municipality of monreal assessment results and...

MUNICIPALITY OF MONREAL

Assessment Results and Consolidated Data Analysis

PRO WATER: Promoting Integrated Safe Water, Sanitation and

Hygiene Access, Integrity, Empowerment, Rights and Resiliency Joint Programme

Table of Contents

Page

I. Geographical Setting and Physical Characteristics 1 - 2

Location and Administrative Composition

Climate

Geology Topography

Land Use

Natural Hazards

II. Socio-Economic and Cultural Features 2 - 4

Demography 2

Local Economy 2

Financial 3

Income

Expenditures

Infrastructure 4

Transportation Network

Power Facilities

Education

Health & Service Facility

III. iWaSH Household Survey Results 5-6

IV. Existing Water Supply Conditions 6-8

V. Existing Sanitation Conditions 8-9

VI. Assessing Disaster Preparedness 9

VII. Gender and Development (GAD) Mainstreaming in Project 10-14

Identification, Planning, and Implementation of Safe Water,

Sanitation, and Hygiene

Time Use Tool 12-13

Sanitation & Hygiene 14

VIII. Governance and Institutional Building 15-29

Governance and Institutional Building

Sanitation & Hygiene

1

I. Geographical Setting and Physical Characteristics

Location and Administrative Composition

The Municipality of Monreal is located at the northern tip portion of Ticao Island being one of three

(3) major islands comprising Masbate Province. Geographically, it lies approximately between 12

to 13 degrees latitude and between 123 to 124 degrees Longitude. It is bounded on the north by

Ticao Pass; on the South and West by Masbate Pass; and on the East by the Municipality of San

Jacinto. The municipality is accessible by the sea transportation from the Provincial Capital of

Masbate City and the Municipality of Pilar, Sorsogon Province at average travel time between 1 to

2 hours.

Monreal is composed of eleven barangays, with Poblacion and Real the rest are rural barangays

namely: Cantorna, Famosa, MacArthur, Maglambong, Morocborocan, Guinhadap, Rizal, Sto. Niño

and Togoron. Based on National Statistics Office (NSO).

Table 1.1: Classification of Barangay

Barangay Urban/Rural

Cantorna Rural

Famosa Rural

Guinhadap Rural

Macarthur Rural

Maglambong Rural

Morocborocan Rural

Poblacion Urban

Real Urban

Rizal Rural

Santo Nino Rural

Togoron Rural

Climate

Monreal possess Fourth Type of Climate Classification. This is characterized by rainfall more or

less evenly distributed throughout the year. Rainfall conditions for the municipality belongs to

Type C Rainfall or Moist. Rains under this condition are sufficiently distributed with at most 4 ½ dry

months during the year. Prevailing normal wind direction within the municipality during the year is

from Northeast to Southwest. Average wind velocity is at about eight (8) knots. The climatic

condition of the municipality is likewise influenced by air streams, tropical cyclones inter – tropical

convergence zones topography.

Geology

The entire Municipality of Monreal is made of Sedimentary Rocks. It is Recent Period

characterized by Terrace Gravel and Alluvial deposits. The presence of active fault line traversing

the entire length of Ticao Island is a development constraint of the municipality.

Land Use

Monreal has a total land area of 12,870 hectares or 128.70 square kilometers per cadastral

survey. A vast area of the land is devoted to forest [7,274 hectares] followed by the agriculture

[5,523], while only a small area is utilized for government, commercial and other purposes.

The Municipality of Monreal possesses land classification consisting of Alienable and Disposal

Lands. Alienable and Disposal Lands occupies about 55.96 sq. kms. or 43.48% and consists of

2

agricultural areas, built up areas, beach sands and inland water bodies. Forest Lands consists of

timberlands Mangrove Reserves and inland water bodies which occupies the remaining 72.74 sq.

kms. or 56.52%.

Table 1.2: Existing Land Use

Land Use Category Area in

Hectares Percent in

Total

Agricultural Land 5,523 42.91

Built-Up Areas 73 0.57

Forest Land 7,274 56.52

Total 12,870 100.00

Natural Hazards

Low lying area of Poblacion and other coastal barangays is threatened by big waves

particularly during onslaught of northeast monsoon or “amihan” and during height of

strong typhoons besetting the municipality.

Flooding in low lying areas in the barangays of Real, Famosa, Sto. Niño, Togoron and

Poblacion.

Earthquakes due to the active fault line traversing the entire length of Ticao Island. II. Socio-Economic and Cultural Features

Demography

The total population of the Municipality of Monreal in 2010 NSO survey results is 25,366 with an

average household size of 5.1 a little higher than the national average of five. About 34.95 percent

of the total population reside in the urban areas while the remaining 65.05 percent are living in the

rural barangays. (refer Table 2.1).

Table 2.1: Population by Barangay, Urban-Rural Distribution, 2010

Barangay Classification

(Urban/Rural)

2010

Population

Cantorna Rural 1,466

Famosa Rural 1027

Guinhadap Rural 2,524

Macarthur Rural 3,297

Maglambong Rural 1,693

Morocborocan Rural 1,671

Poblacion Urban 5,924

Real Urban 2,942

Rizal Rural 1,843

Santo Nino Rural 1,229

Togoron Rural 1750

TOTAL 25,366

Local Economy

Monreal is a Fourth Class Municipality. It thrives primarily on agricultural economy mainly

fishing and coconut production. The municipality currently maintains direct trade activities with

Masbate City, Municipalities of Pilar and Bulan in Sorsogon Province and adjacent

municipalities of San Jacinto, San Fernando and Batuan in Ticao Island.

