test

Unit-5:

Assessment of immune complex in tissues.

Unit-6: FACS

Purification of mononuclear from peripheral blood; isolation and characterization of T cell subsets; B cells and

macrophages. Fluroescent Activated cell sorter (FACS); Mitogen andAntigen induced Lymphoproliferation assay.

Unit-7: Cell

Cell mediated Lympholysis; Mixed Lymphocyte reaction.

Assessment of delayed hypersensitivity reactions; Macrophage cultures.

Assay for Macrophage activation; Isolation of dendritic cells; In situ and in vivo characterization of cells from

tissues; Generation of T cell HLA typing.

Unit-8:Cytokines

Cytokines : Structure and functions, Cytokine receptors, Biology and assay of cytokiness.

Cytotoxic Tcells and thir mechanism of action, NK cells and mechanism of target cell destruction.

Vaccine technology including DNA vaccines; identification of T & B epitopes for vaccine developments,

Unit-9:Immunotechnology

Immunotechnology and infectious diseases.

Immunoscreening of recombinant library.

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Unit-10: Immunoglobulin gene Expression

Regulation of immunoglobulin gene expression – clonal selection theory, allotypes & idiotypes, allelic exclusion,

immunologic memory, heavy chain gene transcription, genetic basis of antibody diversity, hypotheses (germ line

&somatic mutation), antibody diversity, alternate pathways of transcript splicing, variable joining sites & somatic

mutation, role of antibody (alone, in complement activation & with effector cells), monoclonal antibodies.

Unit-11:

Dynamics of adaptive immunity

Unit-12: Mucosal Immune System

MSCBT 32 Plant Technology

Unit-1: Plant genome organisation

Plant genome organisation, structure of representative plant genes and gene families in plants

Unit-2:Organisation of chloroplast

Organisation of chloroplast genome, nuclear encoded and chloroplast encoded genes for chloroplast proteins,targeting

of oroteins to chloroplast - Organisation of mitochondria

Unit-3: Genome

Genome - encoded genes for mitochondrial proteins - RNA editing for plant mitochondria-cytoplasmic male sterility

- Seed storage proteins -maize transposabie elements, their organisation and function, transposabie elements in

transgenic plants

Unit -4: Plant harmones

Regulation of gene expression in plant development -Plant hormones and phytochrome.

Unit-5:

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes by Rhizobia-Nitrogen fixation in Cyanophyta.

Unit-6: Biochemistry

The Biochemistry, molecular biology and gene rearrangement.

Agrobacterium and crown gall tumors - Mechanism of TDNA

transfer to plants, Ti plasmid vectors and its utility - Classification and molecular biology of plant viruses

Unit-7:Molecular biology of plants

Molecular biology of -plant stress response. Transgenic plants and applications vaccine and otherbiological

developments.

Unit-8:Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering in plants, selectable' markets, reporter genes and promoter used in plants by physical means -

Genetic engineering of plants for construction of genome libraries and CDNA libraries

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Unit-9:

Molecular breeding.

Unit-10:

Fissure culture medium for plants ,single cell suspension from spleen or thymus & plants.

Unit-11:

Protoplast fusion.

Unit-12: Cell counting & cell viability

Cell counting & cell viability .

Callus Propagation, organogensis, transfer of plantto soil.

MSCBT 33 Environmental Biotechnology

Unit-1: Environment

Environment: basic concepts and issues ; environmental pollution : types and methods for the measurement

Unit-2: Methodology

Methodology of environmental management- problem solving approach, its limitations;

Air pollution and its control through biotechnology,

Air sampling techniques; biodiversity : conservation and management.

Unit-3:Pollution and its control

Water pollution and its control: water as a scarce natural resource, need for water management, sources and

measurement of water pollution, waste water treatment-physical, chemical and biological treatment processes, algal

blooms and human health.

Unit-4: Microbiology

Microbiology of waste water treatments : aerobic process- activated sludge, oxidation switches,

trickling filter, towers, rotating discs, rotating drums, oxidation ponds; anaerobic processes- anaerobic

digestion, anaerobic filters, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors; treatment schemes for waste waters of dairy,

distillery, tannery industries;

Unit-5: Biotechnological applications of microbes from extreme environment.

