national institute of

oceanography, India

1973

Council of scientific and industrial

research, India

ANNUAL REPORT

1973

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY( Council of Scientific & Industrial Research)

DONA PAULA, GOAI N D I A

c o n t e n t s

1. general introduction

2. research activities

2.1 physical oceanography

2.2 chemical oceanography

2.3 geological oceanography

2.4 biological oceanography

2.5 sponsored projects

2.6 oceanographic instrumentation

2.7 data, publications & information

3. administrative set up

3.1 executive committee

3.2 scientific advisory committee to the executive committee

3.3 budget

3.4 scientific & technical staff

4. library

5. awards, honours, membership of various committees6. deputations7. meetings, exhibitions, seminars and symposia

8. colloquia and special lectures

9. radio talks

10. distinguished visitors11. publications

11.1 publications of the institute

11.2 papers published by the staff members11.3 feature articles and reviews11.4 reports prepared by the staff members

I

general introduction

During the year under report, 45projects were under investigations. Ofthese, 5 projects were sponsored by theGovernment and private bodies.

Physical oceanographic studies weremade largely on the coastal problems.These were conducted on harbours,beaches and nearshore waters off Goa,Cochin and Bombay.

The investigations made on the che-mical aspect were largely concerned withthe distribution of inorganic nutrientsand trace elements, physico-chemicalfactors responsible for fouling etc. Che-mical aspects of pollution in the watersof Bombay were also studied.

The areas covered under marine geo-logical studies were on the shelf andslope, coastal and nearshore waters andestuaries. The studies made were onsedimentological, geochemical, min-eralogical and micropalaeontologicalaspects.

The biological work was carried outon almost all the levels of trophic chainand the studies included productivity,zooplankton and benthos. Some effortswere also made on the development ofaquaculture in coastal waters. Whilemost of these studies were conductedin the estuarine and nearshore waters,a new project, entitled, oceanography

of the waters around Lakshadweep(Laccadives Sea) was also initiated.Special efforts will shortly be madeto explore the possibilities of algalfarming, turtle farming and oysterculture on the atolls of Laccadives.

Two sponsored projects were con-tinued from the previous year, andthree new projects were undertakenduring the current year on specificproblems specified by the sponsors.

The projects on instrumentation havemade a considerable headway towardsthe fabrication of salinometer, current-meter and on the development ofmarine electronic system for theacquisition of oceanographic datathrough telemetry. The workshop andmaintenance, servicing and calibrationfacilities of oceanographic and electronicinstruments are now available at theInstitute.

Planning and Data Division has con-tinued to offer data and informationservice to the users of oceanographicdata and information pertaining to theIndian Ocean.

Shri V. V. Giri, the President ofIndia, laid the corner stone of thebuildings of the Institute, and Shri C.Subramaniam, Minister for IndustrialDevelopment, Science and Technology,

laid the foundation stone of the build-ings of Regional Centre of the Instituteat Cochin, during the current year.

Work on to the modifications,conversion and refitting of the R. V.Gaveshani, continued during the year atthe Garden Reach Workshop, Calcutta.

Dr. N. K. Panikkar, the founderDirector of the Institute received theChandrakala Hora Memorial Medal forFisheries. He retired on 17th August 1973.

Scientists of the Institute participatedin the MONEX-73 cruises planned under

the Global Atmospheric Research Pro-gramme (GARP). Many young scientistsof the Institute also participated inthe INS Darshak Oceanographic Expe-dition to the north-eastern IndianOcean sponsored by the Indian NavalHydrographic Office, Dehra Dun. Thesix-month participation in the expeditionis likely to produce interesting results.

The Institute published the IIOEPlankton Atlases Vol. IV and V, andthe Volumes IV and V ο f the Handbookto the International ZooplanktonCollections.

— DIRECTOR

2

research activities

2.1

physical oceanography2.11 Oceanic Properties

1. Oceanographic Studies at Mormu-gao and Cochin Harbours

2.12 Physical Processes

1. Beach Studies along the Goa andKerala Coasts

2. Physical Studies of the Estuariesof Goa

3. Studies on Aguada Bar4. Studies on the Beach Sediments

along the Goa Coast

2.13 Waves

1. Wave Studies off Goa usingWave Recorders

2.14 Circulation1. Circulation in the Shelf Waters

off Goa2.15 Tides and Sea Level

1. Studies on Variation in MeanSea Level

2.16 Marine Geophysics1. Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies2. Studies on Geo Acoustics3. Studies on Bottom Sediments

2.17 General1. "Monex-1973"2. Cruises of INS Darshak in the

N. E. Arabian Sea3. IGOSS Programme4. Hydrographic Survey off the

Central West Coast of India

The Physical Oceanography Division continued to operate the existingprogrammes pf the coastal and nearshore environment. Thus occanographic studiesof Mormugao and Cochin harbours, physical and geochemical studies on thebeaches of Goa and Kerala, physical studies on the estuaries of Goa, studies onAguada Bar, circulation of shelf waters, studies on mean sea-level variations andwave studies using wave recorders were continued.

Scientists from the Division participated in the Monex-73, planned underGARP and conducted physical oceanographic observations on board INSDarshak.

Synoptic observations on the short wave radiation, wind speed and direction,sea surface temperature and salinity, light penetration, etc. were started as partof the IGOSS Programme.

3

The Geophysics Section conducted studies on the gravity and magneticanomalies, geo-acoustics and bottom sediments of the Mormugao harbour.

A detailed report of the Divisional projects is given in the following para-graphs, the findings of the 'sponsored projects' undertaken during the year aregiven separately.

2.11 Oceanic Properties1. Oceanographic Studies at

Mormugao a n d C o c h i nHarbours

Based on the data collected at theMormugao Harbour and in the adjoiningSea in 1972, a paper entitled "Hydro-graphy and suspended sediment load ofthe oceanic and estuarine waters adjoin-ing Mormugoa Harbour during earlysummer" is prepared and submitted forpublication.

Similar studies in the neighbouringregion were conducted during August -September 1973 at the request of Captainof Ports, Goa and Mormugao PortTrust. The observations at orxel point(in Aug. '73) indicated currents withspeeds upto 25 cm/sec and waves of theorder of 2.5 m height.

The studies carried out in the regionof the Cochin harbour approach channelwith a view to examine the variations inthe pattern of siltation revealed thatthere are two distinct zones, one between2000 to 6000 ft (610 to 1830 m) and theother beyond 6000 ft (1830 m) in theapproach channel, of homogeneousbottom sediments, but with differentsedimentation rates. The 2000 - 6000 ft(610-1830 m) zone showed a lesser rateof sedimentation compared with theother.

2.12 Physical Processes1. Beach Studies along the Goa

and Kerala Coasts

Along the Goa coast, the studiescarried out on a macro scale at Bainabeach with special reference to the effectsof dumping dredged material from theMormugao harbour area indicated pro-gressive build up of the beach and shallo-wing up of the nearshore zone at theplace of discharge owing to the slow rateof littoral movement. The details of thefindings have been incorporated in apaper entitled, "Effects of artificiallydumped material on the configurationof the Baina beach, Goa."

Along the Kerala coast, the regularobservational programme on the beachchanges was continued. In all a total of50 beach profiles were taken. All alongthe beaches studied, there was a generaltrend of accretion or stability. At Purak-kad, the presence of the mudbank createda calm zone aiding the build up of thebeach. The width of the beach extendedfrom 60 m to nearly 100 m during theyear.

2. Physical Studies of the Estua-ries of Goa

The data collected for studying thephysical aspects of the Mandovi - Zuariestuarine system with a view to under-stand the circulation and salinity patternsand the mixing processes in the estuariesare being processed and analysed.

Studies on the data collected in theupstream region of Chapora estuaryduring the post-monsoon period in 1972,

4

at the request of Government of Goa,Daman and Diu, revealed the followingsalient features.

The temperature shows a characteri-stic diurnal variation attaining a maxi-mum in the afternoon hours. The salinityincreases from surface to bottom and ingeneral varies between 18%o and 4%o.Maximum currents of the order of 60cm/sec are encountered during peak ebb.The sediment load and turbidity of thewaters are generally low. A linearrelationship between turbidity and atte-nuation coefficient is inferred.

3. Studies on Aguada Bar

The observational programme carriedout towards an understanding of theformation and maintenance of theAguada bar has been completed.; Theresults of sediment movements along-shore inferred from dyed sand tracersare being finalized Preliminary studiesindicate that there is a circular flowpattern within a part of the Caranzalembay that replenishes the. Aguada Barwith sediment whereas on the navigationchannel side of the bar the sediment istransported away from there by theriver flow or the tidal flood and ebb.

4. Studies on the Beach Sedi-ments along the Goa Coast

Geochemical : The concentrations ofiron, manganese, titanium, cobalt andorganic carbon in 11 beach and 58 mar-ginal sediments off Calangute and Colvawere estimated. The results indicate thatthe concentrations of these elementsare low in the beach and surf zonesediments compared to the correspondingmarine sediments. The percentages ofiron, manganese, titanium and cobalt

range from 1.0 to 8.9, 0 01 to 0.11, 0.50to 0.93 and 0.001 to 0.009 respectively.The low values are found to be associa-ted with coarse grained sediments.Further, the elements are concentrated inclays and silt and clay fraction of thesediments. The organic carbon contentof the sediments varied between 0.05to 4.30%.

2.13 Waves

I. Wave Studies off Goa usingWave Recorders

The observational programme on wavecharacteristics, namely, period, heightand direction, was continued during theyear under review, barring the monsoonseason. These studies will help in under-standing the land-sea interaction Droblemlike beach erosion and form the basisfor coastal engineering. Future require-ments may include wave energy tappingand offshore operations like oil drilling,structures etc. The results obtained fromthe earlier observations were incorpora-ted in a paper entitled, "Fair weatherwave characteristics off Goa."

2.14 Circulation

1. Circulation in the Shelf Watersoff Goa

This study was being carried out byusing sea-bed drifters which were madeindigenously following Woodhead'sdesign. These studies are oriented to-wards a better understanding of sedimenttransport and upwelling which has animportant bearing on fisheries.

Some of the preliminary studiescarried out were presented in a paper

5

entitled, "Circulation in the shallowwaters of the shelf region using sea-beddrifters."

2.15 Tides and Sea Level

1. Studies on Variation In MeanSea Level

Analysis of tide data for the period1965-70 for Mormugao Port indicatedthe following :

During the course of each year, themean sea level at Mormugao is subjectedto consistent seasonal rises and falls,reaching its lowest value during thesouth-west monsoon and the highestduring the north-east monsoon. Theannual maximum occurs during Decem-ber/January and minimum duringAugust/September. A secondary maxi-mum in June and a secondary minimumin May are also noticed. The averageannual range of the mean sea level isabout 18 cm. The study is in progress.

2.16 Marine Geophysics

1. Gravity and Magnetic Ano-malies

Aeromagnetic data for the NorthArabian Sea and Bay of Bengal wereobtained on our request from the U. S.Coast and Geodetic Survey, USA.

In Bay of Bengal the total magneticfield data are available along four pro-files in the form of analogue records.The length of each profile extends morethan 1000 miles across the Bay of Bengal.All the data were digitized for each halfa mile and the anomalies were computedby Least Square method. Analysis andinterpretation of the data to estimatethe depth and the intensity of magnetiza-tion of the anomalous crustal features isin progress.

In the North Arabian Sea the dataare available in the form of contourmap covering an area between 20° to24ºN and 60° to 75ºE. The area wasdivided into 91 profiles in North-Southdirection with the profile length exten-ding more than 300 miles. The data wasdigitized for each mile for all the profiles.Computation of anomalies by leastsquare method is in progress.

2. Studies on Geo-Acoustics

Forty sediment core samples werecollected over the inner shelf betweenKarwar and Vengurla. The length ofeach sample varied between 2 and 3 ft.Physical properties of the sediments likegrain density, bulk density, porosity andmoisture content were determined.Longitudinal wave velocities and theacoustic impedence of the sediments atdifferent depths were estimated with thehelp of ultra-sonic flow detector, whichwas obtained on loan from NPOL,Cochin. Studies on the inter-relation-ship of the physical and acoustic proper-ties and the formulation of mathema-tical models are in progress.

3. Studies on Bottom SedimentsStudies on the grain size distribution

of the Mormugao Bay surface sedimentscollected in 1972 were completed. Thesestudies have revealed that the sedimentsalong the Bay Margins are predomi-nantly sands, well to moderately sorted,positively skewed and leptokurtic. Fromthe Bay margins to the Central Bay andEastern Bay the sediments are mainlysilts and clays, poorly to very poorlysorted, negatively skewed and platikurtic.The transportation and deposition ofsediments inside the Bay are believed tobe mainly due to the subaqueous erosionby the waves and currents along the Baymargins and by the process of silting

6

of suspended load as well as the silting ofmaterial brought by river Zuari in thecentra) and eastern parts of the Bay.Near Bay mouth, the regional distribu-tion of sands indicates a patch of coarsematerial which suggests that the sedi-ments are being carried into the bayin NW-SE direction. But the topogra-phic data do not indicate any surfacerelief in the bottom topography. It istherefore concluded that the depositionof material in this region due to theincoming waves, and currents is muchless and does not. contribute for thesilting at the Bay mouth.

2.17 General

I. "Monex-1973"

The monsoon experiment was plannedas a programme of Global AtmosphericResearch Programme. Scientists fromPhysical Oceanography Division partici-pated in the cruises of Soviet ResearchVessel "Ocean" and the Indian-NavalShips under Indo-USSR Joint Expedi-tion for studying the Indian Summer .Monsoon during May-July 1973. Someresults of the analysis of the datacollected on board Soviet ResearchVessel are incorporated in a paperentitled, "Preliminary studies on hydro-graphical features of the NorthwesternIndian Ocean in May during Monex-1973" in the Seminar held at Cochinon 11-7-1973.

Studies on the data on thermalstructure, collected on board IndianNaval ships, indicated the followingfeatures :

Along 20º N latitude, thickness of themixed layer varied between 20 and 43 m,during the premonsoon - period. In Julywhen the monsoon was fully developed

mixed layer thickness of 53 m, wasobserved. Thickness of the order of 80 mor more was generally observed in theArabian Sea during the southwestmonsoon. The marked increase in themixed layer thickness appears to be aresult of the intense mixing caused bywind. The studies are in progress.

2. Cruises of INS "Darshak" inthe N. E. Arabian Sea

During these cruises, temperature andsalinity structures and light penetrationin the sea were studied. Observationson light penetration in January indicatedthe depth of occurrence of 1% lightintensity to vary from about 1.5 m in thecoastal waters off Bombay to 60 m inthe deeper waters of the northwesternArabian Sea.

3. IGOSS Programme

As a part of the IGOSS (IntegratedGlobal Ocean Station System) Pro-gramme, synoptic observations on shortwave radiation, wind speed and direc-tion, sea surface temperature and sali-nity, water transparency dry andwet bulb temperatures were initiatedduring February 1974. Regular observa-tions are being carried out at 0830 hrsand 1730 hrs at a fixed station nearDona Paula.

4. Hydrographic Survey off theCentral West Coast of India

The data collected at monthly inter-vals on board Arjun Prasad on thephysical parameters during the fairweather season along the central westcoast of India were processed. Theresults are being incorporated in a paperentitled, "Hydrographical features of theinner shelf waters along the central westcoast of India during the premonsoonperiod."

7

2.2

chemical oceanography2.21 Composition of Sea Water

and Estuaries

1. Iron Cycle in the Mandovi andZuari Estuaries and the CoastalWaters off Goa

2. Copper Concentrations in theMandovi and Zuari Estuariesand in the Coastal Waters of Goa

3. Distribution of the Arsenic inthe Inshore and Estuarine Watersaround Goa

4. Biogeochemistry of Phosphorusand Nitrogen Compounds in the

Estuarine and Ncarshore Watersof Goa

5. Carbon-dioxide System in theEstuarine, Inshore and OffshoreWaters

6. Studies on Inorganic Nutrients,their Stoichiometry and TraceMetals of the Arabian Sea

7. Carbohydrate Concentration inthe Waters of Goa Coast

2.22 Marine Fouling and Pollution

1. Marine Fouling2. Marine Pollution (Chemical)

Investigations carried out during the year under review can be broadlyclassified into three categories: (i) distributional aspects of inorganic and organicconstituents and their inter-relationship in the estuarine and coastal waters of Goaand in the Arabian Sea, (ii) chemical aspects of marine pollution and fouling and(iii) apparatus and methods.

Studies were continued on the distribution of inorganic nutrients and traceelements (Iron, Copper and Arsenic) in the coastal waters and estuaries of Goa.Work on biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds carbohy-drate concentrations and carbon-dioxide system in the estuarine and coastal watersof Goa was continued during the year. Under the NIO programme of participationin INS Darshak Oceanographic Expedition, studies were initiated on the ChemicalOceanography of the northern Arabian Sea, with emphasis on inorganic nutrients,stoichiometry and trace metals.

Preliminary work on the physico-chemical factors of fouling has beencompleted and studies on the efficiency of commercial anti-fouling paints werestarted. The effectiveness of cashew-nut shell liquid as a antifouling coat forwooden structures is also being tested.