3

Financial

Income

Year IRA Local Source Total

2010 42,522,123.00 749,453.00 43,271,576.00

2011 45,963,551.00 748,215.00 46,711,766.00

2012 44,550,434.00 980,906.00 45,531,340.00

2013 52,326,326.00 1,092,667.00 53,418,993.00

Expenditures

Year

TOTAL OPERATING EXPENDITURES (In Million)

TOTAL

OPERATING

EXPENDI- TURES

General

Public

Services

Education,

Culture &

Sports/

Manpower

Development

Health,

Nutrition &

Population

Control

Labor

and

Employ

ment

Housing

and

Commu

nity

Develop

ment

Social

Services

and

Social

Welfare

Econom

ic

Services

Debt

Service

(FE)

(Interest

Expense

& Other

Charges)

2010 23.80 2.37 5.15 - - 3.68 7.22 - 42.22

2011 25.28 1.11 4.77 - - 1.91 3.43 - 36.51

2012 20.21 1.27 5.91 - - 2.54 3.54 0.71 34.18

2013 27.72 2.82 5.41 - - 3.99 3.03 0.60 43.56

2014 24.41 1.61 5.12 - - 2.37 3.88 0.51 37.89

4

Year

TOTAL NON-OPERATING EXPENDITURES (In Million)

TOTAL NON-

OPERATING

EXPENDI- TURES

CAPITAL/ INVESTMENT EXPENDITURES DEBT SERVICE (Principal Cost)

Other

Non-

Operating

Expendi-

tures

CAPITAL/

INVESTM ENT

EXPENDI TURES

Purchase/ Construct

of Property Plant and

Equipment (Assets/ Capital Outlay)

Purchase

of Debt

Securities

of Other

Entities

(Investme

nt Outlay)

Grant/ Make

Loan to Other

Entities (Inves- ment

Outlay)

DEBT SERVIC

E (Principal

Cost)

Payment of Loan

Amortiza- tion

Retirem

ent/ Redemp tion of Bonds/ Debt

Secur- ities

2010 3.62 3.62 - - - - - 3.62

2011 10.57 10.57 - - - - - 10.57

2012 12.26 12.26 - - 1.39 1.39 - 13.65

2013 9.92 9.92 - - 1.39 1.39 - 11.32

2014 5.22 5.22 - - 1.39 1.39 - 4.48 11.09

Source: Bureau of Local Government Finance

Infrastructure

• Transportation Network

The municipality has a limited road network about 18% of the total land area. Mostly of

the barangays roads in inland areas are just graveled or earth-filled. Paved roads and

dirt roads connect the barangay to its sitios. Real is the nearest barangay to the

Poblacion with an approximately travel time of about five minute, while Sto. Nino stands

to have the longest travel time of about one (1) hour via motorcycle or “Habal-herbal”.

Motorcycles have no designated parking area to pick-up and drop passengers.

• Power Facilities

Monreal sources its power from Ticao Island Electric Cooperative (TISELCO) while

some generated their power supply from generators and Solar power implemented by

the Department of Agrarian Reform. As of this date, only residential houses along the

national road are already lighted by TISELCO, while those in the interior part content

themselves with the kerosene lamps and private generators. TISELCO services is

already on a 24-hour operation in the municipality.

• Education

The Municipality has two (2) Public High School locate in Poblacion and Barangay

Togoron. There are fifteen (15) Elementary School located in Barangays of Poblacion,

Rizal, Real, Togoron, Cantorna, Guinhadap, Mac Arthur, Morocborocan, Sto. Niño and

Famosa.

Vocational and technical is offered occasionally by the public school in Monreal but is

limited only to dressmaking, food processing & preservation, auto diesel mechanic,

building wiring. With the presence of TESDA Training Center in San Jacinto, Masbate and

Silliman University in Famosa, Monreal.

• Health and Service Facility

Monreal has a Rural Health Unit located in Poblacion and Barangay Health

5

Stations/Centers in all barangays.

II. iWaSH Household Survey Results

A total of three-hundred fifty-nine (359) households were surveyed using the iWaSH baseline

survey tool. The following sections contain selected data results (based on generated tables

and diagrams by UNICEF) from the database. Majority of the data reflect the top two-three

responses of the HHs per survey question.

1. Household Composition

Eighty-six percent (86%) of the households’ main income earners are males.

Ninety-three percent (93%) of the households who are responsible for day-to-day

affairs are women.

One hundred percent (100%) of the households surveyed are not part of an

indigenous group (IP).

The average number of families in a household is 1.

The average number of household members is 5.

2. Social Affiliations

Fifty-two percent (52%) of respondents belong and/or are members of a community

organization while forty-eight percent (48%) are not.

3. Household economic features

Majority of the HHs source of family income is farming (158 HHs); fishing (79 HHs),

and seasonal employment (41 HHs).

Majority of HHs annual family income is Php40,000-60,000 (110 HHs) and Php20,000-

40,000 (108 HHs).

Two-hundred twenty-three (223) HHs own their residences while 99 HHs are renting.

One hundred sixty-seven (167) HHs are informal settlers; while 179 HHs are formal

settlers with title or rights only while 13 HHs have both.

One hundred ninety-four (194) HHs own backyard animals; 49 HHs own residential

houses; 40 HHs own farm animals, 27 HHs own transport vehicles; while 44 HHs own

none of these.

4. Household exposure to natural hazards

Fifty-six percent (56%) of households said that they are exposed to natural hazards

while forty-four percent (44%) said no. Of the 201 HHs that said they are exposed to

natural hazards, 107 HHs say that they experience flooding; 52 HHs also experience

El Nino; 30 HHs also experience tropical cyclones; and the rest experience landslides,

storm surge, earthquakes, and tsunami.

5. Household access to water supply and services

One hundred fourteen (114) HHs said that their source of drinking water is shallow

well, while 90 HHs source them from developed springs, and 85 HHs also get it from

existing Level 2 facilities. The rest of the HHs source their water from deep wells (32

HHs), Level 3 facilities (17 HHs), spring (3 HHs), other level 1 facility (1 HH), and

bottled water (1 HH).

For cooking purposes, 83 HHs use water from Level 2 facilities, and 76 HHs use water

from developed spring, 74 HHs source water for cooking from dug wells, and 63 HHs

from shallow wells. The rest of the HHs use water from other level 1 source, and 20

HHs are connected to Level 3 facilities.

6

6. Household access to sanitation and hygiene practices

Two-hundred forty-eight (248 or 69%) HHs have toilets while 111 HHs (31%) have

none.

Majority (156 HHs) of the toilets are located outside of the house while 90 HHs have

toilets inside of the house. 1 HH has toilet inside and outside of the house.

Two hundred twelve (212) HHs said that they have pour flush with septic tanks; thirty-

one (31) HHs have ventilated improved pits; 1 HH have flush with septic tank; 2 HHs

with overhung, and 1 HH with pour flush without septic tank.

Eighty-three percent (83%) of the respondents said that they exclusively used their

toilets; seventeen percent (17%) are shared.

