Nat

iona

l Reg

iste

r of

His

tori

c Pl

aces

Nat

ion

al P

ark

Serv

ice

U.S

. Dep

artm

ent

of

the

Inte

rio

r

NPS

Cu

ltu

ral R

eso

urc

esW

ash

ing

ton

, DC

a fe

atu

re p

rep

ared

by

Erik

a M

arti

n S

eib

ert

and

Ste

ph

anie

Mas

saro

Ava

ilabl

e on

line

at: w

ww

.nps

.gov

/his

tory

/nr/

feat

ure/

arch

eolo

gy

Arc

heo

logy

Mon

th

Aug

ust 2

011

feat

urin

g

18th

-Cen

tury

Sm

yrne

a Se

ttle

men

tSa

ms T

abby

Com

plex

Pott

ersv

ille

kiln

site

... a

nd m

ore.

Nat

iona

l Reg

iste

r of

His

tori

c Pl

aces

Nat

ion

al P

ark

Serv

ice

U.S

. Dep

artm

ent

of

the

Inte

rio

r

NPS

Cu

ltu

ral R

eso

urc

esW

ash

ing

ton

, DC

Arc

heo

log

y M

on

th 2

011:

a f

eatu

re p

rep

ared

by

Erik

a M

arti

n S

eib

ert

and

Ste

ph

anie

Mas

saro

Pott

ersv

ille

kiln

sit

e in

So

uth

Car

olin

a is

a N

atio

nal

Reg

iste

r o

f H

isto

ric

Plac

es

listi

ng

mak

ing

hea

dlin

es in

so

uth

ern

arc

heo

log

y. R

ead

th

is a

rtic

le b

y ar

cheo

log

ist

Geo

rge

Cal

fas

to fi

nd

ou

t w

hy

it is

an

imp

ort

ant

reso

urc

e.

Not

es fr

om th

e Fi

eld

:A

sian

insp

ired

kil

ns

in S

outh

Car

olin

a?Th

e 20

11 U

niv

ersi

ty o

f Ill

ino

is fi

eld

sch

oo

l fo

cuse

d o

n

the

Pott

ersv

ille

kiln

sit

e (3

8ED

011)

in

th

e Ed

gefi

eld

D

istr

ict

of

Sou

th C

aro

lina.

Th

e Po

tter

svill

e ki

ln r

emai

ns

are

situ

ated

on

th

e h

igh

est

elev

ated

po

int

of

a fi

eld

, su

rro

un

ded

by

a su

rfac

e sc

atte

r o

f ce

ram

ic s

her

ds

in a

ll d

irec

tio

ns.

The

seem

ing

ly

gen

tle

slo

pe

of

the

kiln

ac

tual

ly a

llow

ed f

or

the

pas

sag

e o

f co

olin

g s

um

mer

b

reez

es.

Aid

ed b

y th

e u

se o

f lig

ht-

wei

gh

t te

nts

an

d

ple

nty

o

f co

ld

wat

er,

the

Illin

ois

-bas

ed

fiel

d

sch

oo

l st

ud

ents

fai

red

wel

l in

th

e so

uth

ern

hea

t.

Pott

ersv

ille

is h

om

e to

Am

eric

a’s

firs

t al

kalin

e g

laze

d

sto

new

are

vess

els.

The

alka

line

gla

zin

g

pro

cess

d

evel

op

ed b

y A

bn

er L

and

rum

at

Pott

ervi

lle r

epla

ced

th

e n

eed

fo

r le

ad

and

sa

lt

gla

zed

ve

ssel

s in

So

uth

C

aro

lina

and

rem

ain

s a

mai

nst

ay i

n m

od

ern

day

fo

lk

po

tter

y. T

he

Cam

den

Gaz

ette

firs

t w

rote

ab

ou

t th

e Po

tter

svill

e ve

ssel

s d

escr

ibin

g t

hem

as

“th

e fi

rst

of

the

kin

d”

and

“su

per

ior

in q

ual

ity”

(18

19:4

-5).

T

he

hig

h

calib

er o

f th

ese

vess

els

was

late

r ec

ho

ed b

y R

ob

ert

Mill

s (1

826)

wh

en h

e st

ated

that

the

sto

new

are

was

“st

ron

ger

, b

ette

r, an

d c

hea

per

th

an a

ny

Euro

pea

n o

r A

mer

ican

w

are

of

the

sam

e ki

nd

”.