An improved form of Secchi disc for measurements of light penetration inwater was developed and tested. A new type of liquid dispenser to deliver anspecific volume of water directly from the bottle was developed and completed,specifications were submitted to the Controller of Patents.

8

2.21 Composition of Sea Waterand Estuaries

1. Iron Cycle in the Mandoviand Zuari Estuaries and theCoastal Waters of Goa

Iron is an essential growth promotingtrace element for the marine organisms,and is an active element involved in thegeochemical processes, controlling theconcentration of many other elements ofbiogeochemical importance. In view ofspecific importance of Goa coast, beingrich in iron ore deposits, studies on thecyclic changes of various factors of ironexisting in the estuarine and coastalwaters are undertaken to understand itsbiological and geochemical involvement.

Total soluble iron in the estuarine andcoastal waters of Goa showed very highconcentrations. The values in the inshorewaters varied between 43-600μg/l, inthe Zuari estuary between 68-527 μg/land in he Mandovi estuary between113-865 μg/l. These high values in thesewaters are generally due to the effect ofleaching from iron ore rich terrain ofGoa. Unlike the total iron concentra-tion which was maximum during themonsoon period, the total soluble ironfound to attain its peak during themonth of December and this feature ismainly due to the decomposition oforganic iron complexes by the bacterialaction. The variations within the twoestuaries suggest significant biochemicaldifferences in the nature of the watersand the sediments The observed highconcentration of total soluble iron incoastal waters are mainly contributedby the rivers.

2. Copper Concentrations in theMandovi and Zuari Estuariesand in the Coastal Watersof Goa

The general distribution and seasonalvariations of ionic copper in the inshoreand the estuarine waters are highlyerratic. In general, the levels are highin all the seasons with maximum duringthe monsoon period due to the effect ofland run off. The range of variation inthe coastal waters is between 3 to 44 μg/lat the surface and 11 to 25 μg/1 at thebottom. The variations in the Mandoviestuary are from 6 to 36 μg/l at thesursface and 5 to 59 μg/l at the bottomand in the Zuari estuary the surfacevalues ranged between 11 to 36 μg/l andthe bottom values between 8 to 28 μg/l.

3. Distribution of the Arsenic inthe Inshore and EstuarineWaters around Goa

Arsenic is toxic to man and marineorganisms. It is a cumulative poisonand marine organisms concentrate itproviding a pathway to reach the humansystem through consumption of fishesand other edible marine biota. The pre-sent study enables to understand thelimits of natural levels of arsenic occur-ring in the sea and estuarine waterswith space and time, hitherto not inves-tigated and also to have regular checkon the probable elevated levels of arsenicdue to pollution.

Total ionic arsenic concentrations inthe inshore waters off Goa Coast aregenerally low (<1μg/l) excepting thenearshore regions wherein the surface

9

values are between 2 and 10 μg/1 andbottom waters around 12 μg/1. Highvalues in the nearshore region are attri-buted to the proximity to the land whichis also of ore bearing nature. In theestuarine waters (Zuari River) the arsenicconcentrations are highly variable andare relatively higher than the inshorewaters, ranging between 3 to 67μg/l.The higher values in the estuarine watersappear to be associated with the leachingfrom the ore bearing terrain.

4. Biogeochemistry of Phosphorusand Nitrogen Compounds inthe Estuarine and NearshoreWaters of Goa

Dissolved inorganic phosphorus andthe particulate phosphorus in the watersare generally low (< 0.6 μg at/1 duringthe pre- and post-monsoon months in theinshore and estuarine systems of Mandoviand Zuari. High concentrations occur(>1 μg at/1) during the monsoon period.During the same period particulate phos-phorus forms the major portion of thetotal phosphorus as compared to thesurface waters in all the seasons.

The different forms of inorganicnitrogen compounds, viz, NH 4

+ -N,NO2

- -N and NO3

- -N also show thesame trend as phosphorus compounds.NH 4

+ -N is found to be dominant formduring the entire period. Bottom concen-trations are always high.

5. Carbon-dioxide System in theEstuarine, Inshore andOffshore Waters

Carbon-dioxide system in the natural

waters, apart from controlling thebiological productivity of the waters, islargely responsible for controlling thepH of the waters and affects the chemicalequilibrium in the sea. This study isundertaken to understand the temporaland regional changes in different compo-nents of the carbon-dioxide system andtheir probable influence on the biologicaland geochemical conditions of the watersaround Goa.

Total CO2 content of the estuarinewaters (Mandovi and Zuari) which wasfound to be of the order of 2.05 millimols/l during the months January to themiddle of March, registered a sharp fallto half the concentration during thesubsequent months till May. This sharpfall in the total carbon-dioxide contentis attributed to increased temperature ofthe waters causing the decreased solubilityof CO2. This is evidenced by the corres-ponding fall in the partial pressureof carbon-dioxide (PCO2). pH of watersalso showed slight increase during themonths April-May. However, during theentire period the predominance of bicar-bonate concentrations over that of carbo-nate is maintained. Salinity of the watersindicate the marine dominance of theenvironment during the period April-May for a considerable stretch upstream.

6. Studies on Inorganic Nutrients,their Stoichiometry and TraceMetals of the Arabian Sea

Under the joint OceanographicExpedition of INS Darshak 1973-74extensive chemical data were collectedfrom the north-eastern and northern

10

Arabian Sea during the period December1973 to May 1974.

The area covered during the pro-gramme was between 20°30' to 24° 00'N,59°30' to 70°00'E Long, and 19°15' to21°30'N Lat., 68°00' to 72°30' E Long.comprising of 5 cruises covering 210stations. The following chemical parame-ters were studied during this programme:dissolved oxygen, inorganic phosphate,total phosphorus, ammonia, nitrite,nitrate, pH and alkalinity. Analysis forfew transition elements at selecteddepths are in progress.

In the northern Arabian Sea, oxygenconcentrations showed two minima. Thefirst one was present at depths between150 and 300 metres while the second onewas almost always around 1000 metres.Below 1500 metres, however, the oxygenconcentration showed an increase withlower temperature and salinities whichis probably due to the presence of awater mass of different origin.

Phosphate concentrations did notshow any abnormality and increasedalmost continuously with depth. A veryinteresting feature was observed aboutthe nature of the inorganic nitrogencompounds in the Arabian Sea, parti-cularly in the northern region. At depthswhere the oxygen concentrations werealmost at the limit of detection by theanalytical method, nitrate and nitritewere not present in unusual highamounts. Ammonia concentration wasalso low at these depths. This indicatethat the nitrate, resulting from theoxidation of organic matter and duringdenitrification, was probably convertedto gaseous nitrogen. This phenomenon

is quite similar to that observed atintermediate depths off the coast ofCalifornia in the Pacific.

Concentrations of nutrients below1500 metres generally showed a decreasewith increasing oxygen contents of thewater mass. pH in the water columnshowed a gradual decrease with depthexcept below 1500 metres where itshowed an increase continuing deeperdown. This may be the result of car-bonate precipitation as is observed inthe deep waters of all the oceans.

On the continental shelf regionduring February through April nitratewas almost absent at depths between 30and 50 metres associated with slightincrease in the dissolved oxygen. Phos-phate was, however, almost alwayspresent. This, perhaps, supports theconclusion that in the Arabian Sea, as inalmost all oceanic regions, nitrate hasa stronger influence to regulate thephotosynthetic production than phos-phate.

Oxygen concentrations in the upperlayers decreased from January to Aprilwhich is, perhaps, due to the effect ofsurface warming. The Arabian Seabeing an area of negative water balanceloses oxygen from its surface waterswith evaporation. This process doesnot seem to have any effect below 20metres, for oxygen concentrations bet-ween 20 and 40 metres were higher thanthe surface concentrations.

One very interesting feature wasobserved during February. In the surfacewaters at stations north of the mouth of

11

the Gulf of Cambay, nutrient concen-trations were higher than the regionsouth of the Gulf mouth. Studies tofind out the proper explanation for thearea are in progress from a detailedanalysis of the data. It may depend on,perhaps, (i) higher production of organicmatter south of the mouth of the Gulfand/or (ii) the Gulf may exercise somesort of ecological barrier as has beenpostulated from marine biological obser-vations.

7. Carbohydrate Concentrationin the Waters of Goa Coast

Analysis of surface waters north ofGoa (off Terekhol) for dissolved andparticulate carbohydrates showed varia-tions between 2.1 and 4.5 mg glucose and0.21 to 0.28 mg glucose/1 respectively.While the particulate carbohydrateconcentrations are of the same order asreported in the waters from the otherparts of the world, the dissolved carbo-hydrates are found to be higher in thesewaters.

2.22 Marine Fouling andPollution

1. Marine Fouling

Preliminary studies on. the variousphysico-chemical factors responsible forthe settlement and growth of marinefoulers in space and time in the localestuarine system and waters aroundMormugao harbour have been completed.Further to augment the results drawn astudy on the efficiency of the commercial

antifouling coatings on test panelsagainst control has been planned andinitiated. In addition, a study onthe effectiveness of cashewnut shell liquidas antifouling coating for the woodencountry, crafts and its optimum periodhas been conducted. The preliminarystudies, show that the effective periodhas been observed to be about 45 dayswith two coats of cashewnut shell liquidwhen applied on wooden panels. But ifthe initially settled foulers are mechani-cally removed after a month the effec-tiveness can be increased to a furtherperiod of another month.

2. Marine Pollution (Chemical)

Three stations off Bombay wererepeated every cruise of INS Darshak tostudy short term variations of the para-meters and eventual effects of pollutionfrom the city. Apart from dissolvedoxygen and nutrients Biological OxygenDemand (BOD) was also measured at allthe depths at the station closest toBombay. It was observed that the rateof oxidation of organic matter is themost intense between 5 and 15 metresbelow which the rate was naturallyrather slow.

Difference between BOD2 and BOD5

was not significant which indicates avery fast rate of decomposition of mostof the organic pollutants, minus thatportion which sediments. As the regionis well aerated no appreciable depletionof oxygen in the water column could beobserved.

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2.3

geological oceanography2.31 Marine Geology Continental 1. Mineralogy and Petrology

Shelf and Slope of India1. Geological History 2·33 Studies of Estuaries and Lakes2. Micropalaeontology3 Geochemistry 1. Sedimentation and Bottom Sedi-

2.32 Studies of Coastal and Near- mentsshore Areas 2. Deep Sea Drilling Project

Research activity in the Geological Oceanography Division centered aroundthree principal projects, viz., (1) Marine Geology of the continental shelf andslope of India, (2) Studies of coastal and nearshore areas, (3) Studies of estuariesand lakes.

Field programmes of the Division were also considerably augmented throughparticipation in the I N S Darshak cruise to the northern Arabian Sea.

Under the project 'Marine Geology of the continental shelf and slope of India',the geological history of the western shelf was investigated by radiocarbondates and studies of bottom topography. Micropalaeontological aspects dealt withthe planktonic forms and nanno fossils. The study of trace elements havebrought out significant differences in the geochemistry of the various types ofsediments on the western shelf. Petrography, mineralogy of sediment samplefrom Deep Sea Drilling Project sites 219 and 220 is being studied. The resultsof these studies are expected to contribute to a better understanding of theorigin and evolution of ocean basins in general and in particular the westerncontinental margin of India. More important, the outcome of these studieswill be highly relevant to offshore mineral exploration on the western continentalmargin of India.

Under 'Studies of coastal and nearshore areas', the petrology and minera-logy of the rocks found along the Goa coast have been undertaken. Concurrentlymineralogical studies of the beaches and dunes in this area were also carriedout to understand the nature of minerals contributed by the coastal rocks to thesesediments.

'Studies of estuaries and lakes' comprises sedimentological and geo-chemical aspects in combination with hydrographic characteristics of twodifferent estuarine systems—the Vembanad Lake and the Mandovi and Zuariestuaries. Data obtained from these studies provide a basis for evaluatingthe degree and impact of possible pollution that may affect these estuariesand also provide essential information for port development, navigationalproblems and allied aspects.

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2.31 Marine Geology of Conti-nental Shelf and Slopeof India

1. Geological History

Lowering of sea-level due to glacia-tion during the Pleistocene subjectedthe rocks and sediments on the conti-nental shelf to attacks by the surf. Theancient shorelines on the western shelfwere investigated by echosounding andsubsequently by radiocarbon dating ofcalcareous shells and rock. The investi-gations show the presence of a numberof submarine terraces dating between9000-11000 years B.P. ProvisionalHolocene sea-level variation curve,based upon C-14 dates on the dredgedsamples, for the northern half of thewestern continental shelf shows generalsimilarities to global Holocene stillstands despite the seismic activity re-ported in this area.

2. Micropalaeontology

Studies of planktonic foraminiferaindicate that the outer western shelfis dominated by relict fauna and sub-stantiate the earlier sedimentologicalfindings. The percentage of planktonicforaminifera increases from the shoreto the outer shelf and upper continentalslope and the species increase progres-sively with depth. An interesting findingis the presence of the cold waterGlobigerina pachyderma (Ehrenberg) inthe slope sediments off Bombay. Preli-minary studies of nanno fossils in thesediment samples from the Arabian Seahave shown the presence of the follow-ing :

Gephyrocapsa sp., Emiliani huxley,Braarudosphaera sp., Ceratolithus sp.,Coccolithus sp., Helicopontosphaera sp.,Pontosphaera sp., Umbilicosphaera sp.,Syracosphaera sp., Scapholithus sp.,Pontosphaera sp., Arkhangelskiella sp.,Fasciculithus sp., In a sample collectedat 2240 metres on the western conti-nental slope Braarudosphaera bigelow,a shallow water form, was noticed andthis suggests possible transport of sedi-ments from shallow to deeper depthsby turbidity currents.

3. Geochemistry

Studies of the distribution of copper inthe sediments of the western shelf showthat the lithogenous and non-lithogenouscontributions are greater in the innershelf silts and clays as compared to theouter shelf calcareous sands. The copperin the sediments was derived fromdetrital minerals originating on land andin part by adsorption on clay mineralsand on hydrated oxides of iron andmanganese.

About 100 samples collected fromdifferent parts of Vembanad lake wereanalysed for manganese, titanium,nickel, cobalt and copper to understandthe behaviour of the elements in thedifferent environments of the lake andto compare their concentrations withthose in the adjacent continental shelf.

2.32 Studies of Coastal andNearshore Areas

1. Mineralogy and Petrology

Geological traverses along the Goacoast have shown the presence of un-

14

usual mega-porphyrite dolerites intru-ding country rock comprising quartzites.The quartzites are considered to haveformed under conditions of green schistfacies. Textural studies of beach rockof Goa coast suggest that the beachrocks originated in environments withdiffering energy inputs. Mineralogicalstudies of the dune and beach sedimentsindicate low to high grade metamorphic,acid and basic igneous source rocks.

2.33 Studies of Estuaries andLakes

1. Sedimentation and BottomSediments

The study of sediments of VembanadLake, a complex estuarine system witha number of rivers flowing into it,shows that coarse sediments are confinedto the western margin of the southernhalf of the lake and finer sedimentsare found in the northern half. Sedimenttransport and depositional process asinterpreted from grain size parametersindicate that bed load transport is con-fined to rivers Muvattupuzha andIttupuzha rivers, rolling and suspensionpopulations occupy the southern end ofthe lake and suspended loads are res-tricted to the estuarine regions.

Size analysis of sediments from theMandovi and Zuari estuaries* showsthat the sediments in lower reaches ofthe estuary are composed of silts andclays whereas the upper reaches aredominated by fine sand. Monthly varia-tion in sand size in the Zuari estuary

has also been studied in relation tobenthic productivity.

2. Deep Sea Drilling Project

Samples from Deep Sea DrillingProject sites in the Indian Ocean, viz.,219, 220, 221 are being studied in theDivision. Site 219 on the Laccadiveridge shows a sedimentary sequenceranging from Paleocene to Recent. Phos-phorite concretions in the early Eocenesediments indicate that upwelling onthe western continental margin con-tinues from Early Eocene. Conditionsfor formation of phosphorite werefavourable only when shelf edge con-ditions prevailed on the site. Thesubsidence at the site which led to theformation of Laccadive Sea and sub-sequent separation of the ridge fromthe Indian sub-continent was initiatedin the Early to Middle Eocene. Organiccarbon, iron, titanium, manganese,cobalt and copper have been analysedin 52 samples from site 219, 25 fromsite 220 and 10 from site 221. Iron andtitanium in the samples analysed showa distinct trend in that they are enrichedin stratigraphic unit 1 (Middle Mioceneto Pleistocene). Copper and manganeseshow enrichment in unit 4 (Early toMiddle Eocene). The enrichment of Cuand Mn may be indicative of concen-tration by biogenous agencies but con-firmation from further analyses isrequired. Studies of volcanic glassindicate that the percentage of glass inthe acid insoluble residue varies from11-43% in Pleistocene and 34-41% inthe Miocene. The R. I. indicate thatthe composition of source volcanicrocks remained almost uniform (acid tointermediate) in both the sections.

* W o r k carried out jointly with the Biological Oceanography Division.

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The Division participated in theOceanographic Expedition (OCEANO-VEX) of 'INS Darshak' in the north-eastern Arabian Sea.

