nadia barozzi health coaching - nutrition in adolescents

Nutri&on & Health in Adolescence: An overview on Physical Changes & Ea5ng Habits

Nadia Barozzi PharmD, PhD, MAS ETH NH, NLP Master Prac&&oner

ü  Employment & Research experience as Epidemiologist ü  Coaching and Neuro-‐Linguis;c Programming training (NLP

Licensed Prac;;oner) ü  Master of Advance Studies in Nutri&on & Health ü  PhD in Public Health & Pharmacoepidemiology ü  Master in Pharmaceu;cal Technologies

•  Researcher •  Epidemiologist •  Health Coach •  Nutri;on Advisor •  NLP Master Prac;;oner

I introduce myself…

Nadia Barozzi -‐ h e a l t h y 4 l i f e -‐ Health & Nutri;on Coaching – www.healthy4life.ch

Food Choice: A life span perspec&ve

•  Individual food choices develop in stable trajectories over someone’s life course

•  Only few major turning points during life course that affect food preferences and determined the adjustment to food preferences

•  Major turning points:

1.   Young children: weaning, learning to eat solid foods 2.   Young adults: gaining independency, star&ng a household,

cooking on their own

3.   Adults: star&ng a family

4.   Elderly: difficul&es in shopping, cooking and ea&ng, death of a spouse


Physical changes in Adolescents Pubertal Growth Spurt

Weight gain is propor;onally greater than height gain. In girls: gain 20% of adult height during growth spurt and 50% of adult weight.

•  Girls start around 10 years, lasts 2-‐3 years (followed by onset of menstrua;on)

•  Boys start around 12 years, lasts 2-‐3 years

•  Boys gain more height and weight before and during growth spurt


•  Changes in muscle mass: –  Both sexes: gradual increase, but

more pronounced in boys

•  Changes in body fat mass: –  In boys: slight increase followed by

decrease in absolute mass

–  In girls: gradual increase

•  Fat free mass as % of body weight: –  Increase from 80% to 90% in boys

–  Decrease from 80% to 75% in girls

Remodeling of body composi&on


What influence adolescence food choices?

•  Psychosocial ü Food preferences (early childhood experiences, exposure)

ü Taste and appearance •  Lifestyle –  Time and convenience ü Teens would rather sleep than eat breakfast ü Cost

•  Family –  Food provider, teens s;ll obtain 65% of their total energy from home

–  Influences food actudes, preferences and values –  Dinner at home is the most important meal


Behavioral Concerns in Adolescents

•  Skipping meals (par;cularly breakfast) •  Fruits & Vegetable consump&on •  So] drinks consump&on •  Fast Food consump&on •  Caffeinated (Energy) Drinks consump&on

–  Sleeping depriva&on & Tiredness •  Alcohol consump&on & Binge Drinking •  Ea&ng disorders


Behavioral Concerns in Adolescents Skipping breakfast

ü  Not ea;ng breakfast is common among adolescents

ü  Contribu;ng factors include:

•  Increased autonomy over food choice among those in older age groups

•  Reduced influence of the family environment

•  Increased die;ng behaviour among older girls


Behavioral Concerns in Adolescents Skipping breakfast

•  Regular breakfast consump;on leads to:

ü  Beder diet (more fruit and vegetables, higher intake of micronutrients, less frequent use of sof-‐drinks)

ü  Cogni;ve func;on and academic performance improvement

ü  Lower BMI and lower prevalence of overweight

ü  Physical ac;vi;es

•  Those skipping breakfast have greater hyperac;vity, irritability, and anxiety; more disrup;ve classroom behavior; more tardiness


Behavioral Concerns in Adolescents Fruit & Vegetable consump&on

•  Fruit consump;on promotes op;mal health in childhood, growth, intellectual development, lower levels of body fat, and higher energy levels

•  Ea;ng fruit at younger ages appears to translate to adult paderns, with adult outcomes including decreased risks for coronary heart disease, stroke and cancer

•  Factors that may mo;vate young people to consume more fruit include increasing availability of fruit at home, providing fruit in schools and implemen;ng appropriate educa;onal ac;vi;es


Behavioral Concerns in Adolescents So] drinks consump&on

•  Regular consump;on has been associated with:

–  Increased energy intake due to high sugar consump;on

–  Weight gain, risk of being overweight, and obesity

–  Development of obesity-‐related chronic metabolic diseases such as metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes

–  Dental caries due to low pH

–  Lower intakes of milk, calcium and other nutrients

–  High caffeine intake (ice tea, coke, energy drinks) •  500 ml coke or ice tea contain circa 120 mg caffeine •  250 ml Red Bull contains circa 80 mg caffeine