Like

all

pro

ject

s, t

he

Pott

ersv

ille

kiln

hel

d m

any

secr

ets

un

til t

he

fin

al w

eek

of

the

fiel

d s

easo

n a

nd

th

e p

roje

ct

man

tra

bec

ame

“Dig

Dee

per

”. B

y th

e en

d o

f th

e fi

eld

se

aso

n, w

e h

ad d

isco

vere

d a

ll o

f th

e m

ajo

r arc

hit

ectu

ral

feat

ure

s o

f a

kiln

; ex

teri

or

wal

ls t

o i

ncl

ud

e al

l fo

ur

corn

ers;

flu

es,

fire

bo

x, b

ag w

all,

firi

ng

ch

amb

er,

and

ch

imn

ey.

The

Pott

ersv

ille

kiln

d

oes

fa

ll w

ith

in

the

aver

age

for

kiln

wid

th (

12 f

eet

wid

e) b

ut

the

fiel

d

sch

oo

l d

isco

vere

d t

hat

th

e ki

ln i

s a

jaw

-dro

pp

ing

105

fe

et in

len

gth

. Th

e ex

teri

or

wal

l is

ove

r 6-

feet

in h

eig

ht

and

th

e fi

reb

ox

is a

pp

roxi

mat

ely

6 fe

et d

eep

, 10

fee

t lo

ng

, an

d 1

2 fe

et w

ide.

Th

e af

ore

men

tio

ned

firs

t u

nit

ca

ptu

red

th

e le

ft a

nd

rig

ht

wal

ls o

f th

e fi

rin

g c

ham

ber

. B

y th

e en

d o

f th

e se

con

d w

eek

the

team

en

cou

nte

red

th

e ch

amb

er

flo

or

app

roxi

mat

ely

2.5

feet

b

elo

w

surf

ace

leve

l (b

sl).

Aft

er d

igg

ing

dee

per

an

d f

ollo

win

g

the

wal

ls in

sea

rch

of

term

inal

so

il, w

e q

uic

kly

real

ized

th

at t

his

2.5

bsl

lev

el w

as t

he

last

flo

or

uti

lized

in

th

e ki

ln a

nd

th

at t

he

ori

gin

al fl

oo

r w

as a

ctu

ally

5.5

fee

t b

sl.

We

cou

nte

d s

even

flo

or-

bu

ildin

g e

pis

od

es i

n t

he

cham

ber

; p

resu

mab

ly d

ue

to fi

rin

g d

iffi

cult

ies

or

a w

ho

le h

ost

of

dif

fere

nt

pro

du

ctio

n f

acto

rs.

By

1820

, th

e Ed

gefi

eld

Dis

tric

t w

as t

he

thir

d m

ost

p

op

ula

ted

reg

ion

in

th

e So

uth

an

d a

n “

ind

ust

rial

” si

zed

kiln

wo

uld

hav

e b

een

nee

ded

to

pro

du

ce t

he

colo

ssal

am

ou

nt

of

vess

els

nee

ded

to

sto

re f

oo

d f

or

Edg

efiel

d’s

en

slav

ed p

op

ula

tio

n.

For

exam

ple

, p

ork

w

as t

he

mai

n s

tap

le o

f th

e d

iet

and

fo

r ju

st it

s p

ickl

ing

an

d

sto

rag

e;

ove

r 11

,000

fi

ve-g

allo

n

vess

els

wo

uld

h

ave

bee

n n

eed

ed.

The

len

gth

of

Pott

ervi

lle w

ou

ld

hav

e m

ade

it p

oss

ible

to

pro

du

ce t

he

volu

me

of

vess

els

nee

ded

in t

he

Edg

efiel

d D

istr

ict

in 1

820.

Arc

hae

olo

gy

nev

er s

eem

s to

pro

vid

e th

e an

swer

s ex

-p

ecte

d,

if i

t d

id w

hy

wo

uld

we

dig

? W

ith

th

e n

ew i

n-

form

atio

n b

efo

re u

s, a

mo

un

tain

of

add

itio

nal

re-

sear

ch b

egin

s—p

erh

aps

even

res

earc

h t

hat

tak

es a

tu

rn t

o A

sian

met

ho

ds

of

pro

du

ctio

n.