Of the 31% that do not have toilets, 70 of these HHs use the neighbors’ toilets; 23 HHs

go to the open field; 13 HHs use the river/creek; the rest use public toilet or simply

bury/throw their fecal wastes.

Ninety-eight percent (98%) of the HHs use soap when washing hands.

7. Incidence of water and sanitation related diseases

Reported cases watsan-related diseases include:

111 HHs experienced diarrhea

105 HHs had dengue fever

93 HHs had typhoid and paratyphoid

90 HHs had viral hepatitis and cholera

8. Awareness and source of information on safe water, sanitation, and hygiene

Ninety-eight (98%) of the households have heard or received message(s) on WASH

while 31% have not received any information on WASH.

Top three sources of WASH information of HHs are through barangay health workers

(254 HHs); (228 HHs) from television; and (117 HHs) from schools/teachers/students.

III. Existing Water Supply Conditions

All eleven (11) barangays in the municipality were assessed in terms of water supply access

and/or coverage based on existing water facilities; vulnerability of water supply systems to

risks and contamination; gender sensitivity of water supply facilities to women, children,

senior citizens, PWDs, and other vulnerable groups; and issues/challenges faced by the

municipality on access to safe water.

7

A. Existing Situation of Water Supply/Coverage in the Municipality

1. Existing Water Facility

Total of 79 Level I (public) facilities. Majority are improved dug wells (27), followed by

developed springs (17) and open dug wells (17), undeveloped springs (10) shallow

well/jetmatic pumps (6) and, rainwater collectors (2). No deep wells have been reported.

There are Level II water systems in barangays Guindahap, MacArthur, Maglambong, Sto.

Nino, and Morocborocan.

There are no Level III facilities in the municipality.

2. Total Population/HH with access to water supply (in all 11 barangays)

1,476 HHs (or population of 7,380) served by Level I facilities

1,319 HHs (or population of 6,595) served by Level II facility

3. Total Population/HH without access to water supply (in all 11 barangays)

1,593 HHs (or population of 7,965) have no access to water supply

Table 3.1 Total Population and Number of Households

Barangay Classification (Urban/Rural)

2010 Population

Total No. of HHs (2010)

Cantorna Rural 1,330 266

Famosa Rural 950 190

Guinhadap Rural 2,410 482

Macarthur Rural 2,485 497

Maglambong Rural 1,505 301

Morocborocan Rural 4,935 987

Poblacion Urban 2,210 442

Real Rural 1,935 387

Rizal Rural 1,275 255

Santo Nino Rural 1,780 356

Togoron Rural 1,125 225

21,940 4,388

Barangay Total No. of HHs

(2010)

Total Population

Existing HH Water Supply

facility

Total No. of HH

Served

Population* served

No. Type

Cantorna 266 1,330 8 Level I 80 HH 400

Famosa 190 950 4 Level I 100 HH 500

Guinhadap 482 2,410 8 1

Level I Leve II*

205 HH

1,025

MacArthur 497 2,485 9 1

Level I Level

II*

300 HH 1,500

Maglambong 301 1,505 6 1

Level I Level

II*

18 HH 90

Morocborocan 987 4,935 3 1

Level I Level

II*

200 HH 1,000

8

Table 3.1 Population/Number of Households served by Level 1 and 2 Facilities *Population computed as X no. of HHs x 5 (estimated no. persons per HH). **No data on Level II HH coverage per barangay. Total No. of HHs served by Level II facilities is 1,319.

4. Existing Water Service Providers

Barangays Guindahap, MacArthur, Maglambong, Sto. Nino, and Morocborocan have Level II

water systems serving a total of 1,319 HHs.

No further details on the facilities e.g. service operation, water source, etc. were provided.

B. Water Quality Risks and Contamination

1. Water Quality Test, Treatment and Monitoring

No data.

C. Gender Sensitivity (Women, Children, Senior Citizens, PWDs, and other Vulnerable

Groups)

No data.

D. Issues and Challenges on Water Access

No data.

E. Summary of Findings and Observations

Majority of the barangays is served by Level 1 facilities, wherein improved dug wells are the

primary source followed by developed springs and open dug wells.

Only four barangays have Level II facilities serving 1,319 HHs or a total population of 6,595.

Or 63.69% have access to water supply based on reported existing facilities, but relies largely

on unsafe water sources.

1,593 HHs or 36.33% have no access to water supply

F. Recommendations

No recommendations provided.

V. Existing Sanitation and Hygiene Conditions in the Municipality

A. Existing Sanitation Facilities and Access to Sanitary Toilets in the municipality

1. Total Population/HH with access to/using sanitary toilets (in all 11 barangays) 1,856 HHs or only 42.29% are using sanitary toilets (pour flush with septic tanks).

2. Total Population/HH using unsanitary (in all 11 barangays) 1,917 HHs are using unsanitary toilets (pit latrines).

Poblacion 442 2,210 12 Level I 202 HH 1,010

Real 387 1,935 9 Level I 150 HH 750

Rizal 255 1,275 9 Level I 55 HH 275

Santo Nino 356 1,780 5 1

Level I Level

II*

106 HH 530

Togoron 225 1,125 6 Level I 60 HH 300

4,388 21,940 84 1,476 HH 7,380

9

3. Total Population/HH without access to sanitary toilets (in all 11 barangays) 778 or 17.73% HHs are without toilets.

4. Total No. of HHs using communal toilets 151 HHs

5. Public Sanitation Coverage 94.37% of the total no. of public toilets are improved/sanitary.

Only 5.63% of the total no. of toilets are unimproved.

While there is a high percentage of improved sanitary toilets in the sampled barangays, there

is insufficient (to none) water. Thus, proper hygiene is not observed.

6. Sanitation Situation in Schools Majority of the toilets in schools identified are shared by female and male students.

Handwashing facilities are available in both private and public schools but may not be

functional. Only a few water facilities have been identified or reported.

7. Drainage Facilities Drainage facilities are available as shown below.

Name of Barangay

Length (in Linear Meters)

Outfall/Discharge Point (check appropriate column) Remarks

Pipe Culvert

Concrete Lined

Earth (Unlined)

Creek/ River

Lake Open Land SEA

Poblacion 61.60 3,296.50

/

Real 71.00 1,608.50

/

Rizal 142.00 2,580.00

/

Cantorna 88.34 441.60

/

Maglambong 46.60 692.00

/

Famosa - -

Macarthur 9.60 250.60

/

Togoron - 340.50

/

Morocborocan

36.00 168.65

Sto. Niño - -

Guinhadap - 276.50

/

8. Septage Management No septage management reported.

9. Solid Waste Management Majority (50%-60%) of the HHs practice composting and burning.

Only the Poblacion areas have garbage collection service. No fees are being collected.