During the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4thcruises, 27 cores, 71 snapper, 20 dredgeand 28 water samples were collectedin the shelf region between Bombayand Rann of Kutch. The sedimentswill be studied in the laboratory forsedimentological, Geochemical, carbo-nate, geomorphology and micropalaeon-tology and the water samples for sus-

pended load estimations. The prelimi-nary examination of the sedimentsindicate that the inner shelf is coveredwith clays, silty clays (upto about 40 m)followed by silty sands and sands inthe outer shelf region. The sandysediments in the outer shelf region arerelict sediments and are mainly composedof oolites, shells and corals. The oolitesvary widely in size and colour and atone location oolitic rock (cementedoolites) was also dredged. Rock (sand-stone with ferruginous encrustution) wasalso dredged at another location.

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2.4

biological oceanography

2.41 Invertebrates

1. Rearing and Maintenance ofPlanktonic Organisms in Naturaland Laboratory Conditions

2. Marine Aquaculture3. Taxonomy, Biology and Life

Histories of Marine Molluscs

2.42 Algae

1. Occurrence of Red Tide in GoaWaters

2. Culture of Diatoms

2.43 Chemistry of the MarineOrganisms

2.44 Plankton and Productivity

1. Biological Productivity of Watersalong the Central West Coastof India

2. Ecology of Estuaries

2.45 Nekton (Fish and Fisheries,Molluscs)

1. Fish and Fisheries2. Electrophoretic Studies on Mac-

kerel Eye Lens Nucleous Protein3. Management of Clam Fishery in

Kali Estuary4. Theoretical Studies on Popula-

tion Dynamics and OptimumExploitation of Fish Populations

5. Physiology and Dynamics of theGrowth of Prawn

6. Studies on Parasites of MarineFood Fishes and Prawns

2.46 Marine Ecology and Pollution

1. Ecology and Production of SandyBeaches

2. Production Ecology and Ener-getics of Bivalve-Doriax Spp.

3. Ecology of Sand Dune Vegeta-tion at Miramar Beach

4. Intertidal Ecology5. Ecology and Production of

Karwar and Vengurla Bay withReference to Fish TrawlingGrounds

6. Studies on Foraminifera fromShore Sands of Velsao Beachwith Special Reference to CoastalMonitoring

7. Bioassay Studies on MarineOrganism in Relation to Pollu-tion Monitoring

8. Effect of Urea on MarineOrganisms

9. Ecological Monitoring in CoastalRegion with Reference to Pollu-tion from Baga to Colva

10. Effects of Effluents of ZAC onthe Nearshore Organisms

11. Effect of Sewage and DomesticWastes upon Estuarine Ecology

12. Coal Tar Pollution on Beachesalong Indian Coast

13. Hydrographic Conditions aroundBombay

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2.47 Zooplankton (IIOE Collec-tions)

1. Systematic Study of Various Sub-sorted Groups

2. Preparation of IIOE PlanktonAtlases

3. Preparation of Handbooks of theInternational ZooplanktonCollections

4. Preparation of Illustrated Manualon Zooplankton

5. Sorting of Plankton Samples ofUNDP Pelagic Fisheries Project

The investigations in respect of Biological Oceanography are carried outat the Biological Oceanography Division of the Institute at Goa and the RegionalCentres at Cochin and Bombay. While some of the projects operated duringthe previous year were continued, a few new projects were started duringthe year under review, such as studies on aquaculture, oceanography of theLaccadives and on the effect of the weed Salvinia auriculata on the Cochinbackwaters. A new collaborative programme with the National ChemicalLaboratory, Poona and the Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow was alsoinitiated during the year with a view to studying medicinal value of the marineplants and animals.

Under the Biology programme of participation in the INS Darshak Oceano-graphic Expedition, studies were made on the primary, secondary and benthicproductivity of the Northern Arabian Sea.

Studies on the estuaries of Goa indicated that the Chapora estuary northof Goa has a high rate of organic production and chlorophyll-a/c ratios. Itis an indication of a healthy plankton community. Majority of the phytoplank-ton pigments (upto 90%) in the Mandovi - Zuari estuarine system was found tobe contributed by the nannoplankton.

Studies on the mangroves available along the estuaries of Goa have shownthat they are normally absent in areas of high wave action. Faunistic andenvironmental investigations of the mangroves show that these environmentsare favourable for the culture of animals such as prawns, crabs, mulletsand milk fish.

Trends in the quantitative distribution of benthos in the inner shelfof the central-west coast of India further supports that the demersal fisheryis influenced by benthic productivity.

Detailed studies on the sub-sorted groups of IIOE collections were conti-nued at the Indian Ocean Biological Centre and work on some species ofcopepoda and decapoda were completed. Studies on the distribution ofthe penaeid larvae have shown higher concentrations of them in the Bay ofBengal especially in the waters around Andaman and Nicobar islands and off

18

6. Studies on Fixation and Preser-vation of Marine Zooplankton

7. Studies on the Plankton ofCochin Backwaters

2.48 Oceanography of the Watersaround Lakshadweep

2.49 Apparatus and Methods

1. Establishment of New Methodo-logy to Identify Marine Popula-tion using Karyological, Serolo-gical and Bio-chemical Methods

Madras. In the Arabian Sea, high concentrations were found along theMalabar Coast and off Somali coast. These areas are, evidently, the potentialgrounds for prawn fisheries. Some stages of the phyllosoma larvae of commer-cialy important lobsters were also identified. Detailed ecological analysis ofplankton data collected during IIOE Expedition was started which would be furtheraugmented by similar studies on UNDP samples.

Pre-pollution and pollution studies were continued. Regular checks on theenvironment in and around Velsao is being made, where the Zuari AgroChemicals discharge their effluents. Work on the effect of urea and heavy metalson marine organisms is also being carried out. Studies on the extent and effectof coal tar deposition along the Indian coast were continued.

Preliminary studies were initiated, on aquaculture using the green mussel,Mytilus viridis as the test animal. An average growth of 8 mm/month wasnoticed with good survival. Oceanographic studies in the Laccadive areawere initiated with a view to explore the resources and to develop suitablemethods for conservation of the valuable fauna and flora of the area.

2.41 Invertebrates

1. Rearing and Maintenance ofPlanktonic O r g a n i s m s inN a t u r a l and LaboratoryConditions

In this period the rearing of fourspecies, viz., Euterpina acutifrons, Pseu-dodiaptomus aurivelli, P. merotoni andTortanus forcipatus was undertaken andcomplete larval stages were traced. E.acutifrons and T. forcipatus show 12larval stages (6 naupliar and 6 copepodid)as in most of the free living copepod.But in case of P. merotoni and P. auri-velli there were found 11 stages only -the first naupliar stage is supressed andthey hatch out directly in second nau-pliar stage. The detailed results arebeing compiled.

2. Marine Aquaculture

This new aspect was initiated thisyear and the green mussel - Mytilusviridis was selected for the preliminarystudies. The seeds were collected fromintertidal rocks at Velsao bay, kept

in meshed nylon cloth jackets andtransplanted on rope in the Dona PaulaBay. Regular weekly observations weremade on the environmental factorsincluding, temperature, salinity andsuspended organic matter. The survivalrate of transplanted mussel was foundto be very high and an average growthof 8 mm per month was noticed in thelast four months. This is being continued.The success of this project will enhancethe culture prospects and will directlyincrease the marine food production.

3. Taxonomy, Biology and LifeHistories of Marine Molluscs

Under grant-in-aid scheme on abovesubject, the work was continued thisyear. The main findings are: A newspecies of nudibranchiate gastropodfrom Goa waters has been describedand named Dendodoris goani after thelocality of its occurrence. The D. goanihas a combination of characters sepa-rately met with in other species ofthe same genus. The detailed mor-phological characters of its differentsystems have been worked out and the

19

results are being published in JMBAVol. 15. Under the same group ofmollusc three more species of scientificinterest have been studied. They are :(i) Asteronotus caespitosus (Van Hasselt),(ii) Phyllidia (Phyllidia) varicosa Lar-marek and (iii) Phyllidia (Phyllidiella)zeylanica Kelaart, all from Lakshadweepislands. The first two have been re-ported for the first time from theIndian Ocean while third is extremelyrare. Throughout Indo-Pacific regionthere appears to be only one speciesunder the genus Asteronotus Ehrenberg,viz., A. caespitosus. It has been shownthat other species described are synony-mous with A. caespitosus. The familyphyllidiadae has very few members ,represented along Indian coasts and thetaxonomic status of some of them isopen to doubt. Phyllidia (Phyllidia)varicosa and P. (Phyllidiella; zeylanicahave been studied to show their dis-tinctive taxonomic features. Some oftheir internal anatomical characters havealso been studied and results are beingpublished in JMBA, India.

The morphological characters of yetanother species Discodoris fragilis havebeen sorted out for comparison withthose of allied species. Its early deve-lopment has been traced. The veligerlarva is about 180 μm in the long axis,having a broad spiral shell of palepinkish line. Other work being continuedare (1) Breeding and growth studies ofeconomic molluscan species particularlyMytilus viridis and (2) general faunisticdistribution of the species along centraland north western coast of India.

2.42 Algae

1. Occurrence of Red Tide inGoa Waters

During the routine observations offVelsao, a bloom of dinoflagellate wasobserved in September. Regular sampl-ings of these area showed a bloomconditions of a dinoflagellate Noctilucamiliaris causing "Red Tide". This isin vicinity of Zuari-Agro Chemicals,a fertilizer plant, where heavy fishmortality might have been partially dueto this red tide. Plankton samples andcell counts were made along with theenvironmental features which indicatedlittle upwelling in this area.

2. Culture of Diatoms

Several diatom cultures were main-tained. Some of the important areSkeletonema costatum, Tetraselmis spp.Chlorella ovalis, Asterionella japonica andSynechocystis. Under similar laboratoryconditions it was found that Tertaselmisspp. and Synechocystis showed bettergrowth than others.

2.43 Chemistry of the MarineOrganisms

An interlaboratory project to studythe chemistry and pharmacology ofextractives from marine flora and faunahas been started during 1973. The otherlaboratories collaborating in this projectare CDRI, Lucknow and NCL, Poona.This Institute's work is restricted tocollection and identification of marineflora and fauna and send them to CDRIand NCL for further analysis. Man-grove leaves have already been sentfor chemical analysis and further sam-ples of seaweeds, mangrove bark andHolothurians are being processed. Thesestudies are aimed at the usage of marineorganisms for medicinal use. The workhas recently been started and would becontinued.

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2.44 Plankton and Productivity

1. Biological Productivity ofWaters along the CentralWest Coast of India

(i) Primary Production : During thisyear, the studies were limited to twolocations during few pre-monsoonmonths only. Two stations each offAguada and Cabo were covered wheredepthwise studies on production, chloro-phyll estimation and nutrient deter-mination were made along with lightpenetration measurements. The attenua-tion Coefficient (K) off Aguada andCabo in the month of April was 0.19and 0.35 at 20 m depth zone and 0.10and 0.15 at 40 m depth zone while theChlorophyll a values were 30.6, 13.4,18.8 and 26.1 mg/m2 respectively.

In September 1973 a diurnal experi-ment was run 3 km off Bogmolo in thenearshore waters. Three hourly sampleswere taken for chlorophyll (whole andnanno), phytoplankton (whole andnanno) and productivity by C14 assimi-lation. Simultaneously samples weretaken for other parameters like tem-perature, salinity, oxygen, phosphateand nitrate. The total chlorophyll con-centration was very less and rangedbetween 1.0 to 2.18 mg/m3 and maxi-mum was noticed at 1700 and 0500hours. The chlorophyll was mostly

contributed by nannoplankton (< 64 μm)and chlorophyll a was dominant. Thestudy indicated the influence of estuarinewater in this area. Further studies arein progress.

(ii) Primary Production Studies inthe Arabian Sea: In collaboration withvarious Research Institutes of India,Indian Navy planned a joint oceano-graphic cruise in Arabian Sea anddrafted their vessel INS Darshak forthis purpose. The first cruise was con-ducted in December 1973 and since then3 cruises had been completed till March1974. In all these cruises 46 stationshave been worked out and sampleswere taken from 6 different depthscovering the whole euphotic zone. Thework included C 1 4 studies, plant pig-ment estimation and phytoplanktonstudies along with other hydrographicparameters. The C14 incubation wasdone on the deck (simulated) while 8experiments were done in situ. Theanalysis of samples is in progress.

(iii) Zooplankton : The zooplanktonstudies were continued as carried fromprevious year, but at only three tran-sects, viz., Terekhol, Aguada andCabo de Rama. Surface samples werecollected from the 4 depth zones of 10,20, 30 and 40 m. The average biomassvalues at these transects are shown inTable I.

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TABLE I

Mean biomass (ml/m3) at different depth zone

Transect 10 m 20 m 30 m 40 m

Terekhol 0.093 0.053 0.205 0.287Aguada 0.058 0.152 0.086 0.040Cabo de Rama 0.045 0.042 0.051 0.059

The average production for this areawas found to be 0.159 ml/m3. As seenfrom the above data, the production ishighest at Terekhol while the areabetween 20-30 m depth zone is themost productive at Aguada and Cabo deRama while at Terekhol biomass valueswere higher at area of 30-40 m depth.In general, the secondary production islow at 10 m zone, increases at 20 m andagain declines further. Detailed studieson faunistic composition are being made.

(iv) Benthos : In continuation ofearlier investigations observations onecology and distribution of benthicmacrofauna along 0-40 m depth zone offTerekhol, Aguada and Cabo de Ramaon Goa coast were made. On the basisof the earlier and this year's data areport on the quantitative distributionof benthic fauna in the inner shelf ofcentral west coast has been preparedwherein the role of benthos in demersalfisheries of this region is also discussed.

(v) Ecology and Production of Karwarand Vengurla Bay with reference to FishTrawling Grounds : Regular observationson environmental parameters in relationto benthic production and possible cor-relation with demersal fisheries arebeing continued at these two bays.It is observed that benthic productionin Karwar bay is higher (0.869-217.552gm/m2) than in Vengurla bay (0.052-64.00 gm/m2). The Karwar bay underestuarine conditions shows wide fluctua-tions in environmental factors andbenthic production whereas Vengurlabay, having marine characteristics hasless succession in benthic fauna. TheKarwar bay with high organic matterin substratum provides ideal groundsfor demersal fisheries. A comparativestudy on the growth of green mussel

(Mytilus viridis) indicates that in Vengurlabay the growth is much faster than inKarwar bay.

(vi) Mangroves : The work on man-groves along central west coast wasstarted in September 1973 and thesurvey of the coastal region from Panajito Mangalore towards South has beencompleted. It is proposed to surveythe region upto Ratnagiri in North.From the observations made so far, itis observed that the mangroves areextensive along this part of the coastand develop in estuarine environment.All these mangrove swamps along cen-tral west coast are being mapped.

(vii) Benthos of the Arabian Sea : Asmentioned above 'Darshak' cruises inSection 2.44 (iii), benthos samples werecollected from north-eastern ArabianSea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Kutch andfrom continental shelf as well as fromDeep Sea. Various stations have beencovered in these areas and benthicsamples from grab, core and dredgehave been collected to study the quali-tative and quantitative variations inbenthic fauna. The sorting and analysisare underway.

2. Ecology of Estuaries

(i) Primary Production (Mandovi,Zuari and Cumbarjua Canal Complex):These studies were continued at fourstations near Aguada and Pilegaon inMandovi and near Mormugoa harbourand Mercaim in Zuari estuary. Measure-ments were made of C14 uptake, chloro-phyll contents and nutrients along withenvironmental parameters. Light atte-nuation and chlorophyll a concentrationare shown in Table II for April and May.

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TABLE II

Light attenuation K and chlorophyll-a concentration in Mandovi & Zuari Estuary

April May

Station k Chl. a k Chl. a

Aguada 1.3 10.9 1.7-2.3 6.9-26.6Pilegaon 2.6 7.6 1.4 23.8Harbour mouth 0.5-1.10 11.0-13.8 2.4 3.7Mercaim 1.5-1.9 8.2-10.2 — —

Analysis of chlorophyll samples ofmonsoon period have shown that inthese two estuaries more than 90% ofthe chlorophyll is contributed by nanno-plankton (less than 64 μm).

Diurnal studies were also conductedin September/October 1973 at Veremin Mandovi estuary. This comprised

of three hourly collection of environ-mental, nutrient, C 1 4 uptake, chloro-phyll and phytoplankton data fromsurface waters. The chlorophyll esti-mations indicated that most of it wascontributed by nannoplankton. Thetotal chlorophyll from whole phyto-pigments (micro and nanno) and nanno-plankton varied from 0.67 - 13.72 and1.62-12.74 mg/m3 respectively and themaximum concentration was observed

during afternoon and early morning.

Chapora Estuary : During this yearstudy was extended in Chapora estuary - asmall perennial estuary north of Panjim.It is shallow with an average depthof 5 to 6 m. Monthly sampling wasdone at a single station. Primary pro-duction was measured by oxygen method.Samples were also taken for chloro-phyll concentration besides measuringhydrographic parameters and nutrients.So far nine observations have been made

from 3 different depths in the euphoticzone, i. e., 100%, 60% and 1% light pene-tration zone. The result shows thatthe gross column production varied from237.12-2480.72 mgC/m2/d—low in mon-soon reaching its maximum in Novemberto decrease again. These results are inconformity with chlorophyll concen-tration.