For

ove

r 1,

000

year

s p

ott

ers

in A

sia

hav

e b

een

firi

ng

cer

amic

s is

hill

-si

de

kiln

s, m

ust

oft

en r

efer

red

to

as

An

agam

a, D

rag

on

, o

r Sn

ake

kiln

s. T

he

eno

rmo

us

len

gth

of

the

Pott

ersv

ille

kiln

op

ens

a h

ost

of

rese

arch

qu

esti

on

s; in

clu

din

g t

ho

se

reg

ard

ing

th

e fu

elin

g o

f th

e ki

ln, t

he

reg

ula

tio

n o

f in

-te

rnal

firi

ng

tem

per

atu

res,

an

d m

any

mo

re.

Ab

ou

t th

ree

year

s ag

o, w

ith

th

e su

pp

ort

an

d g

uid

ance

o

f C

arl S

teen

, I b

egan

res

earc

hin

g t

he

Edg

efiel

d D

istr

ict

and

it

s o

uts

tan

din

g

po

tter

y tr

adit

ion

. D

uri

ng

th

e p

lan

nin

g a

nd

pre

par

atio

n p

has

e o

f th

e p

roje

ct w

e h

ad

pla

nn

ed t

o d

efin

e th

e d

imen

sio

ns

of

the

Pott

ersv

ille

kiln

. A

rch

aeo

log

ical

an

d a

rch

ival

res

earc

h i

nfo

rmed

us

that

a

“typ

ical

” al

kalin

e st

on

ewar

e ki

ln

wo

uld

b

e ap

pro

xim

atel

y 20

-30

feet

in

len

gth

an

d 1

0-12

fee

t in

w

idth

. Wh

ile th

e ki

ln si

te a

t Po

tter

svill

e h

as b

een

kn

ow

n

for

dec

ades

, no

on

e co

nfi

den

tly

knew

wh

ich

par

t o

f th

e h

illsi

de

wer

e ki

ln r

emai

ns

and

wh

ich

par

t w

as a

was

ter

pile

. W

ith

ou

t th

e as

sist

ance

of

geo

ph

ysic

s, w

e b

egan

th

e p

roje

ct a

t th

e h

igh

po

int

of

the

hill

gu

ided

by

sto

nes

ju

st b

arel

y b

reak

ing

th

rou

gh

th

e to

pso

il. W

e fe

lt t

hat

d

ue

to t

he

elev

atio

n a

nd

pre

vaili

ng

win

ds

this

wo

uld

be

an id

eal l

oca

tio

n f

or

the

kiln

. We

bro

ke s

oil

on

th

e fi

rst

afte

rno

on

of

the

fiel

d s

cho

ol a

nd

by

the

end

of

the

day

w

e re

aliz

ed t

hat

we

wer

e in

dee

d o

n t

op

of

the

kiln

w

all.

The

ori

enta

tio

n o

f th

e w

all

was

a b

it d

iffe

ren

t th

an w

e h

ad e

xpec

ted

; so

met

hin

g w

e le

arn

ed t

o g

et

use

to

wit

h t

his

pro

ject

. U

sin

g t

his

sam

e “e

xpo

sed

” st

on

e m

eth

od

olo

gy

we

inse

rted

ad

dit

ion

al u

nit

s d

ow

n

the

hill

an

d q

uic

kly

lear

ned

th

at w

e w

ere

dea

ling

wit

h

som

eth

ing

mu

ch la

rger

th

an w

e h

ad p

lan

ned

.

Imag

es: C

ou

rtes

y o

f th

e So

uth

Car

olin

a St

ate

His

tori

c Pr

eser

vati

on

Offi

ceC

amd

en G

azet

te 1

819

Cam

den

Gaz

ette

, 3 J

un

e.M

ills,

Ro

ber

t 18

26 S

tati

stic

s o

f So

uth

Car

olin

a: In

clu

din

g a

vie

w o

f it

s n

atu

ral,

civi

l, an

d

mili

tary

his

tory

, gen

eral

an

d p

arti

cula

r. C

har

lest

on

: Hu

rlb

ut

and

Llo

yd.