B. Issues and Challenges on Sanitation in the Municipality

No data.

VI. Assessing Disaster Preparedness

No data.

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VII. Gender and Development (GAD) Mainstreaming in Project identification, Planning, and

Implementation of Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene

A. Project identification and planning of safe water, sanitation and hygiene projects

1. Participation of women and men in project identification

Women were consulted in the project/program on Community Lead Total Sanitation (CLTS)

with focus on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH).

Community triggering on Open Defecation was conducted.

Community consultations with International Children Fund (ICF), MWASH, Sanitary Inspector

barangay officials and volunteers, Municipal Health Office (MHO) and the Elderly.

Parents, mostly women, were consulted in the handwashing program in the Daycare Center

and Schools. (Note: Not only the women but all sectors were consulted.)

Women’s inputs to the project were considered to address the need/importance of hand

washing and the need/importance to have individual household toilets in the community.

Women and men were recognized as stakeholders, partners, or agents of change in the

project design. seven (7) Barangays are now Zero Open Defecation (ZOD) out of the Eleven

(11) barangays targeted. These are Morocborocan, Sto. Nino, MacArthur, Formosa,

Maglambong, Rizal and Cantorna.

2. Collection of sex-disaggregated data and gender related information prior to project

design

During the community triggering, ninety-five percent (95%) of women and five percent (5%)

men participated. They response was shame of what they are doing - open defecation.

In handwashing, 100% were women participants.

Seventy-five percent (75%) of women participated in the construction of the toilets.

3. Conduct of gender analysis and identification of gender issues

The project conducted gender analysis to identify gender issues prior to project design.

Issues were drawn by the community themselves.

For women, the issues include the following: a) embarrassment/shame when others see them

openly defecate; b) the possibility of getting raped during OD; and c) they are also prone to

UTI.

For men, they experience bullying from others when others see them openly defecate.

For children, awareness on WASH changed their old habits and practices on WASH that

commonly caused diarrhea and other water borne diseases. (Note: 4 barangays that are not

yet Zero Open Defecation include barangays Poblacion, Real, Guinhadap, and Togoron.

B. Project design and implementation of safe water, sanitation and hygiene projects

1. Gender equality goals, outcomes, and outputs

The project objectives do not explicitly refer to women and men. It is general.

As to project outcomes, generally, there are no separate toilets for women and men though

there are some communal toilets that are separate. And, there is no toilet appropriately

designed for PWDs and the elderly.

Another problem at hand is that even if toilets are available, water supply is insufficient.

2. Matching of strategies with gender issues

11

The strategy of “Behavioral Change” matches the gender issues raised earlier on the problem

of Open Defecation (OD). And the project output is construction of toilets.

Project activities helped reduced gender inequalities especially among women because their

inputs were considered and were part of the implementation e.g. actual construction of the

toilets.

It also encouraged bayanihan among Barangay Officials and barangay volunteers like the

BHW, BNS, Barangay Tanods, 4Ps Leaders and the household members.

All public schools have undergone WASH orientation. Each classroom has one (1) toilet

constructed through the PTA aside from the school communal toilets constructed through

ACF.

(Note: To develop a sense of ownership among the beneficiaries, the LGU required the

barangays to construct their own toilets (even only as makeshifts) before the LGU provides

support. This was the strategy employed to push for initiatives in the community. In the past,

bowls and materials distributed by the LGU were not used to construct the toilets.

3. Gender analysis of the designed project

There was gender division of labor e.g. in the construction of a makeshift, women did the wall

(ding-ding) and the digging, and the men did the construction works. Men and women helped

in the process.

Varying needs and priorities of women and men in safe water, sanitation and hygiene were

considered. Clean and enough water supply should be considered especially in the remote

barangays. For Sanitation and Hygiene, they have Information Education Campaign (IEC) on

this.

The project considered men’s resource management activities and women’s productive,

reproductive, and community tasks in scheduling project activities from project consultation,

design to construction.

4. Access to and control of resources

Trainings were attended by Barangay Volunteers who are also considered as health providers

like the BNS and the BHW.

Data providers: BNS & BHW and the data were submitted to the concerned government

agency.

There were no female hydrologists nor sanitation engineers. Only a sanitary inspector (a

female nurse) was involved. She has undergone different trainings relevant to her position.

There were trainings on Gender and Development particularly on Violence Against Women

and Children (VAWC) and a training on Child Protection. These were attended by the

teachers and Day Care Workers. The Red Cross also conducted training on Home Nursing

and Disaster Preparedness and the ACF conducted WASH Preparedness.

5. Constraints

Constraints were managed (e.g. mobility, time constraints among women, etc.) through the

initiative of the barangay officials and volunteers who were also considered as health

providers.

There was no need to do separate programming of activities as the participants (community)

were very cooperative and supportive.

6. Monitoring targets and indicators

12

Project targets cover the following: a) targets based on indicators on water potability (being

monitored by the sanitary inspector); b) 500 HHs targeted in terms of awareness-raising on

Open Defecation through IEC; ACF targets on the number of HHs (persons) using various

types of toilets e.g. makeshift, shared toilets, or communal toilets; c) Acceptable Ratio of 1

toilet for every 10 (and below) persons; d) Public toilets are open to all.

7. Sex-disaggregated database

There is no sex-disaggregated database.

8. Resources

Budget is sufficient for gender equality promotion and integration. Health-related activities e.g.

capacity development on VAWC and Child Protection were sourced from the GAD budget.

There are committed staff. The MHO, School Heads and officers are in-charge of the

monitoring and maintenance.

9. Relationship with the agency’s GAD efforts

The project builds on and strengthen the LGUs commitment to the advancement of women

and girls. The LGU is always ready to provide its local counterpart.

Sustainability of GAD efforts and benefits are reflected in their GAD Plan.

No GAD institutions or Resource Centers were tapped/involved so far.

Table 6.1 Time Use Tool

What do women and girls do at certain hours of the day? How are these linked with water and sanitation?