The maximum concentration of Chl.a was observed in October (27.65 mg/m3)and again in February (23.02 mg/m2).The range of Chl. b was 0.49 to 4.48mg/m2. The monthly variation of Chl.c was similar to Chl. a. The c/a ratioindicated healthy phytoplankton crop.

(ii) Zooplankton in Mandovi, Zuariand Cumbarjua Canal Estuarine Complex:The zooplankton studies were madefrom 12 stations particularly duringmonsoon when the environment is veryunstable. It has confirmed the earlierviews that Zuari is more saline thanMandovi where almost fresh waterconditions are observed. And also Zuariestuary is more productive and thehighest biomass value during monsoonperiod was recorded near Cortalim(152g/1000 m3). The main groups of zoo-plankton were Copepoda, Decapoda,Chaetognatha, Lucifer and fish eggs

23

and larvae. The faunal groups andspecies distribution is more diverse inthe Zuari than in the Mandovi estuaryand Cumbarjua Canal.

Zooplankton distribution was studiedwith particular reference to salinitygradient. Fortnightly observations weremade from 7 stations (upper, middleand lower reaches) in Mandovi andZuari estuary between October 1973and March 1974, covering postmonsoonand pre-monsoon period. The middlereaches were found to be most produc-tive particularly in Zuari while upperreaches were least productive. Thehigher production at mid-reaches maybe due to the stable environment. Thefaunal and species differences werediscernible in both the estuaries and atthe three different salinity regions.

Diurnal studies in zooplankton varia-tions were made at Verem and offBogmalo. Higher biomass was found athigh tide during night at both theplaces. There was similarity in faunisticgroups and their species indicating theestuarine influence off Bogmalo. Noc-turnal abundance was noticed at boththe stations. The important planktonicgroups at Verem were Copepods, Deca-pods, Lucifer, Gastropoda, fish eggsand larva whereas at Bogmalo thedominant groups were Copepods, Chae-tognaths, Oikopleura, Siphonophora andfish eggs and larvae. The analysis andprocessing has been completed andreport is being prepared.

(iii) Benthic Production (Macro-benthos ): These studies were continuedtill June 1973 for seasonal changes inbenthic resources and as a part ofpre-pollution baseline studies. The dataon ecology and standing crop of macro-

benthos upto the extent of salinityintrusion in these two rivers have beenprocessed and are being published.Detailed investigations on the ecology,growth and standing crop of commer-cially important clam, Meretrix casta,Chemnitz and ribbed mussel, Modiolusmetacalfei (Hanley) were completed.

(iv) Ecology of the Cochin Backwaterwith special reference to African Payal(Salvinia auriculata): The African payalforms a thick mat over extensive areain the backwater during the major partof the year. The influence of the weedon the ecosystem and on the prawnpopulation may be significant. Workhas been initiated to study the partplayed by the African payal in theecosystem and the fauna associated withthem.

(v) Ecology of Mangroves: The earlierwork on ecology of mangroves inMandovi, Zuari and Cumbarjua Canalwas continued and the results publishedin IJMS. According to this the man-groves are absent from high wave actionarea, i.e., at mouth but in CumbarjuaCanal they grow fairly well. Successionof species was noticed in these man-groves.

Quantitative aspects of mangrovefauna were studied in the Mandovi,Zuari and Cumbarjua Canal system ofGoa and continued till June 1973. Thefaunal distribution as assessed frombiomass measurements and populationcount exhibit striking seasonal changeswith maxima and minima in post-monsoon and monsoon respectively.Analysis of data on environmental para-meters and qualitative and quantitativedistribution of fauna indicate the possi-bility of initiating commercial cultures

24

of crabs, prawns, mullets and milk fishin the estuarine fringe mangroves ofGoa.

Studies on mangroves are extendedin region near Mashem about 75 kmaway from Panaji around Galjibagriver. Monthly samples are collectedfor hydrographic and biological para-meters including mangrove fauna from5 stations. These studies are aimed atevaluation of mangroves and using theseswamps for aquaculture.

2.45 Nekton (Fish and Fishe-ries, Molluscs)

1. Fish and Fisheries

During this year, the work on diffe-rent fisheries of Goa water wasinitiated to assess the living resourcesof Goa and nearshore waters in re-lation to environmental features. Thepelagic fishing grounds and trawlinggrounds are being regularly visited andbiological and hydrographical parameterswere collected. The fisheries of parti-cular interest are those of mackeral,sardines, prawns and crabs. The mac-keral fishery consisted of a singledominant size group of 210-220 mm.Catch composition is being found outand correlated with environmentalfeatures.

During the fishing season of 1973-74(October-February) studies were alsomade on the occurrence, sp. composi-tion, size frequency, length/weight rela-tionship, their fishing areas and suitablecraft and gear for Tuna and seer fishe-ries along Goa coast. The results arebeing compiled.

2. Electrophoretic Studies onMeckerel Eye Lens NucleusProtein

These investigations were startedwith, a view to find out whether theIndian mackerel occurring on West coastbelong to a single genetic race or diffe-rent races. The protein of eye lens nucleusis separated by electrophoresis. Theresults on the fishes from differentplaces show 7 protein fractions behavingin two different types. In first, all movetowards cathode while in other type,four of them acquire anodic mobility.The studies have been correlated withage and sex of the fish and it has beenseen that the differences are not onto-genetic but purely genetic. It is inferredtherefore that two different stocks ofmackeral fishes frequent in the Goacoast.

3. Management of Clam Fisheryin Kali Estuary

This has recently been started fromJanuary, 1974. Clam fishery was foundto be composed of Meritrix casta andPaphia sp. Monthly collections arebeing made and samples of clamsare collected for further study alongwithecological features. The studies are inprogress. Preliminary study shows thatboth the species constitute in equalnumbers and their flesh contribute about40% of the total weight.

4. Theoretical Studies on Popu-lation Dynamics and OptimumExploitation of Fish Popula-tions

Initial studies on the efficiency of theexisting mathematical models in maxi-mising the long term average yield from

25

exploited marine fish populations weremade. Under equilibrium conditions,i.e., when recruitment growth, naturalmortality, fishing effort, etc. are allconstant maximum yield can be obtainedwith a particular fishing intensity andmesh size. In nature equilibrium con-ditions seldom exist. But as long asthe population is subjected to randomenvironmental effects the long termaverage yield obtained by adopting theoptimum fishing conditions as deter-mined for equilibrium conditions bysteady state models will tend to be equalto the maximum yield determined bythese models. But Ricker has madesome preliminary studies using simplepopulation models and has shown thatthe maximum average yield obtainedby keeping the fishing intensity constantneed not be the maximum but the yieldcan be made to increase further byjudicious regulation of the fishing effort.The biggest hurdle here is that it is noteasy to assess the exact amount of fishingeffort to be expended in each year.Further studies along this line for multi-ple age class fishery for cases whererecruitment is dependent and indepen-dent of stock sizes is proposed to betaken up. Under this programme dueconsideration will be given to the studyof the change in the average yield whenregulation is only partial, i.e., when itis to some extent arbitrary. On thebasis of a preliminary study in theabove line the concept of partial regu-lation of fishery is proposed since theexisting models for equilibrium condi-tions do not appear to be fully efficientin maximising the yield even thoughthey may be the most practical of allavailable methods. The above studywhen undertaken will confirm the vali-dity of this concept.

5. Physiology and Dynamics ofthe Growth of Prawn

Data have been collected on oxygenconsumption of Penaeus indicus andMetapenaeus dobsoni, for examining thephysiological basis of Von Bertalanffygrowth equation.

Preliminary experimental studies onthe juveniles of Penaeus indicus collectedfrom the Cochin backwater are alsotaken up for understanding the physio-logical basis responsible for the mig-ration of this species back to the seaand other relevant factors useful forimproving existing culture techniques.

6. Studies on Parasites of MarineFood Fishes and Prawns

The marine fish Carangoides mala-baricus was studied on parasitologicalgrounds. Interspecific relations andspatial distribution of the more commongill parasites of the fish, seasonal varia-tions of the parasitic fauna and dyna-mics of the parasites in relation to sex,growth and maturity of the hosts arebeing studied.

2.46 Marine Ecology andPollution

1. Ecology and Production ofSandy Beaches

These studies were carried forwardfrom last year and during this yearwork was done at Bogmalo, Sinquerim,Calangute, Benaulim and Dias beachesin Goa while Vengurla beach in Maha-rashtra and Karwar in Karnataka.

Monthly observations have beenmade at all these beaches at high, mid

26

and low tide mark. Biomass samplesalong with environmental data such asoxygen, salinity, temperature, watertable are taken. Also the samples fororganic carbon (sand and surf water)and chlorophyll (surf water) were takento assess the food available in naturalcondition.

At Dias beach the highest biomassof 122.19 gm/m2 was noticed in post-monsoon and was followed in pre-mon-soon (108.84 gm/m2) and monsoon (68.61gm/m2). Mid tide mark showed highestbiomass. At this beach the salinityvaried from 9.93 to 37.99 %o, dis-solved oxygen from 1.68 to 4.37 ml/1and temperature from 26.6 to 29.5ºC.Similar gradation of biomass values wereobserved at Bogmalo beach. In post-monsoon the biomass was highest 567.61gm/m2 and lowest in monsoon 34.96gm/m2. The range of salinity and tem-perature was like in Dias beach butvalues of dissolved oxygen were foundas low as 0.5 ml/l.

Some of the salient features of inter-tidal study at Karwar and Vengurla are :Maximum biomass (104.41 gm/m2) wasnoticed at LT mark at one Karwar beachand minimum of 0.38 gm/m2 was foundin August at LT mark. The salinityranged between 6.9 to 32.97%o, therange of oxygen was not much (4.54-4.59ml/1). At Vengurla the maximum bio-mass at LTM was 50.095 gm/m3 inOctober when the salinity was 34.83%oand oxygen 4.48 ml/1 while minimumwas observed in May when the biomasswas 7.34 gm/m2, salinity 37.83%o andoxygen 4.14 ml/1.

The detailed data of these beachesare being processed and given final form.

2. Production Ecology and Ener-getics of Bivalve Donax Spp.

Based on earlier preliminary data onenergy budget and production of Donaxspp. regular studies were started at fourbeaches of Goa. Apart from regularmonthly samplings at 5 m interval fromhigh to low water mark, beach conditionwas also noted. Chlorophyll and orga-nic carbon of the surf water has beenestimated to assess the amount of foodavailable to the animals in natural con-ditions. The results are being analysed.

3. Ecology of Sand Dune Vege-tation at Miramar Beach

Ecological investigations of the sanddune vegetation were undertaken during1973-74. Various aspects of differentclimatological and environmental para-meters were studied. The role of tempe-rature, sand grain size, humus andwater table was given more stress. Theproblem of erosion on this beach hasalso been investigated with referenceto sand dunes. Data are being processed.

4. lntertidal Ecology

Ecological investigations of the mar-ine and estuarine sandy beaches aroundCochin are continued, to study thespecies succession and their correlationwith environmental factors. The envi-ronmental parameters taken up for thisstudy are beach profile, organic contents,chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen, sand grainsize, salinity, temperature, etc. Ciliateswere found to be the most dominantgroup at all tidal levels. The distributionand abundance of other groups of ani-mals studied are nematodes, oligo-chaetes, Harpacticoids, gastrotrichs,Archiannelids, Polychaetes, foramini-

27

ferans, isopods, tardigrades and nauplii.At the estuarine beach the fauna wasmore concentrated at mid tide level thanat high or low tide levels.

5. Ecology and Production ofKarwar and Vengurla Bay withReference to Fish TrawlingGrounds

Monthly observations were made inVengurla (North of Goa) and KarwarBay (South of Goa). The parametersstudied besides, temperature, salinityand oxygen are zooplankton by hori-zontal hauls, sediment samples for grainsize and organic carbon and food andfeeding of fishes available there. Thisis to study the productivity at differentlevels on these places, which are richfishing grounds.

6. Studies on Foraminifera fromShore Sands of Velsao Beachwith Special Reference toCoastal Monitoring

During the months from December1973 to April 1974 regular foraminiferalcollections were made from Velsaobeach which is found to be rich inforaminifera. Its composition revealedthat Strebblus beccarri group is mostdominant followed by miliolids represen-ted by the genera Spiroloculina, Quin-queloculina and Triloculina. Arenaceousforaminifera are represented by thesingle genus Textularia. Sixteen specieswere identified. It can be inferred thatthe environment is clean as regardsforaminifera is concerned. Furtherstudies are still in progress.

7. Bioassay Studies on MarineOrganisms in Relation toPollution Monitoring

As a part of the programme of workon bioassay studies with heavy metals,pesticides, etc., investigations on toxicityof mercury have been carried out onthe bay mussel Mytilus viridis and theestuarine fish Ambassis sp. The testanimals have been exposed to differentconcentrations of mercury and the tole-rance limits were calculated for differentperiods of exposure. The levels of mer-cury in the medium at which no lethaleffects have been observed are as below :

Test animal Safe level of mercury

in the mediumMytilus viridis 0.37 μgm/lAmbassis sp. 0.0014 μgm/l

From these observations it can besaid that mussels can withstand higherlevels of mercury than fish.

8. Effect of Urea on MarineOrganisms

Studies have been started recentlyon the effect of different concentrationof urea on different species of phyto-plankton. The pure cultures of phyto-plankton arc exposed to different con-centrations of urea and the growth rateof various phytoplankton spp. are beingestimated. Chlorophyll a has beenused as the index of growth. Studiesare in progress.

9. Ecological Monitoring in Coa-stal Region with Reference toPollution from Baga to Colva

This programme is being operatedfrom December, 1972 and studies werecontinued on hydrology, benthos, phyto-plankton and zooplankton for a 50 kmstretch of Goa coast which is affected bydischarge of industrial effluents. A partof area under investigation suffered from

28

fish mortality immediately followed by'red water' phenomenon in September,1973. A detailed investigation revealedthe presence of waters of high salinity,rich nutrient, low temperature and lowoxygen. These conditions were accom-panied by phytoplankton bloom, loss ofbenthic fauna and adverse effects onpelagic fishery.

10. Effects of Effluents of ZACon the Nearshore Organisms

Zuari-Agro Chemicals — a fertilizerfactory is discharging its effluents in seaat Velsao while its effluents from ureaplant are discharged into Bisso reservoir.Studies were conducted and it was foundout that there is not much harmful effectin the supralittoral flora since after regu-lation of effluents a tremendous growthof Enteromorpha was noticed. Entero-morpha is an indicator species for pollu-tion. Situation is under constant vigil.

The Bisso reservoir was found comp-letely devoid of any living organisms.This may be attributed to high concen-tration of ammonia and nutrients. Onthe basis of laboratory experiments itwas found that the unicellular algalspecies of Chlorella can be grown inthis water provided the ammonia con-centration is reduced.

11. Effect of Sewage and Domes-tic Wastes upon EstuarineEcology

In Mandovi estuary the domesticwaste and sewage are discharged at afew points. This was studied at 12 pointsincluding two monitoring points. Itwas seen that at the discharge pointimportant organisms like amphipods,glycerid and polynoid polychaetes are

completely absent while presence ofcapitellid polychaete and nematodes wasobserved.

12. Coal Tar Pollution on Bea-ches along Indian Coast

Studies on the incidence of pollutionof Indian beaches by oil derivatives werecontinued. During May-July observa-tions were carried out on a number ofbeaches between Porbundar (Gujarat) inthe North and Cape Comorin (TamilNadu) in the South. The studies includeobservations on time, process and inten-sity of deposition, associations and itseffects, if any, on intertidal organisms. 11beaches in Karnataka were inspected andall were found polluted with coal tar,maximum was found in Mavanthe. Allthe beaches visited in Maharashtra andGoa were found to be polluted. In Kerala17 out of 19 beaches were having coaltar deposition.

Investigations were conducted on theoil pollution caused by the wreck of anoil-tanker "Cosmos Pioneer" on theSaurashtra coast in July, 1973. Inspiteof release of thousands of tons of crudeoil, the amount of damage to marine lifewas not very significant, mainly becauseof rapid disposal of oil by prevailingnatural forces.

13. Hydrographic Conditionaround Bombay

As part of the environmental moni-toring programme at Bombay, obser-vations were made periodically in theharbour area and Thana Creek. Tem-perature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients andplankton values were recorded. Thedata reveals a poorer phosphate contentat the surface at almost all the stations

29

but slightly higher values were observedat the bottom. The nitrate value onthe west coast of the harbourvaried from 3.00 to 3.75μg-at/l onthe west coast, whereas in ThanaCreek, nitrate values were considerablyhigh perhaps due to the release ofnitrogenous materials from the indus-tries around Thana. The maximumvalue was 18.5 μg-at/l. The zooplank-ton was represented largely by chaetog-naths and copepods at almost all thestations, however, the medusae werepredominant near the Trombay jetty.

The values compare well with theearlier observations made in 1970-72at the request of Bombay MunicipalCorporation.