Ref

eren

ces:

Arc

heo

log

ical

Res

ou

rces

of

the

18th

-Cen

tury

Sm

yrn

ea S

ettl

emen

t o

f D

r. A

n-

dre

w T

urn

bu

ll M

PS C

ove

r su

bm

itte

d b

y th

e Fl

ori

da

Stat

e H

isto

ric

Pres

erva

tio

n

Offi

ce.

Flo

rid

a U

nd

er B

riti

sh R

ule

, 178

9 (M

ap),

Car

olin

e M

ays

Bre

vard

, A H

isto

ry o

f Fl

ori

da

(New

Yo

rk, N

Y: A

mer

ican

Bo

ok

Co

mp

any,

191

9) 8

4; D

ow

nlo

aded

fro

m

Map

s ET

C, o

n t

he

web

at

htt

p://

etc.

usf

.ed

u/m

aps

[map

#f2

073]

The

arc

heol

ogic

al r

esou

rces

of

the

Smyr

nea

Sett

lem

ent

tell

the

intr

igui

ng s

tory

of

an a

band

oned

Bri

tish

colo

ny

in E

ast F

lori

da. T

he n

umer

ous

arch

eolo

gica

l site

s al

ong

a ri

ver

in V

olus

ia C

ount

y ar

e ev

iden

ce t

hat

a la

rge

plan

tatio

n w

as in

bus

ines

s fo

r ov

er n

ine

year

s be

fore

its

sett

lers

left

for

bett

er o

ppor

tuni

ty in

St.

Aug

ustin

e an

d el

sew

here

.

Aft

er th

e (fi

rst)

Tre

aty

of P

aris

in 1

763,

Flo

rida

sw

itche

d fr

om a

Spa

nish

terr

itory

to a

Bri

tish

one.

In

an e

ffort

to

fill

the

vast

la

nds

with

w

hite

se

ttle

rs,

the

Bri

tish

gove

rnm

ent a

dver

tise

d la

nd g

rant

s in

the

nota

ble

Bri

tish

pape

rs o

f the

day

. One

man

inte

rest

ed in

suc

h a

vent

ure

was

Dr.

And

rew

Tur

nbul

l. A

wea

lthy

man

of

Scot

tish

birt

h, D

r. T

urnb

ull w

as w

ell-

know

n in

man

y re

spec

tabl

e B

ritis

h ci

rcle

s. H

e ha

d co

nnec

tions

with

a n

umbe

r of

tit

led

gent

lem

en,

incl

udin

g hi

s ev

entu

al

busi

ness

pa

rtne

rs S

ir W

illia

m D

unca

n an

d L

ord

Tem

ple.

The

se

thre

e m

en w

ere

also

mem

bers

of t

he E

ast F

lori

da S

ocie

ty,

a gr

oup

eage

r to

exp

lore

the

new

ly a

cqui

red

Bri

tish

terr

itory

for

finan

cial

gai

n.

Turn

bull’

s eff

orts

to

esta

blis

h a

colo

ny w

ere

trou

bled

fr

om th

e st

art.

The

land

gra

nt r

equi

red

whi

te P

rote

stan

t se

ttle

rs to

occ

upy

the

new

ly a

cqui

red

terr

itory

. Tur

nbul

l ha

d no

luck

con

vinc

ing

whi

te P

rote

stan

ts to

com

e w

ith

him

fo

r th

e Fl

orid

a pl

anta

tion

sett

lem

ent.

Inst

ead,

Tu

rnbu

ll tu

rned

to o

ther

Eur

opea

ns, t

he v

ast m

ajor

ity o

f th

e R

oman

Cat

holic

faith

. He

conv

ince

d 20

0 G

reek

s, b

ut

foun

d th

e m

ost s

ucce

ss in

Min

orca

, a ti

ny is

land

nat

ion

in th

e M

edite

rran

ean.

A n

umbe

r of

Ita

lians

, Tur

ks, a

nd

Cor

sica

ns,

also

joi

ned

the

dive

rse

grou

p of

pot

entia

l se

ttle

rs. T

here

was

a h

igh

rate

of

inte

rmar

riag

e am

ong

thes

e gr

oups

and

the

y ar

e re

ferr

ed t

o to

day

as “

the

Min

orca

ns o

f Fl

orid

a.”