Unit-6: Microbial Degradation

Microbial degradation of xenobiotics in the environme

nt - ecological considerations, decay behaviour & degradative plasmids, hydrocarbons, substituted hydr

ocarbons, oil pollution, surfactants, pesticides; bioaccumulation of metals and radio-nuclerds and detoxification ;

Unit-7:Environmental Pollution and Treatment Technologies

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Unit-8: Biological Fixation

Biological N2 fixation, H2 production, biofertilizers and biopesticides; solid wastes: sources and management

(composting, wormiculture and methane production).

Unit-9: Single cell protein

(Spin/Una, yeast, mushroom); global environmental problems- ozone depletion, UV-B, green house effect

and acid rain, their impact and. biotechnological approaches for Isolation of industrially important microorganism for

microbial processes.

Unit-10: TDP,TDT

Determination of thermal death point (TDP) and thermal death time (TDT) of microorganism for design of a

sterilizer.

Comparative study of Ethanol production using different substrate .

Unit-11:Ecology And Toxicology

Principle and Scope Of Different Ecology:-Physiological ecology,Population ecology,community ecology

Unit-12: Enviornmental chemistry

MSCBT 34 Bioprocess Engineering & Technology

Unit-1: Introduction

Introduction to bioprocess engineering, bioreactors, isolation, preservation and maintenance of

industrial microorganisms; kinetic of microbial growth and death; media for industrial fermentation, air and media

sterilization.

Unit-2:Fermentation and its Types

Types of fermentation processes, analysis of batch,fed-batch and continuous bio-reactides,

stability of microbial reactors, analysis of mixed microbial populations, specialized bioreactors (pulsed, fluidized,

photobioreactors etc.)

Unit-3:

Measurement and control of bioprocess parameters.

Unit-4:Downstream processing

Downstream processing: introduction, removal of microbial cells and solid matter, foam reparation,

precipitation/filtration, centrifugation, cell disruptions, liquid-liquid extraction,

Unit-5:Chromatography

chromatography

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Unit-6:Membrane Process

Membrane process, drying and crystallization; effluent treatment- D.O.C. and C.O.D. treatment and disposal

of effluents; whole cell immobilization and their industrial applications.

Industrial production of chemicals: alcohol (ethanol), acids (citric acetic and gluconic) solvents,

(glycerol acetone butenol) , antibiotics (penicillin), amino acids (lysine), single cell-protein.

Unit -7:Microbes

Use of Microbes in mineral beneficiation and oil recovery; Introduction to food technology

Elementary idea of canning and packing, sterilization and pasteurization of food products, technology of

typical food / food products( Bread, Cheese, Idli ), food Preservation.

Unit-8: Microorganism

Isolation of antibiotic producing microorganism from soil.

Use of alginate for cell immobilization.

Unit-9: Environment And Ecosystems

Environmental education: definition - scope - objectives and importance. Concept of an ecosystem – types

(terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems) – structure and function – ecological succession - food chains, food webs

and ecological pyramids

Unit-10:BIODIVERSITY

Introduction: definition - genetic, species and ecosystem diversity - value of biodiversity: consumptive use,

productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values - threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of

wildlife - endangered and endemic species of India, Conservation of biodiversity: in-situ and ex-situ

conservations.

Unit-11:

CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Environmental ethics -issues and possible solutions- population explosion, climatic change, ozone layer

depletion, global warming, acid rain and green house effect. Sustainable development: definition, objectives

and environmental dimensions of sustainable development- environmental audit for sustainable development.

Unit-12:

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

National and international concern for environment: Important environmental protection acts in India – water,

air (prevention and control of pollution) act, wild life conservation and forest act – functions of central and state

pollution control boards - international effort – key initiatives of Rio declaration, Vienna convention, Kyo

MSCBT 35 – P PRACTICAL

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MSCBT 41 Biostatistics

Unit-1: Introduction

Definition, scope and limitation of biostatistics; concept of variables in biological

systems; collection, classification, tabulation, graphical diagrammatic representation of data,

Unit-2: Mean,Meadian,Mode

Measures of central tendency (arithmetic, harmonic & geometric), median and mode; confidence limit of

population mean.

