mwene mutapa kingdom

7/24/2014 Mwene Mutapa Kingdom

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Mwene Mutapa Kingdom
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CONTENTS
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1 Mwene Mutapa Kingdom

2 Oral traditions offer different accounts

3 Toward the end of the 1400s the Changamire

4 By the end of the 17th century

MWENE MUTAPA KINGDOM

Mwene Mutapa Kingdom, also spelled `Mwene Matapa`, `Monomotapa`, or `Munhumutapa`,

Shona-speaking kingdom of Karanga people of the 1400s to 1600s in what is now Zimbabwe

and Mozambique. Mwene Mutapa is Shona for Ravager of the Lands, and was also the title

held by the dynasty of kings who ruled the territory, which lay between the Zambezi and

Limpopo rivers. Their domain was often called the empire of the Mwene Mutapa, or simply

Mutapa, and is associated with the historical site known as Zimbabwe, in the southeastern

part of modern Zimbabwe. The Mutapa state is often linked to the impressive stone ruins that

dot Zimbabwe, notably at the historic city of Great Zimbabwe. Mutapa`s rulers enjoyed great

wealth from gold mining in the kingdom and trading with other peoples.

ORAL TRADITIONS OFFER DIFFERENT ACCOUNTS

Oral traditions offer different accounts of the kingdom`s origin. Some say that the semi-

mythical founder Mbire laid the groundwork in the 1300s for his great-great-grandson

Nyatsimba`s rapid development of the kingdom a century later. A more common view holds

that Mutota and his son Matope founded the kingdom in the first half of the 15th century. It is

agreed, however, that the Mutapa kingdom was quite powerful during the 15th century.

TOWARD THE END OF THE 1400S THE CHANGAMIRE

Toward the end of the 1400s the Changamire (also known as Rozwi) state splintered off, and

other dynasties either broke away from the Mutapa state or evolved independently. In the

latter half of the 16th century, Portuguese forces, which had moved in from southern Africa`s

east coast beginning in the 1530s, invaded the Mwene Mutapa`s realm. This Portuguese
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intrusion was welcomed by Gatsi Rusere, reigning Mwene Mutapa from 1589 to 1623, whose

authority faced threats from a rival political faction, an impending civil war, and invasion by

neighboring peoples. Gatsi became dissatisfied with his commanders` military efforts and had

several of them executed, touching off a protracted civil war, which, because one of those

executed was his uncle, became a dynastic feud. The Portuguese, who recruited several

thousand African warriors from the area around Lake Malawi, were brought in to help the

Mutapa stabilize matters, but their price was a treaty that ceded land, including gold mines

and other mineral resources. When Gatsi`s son and heir, Nyambo Kapararidze, attempted to

expel the Portuguese in 1629, they deposed him and forced his successor to grant them

extensive trading and mining privileges, effectively undermining the last vestiges of his power.

BY THE END OF THE 17TH CENTURY

By the end of the 17th century, the Rozwi empire had defeated and absorbed the weakened

Mutapa state. The Munhumutapas (Mwene Mutapas) continued to rule as minor chiefs until

1902, when the last Mutapa, Chioko, was killed while fighting the Portuguese.

SECRETARIAT OF THE UNITED NATIONS

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WHEAT

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WHEAT 2

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