2.47 Z o o p l a n k t o n ( I I O E

Collections )

( Studies carried out at the IndianOcean Biological Centre )

1. Systematic Study of VariousSub-sorted Groups

Investigations on the sub-sortedgroups of different taxa allotted tospecialists in IOBC were continued dur-ing the period. Some of the resultsare given below. Publications duringthe year are given separately.

(i) Copepoda: Systematic study ofthe family Scolecithricidae revealed theoccurrence of a new species belongingto the genus Macandrewella in the IndianOcean. This was named M. cochinensisand described.

Distribution patterns of species ofCopepoda belonging to the family Cory-caeidae were studied based on theanalysis of 200 samples. The 3 species,

namely, Corycaeus (Urocorycaeus) fur-cifer, C. (U) longistylls and C. (U)lautus exhibited different patterns ofdistribution in the main regions of theIndian Ocean.

The copepod genus Haloptilus wasanalysed from 150 samples. 12 specieswere identified. Out of these, Haloptiluslongicornis and H. spiniceps dominatedin the samples. 3 species were recordedfor the first time from the Indian Ocean.Hitherto unknown male of H. acutifronswas described.

Detailed study of the species belong-ing to the genus Pleuromamma givesevidence of a region of isolation of onespecies P. indica near the Gulf of Oman,all the other species of the genus beingeliminated in this restricted area. Atthe same time P. indica appears to bethe most widely distributed species inthe Indian Ocean region, able to toleratewide ranges of hydrographical condi-tions.

(ii) Decapod Larvae : Based on thestudy of the density of larvae of Pena-eidae sorted out from the IIOE samplesan attempt was made to correlate theiroccurrence and abundance with the pen-aeid prawn fishery of the various regionsespecially in the Arabian Sea and theBay of Bengal. Out of 1518 standardsamples from which decapod larvaehave been obtained, 463 samples yieldedpenaeid larvae. 353 of these samplescontained larvae of prawns of the sub-family Penaeinae. Larvae of several ofthe genera and species of penaeidae ofcommercial importance in the coastalarea of the Indian Ocean have beenidentified from the collections in thework carried out so far. Developmentalstages of 17 species belonging to 10

30

genera have been located in differentareas. Few of the larval stages of thegenus Metapenaeopsis hitherto undes-cribed have also been identified. Larvaeof penaeid species are formed in largernumbers in the Bay of Bengal, moreespecially in the waters around theAndaman and Nicobar islands and offthe Madras coast, in the West coastof India mainly in the Malabar coastand off the Somali coast, indicating thepossibility of higher concentrations ofthe adults in those regions which arelikely to prove highly potential groundsfor future exploitation of prawn fishe-ries.

The larval collections of the sub-family Aristaeinae is found to containmainly of mysis stages of Aristeus semi-dentatus and Aristeus sp. and zoeal stagesof Gennadas scutatus. The Solenocerinaeconsists mainly of mysis stages of SoIe-nocera indica and some other species.

Studies on the phyllosoma larvae ofspiny lobsters and scyllarid lobsters havebeen completed. Some stages of deve-lopment of most of the commerciallyimportant lobsters of the Indian coasthave been identified and their descrip-tions are ready for publication.

The well-known Atlantic species ofPandalid, Parapandalus richardi hasbeen obtained from the Indian Oceanfor the first time.

(iii) Fish Eggs and Larvae : Studieson the fish eggs and larvae are beingcontinued. Out of the 3 families Engr-aulida, Clupeidae and Scombridae, thestudy on the family Scombridae hasbeen completed. Specific identificationof the larvae of Heterosomata of IIOEalso was completed. About 18 species

belonging to 9 genera and 3 familieswere obtained from this group. Mostof the larval stages of these species arereported for the first time. Distributionpattern of the flat fish larvae of theIndian Ocean was studied. The physico-chemical parameters in relation to theflat fish larvae of the Indian Ocean arebeing studied.

(iv) Other Groups : Taxonomic anddistribution studies on the Heteropodaare in progress. Identifications of allthe species of Carinariidae and Pterotra-cheidae are completed. The most wide-ly distributed species is Firoloida desma-resti. In abundance also it excels all theother species. Pterotrachea hippocampusis more abundant than P. coronata.This is in contradiction to previous obser-vations. However, the latter species hasa wider distribution than the former. P.minuta is sparsely distributed. P. scutatawas found only in one station. Thespecies of Carinariidae presents very in-teresting pattern of distribution. Amongthe species of this family, Carinariacithara is the most common. Pterosoma

planum is more common in the equatorialzone and appears to be absent from theArabian Sea. There are several recordsfrom the Bay of Bengal. Cardiapodaplacenta shows scattered distribution inthe Arabian Sea and several records fromthe Bay of Bengal. Cardiapoda richardiis recorded only from one station. Thedistribution charts of most of thespecies are ready.

Distribution studies of 3 speciesbelonging to the family Paraphronimidae(Amphipoda) have been completed.

The analysis of all the IIOE chaetog-nath samples available at the IOBC iscompleted.

31

Study of the systematics and dis-tribution of pelagic Polychaetes of theIndian Ocean also has been completed.Result of a thesis submitted for Ph. D.degree of Kerala University on thistopic is awaited.

Distribution charts of different spe-cies of Ostracoda in Arabian Sea havebeen drawn and those of Bay of Bengalare under preparation. Redescriptionof the systematics of Cypridina group isbeing carried out.

(ν) Statistical Studies of the IIOEData : Detailed ecological analysis ofthe data using statistical methods forstudying the existence of ecologicalzonations and associations of specieshaving similar biological environmentsis initiated in order to fully utilise theexisting data on the Indian Ocean zoo-plankton. Similar studies with theUNDP samples when carried out isexpected to reveal new information onthe biological environment off the WestCoast of India.

2. Preparation of IIOE PlanktonAtlases

IIOE Plankton Atlas Volume IV,Fascicles 1 and 2 and Volume V, Fasci-cles 1 and 2 have been published inMarch and July, 1973 respectively.Volume IV has 21 maps showing thedistribution of Platyhelminthes, Poly-chaeta, Trochophores, Sipunculida,Actinotrocha, Brachiopod larvae, Chae-tognatha, Copelata, Pyrosoma, Salps,Doliolids and Amphioxus of the IndianOcean. Volume V contains 16 mapson the distribution of Hydromedusae,Scyphozoa, Anthozoa, Foraminifera,Echinodermata, and Tornaria of theIndian Ocean.

3. Preparation of Handbooks tothe International ZooplanktonCollections

Handbook Volume IV containing 3papers on IIOE Plankton samples wasbrought out in August, 1973. The papersare :

1. Mysidacea of the Indian Ocean — N.Krishna Pillai

2. On Euchaeta (Copepoda - Calanoida)of the Indian Ocean—Otohiko Tanaka.

3. A few comments on the zooplanktoninvestigations of the IIOE —M. Sakthiveland T. S. S. Rao.

Handbook Volume V containing 14papers was brought out in December1973. The papers are :-

1. On the ecology of Indian Ocean Hy-dromedusae—M. Vannucci and D. Navas.

2. On the occurrence of Dairella latis-sima and Dairella californica (Dairellidae,Hyperiidea, Amphipoda) in the IndianOcean—K. K. C. Nair.

3. On a collection of planktonic Deca-poda (Penaeidae) from the south westcoast of India—M. J. George and V. T.Paulinose.

4. The location of Cephalopod nurseryin the Indian Ocean — P. N. Aravinda-kshan and M. Sakthivel.

5. Latitudinal distribution of a fewspecies of pelagic polychaetes in theupper 200 m water of the Indian Ocean—George Peter.

6. On the ecology of pelagic polychaetesnewly recorded from Indian Ocean —George Peter.

7. Breeding and growth of Chaetognathsin the Cochin Backwaters — Vijaya-lakshmi R. Nair.

32

8. Developmental stages of Penaeopsisrectacuta Bate (Decapoda : Penaeidae)from the Indian Ocean—V. T. Paulinose.

9. Zooplankton investigation in Indianwaters and the role of the Indian OceanBiological Centre—N. K. Panikkar andT. S. S. Rao.10. Distribution of Decapod larvae inthe Indian Ocean—P. Gopala Menon.11. Distribution of Haloptilus acutifrons(Copepoda - Calanoida) in the IndianOcean with a description of hithertounknown male—Rosamma Stephen andK. Satala Devi.12. A new species of Macandrewella(Copepoda - Calanoida) from off Cochin,southwest coast of India—T. C. Gopala-krishnan.13. The genus Gaussia (Copepoda; Ca-lanoida) with a description of G. sewellisp. nov. from the Indian Ocean — M.Saraswathy.14. Leptochela robusta Stimpson (Deca-poda, Caridea, Pasiphaeidae) from thesouthwest coast of India and its larvaldevelopment — M. J. George and V. T.Paulinose.

4. Preparation of IllustratedManual on Zooplankton

In connection with the publicationof the illustrated manual on zooplanktonmost of the photographic work for the 50plates to be prepared is completed. Therest of the work in getting the platespress ready and writing up of the mate-rial to go with each plate is in progress.

5. Sorting of Plankton Samplesof U N D P Pelagic FisheriesProject

In continuation of the sorting of fisheggs and larvae from the plankton sam-

ples collected by the UNDP Projectcommenced last year, 900 planktonsamples collected from the coastal watersbetween Quilon and Ratnagiri were pro-cessed during the period under report.Fish eggs and larvae were separated fromthe samples, other major planktonicgroups estimated and the data in respectof these logged. Distribution charts ofplanktonic biomass, fish eggs, fish larvaeand other groups are being prepared.

6. Studies on Fixation and Preser-vation of Marine Zooplank-ton

Under the SCOR/UNESCO/WG-23work on fixation and preservation ofmarine zooplankton was continued. Formixed plankton in general formaldehydewas found to be the best fixative andpreservative. 2% formaldehyde solutionacts as a good fixative. 1% formaldehydesolution was proved to be a good preser-vative provided (a) sea water is used as adiluent, (b) 2% borax or excess calciumcarbonate is added to concentrated for-maldehyde as a neutralising agent and(c) 10% propylene glycol and 1% pheno-xetol are added as additives. As astorage fluid the best ratio between for-maldehyde and plankton was found tobe 5:1.

Phenoxetol as a sorting medium-cum-preservative was found to give goodresults when 0.5% solution in distilledwater buffered with 1% sodium tetra-borate was used after adequate fixationin 2% formaldehyde.

For calcareous plankton, 2% formal-dehyde in distilled water (stock formal-

33

dehyde of 40% is neutralised with excesssodium tetraborate) with 3 to 5% potas-sium oxalate was found to be the bestpreservative.

In the case of gelatinous planktonnarcotisation is necessary before fixationto avoid shrinkage. M.S.S. 222 andBenzamine hydrochloride were equallygood narcotising agents. Of the variousfixatives and preservatives tried, 1-2%formaldehyde was found to be the best.For jelly plankters a fixative strongerthan the storage fluid was found un-necessary.

7. Studies on the Plankton ofCochin Backwaters

Analysis of the zooplankton samplescollected from 7 fixed stations in thebackwaters from Cochin to Alleppey inevery month of the year during 1972was completed. The total samples whichnumbered 84 were studied for spatialand seasonal distribution of differentgroups and species in relation withhydrographic features. Statistical ana-lysis of the data for testing the signi-ficance of variation in abundance ofthe different groups and species ofimportance was completed and a paperis under preparation. The analysis ofthe zooplankton samples collected fromthe Cochin bar-mouth, Aroor and Nara-kkal is also in progress.

2.48 Oceanography of theWaters aroundLakshadweep

Algal Farming : .Preliminary investi-gation shows that several algae of great

economic importance are seen growingin these lagoons. Some of them likeGracilaria lichenoides, Geledium sp., Hyp-nea muciformis etc. are widely used inthe manufacture of agar-agar. This hasits use in the preparation of cosmetics,medicines, food products and for bac-teriological tests. Species of brownalgae like Sargassum, Padina, Turbinaria,Laminaria, etc., which are used as ferti-lizer and fodder and for the extractionof algin and its other constituents, arealso common in the lagoon. It appearsto be possible to undertake large scalefarming of such commercially importantalgae in these waters. Studies of thephysico-chemical parameters also vouchthis possibility. Attempts are beingmade to establish an experimental formin the lagoon of one of these islands.

Turtle Farming : Lakshadweep has avast potential in setting up a turtlefarm primarily to conserve its naturalstock and secondarily for controlledexploitation. A survey conducted showsthat two of the most important marineturtles Chelonia mydas (green turtle) andChelinia imbricata (Howk bill turtle)abound these waters.

It has also been found that many ofthe inhabited islands are the breedinggrounds of the marine turtles. Thalassiahemprichii (Turtle grass) on which adultturtles graze are seen abundantly in thelagoons. Preparations are underway toestablish a farm starting with hatcheriesand nurseries.

Turtles have great commercial impor-tance. The oil is used in the manufactureof cosmetics. The cartilagenous material

34

between shell bones is a delicacy formaking turtle soup. The turtle skin isconsidered to be high quality leather.Turtle shell is used in the manufactureof various fancy items and turtle fleshis considered a delicacy.

Coral Reef Studies : No place is ide-ally suited than the islands of Laksha-dweep to study the enigmatic ecologicalproblems of coral reefs and the biologyof individual corals. Such studies willnot only reveal answers to many a pro-blems of coral reef ecology, and commu-nity life but also provide informationsuch as the extent of live coral beds inthe Laccadive sea, their rate of growthand the extent to which destruction iscaused to the corals by biological aswell as physical means. Steps havealready been taken to study the coral reefcommunity and the biology of theindividual corals in detail.

Exploring the Marine Living Exploi-table Resources : As a result of thepreliminary observations it has beenfound possible to develop in Laksha-dweep a parallel fishery of squids, mol-luses, rock lobsters, beach-de-mer, etc.in addition to the major fishery of tuna,sharks, seer, etc. Studies are being under-taken in these lines to explore the extentof natural stock available in thesewaters.

Physical Oceanographic Studies : Thestaff participating will be studying thephysical parameters like temperature,salinity, transparency of the waters,currents, waves and tides. Also, it isdecided to collect data on the extent ofcoastal erosion observed at the north

eastern area of Kavaratti island and todevise ways to prevent it.

Chemical Oceanographic Studies: Thispart of the programme will be taken upafter adequate staff is provided. Underthis study, regular fortnightly samplingat selected stations for dissolved oxygen,pH, redox potential, phosphate, silicate,nitrate, nitrite and ammonia will bedone. In addition particulate organiccarbon, chlorophyll and phaeophytincontents of the lagoon waters and thesea round islands through different sea-sons will be estimated.

Marine Geological Studies : It is deci-ded to study the geology of the seaaround Lakshadweep and also to esti-mate the mineral resources of thelagoons and shallow offshore area. Theobjective also include investigations toassess the reserves off calcareous sandand suggests their best possible utilisationin industry and to ascertain the likelyeffects of mining and dredging of coralsands from the lagoons of these islandsand if possible suggests the safe limitsfor dredging and the optimum quanti-ties to be dredged.

2.49 Apparatus and Methods1. Establishment of New Metho-

dology to Identify MarinePopulation Using Karyologi-cal, Serological and Bio-chemi-cal Methods

The karyological studies were conduc-ted during this year mostly on calanoidcopepod—an intermediate link betweenphytoplankton and fish in the marinefood chain. Eleven species of calanoid

35

copepods, previously unknown cytologi-cally have been investigated—they are:Labidocera pectinata, L. acuta, L. kroy-eri, L. pavo, Tortanus forcipatus, T. gra-cilis, T. barbatus, Acartiella keralensis, A.gravelyi, Centropages furcatus and Temoraturbinata. For this purpose fortnigh-tly collections were made from Mandoviand Zuari esturine system during pre-monsoon period. These species show adiploid number of chromosomes numbe-ring 20 for Labidocera, 12 for Tortanus,10 for Acartiela, 11 for Acartia and 6 forCentriopagus and Temora. These detailssuggest that evolution has taken place atthe genic level. All these species have a

sex mechanism of the xy xx type exceptfor the genus Acartia where it is xo-xxtype.

There is difference of opinion aboutthe taxonomic position of genus AcartiaDana and Acartiella Sewelli. Some au-thors keep them separate while otherskeep the latter as sub-genus of the former,i.e., Acartia. The present karyologicalstudies of the two genera show certainvariations and favour to keep themunder two separate genera.

Studies on other calanoid copepodsand fishes are in progress.

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2.5

sponsored projects2.51 Bathymetric and Hydrographic Survey off Tarapur

2.52 Bathymetric and Hydrographic Survey of Mahisagar Estuary (Gujarat)2.53 Studies on the Physical Parameters of the Sea at Loliem (Goa)2.54 Studies on the Beach and Nearshore Environment at Sinquerim (Goa)2.55 Studies on the Nearshore Waters off Velsao (Goa)

During the year under review five sponsored projects were undertaken at therequest of various government and private agencies. While the first two projectswere carried over from the previous year, the other three were undertaken duringthe current year. The studies were mainly oriented towards the development ofbeach resorts and efficient disposal of industrial and other wastes.