Time Activities Link with water sanitation and hygiene

AM 4:00

Clean the rooms, kitchen, brush teeth, washing clothes, clean the comfort room.

Uses water for maintaining proper sanitation and hygiene

5:00 Dispose the urine from Arenola, clean the toilets

Uses water for maintaining proper sanitation and hygiene

6:00 Cook breakfast Uses water for cooking of foods

7:00 Breakfast with kids, bathing of the kids/ grandchildren, accompany the kids to school.

Drink/Uses water for needed water intake and in maintaining proper sanitation and hygiene

8:00 8-9 Duty in their respective assignments, like the Senior Citizen at the Citizen Building, in their community the 4Ps Leader, the BHW, etc.

9:00

10:00 Prepare for the lunch Uses water for cooking.

11:00 Waiting for their kids from school

PM 12:00 Lunch Drink water.

1:00 1-3 Watching TV

2:00

3:00

4:00 Feed their pets/animals, water the plants, prepares the snacks of their kids.

Used water for their pet and animal survival.

5:00 Cooked the dinner, fetched water.

Used water for cooking.

13

6:00 Dinner

7:00 7-11 watching TV, let the kids sleep at 8, sleep.

8:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

AM 12:00 Pee

1:00

2:00 Novena Prayer, heat water (Elderly)

3:00

14

Table 6.2 Time Use Tool What do men and boys do at certain hours of the day?

How are these linked with water sanitation and hygiene?

Time Activities Link with water sanitation and hygiene

AM 4:00 Tender the rooster, fetched water especially the drinking water because the source is very far.

Water is a basic need.

5:00 Use the comfort room Used water for discharging human waste

6:00 Clean the kitchen, cook the breakfast.

Kitchen area must be clean to maintain proper sanitation especially that it is the place where foods were cooked.

7:00 Take a bath, eat breakfast Maintaining proper hygiene and good health

8:00 8-12 Work

9:00

10:00

11:00

PM 12:00 LUNCH Drink water; maintained good health

1:00 1-5 Work

2:00

3:00

4:00

5:00 Back from work, drink coffee and eat snacks

Drink water; maintained good health

6:00 Drinking liquor (light only)

7:00 Assist the kids in eating dinner and help prepare their assignments

Drink water; maintained good health

8:00 Let the kids sleep

9:00 sleep

10:00

11:00

AM 12:00

1:00

2:00

3:00

Note: Answers of the respondents as to time and activities varies. But commonly they had activities linked to water, sanitation and hygiene as early as 4:00am.

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VIII. Governance and Institutional Building

A. Debates and Issues

Focus Questions FGD Responses Evidences

1. What are the current issues in relation to promoting access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene at the municipal level?

2. Who are the stakeholders affected by the issues being raised?

3. What are your views regarding the issues being raised in relation to promoting access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene by poor families?

During the WASH Preparedness

Training attended by barangay

officials, the following current WASH

problems were identified:

- What are the hazards/problems? and

- What should be prioritized on WASH

particularly on ZOD?

The community.

WASH is a basic need. It is a

necessity. Therefore, there should

be a budget allocation and feasibility

study (FS) on it.

In the Salintubig Project, there was a Feasibility Study conducted. However, it was only a simplified FS not a full blown. What were considered there are the projections on amount of water to be consumed, causes of water borne-diseases

Minutes of meetings/ discussions highlighting issues and concerns

Related Studies/ evaluations done to highlight issues

Table A. 1: Documenting evidences in relation to Promoting Access to Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

Document Title

Date the document was formulated/ published

Brief Description of document

Name of Provider of Information

Feasibility Study

Feasibility Study of Sagana at Ligtas na Tubig sa Lahat, a program funded by the GAA Provision for Potable Water Supply

Engr. Lerio C. Arizala, Jr. of Municipal Engineering

B. Polices, Strategies and Structure


1. Policies

a. What are the current policies at the provincial, municipal and barangay levels (such as ordinances, resolutions, etc.) which promote access of poor families to safe water, sanitation and hygiene?

At barangay level, there are 3 barangays namely: Guinhadap, Toboron and Mac Arthur that has an approved ordinance on the sustainability of Zero Open Defecation.

Refer to Table B.1 to generate list of existing policies. The policies should include those issued by the provincial government and the barangays.

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b. What are the municipality’s development objectives/ goals in relation to safe water, sanitation and hygiene?

Zero Open Defecation and level III water system of all barangays.

Get copy of the municipality’s development objectives/ goals in relation to providing access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene

c. Do you think these goals/ objectives are sufficient? Why or why not?

No, because until now there are still many Households with no sufficient supply of safe water and sanitary toilets.

2. Strategies

a. Does the municipality have defined strategies for enabling access of poor families to safe water, sanitation and hygiene? What are these strategies?

There is in the MWASH Plan. Get a copy of the strategies. Use table B.2 to document strategies. Note: Strategies maybe mentioned in several documents.

b. Are stakeholders involved in developing the document? Who are stakeholders?

Community leaders and the agencies concerned like MHO.

3. Structure

a. Organizational Structure of the Municipality: a.1 What is the current organizational set up of the LGU in relation to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene?

a.2 Do you think the LGU’s organizational structure is appropriate? Why or why not?

a.3 Are there specific positions dedicated to handing tasks related to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene? What are these positions? What is the nature of their employment?

a.3 If none are there plans to fill up these positions?

a.4 Are there clear lines of communication among units in relation a more integrated approach to planning, budgeting and resource use for safe water, sanitation and hygiene? Please cite examples.

There is an organizational structure but need to be oriented to become functional.

Kakayanin Yes. The Monreal Municipal

Water and Sanitation Unit, the BNS, BHWs, ZOD Officers and the BAWASA.

Some are Job Order and some are volunteers The Monreal Municipal Water

and Sanitation Unit has monthly meetings or as often as necessary to facilitate resolution of issues and concerns.

Get a copy of the organizational structure of the Municipality and staffing pattern of the LGU related to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene.

Get copy of roles and responsibilities of positions assigned. Use Table B.3 to document roles and responsibilities

Please get a copy of any manual or guideline in reference to this.

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b. Local Development Committees: b.1 What are the existing development committees or structures dedicated to promoting safe water, sanitation and hygiene?

b.2 What are the committees’ roles and responsibilities? Who are the members of the Committees? Are they functional? Why or why not?