Turn

bull

now

had

the

requ

ired

nu

mbe

r of

wor

kers

, al

thou

gh t

hey

wer

e no

t of

the

re

quis

ite fa

ith, t

o in

habi

t his

pla

ntat

ion

whi

ch h

e na

med

af

ter

his

Gre

ek w

ife’s

bir

thpl

ace

– Sm

yrne

a.

In 1

768,

eig

ht s

hips

set

sai

l for

Eas

t Flo

rida

car

ryin

g th

e 12

55 p

eopl

e w

ho w

ould

sur

vive

the

mor

e th

an t

hree

m

onth

s’ jo

urne

y and

bec

ame t

he w

orke

rs an

d in

habi

tant

s of

the

Smyr

nea

Sett

lem

ent.

The

y w

ere

gree

ted

by a

t lea

st

fifty

Afr

ican

Am

eric

an sl

aves

who

had

beg

un to

cle

ar th

e la

nd a

nd b

uild

str

uctu

res

for

plan

tatio

n lif

e. T

hese

en

slav

ed A

fric

an A

mer

ican

s co

ntin

ued

to li

ve a

nd w

ork

at S

myr

nea

for

the

next

nin

e ye

ars

and

grew

cro

ps s

uch

as r

ice,

cor

n, s

ugar

can

e an

d co

tton

. T

he p

rim

ary

agri

cultu

ral

focu

s,

how

ever

, w

as

the

grow

ing

and

proc

essi

ng o

f in

digo

. L

arge

pla

ntat

ions

cor

nere

d th

e in

digo

pr

oduc

tion

mar

ket,

due

to

the

expe

nsiv

e eq

uipm

ent

and

com

plic

ated

pr

oces

sing

ne

eded

. Sm

yrne

a w

as t

he l

arge

st e

xpor

ter

of i

ndig

o fr

om E

ast

Flor

ida

duri

ng th

e se

ttle

men

t’s p

eak

year

s of p

rodu

ctio

n.

Lat

er y

ears

in

the

sett

lem

ent’s

sho

rt h

isto

ry,

othe

r ex

port

s su

ch a

s ta

r, tu

rpen

tine,

and

lum

ber

beca

me

the

focu

s. T

his

was

a d

irec

t re

sult

of th

e W

ar fo

r A

mer

ican

In

depe

nden

ce, w

here

thes

e ty

pes o

f exp

orts

– e

spec

ially

lu

mbe

r –

wou

ld a

id th

e B

riti

sh w

ar e

ffort

, and

ther

efor

e,

be m

ore

valu

able

cas

h cr

ops.

The

sett

lem

ent b

ecam

e an

inde

pend

ent t

own

orga

nize

d in

a l

inea

r fa

shio

n al

ong

a ri

ver,

muc

h un

like

the

grou

ped-

com

mun

ity h

ousi

ng t

hat

the

Med

iterr

anea

n w

orke

rs w

ere

accu

stom

ed t

o. T

here

wer

e nu

mer

ous

build

ing

stru

ctur

es,

incl

udin

g ho

uses

for

Tur

nbul

l, en

slav

ed A

fric

an A

mer

ican

s, c

olon

ists

, ove

rsee

rs, t

wo

Cat

holic

pri

ests

, and

one

Ang

lican

pre

ache

r. S

myr

nea

also

incl

uded

a C

atho

lic c

hurc

h (p

erha

ps a

n A

nglic

an

one

as w

ell)

, wor

ksho

ps, s

tore

hous

es, w

harv

es, b

ridg

es

and

agri

cultu

ral

build

ings

. T

he r

emna

nts

of r

oads

, dr

ains

, gar

dens

, and

mill

s hav

e al

so b

een

foun

d th

roug

h ar

cheo

logi

cal r

esea

rch.

In 1

777,

the

Smyr

nea

Sett

lem

ent w

as in

a s

tate

of r

apid

de

clin

e du

e to

a n

umbe

r of

fac

tors

inc

ludi

ng p

oor

wea

ther

con

ditio

ns a

nd e

scal

atio

n of

rif

ts b

etw

een

the

sett

lers

and

Dr.

Tur

nbul

l. L

acki

ng t

he s

uppo

rt o

f hi

s pa

rtne

rs i

n th

e ve

ntur

e, t

he B

ritis

h G

over

nmen

t, an

d th

e te

rrito

rial

Gov

erno

r of

Flo

rida

, thi

ngs

wen

t fr

om

bad

to w

orse

for

Dr.