2.51 Bathymetric and Hydro-graphic Survey offTarapur

This project was operated at therequest of the Tarapur Atomic PowerAuthority, Bombay. Collections madefor biological, chemical and physicalparameters in the preceeding period werefurther analysed and two more surveysof 10 days duration were carried out dur-ing the year. The salinity values remai-ned more or less constant in this area.The values observed were 34.5 to 35%osalinity. The temperature values show-ed some variations ranging from 24º C inDecember to 30ºC in May. The waterswere found to be well saturated withdissolved oxygen. Echo-soundings ofthe bottom were repeated in specifiedareas to find a smooth course for thepipeline from the plant to about 20 mdepth.

The nearshore waters were found tobe highly turbid. Secchi disc values were

as low as 35 cm in the region, tempera-ture observations were made along theintake and discharge canals to observeif there was any rise in temperature asa result of the discharge of warmwaters from the plant. However, it wasnoticed that even at a distance of 200metres from the coast, the differencein seawater temperature was only about0.5ºC, which quickly came to normal.The observations on the distribution andquantity of zooplankton, in the intakeand discharge canal regions did not showany significant effect of heat from thedischarge water even at the neareststations in the canal. The plankton wasfound to be very rich and was represen-ted by various groups like chaetognaths,copepods, fish larvae, etc.

2.52 Bathymetric and Hydro-graphic Survey of Mahi-sagar Estuary (Gujarat)

Studies on the impact of largequantities of discharged effluents on the

37

hydrography of the Mahi estuary werecontinued. The hydrographic data wascollected over the entire length of theMahi river upto Jaspur on the riversideand extended upto Gangua on the sea-ward side. The project was undertakenat the request of the Government ofGujarat.

Observations ranging to a full tidalcycle were carried out. As alreadyreported, the fresh water influx duringthe dry season is almost negligible andduring the ebb the water level in theriver goes down very low almost to fewinches. During this period high salinityvalues were observed. However, itshowed a decreasing trend with the in-creasing tidal height. Flood tides wereprececded with a fast moving tidal bore,the height and velocity of which variedwith the phase of tide. The velocity ofthe tidal bore was observed to be 3.47knots at Kavi. During the flood tidethe tidal heights increased very rapidly.An increase of 12 ft. in 45 minutes ofthe flood has been recorded at ShivMandir. Maximum current velocitiesupto 320cm/sec were observed duringthe high spring floods. Considering theregion upstream of Kavi, it is estimatedthat 140 million m3 of water is beingflushed by each incoming tide on ordi-nary tides. During the spring tides thisquantity is doubled. Because of theabsence of fresh water throughout thelength of the river upto Dabka, salinityremains comparatively very high. Avalue as high as 37.8%o has been recor-ded in this region. The river patternsare also found to be constantly chang-ing with the floods during the monsoonperiod. A small projection at the J-point,the proposed site of effluent release bythe Government of Gujarat, wascompletely washed out by the floods

during the monsoon. Even the channelgeometry in the region was completelychanged. This fluctuating nature of thechannel system indicates that, the riverbed patterns are not stable.

The waters in this region are highlyturbid and suspended sediment to about7.5 gm/1 were observed associated withhigh current speed. The water waswell saturated with dissolved oxygen atall the stations in channel formations.

It was observed that there was agradual increase in the quantities ofzooplankton, fish eggs and larvae alongthe length of the river and the maximumproduction was observed beyond Kaviand Gangua. Zooplankton were mainlyrepresented by copepods and medusae.Large quantities of prawns and flat fisheswere collected in the estuarine regionnear Gangua which indicated the highproductivity of the area. This area wasquite rich in nutrients, phosphates andnitrates.

The fertilizer factory near Baroda,discharges about 17 tons NH3-N perday into the Mahi river at Jaspur andthis is perhaps the major pollutant inthe receiving water. Ammonia as highas 649 ppm was observed near Jaspurwhere the effluent is discharged. TheNH3 - N concentrations graduallydecreased along the downstream region.Bioassay tests were conducted on mud-skippers (Periophthalmus spp) which arefound in Mahi estuary and the resultshave indicated that the ammonia wastoxic even at 5 ppm level. It is, there-fore, very strongly indicated that propertreatment of the effluent is absolutelyessential before discharging it into theriver.

38

2.53 Studies on the PhysicalParameters of The Seaat Loliem (Goa)

At the request of Goa Government,work was started in January 1974, inthe sea off Loliem, Goa, in connectionwith the selection of a suitable site forthe proposed Atomic Power Stationin this territory. The studies includemeasurement of currents, temperature,salinity and sediment load, at differentdepths in, the water of the sea nearLoliem, bathymetry of the area, beachchanges, etc.

2.45 Studies on the Beach andNearshore Environmentat Sinquerim (Goa)

This study which was taken up duringthe year as a sponsored project includesinvestigation on the nature of waves,nearshore currents and rip currentsaffecting the nearshore region of thesea off Sinquerim, and the stability ofthe adjoining beach, in connection withthe development of this region for re-creation and tourism. The field investi-gations are in progress.

2.55 Studies on the NearshoreWaters off Velsao (Goa)

Field investigations on the watersoff Velsao where a fertilizer factorywhich utilizes arsenic in their manufac-turing process discharges its effluentswere made during the year, under request

of the Government of Goa. The circu-lation pattern and mixing processes inthe nearshore area, where the effluentis discharged are being studied. Bio-logical aspects of the possible impact ofthese on the beach and nearshore watersare also being studied.

Special investigations were conductedin the nearshore waters of Velsao beach(near Panaji) where the effluent is dis-charged into the sea. In the month ofApril, before the factory was in opera-tion, the arsenic concentrations werefound to be slightly higher than theother regions along the coast; surfacevalues ranged from 3 to 16 μg/l and thebottom values from 7 to 43μg/1. Thesevalues are found to be more or less ofthe same order as those of estuarinewaters and this feature is due to the pro-ximity of the region to the mouth of theestuary. In September when the ferti-lizer factory was in operation, thearsenic levels in the nearshore watersin the vicinity of the effluent dischargelocation showed no significant variations.However, during the second fortnightthe arsenic levels in the nearshore watersincreased to as high as 58 μg/l and wereobviously due to the higher concen-trations of arsenic in the effluent fromthe factory as evidenced by the analysisof the effluent water which containedabout 4000 μg/l (4 ppm). Subsequently,the arsenic levels returned to normal.Analysis of the sediments for theadsorbed arsenic indicated considerableamount of removal of arsenic by thesediments from the overlying waters.

39

2.6

oceanographic instrumentation

Three main R & D programmes weretaken up in the field of oceanographicinstrumentation : (i) development ofmarine electronic system with specialreference to oceanographic data acqui-sition through digital instrumentationand telemetry, (ii) development of main-tenance, servicing and calibration faci-lities for the oceanographic instrumentsavailable in the Institute and (iii) deve-lopment of workshop and allied facilitiesnecessary for the R &D programmesof the division and the Institute.

Under the first programme, designand development of sensors/transducersand associated instruments for the mea-surement of ocean parameters like con-ductivity/salinity, temperature, pressure/depth, and turbidity as well as of agraphic digitiser and sub-carrier oscilla-tors have been initiated. The work so

far completed includes the developmentof an oscillator and amplifier systemfor the inductive and non-inductive typesalinometer and the design of the gra-phic digitiser. The brief specificationsof these have been given in Table I.

The graphic digitiser developmentcould not be completed due to want ofI. C. chips for the counter portion andthe display tubes. At present, work onthe design of the inductive and non-inductive sensors for the conductivity/salinity is in progress.

Studies have also been conducted onthe sensitivity and time response of theindigenously available thermistors. Suit-able closed loop circuits incorporatingthese thermistors in the feed back pathhave been developed with a view toimprove their response characteristics.

TABLE I

(i) Oscillator frequencyOutput voltageOutput impedancePower supply

(ii) Amplifier gainBandwidthInput impedanceOutput impedancePower Supply

(iii) Graphic digitiser rangeInput impedanceAccuracy

7500 Hz (nominal)2 V. rms (maximum)< 60 ohms12V, 5 mA

60 db (nominal)40 Hz to 40 KHz> 20 K ohms< 50 ohms12V, 3mA

10 volts (maximum)> 1 M ohmsbetter than 0.2%

40

The fabrication of the data loggingsystem for the oceanographic researchvessel, R. V. Gaveshani has been takenup under this programme. The designspecifications for the system have beendrafted and action has been taken toprocure the necessary sub-units and com-ponents for the fabrication.

Preliminary work has been initiatedto develop sub-carrier oscillators toIRIG Standards, to telemeter oceanparameters.

Under the second programme, manyinstruments like power supplies, current-meter, STD recorder and spectrophoto-meter have been serviced in the division.Repairs pertaining to many mechanicalinstruments like auto clave, vacuumpump, centrifuge, snapper, gravity corer,wind wane, etc., modification of thegamma-ray spectrophotometers leadshield, servicing of the airconditioners,supervision of the repair and over-

hauling of the boat Tarini, have beenundertaken. In addition, some of themedical instruments of the OrthopaedicDepartment of the Goa Medical Collegeand the Weather Radar of the Meteoro-logical Department, Goa, have been setright.

The graphic art group coming underthis programme has catered to the draw-ing needs of the scientific and technicalstaff of the Institute. These includedpreparation of drawings, taking ammo-nia prints, making charts, layouts ofbuildings, enlargement and reduction ofdrawings, etc.

Under the third programme, organi-sational work has been in progress. OneUniversal Milling machine has beenobtained to improve the facility. Thisfacility will ultimately cater fully tothe needs of the Institute in fabricatingdevices for the R & D work.

41

2.7

data, publications & information

2..71 Progress Achieved in the Collection, Processing and Storage ofOceanographic Data

2.72 Publications and Information

2.71 Progress Achieved in theCollection, Processing andStorage of OceanographicData

During the period under report, theData Centre has started the work on thetransferring of processed hydrographicdata (Physical & Chemical) on to punchcards, which are stored in the listingform. So far data of about 600 stationscollected by various organizations weretransferred into card format and stored.An output format was also designedfor obtaining the listings of these dataon a tabulating machine.

Work on the writing up of computerprogrammes for processing oceano-graphic data on electronic computer isbeing continued. Programmes for com-puting sigma-t and sound velocity havebeen completed on IBM 1620 computerwith the help of the Computer Divisionof the Indian Institute of TropicalMeteorology, Poona. Further effortsare being made for the development ofthese programmes for computing otherparameters at observed and standarddepths.

Services rendered to other Divisions:The Data Centre is offering servicefacility for punching and verifyingvarious marine data for the scientists ofthe Institute who will be processingtheir data on electronic computers.Bathythermography data collected onboard the Indian research vessels duringthe 'MONEX-73' programme were puton to punch cards and sent to NavalHydrographic Office and Indian Meteo-rological Department.

Research input: The data collected forthe above study were analysed and pro-cessed. The study showed the presenceof upwelled water in the Mandovi andZuari estuaries from the last week ofJuly upto the end of August. In theestuary, this water had a sigma-tbetween 23.00 and 24.00 and in thenearshore region it was between 24.00and 25.00. The oxygen value also wasvery low (0.5 ml/1). This shows thatthe upwelling starts from below 100 m.The cessation, however, takes place inthe month of October.

The maximum tidal current velocityrecorded at the surface on 27th July,1972 was 110 cm/sec during ebb andthe minimum was 26 cm/sec. On 9th

42

of August, 1972, a current velocity of212 cm/sec was recorded at the surfaceduring ebb and the minimum value fromthe same phase of the tide was13 cm/sec.

2.72 Publications andInformation

"Mahasagar", the quarterly bulletinof National Institute of Oceanographywas continued to be published. TheJune 1973 issue was a special numberdevoted to 16 scientific articles presentedby scientists at the colloquium organizedby the Institute on 26th May, 1972marking the completion of Ten Yearsof Integrated Ocean Research in India'.

September and December 1973 issueshave been combined due to paper crisisand difficulties at the local presses. Thefirst number of volume 7 for the year1974 is to be published with a changedformat. It will contain mostly original

scientific contributions and short notes.There will be a small section for bookreviews and another for news andcomments.

Annual Report 1972-73 was publi-shed. Both, Mahasagar and AnnualReport were mailed to about 600 add-resses on the mailing list of the Insti-tute. The mailing list is being revisedwith a view to restrict mailing of NIOpublications only to those who canmake good use of them.

Information about the Institute waspublished in Mahasagar as well as inlocal newspapers. Articles highlightingactivities of the Institute were issued forlay public. Radio talks on items oftopical interest were organized. Queriesfrom individuals and organizations andthe visitors including student parties,scientists and officials were attended toand their visits to the Institute wereorganized.

43

3

administrative set-up

3.1 Executive Committee

1. Dr. S. Z. Qasim,Director,National Institute of Oceanography,Panaji (Goa).

2. Commodore F. L. Fraser,AVSM, MIS,

Chief Hydrographer to theGovernment of India,Naval Hydrographic Office,Dehra Dun.

3. Prof. B. G. Deshpande,Head of the Department of Geology,Poona University,Poona.

4. Shri P. K. EapenHead, Fisheries Division,Tata Oil Mills Co. Ltd.,H & C Lane, Karuvelipady,Cochin - 5.

5. Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari,Head, Physical OceanographyDivision,National Institute of Oceanography,Panaji (Goa).

6. Dr. T. S. S. Rao,Officer-in-Charge,Regional Centre of NIO,Cochin -18.

7. Dr. S. N. DwivediHead, Biological OceanographyDivision,National Institute of Oceanography,Panaji (Goa).

Chairman

Member

"

"

"

"

44

Member8. Shri T. S. Bawa,Administrative Officer,National Institute of Oceanography,Panaji (Goa).

9. Accounts OfficerNational institute of Oceanography,Panaji (Goa).

3.2 Scientific Advisory Commit-tee to the ExecutiveCommittee

1. Shri K. A. Varughese,Managing Director,Zuari-Agro Chemicals,Zuari Nagar (Goa).

2. Prof. D. B. Wagh,Director,Bombay University Post GraduateCentre,Panaji (Goa).

3. Shri R. P. Rai,Director of Industries & Mines,Government of Goa, Daman & Diu,Panaji (Goa).

4. Shri P. K. Eapen,Head, Fisheries Division,Tata Oil Mills Co. Ltd., Ernakulam,Cochin-5

5. Prof. B. N. Ghosh,Head, Department of Chemistry,Bombay University PostGraduate Centre,Panaji (Goa).

6. Prof. R. L. Mehrotra,Principal,Government College of Engineering,Farmagudi, Ponda (Goa.)

45

3.3 Budget

The budget of the Institute for theyear 1973-74 is given below :

Budget item Sanctioned Actual(Final grant (Rs. inRs. in lakhs) lakhs)

1. Recurring 31.880 31.9362. Capital 58.665 59.480

Total 90.545 91.416

3.4 Scientific and TechnicalStaff

Director

Dr. N. K. Panikkar(till 17th August 1973)Dr. S. Z. Qasim(from 7th January 1974)

A. Divisions at the Head-quarters

1. Physical Oceanography

Head of the DivisionDr. V. V. R. Varadachari

ScientistsShri L. V. Gangadhara RaoShri C. S. MurtyShri P. K. DasShri M. J. VarkeyShri P. G. Kurup

Senior Scientific Assistant

Shri Thomas Cherian

Junior Scientific Assistants

Shri K. K. VarmaShri G. Narayana SwamyShri V. Kesava DasShri P. S. JosephShri V. Ramesh BabuShri A. Balachandran

Senior Research Fellow

Shri M. Veerayya

Junior Research Fellows

Shri N. BahulayanShri K. Gurunadha Rao

Geophysics Unit

Scientist

Shri T. C. S. Rao

Senior Scientific Assistant

Shri D. Gopala Rao

Junior Scientific Assistant

Shri G. C. Bhattacharya

2. Chemical Oceanography

Shri C. V. Gangadhara ReddyDr. R. Sen GuptaShri S. P. AnandShri V. N. Sankaranarayanan

Senior Scientific Assistants

Shri S. Y. S. SingbalShri S. N. D'Souza

Junior Research Fellows

Shri S. B. KamatShri S. Pai FondekarMiss S. Naik

3. Geological Oceanography

Head of the Division

Shri H. N. Siddiquie

Scientists

Dr. M. G. Anantha PadmanabhaSetty

Shri P. S. N. MurtyShri R. R. NairShri Madhusudana Rao Ch.

