naming and physical properties of alcohols
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Naming and physical properties of alcohols . Naming alcohols. Alcohols are an homologous series with the general formula; C n H 2n+1 OH. A suffix, -ol, is used to indicate the presence of an hydroxyl group. Eg; CH 3 CH(OH)CH 3 propan- 2-ol. Classifying alcohols. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Naming and physical properties of alcohols.
Naming alcohols
Alcohols are an homologous series with the general formula; CnH2n+1OH
A suffix, -ol, is used to indicate the presence of an hydroxyl group.
Eg; CH3CH(OH)CH3 propan- 2-ol
Classifying alcohols
Look at the number of alkyl groups attatched to the carbon which bears the hydroxyl group.
Primary alcohols
Have ONE alkyl group on the carbon that bears the hydroxyl group.
R
Eg; CH3CH2OH
Secondary alcohols
Have TWO alkyl groups on the carbon with the hydroxyl group.
R
R(CH3)2CHOH
Tertiary alcohols
Have THREE alkyl groups on the carbon with the hydroxyl group.
RR
R
(CH3)3COH
Name the following alcohols, stating whether they are primary, secondary or
tertiary;• CH3OH• CH3CH2CH(OH)CH
3
• (CH3)2(C2H5)COH• CH3C(CH3)2CH2OH
• Methanol (1o)• Butan 2 ol (2O)• 2 methyl butan 2
ol (3O)• 2,2 dimethyl
propan 1 ol (1o)
Draw out the structures of the following alcohols, stating whether they are
primary, secondary or tertiary;
• Heptan 1 ol• 2,2 dimethyl
hexan 3 ol• 4 methyl octan 4
ol
• CH3(CH2)5CH2OH • (1o)• (CH3)3 CH(OH)
(CH2)2CH3
• (2O)• CH3(CH2)2CH(OH)
(CH2)2 CH3
• (3O)
Boiling pointsAlkane BP oC Alcohol BP oCmethane -163.4 methanol 65ethane -88.5 ethanol 78
propane -42 propanol 98butane -0.4 butanol 117pentane 36.2 pentanol 138
Plot BP against Mr and comment on the trends.
BPs of alkanes and alcohols compared
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
Number of carbons
BP (K
) alcoholalkane
Alcohols have much higher BPs than those of the corresponding alkane.
The intermolecular bonds in alkanes are only weak van der Waals.
But in alcohols there are much stronger hydrogen bonds.
BPs of alcohols compared with those of alkanes.
Solubility of alcohols
Alcohols are miscible in
water.
δ-
δ+
δ-
δ+
δ-δ+
δ+ δ+The hydroxyl group can hydrogen bond with water.
Solubility decreases with chain length.
But hydrocarbon chains can only make van der Waals interactions.
The hydroxyl group can hydrogen bond…
Naming carbonyl compounds.
Carbonyl compounds are a homologous series with the functional group C=O and a general formula CnH2nO
There are two types;1)Aldehydes2)Ketones.
Aldehydes vs Ketones
Aldehydes have the carbonyl group, C=O, at one end.
But in ketones it is in the interior of the molecule.
Naming Carbonyl compounds
• Aldehydes and ketones are named using the usual IUPAC rules with the addition of an appropriate suffix to the number of carbons.
For aldehydes -al For ketones -one
Eg; CH3(CH2)3CHO is pentanal
Eg; CH3(CH2)3COCH3 is hexanone
Eg; 3C molecule with the carbonyl group at one end. So this is propanal.
3C molecule with the carbonyl group in the interior. So this is propanone.