Tur

nbul

l. A

gric

ultu

ral p

rodu

ctio

n ha

lted

and

the

colo

ny d

isso

lved

. In

lat

e N

ovem

ber

1777

, “t

he C

atho

lic c

hurc

h on

the

set

tlem

ent,

San

Pedr

o, a

nd it

s pr

iest

wer

e tr

ansf

erre

d to

the

city

of

St.

Aug

ustin

e, m

arki

ng th

e offi

cial

end

of

the

colo

ny. T

his

sing

ular

mov

emen

t of

a v

illag

e w

as te

rmed

a r

are

case

on

rec

ord

whe

re a

who

le p

aris

h, p

ries

t, an

d pe

ople

, m

oved

from

one

pla

ce to

ano

ther

” (N

RH

P N

omin

atio

n pg

. 23)

.

In t

he s

econ

d Tr

eaty

of

Pari

s, m

arki

ng t

he e

nd o

f th

e W

ar f

or I

ndep

ende

nce

in A

mer

ica,

Bri

tain

gav

e ba

ck

Flor

ida

to th

e Sp

anis

h in

retu

rn fo

r the

Bah

ama

Isla

nds,

th

inki

ng F

lori

da a

n in

sign

ifica

nt t

erri

tory

. Tho

ugh

the

Span

ish

now

rul

ed F

lori

da f

or a

sec

ond

time,

for

mer

B

ritis

h su

bjec

ts r

emai

ned

in E

ast

Flor

ida,

joi

ning

the

di

vers

e po

pula

tion

mad

e up

of S

pani

sh s

oldi

ers,

slav

es,

whi

te a

nd b

lack

imm

igra

nts f

rom

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es a

nd

Car

ibbe

an,

Sem

inol

e In

dian

s, a

nd o

ther

Eur

opea

n im

mig

rant

s, q

uite

res

embl

ing

the

cultu

ral

and

ethn

ic

dive

rsity

of t

he S

myr

nea

Sett

lem

ent.

Arc

heol

ogic

al R

esou

rces

of t

he 1

8th-

Cen

tury

Sm

yrne

a Se

ttle

men

t is

a m

ultip

le p

rope

rty

nom

inat

ion.

Mos

t of

the

reso

urce

s ar

e ar

cheo

logi

cal s

ites

of d

iffer

ent t

ypes

, in

clud

ing:

art

ifact

sca

tter

s, m

idde

ns, b

uild

ing

rem

ains

, an

d st

ruct

ural

rem

ains

. Var

ious

str

uctu

res

are

pres

ent,

such

as

vats

, wel

ls, b

ridg

e re

mai

ns, c

anal

s an

d di

tche

s,

road

s an

d tr

ails

, and

cem

eter

ies.

The

site

has

pot

entia

l fo

r dat

a re

late

d to

und

erst

andi

ng th

e B

ritis

h ex

peri

ence

in

Eas

t Fl

orid

a, r

elat

ed t

o se

ttle

men

t or

gani

zatio

n,

pote

ntia

l fo

r ec

onom

ic r

econ

stru

ctio

n, a

nd p

oten

tial

for

soci

o-cu

ltura

l re

cons

truc

tion.

So

me

of

the

arch

eolo

gica

l re

sour

ces

liste

d un

der

this

nom

inat

ion

incl

ude

the

cana

l sys

tem

, col

onis

ts’ h

ouse

s, a

nd m

ore.

By

Step

hani

e M

assa

ro

A P

lan

tati

onSe

ttle

men

tof

Div

ersi

ty

in B

riti

sh

Eas

t Flo

rida

Nat

iona

l Reg

iste

r of

His

tori

c Pl

aces

Nat

ion

al P

ark

Serv

ice

U.S

. Dep

artm

ent

of

the

Inte

rio

r

NPS

Cu

ltu

ral R

eso

urc

esW

ash

ing

ton

, DC

Arc

heo

log

y M

on

th 2

011:

a f

eatu

re p

rep

ared

by

Erik

a M

arti

n S

eib

ert

and

Ste

ph

anie

Mas

saro

The

Pau

lino

Out

door

Ove

n in

Gua

m w

as b

uilt

in 1

947

by Je

sus

Men

o C

riso

stom

o of

Inar

ajan

an

d is

rep

rese

ntat

ive

of t

he

vern

acul

ar

outd

oor

baki

ng

stru

ctur

es b

uilt

in G

uam

dur

- in

g th

e ea

rly

20th

ce

ntur

y.