Senior Scientific Assistants

Dr. V. NarayananShri B. G. WagleShri G. Victor RajamanickamShri M. V. S. N. Gupta

Junior Scientific Assistants

Shri R. M. KidwaiShri F. Almeida

4. Biological Oceanography

Head of the Division

Dr. S. N. Dwivedi

Scientists

Dr. K. RadhakrishnaDr. A. H. ParulekarDr. A. G. UntawaleShri R. M. S. BhargavaShri V. P. DevassyShri R. M. DhawanShri P. M. A. Bhattathiri

Senior Scientific Assistants

Shri S. A. H. AbidiShri R. Alfred SelvakumarShri S. C. GoswamiShri K. Kameshwara RaoShri P. S. GoreShri S. Ayyappan Nair

46

Junior Scientific AssistantsShri S. N. HarkantaraShri V. M. A. HakimShri C. T. AchuthankuttyShri N. B. Bhosle

Pool Officers

Dr. (Mrs) Usha GoswamiDr. (Miss) Aditi Pant

Retired ScientistShri K. Virabhadra Rao

Research Fellows

Mrs. K. WarrierShri VerlekarMiss Lok Bharti

Planning & Data

ScientistsDr. V. S. Bhatt (Officer-in-charge)Shri D. Panakala Rao

Senior Scientific AssistantShri M. K. Antony

Junior Technical AssistantsShri P. Venugopal

Shri S. P. Sharma (Proof Reader)

Instrumentation

ScientistShri.P. E. Sankaranarayanan

(Officer-in-charge)Junior Scientific AssistantSmt. Vani B. Peshwe

Junior Mechanical AssistantShri K. K. Mohammed Rafique

Senior Draughtsman

Shri Md. Wahidullah

Pool OfficerDr. E. Desa

Junior Research FellowShri N. V. Karmali

B. Regional Centre of NIO,Cochin

1. Indian Ocean Biological Centre

Officer- in-chargeDr. T. S. S. Rao

(On extra-ordinary leave)Dr. M. Krishnan Kutty

(Officiating)

Scientiits

Dr. M. J. GeorgeDr. R. V. UnnithanShri H. Krishna IyerShri P. Gopala MenonDr. M. SakthivelShri K. J. Peter

Senior Scientific AssistantsDr. M. SaraswathyDr. (Mrs.) Vijayalakshmi R. NairShri T. BalachandranSmt C. B. Lalithambika DeviShri P. N. AravindakshanShri V. T. PaulinoseShri Jacob GeorgeShri George PeterShri Chandrasekharan Nair K. K.

Junior Scientific AssistantsShri T. C. GopalakrishnanDr. V. SanthakumariSmt. P. P. Meenakshi KunjammaSmt. Rosamma StephenShri P. HaridasShri P. N. Nair

Pool OfficerDr. Saramma Abraham

47

5.

6.

Junior Research FellowsShri M. MadhupratapShri E. V. RadhakrishnanShri Simon JohnShri V. BabyShri Prasad ThomasShri M. VijayanMiss K. N. RemaniMiss Grace Mathew

2. Physical Oceanography Unit

Scientists

Shri V S. Rama Raju

Shri P. Udayavarma Thirupad

3. Biological Oceanography Unit

ScientistsDr. M. KrishnankuttyShri B. M. PanikkarShri U. K. GopalanResearch Fellow

Shri S. R. Sreekumaran Nair

C. Field Unit of the NIO,Bombay

Scientists

Dr. B. N. Desai (Officer-in-charge)Dr. A. B. Wagh

Senior Scientific Assistant

Shri V. Josanto

Junior Scientific Assistants

Shri M. M. SabnisMiss Saramma U. PanampunnayilShri M. D. George

Junior Research Fellow

Shri A. A. Shaikh

4. Library

The Library continues to grow andhas now about 7711 items includingbooks, back volumes of periodicals andTechnical Reports on the various aspectsof Marine Science. 400 books and 200Technical Reports were added duringthe year under review.

The Library subscribes to 130 jour-nals and receives 25 journals on gift orexchange basis. A start in the directionof providing microfilm and relatedfacilities has also been made by obtain-ing microfilms of books and journals.

The Inter-Library loan facility wasextensively utilised by NIO Staff anda number of books were loaned to otherlibraries and to Research Institutions.

5. Awards, Honours, Mem-berships of VariousCommittees

Dr. N. K. Pannikkar was awardedChandra Kala Hora Medal for theperiod 1965-70 for his outstanding con-tribution in the research, developmentand promotion of fisheries in India.

Dr. S. Z. Qasim was awardedPadmashri by the President of India on26th January, 1974 for his outstandingcontribution in the development ofMarine Sciences in India.

Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari was electedFellow of the Indian Academy of Scienceseffective from 1st January 1974.

— was nominated member, W.M.O.Technical Commission for MarineMeteorology.

48

— was nominated as member ofExecutive Committee of the N.I.O,

Dr. S. N. Dwivedi has been approvedand appointed Examiner for the Ph. D.Thesis of Vikram and Bhopal Uni-versities.

— was nominated as Member ofExecutive Committee of N. I. O.

Dr. T. S. S. Rao was nominated asMember of the Executive Committeeof N.I.O.

Dr. B. N. Desai served as

— Member of NCST Committee onOceanographic Instruments.

— Member of Indian Standards Insti-tution's Committee CDC 26:3:1.

— Member on Advisory Panel forGovernment of Gujarat PlanningCommission.

— Member of Advisory Committee onScience and Technology, Govern-ment of Maharashtra.

— Departmental Member on Deep SeaFishing Advisory Committee.

Shri P. E. Sankaranarayanan wasnominated as Member of the Sub-Com-mittee on Process Control Instrumentof the Co-ordination Council of theEarth Sciences Group of C. S. I. R. andwas nominated as Member of the GroupIV sub-committee on Marine ScientificInstruments for data acquisition ofNCST Panel on Marine Resources.

Shri M. Sakthivel, Scientist wasawarded Ph. D. degree by the CochinUniversity for the thesis submitted on"The Studies on the Thecosomata ofthe Indian Ocean."

Shri V. M. A. Hakim has beenelected Member of Senate of CochinUniversity.

Shri A. F. Anto was awarded theM. Sc (Tech.) degree by the AndhraUniversity.

6. Deputations

Dr. N. K. Pannikkar attended theConference on Marine Parks, organisedby the Mediterranean Association ofMarine Biologists with cooperation ofthe Italian Government from 18th to22nd, June 1973 at Naples.

— attended the IVth Convention onthe Pacem in Maribus which was organi-sed from 23rd to 26th June, 1973 underthe auspices of International OceanResearch Institute at Malta.

Dr, T. S. S. Rao, Officer-in-charge,Regional Centre of NIO, Cochin is onextra-ordinary leave from 27.6.73 to25.9.74 to participate as a Visiting Pro-fessor in the Multinational Project onMarine Sciences of the OAS RegionalScientific and Technological Develop-ment Programme at Cumana, Venezuela,South America.

Dr. S. N. Dwivedi participated in theSMBA meeting on International Bio-logical Programme in November 1973at the invitation of Royal Society, U. K.and SMBA, Scotland.

— participated in Symposium held inNovember 1973 by Zoological Societyof London on the invitation of BritishIndia Forum.

Dr. B. N. Desai, Officer-in-charge,Regional Centre of NIO, Bombay wasdeputed to Sweden to attend IInd

49

FAO/SIDA Training Course in preven-tion of Marine Pollution and Preser-vation of Marine Environment inAugust 1973.

Dr. V. S. Bhatt attended the 15thIndian Standards Convention of theIndian Standards Institution (ISI) from17th to 21st December 1973 at Coim-batore.

Shri L. V. Gangadhara Rao partici-pated in the Indo-Soviet joint expedition'MONEX-73' on board Russian Re-search Vessel 'Ocean' during May-June1973.

— attended the sixth meeting ofNational Working Group for GlobalAtmospheric Research Programme(GARP) held at New Delhi on 28.8.73.

Shri M. J. Varkey and P. G. Kurup,scientists, participated in the Indo-Sovietjoint expedition 'MONEX-73' on boardvessels of Indian Navy.

The deputation of Shri S. A. H. AbidiSSA has been extended for anothertwo years as Fisheries Officer to theGovernment of Tanzania. He is likelyto return in February 1976.

Shri B. G. Wagle, SSA is on deputa-tion to Indian Institute of Photo-inter-pretation, Dehra Dun for training in AirPhoto Interpretation for Geomorphology.

Shri T. C. Gopalakrishnan, JSA is ondeputation for 9 months from 9.10.73

to work at the Smithsonian Institution,Division of Crustacea, WashingtonD. C, U. S. A. under UNESCO RegularProgramme Fellowship in MarineSciences (Planktonology).

Shri A. F. Anto was deputed toattend the training programme ofFAO/NORAD on "Acoustic methodsfor fish detection and abundance esti-mation" from 5th November to 23rdNovember 1973, held at Cochin.

Shri Md. Wahidulla, Senior Draftsmanwas deputed for training for a weekon the fabrication of printed boards atthe National Aeronautical Laboratory,Bangalore.

7. Meetings, Exhibitions,Seminars and Symposia

Shri H. N. Siddiquie attended themeeting of the Darshak cruise pro-gramme at Dehra Dun in September 1973.

— attended the meeting of the WorkingGroup on Offshore Mineral Explo-ration at Calcutta in December, 1973.

Shri R. R. Nair attended the meetingof the 3rd Working Group on OffshoreMineral Exploration at Calcutta inApril 1973.

Shri K. J. Peter attended the sympo-sium on the Early Life History of Fishesheld in May, 1973 at Oban, Scotland,U. K.

8. Colloquia and Special Lectures

Colloquia (in Goa)

Speaker Subject Date

1. Shri S. R. Rao Maritime activities of the Harappas 25.6.73

50

Speaker

2. Dr. B. P. Dash

3. Dr. N. K. Panikkar

4. Dr. N. P. Bhakta

5. Dr. Suk Dev

6. Dr. Anderson

7. Dr. T. S. Murthy

Speaker

1. Dr. Vagn Hansen

2. Shri P. G. Kurup

3. Mr. J. A. Bartle

9. Radio Talks

Speakar

1. Dr. N. K. Panikkar

2. Dr. B. N. Desai

3. Dr. S. N. Dwivedi

Subject Date

Oceanographic work in perspectives 28.6.73

The Mediterranean problems and the high-lights of the conference on Marine Parksat Naples and the IVth Convention of the"Pacem in Maribus" 3.7.73

Fishing harbour development 17.7.73

Research in progress 28.9.73

Latest trends in fish culture 27.11.73

Integrated Global Ocean Stations SystemMatters 21.2.74

Colloquia (in Cochin)

Subject Date

Mangroves in the Indian Ocean and on EastAsia : state as on production potential andresearch plans 15.6.73

Arctic Ocean 19.9.73

On the existence of subspecies of planktonicorganisms— their differentiation, ecologicalsignificances and implications for sampledesign 5.3.74

The distribution of oceanic sea birds espe-cially with respect to their food 6.3.74

Date Subject

5.6.73 Marine Pollution

April 73 Earth - Its Seabed

Microbes under the Sea

10. Distinguished Visitors

Visits to Headquarters, Panaji

Shri V.V. Giri President of India, New Delhi

51

Shri S. K. Bannerjee

Shri D. B. Bandodkar

Smt. Sumati Morarjee

Shri M. K. Roy Chowdhury

Shri R. K. Bera

Mr. R. P. Cuzondu Rest

Capt. V. A. Pomortsev

Dr. C. S. Mason

Col. D. Veitch

Dr. B. P. Dash

Shri N. R. Mirdha

Dr. J. I. W. Anderson

Shri Maurise H. Strong

Dr. Ravi Prakash

Dr. Hari Narain

Dr. Gautam Mathur

Capt. H. S. Punia

V. A. SkossyrevDr. Nityanand

Dr. Suk Dev

Dr. P. J. Deoras

Shri Daniel Ohreny

Col. K. K. Gupta

Shri K. G. Krishnamurty

Cdr. V. F. Rebello

Lt. Governor of Goa, Daman & Diu

Chief Minister of Goa, Daman & Diu

Executive Director, Scindia SteamNavigation Co. Ltd., Bombay

Director General, Geological Surveyof India

Scientist, NAL, Bangalore

NOAA/EDS/NODC Rockville.

160, Malcha Marg, New Delhi-21

Bedford Institute of OceanographyDarmouth Nova Scotia, Canada

Canadian High Commission, New Delhi

Imperial College of Science & Technology,London, S. W. 7, England

40 Canning Line, New Delhi

Unilever Research, Aberdeen, U. K.

United Nations Environment ProgrammeNairobi, Kenya

Vice Chancellor, Bhopal University

Director, N. G. R. I., Hyderabad

Department of Econ., Osmania University

Commanding Officer, Indian NavyINS Amba

B-9/21 Vasant Vihar, New Delhi

Deputy Director,Central Drug Research Institute, LucknowDeputy Director & Head,Organic Chemistry Division, NCL, PoonaEmeritus Scientist Haffkine Institute,Bombay - 12.

U. S. Vice Counsel, Bombay

Senior Adviser in Medicine,Northern Command, Indian Army

Council of Scientific & IndustrialResearch, New Delhi

Chief Staff Officer to NOIC GoaNavy Office, Vasco-da-Gama

52

Shri S. K. Sinha Manager, Deck MachineryGarden Reach Workshop Ltd.,A. G. O. I. Undertaking, Calcutta

Mr. V. P. Sondhi & Party Iron Ore Board of India

Shri B. K. Rao Chairman, Visakhapatnam Port Trust

Shri R. Shrinivasan Deputy Chairman, VishakhapatnamPort Trust

Shri T. V. Rajagopalan Technical Manager, Mangalore Chemicals& Fisheries, Mangalore

Shri Steve Worley Worley Engineering, INC,9800 NW Freeway, Houston, Texas

Shri Albert Vaz Ztverdew 6118 Fordham, Houston, Texas,77005 U.S.A.

Shri Reagan W. McDonald (Worley Engr) 7506 Thurow St.,

Houston, Texas 77017, U. S. A.

Visits to Regional Centre, Cochin

Bernt J. Dybern Fishery Board of Sweden, Gitebory,

SwedenLeif E. Andren Fishery Resources Division,

Dept. of Fisheries, FAO, Rome, ItalyShri C. Achutha Menon Chief Minister, Kerala State, TrivandrumShri C. Subramaniam Vice-President of CSIR & Union

Minister for Industrial Development,Science & Technology, New Delhi

Shri C. R. V. Raman Director, Regional Meteorological Office,Colaba, Bombay - 5

Dr. M. Vannucci CPOM Institute de Biologica, UNAM,C. U., A. P. 70-233, Mexico 20,D. F. Mexico

William B. Cox Geographic Officer, American EmbassyNew Delhi

Dr. K. V. Natarajan Associate Professor,Greater Hartford College,Hartford, U. S. A.

J. A. Bartle National Museum of New Zealand,Wellington, New Zealand

53

11

publications

11.1 publications of the Institute

1. Annual Report 1972-73.

2. Quarterly, Bulletin of the Institute, 'Mahasagar' Vol. 6, Nos. 1-4.

3. International Indian Ocean Expedition Plankton Atlas, Vol. IV, Fascicle 1 :Distribution of Platyhelminthes, Tomopteridae, other Pelagic Polychaeta,Trochophores and Sipunclida of the Indian Ocean. Fascicle 2 : Distributionof Actinotrocha, Brachiopod Larvae, Chaetognatha, Copelata, Pyrosoma,Salps, Doliolids and Amphioxus of the Indian Ocean.

4. International Indian Ocean Expedition Plankton Atlas Vol. V, Fascicle 1 :Distribution of Hydrornedusae; Scyphozoa and Meroplanktonic Stages ofAnthozoa of the Indian Ocean. Fascicle 2 : Distribution of Foraminifera,Echinodermata and Tornaria of the Indian Ocean.

5. Handbook to the International Zooplankton Collections Vol. IV & V :Papers on the Zooplankton Collections of the IIOE.

11.2 Papers Published by Staff Members

227 Achuthankutty, C. T., 1973. Sexual abnormalities in the genus Acetes(Sergestidae, Decapod)., Curr. Sci., 42(23): 827-828.

228 Achuthankutty, C. Τ., K. K. C. Nair and K. S. Purushan. 1973. A shoal ofsergestid Acetes in association with a swarm of gammarid amphipods inthe southwest coast of India. Curr. Sci., 42(23): 840.

229 Aehuthankutty, C. T. and M. J. George. 1973. Acetes sibogalis sp. nov.

(Crustacea: Decapoda, Sergestidae) from Cochin backwaters with a noteon its impregnation. Indian J. mar. Sci., 2(2): 139-144.

230 Anand, S. P. 1973. Effect of tidal currents and barge traffic on marinefoulers in Mandovi estuary. Indian J. mar. Sci., 2(2): 108-112.

231 Aravindakshan, P. N. 1973. Distribution and ecology of Pterotracheacoronata (Forskal). In The Biology of the Indian Ocean. Ecological Studies,Bernt Zeitzschel (Ed), 3 : 399-400.

232 Aravindakshan, P. N. and M. Sakthivel. 1973. The location of Cephalopodnurseries in the Indian Ocean. Handbook to the International Zooplankton.Collections, IOBC, Cochin, 5: 70-75.

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233 Balachandran, T. 1973. Meroplanktonic stages of Anthozoa in the IndianOcean. In The Biology of the Indian Ocean, Ecological Studies, BerntZeitzschel (Ed.), 3: 289-293.

234 Balachandran, T. 1973. Investigations on formaldehyde as a fixative andpreservative for zooplankton. Curr. Sci., 42(9) : 322-323.

235 Bhargava, R. M. S. 1973. Diurnal variation in phytoplankton pigments ofMandovi estuary, Goa. Indian J. mar. Sci., 2(1): 27-31.

236 Bhargava, R. M. S., R. A. Selvakumar and S. Y. S. Singbal. 1973. Hydro-biology of surface waters along Panaji-Bombay coast. Indian J. mar.Sci., 2(2) ; 103-107.

237 Bhatt, V. S. and R. M. S. Bhargava. 1973. Studies on eggs and larvae ofthe garfish, Tylosurus crocodilus (Le Sueur). Indian J. mar. Sci., 2(2): 127-132.