Unit-3:Measure of dispersion

Range, standard deviation variance, coefficient of variation; definition and basic properties of probability, normal

and binomial distribution function, test of significance, hypothesis, error, level of significance; t-statistics test that a

population mean equals a specified value, paired 't' test.

Unit-4: F-statistics

F-statistics one way analysis of variance

(sample size equal and unequal), chi-square

statistics, test of goodness of fit, test of independence of factor; co-relation and its coefficient/ linear

regression and its coefficient regression equation & its diagram.

Unit:5- Introduction to data base concept, introduction to internet and its application

Unit:6- Introduction to Computers

introduction to MS office software, covering word processing, spreadsheets, introduction to hardware graphics.

Unit-7: Computer oriented Statistical Techniques

Computer oriented statistical techniques by using Excel; frequency table of single discrete variable, computation of

mean, variance and standard deviation

Unit-8: Classical probability

Classical Probability Distributions and Applications,Discrete Models: Binomial, Poisson Continuous Models:

Normal,Normal Distribution, Sampling Distributions, Central Limit Theorem

Unit-9: Statistical Inference and Hypothesis Testing

Statistical Inference and Hypothesis Testing,One Sample Inference, Mean: Z-and t-tests T,Type 1 and Type 2 Errors,

Power and Sample Size,Two Sample Means: and tests (RCT), onparametric tests

Unit-10: Statistical Inference Correlation and Regression

Statistical Inference Correlation and Regression

Two Sample Proportions and Chisquared tests,McNemar’s Test, Mantel Haenszel summary odds ratio,Multiple

Samples: Proportions (Chisquaredtest) and Means (ANOVA)

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Linear Correlation Coefficient and Regression:,Least Squares approximation,Regression Diagnostic

Inference,ANOVA formulation

Unit-11: Survival Analysis

Survival Analysis

Extensions of Simple Linear Regression (Transformations, Multilinear, Logistic)

Survival Functions, Hazard Functions,

KaplanMeier Formula, Log

Rank Test, Cox Proportional Hazards Model

Unit -12: Contingency Tables

Contingency Tables, Logistic Regression, Sample Size, Power

MSCBT 42 Animal Biotechnology

Unit-1: Introduction

Basic principles of Biotechnology as applicable to animal Science - Artificial Insemination, pregnancydiagnosis, In-

vitro fertilization - Embryo Transfer Technology - Transgenic Animals.

Unit-2: Animal cell Culture

Animal Cell culture - Applications in Animal biotechnology.

Unit-3:

Bio hazard and Biosecurity in Animal Biotechnology- Ethical aspects in Animal Biotechnology.

Unit – 4: BioFueling

Biofueling and Control technology. Bioremediation.

Use transgenic technology to study fish growth and development

Unit-5: Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering and ploidy manipulation to enhance

grow reproduction and development of disease resistance in aquaculture species.

Unit-6: Cryobiology

cryobiology in Marine germplasm

preservation Pharmaceuticals from marine organisms.

Unit-7: Biostatistics and computer Applications

Biostatistics and Computer Applications

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Unit-8: Embryobiotechnology

Embryobiotechnology

Unit 9

Infection & Immunity

Unit 10

Molecular Diagnostics

Unit 11

Vaccinology & Bioprocess Technology

Unit 12

IPR & Biosafety

MSCBT 43-P PRACTICAL

MSCBT 44- P PROJECT-VIVA

References:-

1.D.K. Asthana & Meera Asthana- Environment: problems and and solutions. Chand & Co., New Delhi. (1998).

2.Eugene Odum, Murray Barrick, Gary W. Barrett- Fundamentals of Ecology. Brooks/cole (2005).

3. P. D. Sharma-Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications. (December1, 2005)

MSc. Immunology Course Handbook.MSc. Immunology Course syllabus; available from course administrator and

available on course,MSc. Immunology website:

http://www1.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/about/divisions/medicine/immunology/mscimmunology/

1Bio Chemistry, Oser.B.L.Hawks, 1965. TATA McGrew Hill.

2.Biochemical methods, Sadasivam and Manikam, 1996. New age international

publishers, Second Edition. New Delhi

3. Cameron D. (23 May 2002). "Stop the Cloning". Technology Review. Also available from

Techreview.com, [hereafter "Cameron"]