•  Fast food is food that is low on nutri;on and high on calories

•  Fast food is also referred to as Junk Food, a slang term used to describe any food of poor nutri;onal value

•  Junk foods offer lidle in terms of vitamins, protein, vitamins or minerals and are loaded with calories from sugar or fat, salt and preserva&ve

Behavioral Concerns in Adolescents Fast Food Consump&on


•  “Energy drinks” contain caffeine, taurine, vitamins, herbal supplements, sugar or sweeteners and are marketed to improve energy, weight loss, athle&c performance, and concentra&on

•  Half of the energy drink are marketed to children (<12 years old), adolescents (12–18 years old), and young adults (19–25 years old)

•  Children, especially those with cardiovascular, renal, or liver disease, seizures, diabetes, mood and behavioral disorders, hyperthyroidism, may be at higher risk for adverse events from energy drink consump;on

Behavioral Concerns in Adolescents Caffeinated (Energy) Drink consump&on


•  High caffeine consump;on has been associated with serious consequences:

o  Caffeine intoxica;on is a clinical syndrome of nervousness, irritability, anxiety, insomnia, tremor, tachycardia, palpita&ons, and upset stomach. Addi;onal adverse effects include vomi&ng and abdominal pain, hypokalemia, hallucina&ons, increased intracranial pressure, cerebral edema, stroke, paralysis, rhabdomyolysis, altered consciousness, rigidity, seizures, arrhythmias, and death!

Behavioral Concerns in Adolescents Caffeinated (Energy) Drink consump&on


Why aren't adolescents gedng enough sleep? The vicious circle…

•  Stay up late (e.g., social life, caffeinated drinks, electronic media such as computers, TV, gaming devices, and cell phones)

•  Use of s;mulants to compensate for sleep loss (caffeinated drinks). The half-‐life of caffeine is 5 -‐ 9 hours. A caffeinated drink late in the day delays sleep at night

Behavioral Concerns in Adolescents Sleeping depriva&on & &redness


Behavioral Concerns in Adolescents Sleeping depriva&on & &redness

•  Impose earlier bed;mes & a regular bed;me rou;ne

•  Discouraging them from drinking caffeine past 12 noon

•  Discouraging them from electronic devices at night

•  Encourage a short nap (30 minutes) afer school with the alarm clock set

•  Avoid arguing with them just before bed;me

•  Turn on the bright lights in the morning

•  Do not let them sleeping on weekends more than 2 or 3 hours extra


•  Young people perceive alcohol as fulfilling social and personal needs, facilitate contacts with peers and new rela;onships

•  Alcohol can disrupt brain development in childhood and adolescence (par;cularly in the cor;cal region) which influences cogni;ve, emo;onal and social development

•  Risky drinking is associated with adverse psychological, social and physical health consequences (e.g. academic failure, violence, accidents, injury, smoking, use of illicit drugs, and unprotected sexual intercourse)

Behavioral Concerns in Adolescents Alcohol consump&on & Binge Drinking


Behavioral Concerns in Adolescents Ea&ng Disorders


Causes of Ea&ng Disorders

•  Ea;ng Disorders ofen begin with die;ng –  Die;ng may ini;ate a “posi;ve feedback” or “vicious circle” process

•  Mul;ple, diverse factors confer risk: –  Gene;c (e.g. dysfunc;on of serotonergic neurotransmission)

–  Familial & Social influences

•  Obsessive-‐compulsive personality type (anorexia) –  Exaggerated perfec;onism –  Rigidity –  Propensity for behavioral constraint –  Poor coping with stress

•  Sociocultural influences


Anorexia Nervosa

Possible symptoms –  Amenorrhea, estrogen reduc;on (low LH, FSH) –  Loss of bone density and osteoporosis –  Disturbed temperature regula;on, cold intolerance, lanugo –  Gastrointes;nal tract, decreased mo;lity, diarrhea –  Cardiovascular complica;ons (low blood pressure, bradycardia,

reduced blood volume, edema) –  Anemia, leukopenia –  Impaired thyroid func;on –  High cholesterol –  Depression, affected mental func;oning, decreased brain mass


Bulimia nervosa

Possible symptoms –  Regular vomi;ng infected salivary glands

•  Enlarged salivary glands •  Gastric acid demineralizes teeth with dental erosion •  Stomach ulcers and gastric rupture •  Reduced potassium concentra;on in blood, muscle cramping, irregular heart beats

–  Frequent use of laxa;ves •  Cons;pa;on & laxa;ve dependence

–  Irregular menses –  Laboratory abnormali;es: hypokalemia, hypochloremia, hyponatremia, alkalosis in vomiters, acidosis in laxa;ve abusers hyperamylasemia


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nadia barozzi health coaching - nutrition in adolescents

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