There is none. But the Sanitary Inspector already submitted proposal to the Sanggunian Bayan approval.

Table B. 1: Policies Issued in Relation to Providing Access to Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

Title of Policy Brief Description Date of Source Document


Table B. 2: Documenting municipal strategies for safe water, sanitation and hygiene

Development Strategies

Title of Source document

Date of Source Document


18

Table B.3: Documenting Roles and Responsibilities of Staff Positions assigned. (Roles of the Monreal Water & Sanitation Unit and not the LDC for WASH)

Name of Staff Position Brief Description of Tasks Title of Source Document and Date

Chairperson: Municipal Mayor Co-Chairperson: Municipal Health Officer Members:

- Chairperson, SB

Committee on Health

- Liga President

- MSWDO

- Municipal Engineer

- MPDC

- Municipal Agriculturist

- Rural Sanitary Inspector

- Municipal Budget

Officer

- President, BHW

Federation

- PSDS

- LGOO V

They shall oversee the policy and guidelines formulation geared towards the promotion of Water and Sanitation Program and implementation and monitoring of other related programs and projects.

Functions: 1. Advocate proper health and sanitation

practices and to formulate plans and

programs to advance best practices

and sanitation that may be replicated in

other areas.

2. Coordinate and synchronize team

efforts with other existing agencies,

departments, committees,

organizations and advisory bodies,

responsible for solid waste

management, drinking water quality

assurance, sanitation, zoning, planning

and environmental protection.

3. Conduct inventory and assessment of

sanitation facilities in the municipalities.

4. Identify priority areas for Community

Led Total Sanitation.

5. Prepare and submit project proposals

on Water and Sanitation

6. Lobby adoption for the implementation

of Zero Open Defecation (ZOD).

Executive Order No. 004-2013. An Order Creating the Monreal Municipal Water and Sanitation Unit

C. Planning and Budgeting Systems


1. Are there existing development plans which emphasize access of poor families to safe water, sanitation and hygiene?

Yes, it is provided in the Annual Investment Plan

Use Table C.1 to generate list of existing plans

2. How were the plans generated? ( Ask respondents to describe the actual process of generating the plans)

Each department was required to make plan and present it to the council during the budget hearing.

3. How are plans The plans were generated through

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harmonized/ synchronized with the budget process of the LGU?

consultative and participatory.

4. Is there a planning and budgeting calendar being observed by the LGU? How are plans and budgets approved? Who approves them?

Yes, the standard procedure.

5. Are stakeholders part of the development of the plans? Who were the stakeholders involved?

Yes, during the budget deliberation the LDC department heads and CSOs were present.

A call for CSOs participation and consultation was observed.

- Senior Citizen Federation

- Fisherfolk Organizations

- 4Ps Leaders

- Farmers

- Business Sector

- Women Federation

6. Are there rules and procedures of engaging CSOs and other stakeholders in the LGU planning and budgeting processes?

Table C.1: Plans Emphasizing Access to Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

Name of Plan Brief Description/ Content of the Plan

Date Plans were formulated

Annual Investment Plan (2012-2014) Program/Project/Activities for WASH:

a. Construction of Sanitary Toilets

(2012)

b. Construction of Level II Water

System (Phase 2) (2012)

c. Spring Development Rehabilitation

Project (2013)

d. Construction of Level III Water


e. Construction of Sanitary Toilet

Facilities

f. Construction of Level III Water


The AIP enumerates the different programs/projects and activities of the Local Government Unit of Monreal, Masbate.

The implementing

office/department, the timeframe of the implementation and the expected output were also clearly stated. Also, the financial aspect was stated e.g. total cost and the source of funds.

D. Programs and Projects


1. What are the municipality’s existing programs and projects in relation to safe

Zero Open Defecation Training on WASH

Get copy of existing programs and projects. Use Table D.1 to generate inventory of existing programs and projects

20

water, sanitation, and hygiene?

2. How are these programs and projects identified?

Consultative and participative.

3. Who are the Target Beneficiaries? Were the beneficiaries involved in the identification/ finalization of these projects? How?

The end-users of the project are the target beneficiaries but they were not present during the project identification.

4. Are they also part of program/ project implementation? How?

Yes, in the construction.

Table D.1: Inventory of Existing Programs and Projects

Name of Project Location Date Started End Date Target Beneficiaries

Note: Participants said that it can be derived from the AIP. Upon review of the AIP, only the names of the

projects were available.

E. Expertise


1. Are there experts in the LGU which act as resource persons for handling the technical aspects of water, sanitation and hygiene programs/ projects?

There is none. In Sanitation, there is no Sanitary Engineer but the Sanitary Inspector is trained and has CLTS Certification.

2. Are they enough? If not, how does the municipality source out additional expertise needed?

No, not enough. The ACF has and the Red Cross provided training on Disaster Resilient Shelter and Toilets.

3. What other competencies are needed by the various units to enhance skills in pursuing programs/ activities/ projects related to safe water, sanitation and hygiene?

Though ACF and Red Cross provided training, it is still not enough. Trainings on water treatment are still needed because in laboratory tests there are water that is positive for contamination.

F. Monitoring and Evaluation


1. Is there a system for monitoring and evaluating programs/ activities/ projects

On Sanitation The BHW provides weekly reports

which are submitted to the Midwife; the latter submits it to the MHO and

If there is a monitoring guideline, please get a copy.

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related to safe water, sanitation and hygiene? Please describe the system in brief

Sanitary Inspector on a monthly basis.

The LDC has a tool but not used.

2. How does the information feed into the policy formulation process, planning, budgeting and resource use of the LGU?

Reports served as the basis in the formulation of plans.

G. Information and Knowledge Management


1. Are there current IEC materials which promote safe water sanitation and hygiene to target beneficiaries?

Yes, there are tarpaulins/posters in schools on proper hand washing.

Use of Social Media, the Facebook page on Kwentong Kasilyas.

Please get sample of materials

2. What are the key messages that these materials communicate to the target audience?

Goodbye dumi Hello Healthy Wash in School (WinS) Patrol

3. How often are these materials updated? Is there a systematic approach to evaluating/ updating these materials? If so, please describe.

They use posters that the DOH gave them.