The

se

oven

s ca

rry

on

a cu

ltura

l tr

aditi

on

that

or

igin

ated

with

the

Spa

nish

se

ttle

men

t pe

riod

(1

668

- 18

98).

Alth

ough

th

e co

n-st

ruct

ion

mat

eria

ls

used

to

bu

ild th

e ov

ens

chan

ged

over

tim

e, t

he o

ven

styl

e re

tain

ed

the

sam

e ba

sic

shap

e. T

his

oven

re

pres

ents

a

rapi

dly

disa

ppea

ring

pro

pert

y ty

pe a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith

long

-sta

ndin

g cu

ltura

l tr

aditi

ons

of

the

Cha

mor

ro p

eopl

e of

Gua

m.

Ori

gina

lly t

hese

sto

ne a

nd b

rick

ove

ns w

ere

prob

ably

bui

lt to

pro

vide

the

fore

igne

rs li

ving

on

Gua

m a

fter

A.D

. 166

8 w

ith b

read

and

oth

er

food

s pr

epar

ed i

n w

ays

that

wer

e fa

mili

ar t

o th

em.

Ove

r tim

e th

e C

ham

orro

, w

ho c

ooke

d fo

ods

usin

g ho

t roc

ks, a

dapt

ed

the

outd

oor

oven

s.

Cal

led

hotn

o in

Cha

mor

ro a

fter

the

Sp

anis

h te

rm f

or o

ven,

hor

no,

thes

e ov

ens

wer

e tr

aditi

onal

ly

used

for

the

cook

ing

of b

read

, bi

scui

ts

mad

e fr

om

grat

ed

coco

nut

and

tapi

oca,

ar

row

root

or

cy

cad

flour

, br

eadf

ruit,

an

d m

eat

from

an

imal

s in

trod

uced

by

th

e Sp

anis

h in

clud

ing

pigs

, ch

icke

ns,

turk

eys,

and

goa

ts.

The

ov

en

was

bu

ilt

in

a co

rrug

ated

tin

fra

me

and

has

a ba

se m

ade

of

cora

l roc

ks a

nd m

orta

r.

Furt

her

inve

stig

atio

n at

the

Pau

lino

Out

door

O

ven

site

co

uld

yeild

ad

ditio

n in

form

atio

n ab

out

cons

truc

tion

tech

niqu

es a

s w

ell

as t

he

oven

’s u

se o

ver

tim

e.

Span

ish

an

d C

ham

orro

C

ulin

ary

Col

lide

in G

uam

Ove

r 10

0 Ye

ars

of P

lan

tati

on H

isto

ry P

rese

rved

at

Sam

s Ta

bby

Com

plex

The

Sam

s Ta

bby

Com

plex

con

tain

s th

e re

mna

nts

of a

suc

cess

ful p

lant

atio

n, in

clud

ing

build

ing

stru

ctur

es

and

dom

estic

art

ifact

s fr

om th

ose

who

wor

ked

it. T

abby

is a

n ar

chite

ctur

al te

rm r

efer

ring

to b

oth

build

ing

met

hod

and

the

build

ing

mat

eria

ls/c

ompo

nent

s. T

his

met

hod

of c

onst

ruct

ion

was

ver

y im

port

ant

in t

he

sout

h ea

ster

n te

rrito

ries

and

col

onie

s. W

oode

n bo

ards

are

use

d as

bra

cket

s, o

r fr

ames

, to

form

wal

ls a

nd

open

ings

for

win

dow

s an

d do

ors.

A h

andm

ade

liqui

d m

ixtu

re, a

pri

miti

ve c

oncr

ete,

mad

e of

cru

shed

shel

ls,

sand

, cla

y, a

nd s

ome

form

s or

bits

of

limes

tone

are

pou

red

into

the

woo

den

fram

es. T

hese

woo

den

case

s w

ere

fille

d sl

owly

and

in st

ages

to d

ecre

ase

the

chan

ces o

f air

poc

kets

. Onc

e ha

rden

ed, t

abby

stru

ctur

es w

ere

as s

tron

g as

sto

ne, l

ike

man

mad

e lim

esto

ne, a

nd fi

repr

oof.