238 Chandrasekharan Nair, K. K. 1973. On the occurrence of Dairellalatisimma and Daire California (Amphipoda) in the Indian Ocean.Handbook to the International Zooplankton Collections, IOBC, Cochin,5 : 55-59.

239 Chandrasekharan Nair, K. K., P. G. Jacob and S. Kumaran. 1973. Distri-bution and abundance of Planktonic Amphipods in the Indian Ocean.In The Biology of the Indian Ocean. Ecological Studies, Bernt Zeitzschel(Ed.), 3 : 349-356.

240 Cherian, Thomas. 1973. Studies on the size distribution and physicalparameters of the sediments of Cochin Harbour. Proc. Ind. Geophys.Union, Vol. 10.

241 Delia Croce, N. and P. Venugopal 1973. Penilia avirostris Dana in theIndian Ocean (Cladocera). Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol , 58(5): 713-721.

242 Desai, B. N. 1973. Benthic productivity in the Indian Ocean. Mahasagar,6(2) : 128-132.

243 Dwivedi, S. N. 1973. Some biological problems of the west coast of India.Mahasagar, 6(2): 112-119.

244 Dwivedi, S. N., S. V. A. Rahim, and S. Ayyappan Nair, 1973. Ecologyand production of intertidal sand fauna during SW monsoon along Mandoviestuary (Goa). In Recent Researches in Estuarine Biology. R. Natarajan(Ed.), Hindustan Publishing Corpn. (I) Ltd., New Delhi, India : 1-20.

245 George, M. J. 1973, Prawn larvae and assessment of prawn resources.Mahasagar, 6(2): 133-139.

246 George, M . J . 1973. An assessment of the fishery resources for thenon-penaeid prawns in India. Symp. on Living Resources of the Seasaround India, CMFRI (ICAR), 1968 : 557-562.

247 George, M. J. 1973. The influence of backwaters and estuaries on marineprawn resources. Symp. on Living Resources of the Seas around India,CMFRI (ICAR), 1968: 563-569.

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248 George, M. J. 1973. The lobster fishery resources of India. Symp. on LivingResources of the Seas around India, CMFRI (ICAR), 1968. 570-580.

249 George, M. J. 1973. Deep Sea spiny lobster, Puerulus sewelli Ramadan.Lts. Commercial potentialities. Symp. on Living Resources of the Seasaround India, CMFRI (ICAR): 1968: 634-640.

250 George, M. J. 1973. A brief review of the progress of prawn mariculture.Proc. Seminar Mariculture and Mechanised Fishing, Madras. 1972 : 77-83.

251 George, M. J. and V. T. Paulinose. 1973. On a collection of decapoda(Penaeidea) from the south-west coast of India. Handbook to the Inter-national Zooplankton, Collections, IOBC, Cochin, 5: 60-69.

252 George, M. J. and V. T. Paulinose. 1973. Leptochela robusta Stimpson(Decapoda, Caridea, Pasiphaeidae) from the south-west coast of India andits larval development. Handbook to the International Zooplankton Collec-tions, IOBC, Cochin, 5: 196-210.

253 George Peter. 1973. Latitudinal distribution of a few species of pelagicpolychaetes in the upper 200 m water of the Indian Ocean. Handbook tothe International Zooplankton Collections, IOBC, Cochin, 5: 76-80.

254 George Peter. 1973. On the ecology of pelagic polychaetes newly recordedfrom Indian Ocean. Handbook to the International Zooplankton Collections,IOBC, Cochin, 5: 81-86.

255 Gopalakrishnan, T. C. 1973. A new species of Macandrewella (Copepoda :Calanoida) from off Cochin, south-west coast of India. Handbook to theInternational Zooplankton Collections, IOBC, Cochin, 5: 180-189.

256 Gopala Menon, P. and V. T. Paulinose, 1973. Distribution of Decapod larvaein the Indian Ocean. Handbook to the International Zooplankton Collections,IOBC, Cochin, 5: 161-171.

257 Gore, P. S. and S. Y. S. Singbal. 1973. Ecology and production in two sandybeaches of Goa. Part A—Distribution of bacteria in Colva and Siridao inrelation to certain environmental parameters. Fish. Technol., 10U): 55-60.

258 Goswami, S. C. 1973. Observations on some planktonic group of Kava-ratti atoll (Laccadives). Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 39 B(6): 676-686.

259 Gupta, M. V. S. N. 1973. A preliminary report of the foraminiferal assem-blages from the lagoon sediment of Kavaratti atoll (Laccadives). Curr. Sci.,42(22): 781-782.

260 Gupta, M. V. S. N. 1973. Planktonic foraminifera from the sediments offCochin. Indian J. mar. Sci., 2(2): 147-148.

261 Haridas, P., Madhu Pratap M., and T. S. S. Rao. 1973. Salinity, tem-perature, oxygen and zooplankton biomass of the backwaters from Cochinto Alleppey. Indian J. mar. Sci., 2(2) : 94-102.

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262 Kasturirangan, L. R., M. Saraswathy and T. C. Gopalakrishnan. 1973.Distribution of Copepoda in the Indian Ocean. In The Biology of the IndianOcean. Ecological Studies, Bernt Zeitzschel (Ed.) 3 : 331-333.

263 Krishnankutty, M. 1973. New ideas on fish population dynamics. Mahasagar6(2) : 120-127.

264 Krishnankutty, M. 1973. Maximum yield from fishery resources. a re-exami-nation. Fisheries Week Souvenir. (Nov. 73). Dept. of Fisheries, Univ.of Calicut (India): 29-30.

265 Krishnankutty, M., Kesavan Nair, A. K. and S. Z. Qasim. 1973. An eva-luation of the sampling design adopted by the Central Marine FisheriesResearch Institute for estimating marine fish production of India. IndianJ. Fish., 20(1) : 16-34

266 Murty, C. S., Das P. K., and V. V. R. Varadachari. 1973. Circulationin the shallow waters of the shelf region using sea-bed drifters. Proc.Indian Geophys. Union, Vol. 10.

267 Murty, P. S. N., Rao, Ch. M. and C. V. G. Reddy. 1973. Partitionpatterns of Iron, Manganese, Nickel and Cobalt in the shelf sediments ofwest coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 2(1) : 6-12.

268 Nair, K. K. C., Jacob George and T. S. S. Rao. 1973. Distribution ofcertain planktonic crustaceans and insect Halobates in the Indian Ocean.Indian J. mar. Sci., 2(2) : 116-121.

269 Nair, R. R., Varma, P. U., Pylee, A. and V. V. R. Varadachari. 1973.Studies on the sediment transport in Moplah Bay Harbour, Cannanoreusing fluorescent tracers. Proc. Indian Geophys. Union, Vol. 10.

270 Panikkar, N. K., A. H. Parulekar and A. G. Untawale. 1973. Conti-nental shelf islands of the Konkan coast. Proc. Ind. Geophys. Union,10: 112-115.

271 Panikkar, N. K. and T. S. S. Rao. 1973. Zooplankton investigation inIndian waters and the role of the Indian Ocean Biological Centre.Handbook to the International Zooplankton Collections, IOBC, Cochin,5: 111-162.

272 Parulekar, A. H. 1973. Quantitative distribution of benthic fauna on theinner shelf of central west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci. 2(2) :113-115.

273 Parulekar, A. H. and S. N Dwivedi. 1973. Ecology of benthic productionduring south west monsoon in an estuarine complex of Goa. In RecentResearches in Estuarine Biology. R. Natarajan (Ed.) Hindustan PublishingCorp. (I) Ltd., New Delhi, India.

274 Singbal, S. Y. S. 1973. Diurnal variations of some physico-chemicalfactors in the Zuari estuary of Goa. Indian J. mar. Sci., 2(2) : 90-93.

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275 Paulinose, V. T. 1973. Developmental stages of Penaeopsis rectacuta (Bate)(Decapoda : Penaeidae) from the Indian Ocean. Handbook to the Inter-national Zooplankion Collections, IOBC, Cochin, 5: 97-110.

276 Peter, K. J. 1973. Seasonal variation of Ichthyoplankton in the ArabianSea in relation to monsoon. FAO Fishery circular, June 1973.

277 Pillai, V. Narayana, Thomas Cherian, George M. D , and A. F. Anto. 1973.The effect of tidal currents on the hydrography of the backwaters aroundCochin bar mouth during post and premonsoon seasons. Proc. IndianGeophys. Union, Vol. 10.

278 Qasim, S. Z., Bbattathiri, P. M. A. and V. P. Devassy. 1973. Growthkinetics and nutrient requirements of two tropical marine phytoplankters.Mar. Biol, 21: 299-304.

279 Rama Raju, V. S. 1973. Indian Continental shelf in relation to the 100 fm.line. Proc. Indian Geophys. Union, Vol-10.

280 Rao, Ch. Madhusudana, Murty, P. S. N. and C. V. G. Reddy. 1974. Distri-bution of Titanium in shelf sediments along the west coast of India. Proc.Indian natn. Sci. Acad., 38(384): 114-119.

281 Rao, K. Kameshwara. 1973. Quantitative distribution of planktonic fora-minifera in the south west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 2(1): 54-61.

282 Rao, K. Virabhadra. 1973. On dendronotacean nudibranch gastropods ofthe genera Hancockia and Doto from the Gulf of Mannar. Spl. Publ. mar.biol. Ass. India : 321-332.

283 Rao, K. Virabhadra and L. Krishna Kumari. 1973. Structure and earlydevelopment of an Opisthobranch mollusc, Caloria militaris (Alder andHandcock). Indian J. mar. Sci., 2(1): 32-37.

284 Rao, T. S.S 1973. Zooplankton studies in the Indian Ocean. In The Biologyof the Indian Ocean, Ecological Studies, Bernt-Zeitzschel (Ed.), 3: 243-255.

285 Rao, T. S. S., M. Sakthivel and S. V. M. Abdul Rahim. 1973. Disjunctdistribution of pyrosomids in the Indian Ocean. Curr. Sci., 42(19) :688-689.

286 Rao, T. S. S. and Vijayalakshmi Nair. 1973. Chaetognaths in the upwellingarea of the Arabian Sea. Spl. Publ. mar. biol. Ass. India, 183-192.

287 Reddy, C. V. G. and S. Y. S. Singbal. 1973. Chemical characteristics oftar-like materials found on the beaches along the east and west coastof India in relation to their source of origin. Curr. Sci., 42(20):709-711.

288 Reddy, M. P. M. and V. V. R. Varadacbari. 1973. Sediment movementin relation to wave refraction along west coast of India. Proc. IndianGeophys. Union, Vol. 10.

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289 Rosamma Stephen and K. Sarala Devi. 1973. Distribution of Haloptilusacutifrons (Copepoda : Calanoida) in the Indian Ocean with a descriptionof the hitherto unknown male. Handbook to the International ZooplanktonCollections, IOBC, Cochin, 5: 172-179.

290 Sakthivel. M. 1973. Studies on Limacina inflata d'Orbigny (Thecosomata,Gastropoda) in the Indian Ocean. In The Biology of the Indian Ocean,Ecological Studies, Bernt Zeitzschel (Ed.), 3: 383-397.

291 Sakthivel, M. 1973. Biogeographical change in the latitudinal boundary ofbisubtropical pteropod Styliola subula (Quoy et Gaimard) in the IndianOcean. In The Biology of the Indian Ocean, Ecological Studies, BerntZeitzschel (Ed.), 3: 401-404.

292 Sakthivel, M and T. S. S. Rao. 1973. A few comments on the zooplanktoninvestigations of the International Indian Ocean Expedition. Handbook tothe International Zooplankton Collections, IOBC, Cochin, 4: 150-161.

293 Sankaranarayanan, V. N. 1973. Chemical characteristics of waters-aroundKavarathi atoll (Laccadives). Indian J. mar. Sci., 2(1): 23-26.

294 Sankaranarayanan, V. N. and C. V. G. Reddy. 1973. Copper content inthe inshore and estuarine waters along the central west coast of India.Curr. Sci., 42(7) : 223-224.

295 Santhakumari, V. and N. Balakrisbnan Nair. 1973. Seasonal infestationof the commensalic ciliates of the shipworm, Nausitora hedleyi and Teredofurcifera. J. mar. biol. Ass. India, 14(2).

296 Santhakumari, V. and N. Balakrishnan Nair. 1973. The commensalicciliates of Nausitora hedleyi: Survival in seawater in relation to infectivity,J. mar. biol. Ass. India, 14(2) : 872-874.

297 Saraswathy, M. 1973. The genus Gaussia (Copepoda) with a description ofGaussia sewelli sp. nov. from Indian Ocean. Handbook to the InternationalZooplankton Collections, IOBC, Cochin, 5: 90-95.

298 Saraswathy, M. 1973. The distribution of Gaussia in the upper 200 m inthe Indian Ocean. In The Biology of the Indian Ocean, Ecological Studies,Bernt Zeitzchel (Ed.), 3: 335-338.

299 Saraswathy, M. 1973. The growth rates of a tropical estuarine shipwormNausitora hedleyi. Spl. Publ mar. biol. Ass., India, 366-385.

300 Saraswathy, M. 1973. The breeding season of Nausitora hedleyi as deter-mined by gonad index. Hydrobiologia, 43: 13-28.

301 Setty, M. G. Anantha Padmanabha. 1973. Foraminifera as climatic indi-cators in the sediments of western Indian continental shelf. Mahasagar,6(2): 70-74.

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302 Setty, M. G. Anantha Padmanabha and B. G. Wagle. 1972. Beach rockfrom Goa coast. Proc. Indian natn Sci. Acad., 38A (1 & 2) : 9-20

303 Setty, M. G. Anantha Padmanabha and M. V. S. N. Gupta. 1972. Recentplanktonic foraminifera from the sediment off Karwar and Mangalore.Proc. Indian natn Sci. Acad , 33A (5 & 6): 148-160.

304 Victor, G. Rajamanickam and M. G. Anantha Padmanabha Setty. 1973.Distribution of phosphorus and organic carbon in the nearshore sedimentsof Goa. Indian J. mar. Sci., 2(2): 84-89.

305 Srivastava, P. S., M. K. Antony and V. C. John. 1973. A study on theaccuracy of the different wave forecasting techniques with reference torecorded waves off Cochin. Proc. Ind. Geophys. Union, Vol. 10.

306 Srivastava, P. S., P. U. Varma, A. Pylee and P. G. Kutup 1973. Surfaceand sub-surface currents in Moplah Bay during the NE monsoon season.Proc. Ind. Geophys. Union, Vol. 10.

307 Untawale, A. G., S. N. Dwivedi and S. Y. S. Singbal. 1973. Ecology ofmangroves in Mandovi and Zuari estuaries and interconnecting Combarjuacanal of Goa. Indian J. mar. Sci., 2\1): 47-53.

308 Veerayya, M., C. S. Murty and V. V. R. Varadachari. 1973. Effect ofartificial dumped material on the configuration of Baina beach, Goa.Indian. J. mar. Sci., 2(2): 78-83.

309 Vijayalakshmi, R. Nair. 1973. Breeding and growth of chaetognath inthe Cochin backwaters. Handbook to the International Zooplankton Collec-tions, IOBC, Cochin, 5: 87-96

310 Vijayalakshmi, R. Nair and T. S. S. Rao. 1973. Distribution of chaetog-naths in the Arabian Sea. In The Biology of the Indian Ocean, Ecolo-gical Studies, Bernt Zeitzschel (Ed.), 3: 293-317.

311 Vijayalakshmi, R. Nair and T. S. S Rao. 1973. Chaetognaths from theLaccadives with the new record of Spadella angulata (Takoita, 1951). InThe Biology of the Indian Ocean, Ecological Studies, Bernt Zeitzschel(Ed.), 3:319-327.

11.3 Popular Articles and Reviews

1 Bhatt, V. S. 1973. Sun's effect on ocean level. Science Reporter, 10(8)380-381.

2 Bhatt. V. S. 1973. Progress of oceanic research in India. (Feature articleaccepted by Press Information Bureau of the Govt. of India for publicationon All India basis in English and other languages); Free India, 25 Nov.,1973: 13-14; Sumudrache Pot-Ek Gurh Samasya, Konkan Vaibhav ( I nMarathi) 22 Dec , 1973; Navprabha (in Marathi) 1 Dec. 1973.

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3 Kurup, P. G. 1973. Energy from the ocean tides (in Malayalam ). VijnanaKairali. June 1973.

4 Kurup, P. G. 1973. The Arctic Ice (in Malayalam). Sastra Keralem,July 1973.

5 Kurup, P. G. 1973. The mud banks and the beach erosion (in Malayalam).Vijnana Kairali, October 1973.

6 Panikkar N. K. 1973. Integrated Ocean Research in India. Mahasagar,6(2): 39-42.

7 Rao, T. S. S. 1973. Tropical Plankton. Mahasagar, 6(2): 109-111.

11.4 Reports Prepared by the Staff Members

Sl. No. Contributors Report Year Sponsored by

1 A. H. Parulekar, Report on feasibility 1973 Govt. of Goa,A. G. Untawale, studies on Anjidiv Daman &Surendara Kumar Island as a tourist Diu& S. N. Dwivedi resort

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