H. Organizational Culture


1. What is the municipality’s vision and mission?

Vision: The Municipality of Monreal envisions being a prime ecotourism hub of Ticao Island with God loving, healthy, united gender-sensitivity and politically-matured citizenry living in a competitive, safe, well-managed and environmentally-sound ecosystem with functional and efficient infrastructure support facilities and propelled by transparent, participatory, and development focused governed and guided by the DIVINE Providence.

Mission: The Municipality of Monreal is

committed to promote the general welfare of Monrealenos and to strengthen the capabilities of services to the people, institutionalize people’s

Please get copy of the vision and mission statement of the LGU

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empowerment by enjoining them to participate in local governance in order to achieve a progressive and self-reliant community towards sustainable development.

2. What is the LGU’s overall culture/ principle in encouraging transparency in promoting safe water, sanitation and hygiene?

Peoples participation during budget call and planning.

3. What do you think are the ways in which a more open and participative approach to stakeholder involvement can be better fostered/ improved specifically in the planning, budgeting and resource use for promoting safe water, sanitation and hygiene?

To go down to the community and empower them.

I. Leadership Style and Decision Making


1. How participative and supportive is management/ leadership for ensuring access of safe water, sanitation, and hygiene? (Note: leadership refers to local chief executive, heads of various councils/ committees involved in safe water, sanitation and hygiene)

Very supportive.

2. What about in promoting Transparency and accountability?

In transparency, the municipality twice passed the Seal of Good Housekeeping.

In accountability, there is no any adverse complaint received.

J. Choice of Partners


1. Who are the current stakeholder partners of the LGU for safe water, sanitation and hygiene?

The ACF, Red Cross and the DILG

Use Table J.1 to generate list of partners

2. How are these partners From the outside not inside the LGU

23

chosen? What are the criteria adopted?

itself. For example, the ACF conducted orientation of their programs, the LCE attended and submitted Letter of Intent. Thereafter, MOU was executed.

Table J.1: List of Municipal Partners in Promoting Access to Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

Name of Organization

Type of Organization (NGO, cooperative, etc.)

Legal Instrument to Formalize Engagement with LGU (MOA, Contract, etc.)

Services / Programs Offered

Geographic Area of Operations

ACF NGO

Red Cross NGO

K. Promoting an Integrated Approach to Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

Focus Questions Responses Evidences

1. Do you think that promoting access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene should be undertaken in an integrated manner? How?

Yes, it should be integrated in approach. Like in 4Ps under FDS module on health can be integrated. In school, the Wash in Schools should be done daily.

There should be a council focused on WASH and it must be functional.

2. What do you think are specific areas for improvement to move towards an integrated approach? Give specific details in reference to: Policy formulation:

Planning

Budgeting

Administration of contracts

Actual Service Delivery

Monitoring and Evaluation:

Ordinance/Resolution

Integration on DRRRM and

Comprehensive Development Plan and

on GAD

Budget allocation on WASH programs

and Outsourcing

Strict compliance of BIDS and Contract

Proper implementation

Monitoring and Evaluation should be

integrated in all projects. All projects

should have a 3rd

party monitoring

Tool 8B: Assessing the Participation of Civil Society Stakeholders in Promoting Safe Water,

Sanitation and Hygiene through Good Governance

FGD Participants include CSO Partners of the LGU and those CSOs advocating for access to

safe water, sanitation and hygiene:

NGOs

POs

Cooperatives

Federation, Council, Consortium of CSOs

BAWASA

Private for Profit service providers

Focus Questions Responses Documents to back up FGD responses

A. Background Information

1. When was your organization established?

ACF – established in the Philippines in 2000 Barangay Cantorna Irrigation Association – established in 1987, not functional for years, but was revived (or

No supporting documents brought.

24


became functional again) in 2012. BAWASA, Brgy. Cantorna– 1995 BAWASA, Brgy. Morocborocan - 2012

2. What is the organization’s vision and mission?

3. What are the organization’s programs/projects in relation to safe water, sanitation and hygiene?

ACF International (Action Contre La Faim or Action Against Hunger) The staff had the hard time to recall their vision and

mission Program/Project

- Scaling-Up Sustainable and Resilience Basic Sanitation, Safe Water, and Improved Hygiene behaviour. The project is promoting Zero Open Defecation through a Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) action.

Barangay Cantorna Irrigation Asso. - none BAWASA, Brgy. Cantorna

- BAWASA Management o With regular chlorination, collection of

fees, purchase of materials, repair of pipeline, and construction of public toilet.

BAWASA, Brgy. Morocborocan

- BAWASA Management o With regular chlorination, collection of

fees, purchase of materials, and repair of pipeline.

ACF cannot recall their vision and mission statement. The rest do not have vision and mission statements.

4. In which geographic areas/ barangays do you operate?

ACF – operates in Masbate particularly in the municipalities of Cawayan, Milagros, Aroroy, and Monreal Barangay Cantorna Irrigation Association operates in their barangay only. BAWASA, Brgy. Cantorna operates in their barangay only. BAWASA, Brgy. Morocborocan operates in their barangay only.

5. If a federation, who are the members of the federation? How do you get to select the members?

ACF plan to federate the BAWASAs at the municipal level. The Brgy. Cantorna Irrigation Association, BAWASA of Brgy. Cantorna and BAWASA of Morocbocan are not yet federated.

B. Debates/ issues on Safe Water Sanitation and Hygiene

1. Is your group/ organization involved in debates/ issues regarding safe water, sanitation, and hygiene?

ACF – Yes! Both the Brgy. Cantorna and Morocborocan were involved in Barangay Assembly and Consultation.

25


2. What is the main issue of the CSO in regard to safe water sanitation and hygiene?

ACF – difficulty to implement the project in barangay were in insurgency is present. There are still families that opted not to avail the program. It is not easy to change the behaviour of the family especially as open defecation has become a habit. BAWASA Cantorna

- Some inactive members of the BAWASA. - Makeshift CR only of households

BAWASA Morocborocan

- No source of water, they are sourcing their supply from the Poblacion.

- Makeshift CR - Some households do not want to utilize the

makeshift CR because of fear that they might fall into the pit.

- No sea wall to mitigate the disaster

3. Who is your main partner at the provincial or municipal government as regards your advocacy for promoting access of poor families (especially women and girls) to safe water, sanitation and hygiene?