Alth

ough

the

plan

tatio

n w

as m

ost

likel

y oc

cupi

ed b

efor

e 17

83, i

t w

as p

urch

ased

by

Bar

nwel

l Sam

s in

that

ye

ar. I

n th

e ea

rly

1800

s he

exp

ande

d gr

eatly

upo

n th

e ta

bby

com

plex

add

ing

win

gs to

the

mai

n ho

use

for

his

grow

ing

fam

ily, a

dditi

onal

sla

ve q

uart

ers,

a la

rge

kitc

hen,

sm

okeh

ouse

, bar

n/st

able

s, a

nd w

ell/d

airy

hou

se.

The

re w

ere

man

y ot

her

stru

ctur

es in

the

com

plex

, but

onl

y a

few

rem

ain

stan

ding

. Sam

s’ p

lant

atio

n gr

ew

indi

go, c

otto

n, a

nd o

rang

es. B

ased

upo

n th

e ar

cheo

logi

cal e

vide

nce,

rem

aini

ng st

ruct

ures

, and

doc

umen

ted

hist

ory

of th

e Sa

ms’

bus

ines

s an

d ex

port

s, it

is b

elie

ved

that

hun

dred

s of

ens

lave

d A

fric

an A

mer

ican

s w

ere

need

ed to

ope

rate

the

plan

tatio

n.

Aft

er th

e C

ivil

War

, the

pla

ntat

ion

cont

inue

d to

func

tion

thro

ugh

the

wor

k of

free

dmen

unt

il th

e m

ain

hous

e bu

rned

at

the

turn

of

the

cent

ury.

It

is b

elie

ved

the

entir

e pl

anta

tion

was

aba

ndon

ed b

y th

e st

art

of t

he

twen

tieth

cen

tury

. Sa

ms

Tabb

y C

ompl

ex e

xhib

its e

xcel

lent

int

egri

ty a

nd i

s bo

th a

rche

olog

ical

ly a

nd

arch

itect

ural

ly s

igni

fican

t. A

rche

olog

ical

evi

denc

e at

thi

s si

te c

an g

ive

insi

ght

into

the

act

ual

date

of

the

earl

iest

com

plex

str

uctu

res.

It

can

also

pro

vide

impo

rtan

t his

tori

cal a

nd a

nthr

opol

ogic

al in

form

atio

n th

at

adds

to a

rang

e of

rese

arch

que

stio

ns, s

uch

as: c

ompa

riso

n an

d co

ntra

st o

f the

life

way

s bet

wee

n th

e fr

eedm

en

on s

ite w

ho v

arie

d in

soc

ial s

tatu

s, th

e lif

esty

le a

nd tr

eatm

ent o

f ens

lave

d A

fric

an A

mer

ican

s w

ho w

orke

d in

th

e ho

use

vers

us o

ther

typ

es o

f jo

bs, a

nd fi

nally

the

life

way

s of

fre

edm

en li

ving

at

the

plan

tatio

n w

ithou

t w

hite

ow

ners

.

Ref

eren

ces

Sam

s Tab

by C

ompl

ex (3

8BU

581)

Nat

iona

l Reg

iste

r fo

rm, s

ubm

itted

by

the

Sout

h C

arol

ina

Stat

e H

isto

ric

Pres

erva

tion

Offi

ceT

horn

ton,

Ric

hard

. ”W

hat i

s Tab

by a

rchi

tect

ure?

” E

xam

iner

.com

. htt

p://

ww

w.e

xam

iner

.com

/arc

hite

ctur

e-de

sign

-in-

natio

nal/

wha

t-is

-ta

bby-

styl

e-ar

chite

ctur

e (a

cces

sed

July

19,

201

1).

By

Step

hani

e M

assa

ro

Nat

iona

l Reg

iste

r of

His

tori

c Pl

aces

Nat

ion

al P

ark

Serv

ice

U.S

. Dep

artm

ent

of

the

Inte

rio

r

NPS

Cu

ltu

ral R

eso

urc

esW

ash

ing

ton

, DC

Arc

heo

log

y M

on

th 2

011:

a f

eatu

re p

rep

ared

by

Erik

a M

arti

n S

eib

ert

and

Ste

ph

anie

Mas

saro