ACF - RHU, MSWDO, MPDO, Engineering Office BAWASA Cantorna – RHU BAWASA Morocborocan - RHU

4. How long have you been working with the LGU in this effort? What was your main reason for working with the LGU?

ACF – one year now BAWASA Cantorna - long and cannot remember BAWASA Morocborocan - long and cannot remember

C. Participation in Policy Formulation

1. Is your organization a member of any of the LGU’s policy making body specific to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (i.e. Local Development Council, Local Health Board, and Local School Board)? If yes, when did you become a member? How were you selected? If not, any particular reason why not?

ACF: No BAWASA Cantorna: No BAWASA Morocborocan : No

2. Does your organization actively participate in any of the policy discussions/ deliberations of the municipal government especially in matters relating to promoting

ACF

- The ACF actively advocates for the creation of Barangay Ordinance on WASH

- Capacitated the barangays councils by providing training on Barangay Development Planning.

- Assisted in the creation of Barangay WASH Committee. Members are the Brgy. Captain,

26


access to safe water sanitation and hygiene? Which policies (i.e. ordinances and resolutions) are these?

Brgy. Councilor on Health, Day Care Worker, DepEd Worker, Parent Leaders in school, elderly, fisher folks, community health team. Likewise they created a committee in school and the members are the class advisers and the Day Care Patrollers.

BAWASA Morocborocan

- They participated in the Barangay Consultation for the creation of the BAWASA and for the penalties to be imposed.

3. If not, what are the challenges that deter you from doing so?

D. Participation in Planning, Design, and Resource Allocation of Programs/ activities/ projects

1. Do your organizations get to be involved in the planning, design, and allocation of resources by the municipal government in relation to programs/ activities/ projects related to promoting access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene? In what way? If so, in which specific venues that you get to participate? (Venues can be the following:

Local Development Council

Local Poverty Reduction Action Teams (LPRAT)

Annual Investment Planning

In other special bodies such Watsan committees, Local Health Boards, etc.

ACF: MOA only with LGU Cantorna: Irrigation Assn. – No BAWASA Cantorna: – No BAWASA Morocborocan: – No

2. If not, why?

The Association and the BAWASAs are not registered in the accreditation body/agencies of the LGU.

E. Collaboration with the LGU in implementing specific programs/ activities/ projects:

1. Are any of your organizations or members (for federation, consortium or council) accredited by the municipal government as service provider for safe

ACF – No Cantorna Irrigation Association. – No BAWASA Cantorna – No BAWASA Morocborocan – No

27


water, sanitation and hygiene?

2. Do you have any existing contract or any form of agreement with the LGU as a service provider for such undertakings? If so what are these?

ACF – MOA with LGU for the implementation of the project Scaling Up Sustainable and Resilience Basic Sanitation, Safe Water, and Improved Hygiene behaviour.

3. How was the contracting arrangement between your group and the LGU forged? What are your specific roles and responsibilities? What about the LGU? What is the pricing scheme?

ACF

- Technical assistance to the barangays - Provides Capacity Building at the barangay

level - Formation of Police Patrol or WinS Adviser - Provision of toilet bowls, fittings, and others - Information and Education Campaign

4. How many projects have you undertaken with the LGU in this regard?

ACF – one. The existing project.

5. Do you have specific experts to work with the LGU in regard to the technical requirements of projects related to safe water, sanitation and hygiene?

ACF – works in partnership with the Sanitary Inspector and the Municipal Engineers.

F. Monitoring and Evaluation

a. Have any of your organizations been involved in the monitoring and evaluation of programs/ activities/ projects? If yes, in what way? If not, why?

ACF

- The Zero Open Defecation plan of the LGU unit has a component of Monitoring and Evaluation. Members are ACF, LGU Health Unit, and the BAWASA Officers.

- Provided the barangay with the tool. - After the Typhoon Ruby, they conducted a

Rapid Needs Assessment.

b. What is the mechanism for feed backing? What types of information do you furnish the LGU in regard to tracking progress of programs/ projects?

ACF

- Through the committee meeting - Incentivizing the barangay with Php50,000.00

for good performance

- Visible contact numbers for the feedback of the community.

BAWASA Cantorna

- From the collections, they provides incentive to the purok volunteers specially to the purok who will first achieve ZOD

- Conduct meeting which discusses and solves issues and concerns like on collection mechanism, disbursement of fund, and expenditure.

BAWASA Morocborocan

- Conducts meeting

G. How is the LGU’s receptiveness in regard to the issues raised and specific recommendations?

ACF and BAWASAs – most of the residents do not own the lot they are occupying, with the Barangay Councils; they ask permission from the lot owner to allow the households to construct their CR. The lot owner according to them is very cooperative and is also

28


Were actions taken based on your recommendations? Can you cite examples? How are issues and problems resolved?

advocating for zero open defecation.

H. Knowledge Management

1. Does any of your organizations actively involved in disseminating information regarding access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene? Do you have IEC materials developed particularly for this?

ACF

- Disseminates IEC materials - Conducts trainings

BAWASAs

- House-to-house campaign

I. Overall Effectiveness regarding the Participation of the organization in LGU governance affairs

2. On the overall, do you think the organization has been effective in collaborating with the LGU in efficiently and effectively governing programs/activities/ projects related to promoting access of poor families to safe water, sanitation and hygiene?

Yes!

3. What do you think are the facilitating and hindering factors?

ACF

- There are still household who less appreciate the project specially the CR because according to them they cannot use the CR due to lack of water.

BAWASA Cantorna

- Some households are very passive. Accordingly it is the barangay officials who are initiating the digging and constructing of the CR. Unfortunately those households are not helping.

BAWASA Morocborocan

- The Barangay Captain is appealing to the community to cooperate in the construction of their CR. For those who will construct a new house, the Brgy. Captain advocate to construct first the CR.

4. What do you think are specific areas for improvement (give specific details in reference to:

ACF - On monitoring, there should have a weekly

monitoring to know who have already finished constructing their CR.

29


Policy formulation

Planning

Budgeting

Administration of contracts (service delivery)

Actual Service Delivery

Monitoring and Evaluation

BAWASA Cantorna

- Improve the ZOD - Improved the Solid Waste Management of the

barangay

- For the Barangay to construction road to the dumping site for easy mobility and road access.

BAWASA Morocborocan

- For the barangay to plan having its own dumping site.

- BHW to educate the community on proper waste disposal