NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Important Terms and Concepts

Fedrric Sorreau’s Utopian Print

In 1848, Fedrric Sorreau printed a series of four prints visualizing his dreams of a world made up of ‘social and democratic Republic’.

:It is a view which is too idealistic to be true.

Utopian

Nationalism And Europe

Europe was divided into absolutist monarchial states. Multinational dynastic Empires. The only tie between those diverse groups was the common

allegiance to the emperor. No common identity among them. Landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. Majority of the population was made up of peasantry.

Europe before 19th Century

Rise of Nationalism. Rise of Nation State in place of Multinational

Dynastic Empires. The concept of modern state with defined

territory became popular. Nationalism acts as a binding force. End of aristocracy. New classes came into being as working

class population and middle class comprised of industrialists and professionals.

Europe in 19th Century

Absolutist

• It refers to the monarchial form of government which is centralized , militarized and repressive.

Multi-national Dynastic Empires

• Diverse people with different languages, culture and tradition.

Results of French Revolution

It developed a sense of common among the people of France.

A unite community enjoying equal rights under a constitution came in existence.

A Estates General was elected by a body of active citizens that formulated laws for all the citizens within it’s territory.

Anew tri-color flag was chosen to replace the former royal standard.

Regional dialects were discouraged and French as spoken in Paris became the national language of the nation.

Spread of Nationalism in Europe

Revolutionaries are those people who are against the monarchial form of government and favor the creation of nation-states.

The French Revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism. In other words to help the people of Europe to become a nation became the motto of French Revolutionaries.

Revolutionaries

Role of Revolutionaries in spreading nationalism in Europe

Napoleon introduced a uniform political and administration system over the areas which he conquered like Germany and Italy.

Napoleon introduced a code of conduct know as the Napoleonic Code of Conduct(1804) which established uniform administrative system which enabled the people to interact with each other.

All these conditions indirectly led to the rise of nationalism in Europe.

Role of Napoleon

It established the equality of all before law and secured their right to property.

It abolished all the privileges based on birth. It removed guild restrictions in town. It simplified the administration by abolishing

the serfdom and freed the peasants from manorial dues.

Laid stress on transportation, communication and banking system.

These new reforms and changes brought by Napoleon was praised by not only by peasants and workers but by common people also.

Napoleonic Code(1809)

•Decline of Napoleon in 1815 after the battle of Waterloo

•Outcomes

•Rise of Conservatism

•Birth of Metternich system

Conservatism

It is a political philosophy that led stress on the traditionally established institutions and customs also prefers gradual development to a quick change.

:He was the chancellor of Austria and chairperson of Vienna Congress.

Treaty of Vienna(1815)

Signed by- England , Russia, Prussia and Austria

It’s objective was to undo the changes brought by Napoleon during his rule.

It was also Known as the Metternich System.

Metternich

The Bourbon Dynasty was restored to power in France and France lost the territories that it had in the south.

A series of states was set on the French boundary to prevent expansion in future.

Prussia got some important territories on its western frontiers and Austria got control over northern Italy.

The confederation of 39 states (Confederation of Rhine ) made by Napoleon was left untouched.

Proposals of Vienna Congress

Age of Revolutions(1830-1848)

The period between 1830-1848 is know as the ‘Age of Revolutions’ because a large number of revolutions took place in this period in many parts of Europe like in Germany, Italy, Ottoman Empire, Ireland, Poland and Greece.

An enormous growth in the population all over the Europe.

The supply of workers exceeded the demand Small producers in towns were often faced by the

stiff competition from the import of cheap machine made goods from England.

Europe in the first half of 19th Century(Cause of revolutions in 1830-1848).

Peasants suffered under the burden of serfdom and manorial dues.

The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to a large number of struggles all over the Europe.

Causes: Europe in the first half of 19th century.

Results: The Bourbon king who had been restored to power after the Vienna congress by the conservatives were now overthrown by the liberal revolutionaries who established constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe as it’s head.

July Revolution in France

Causes: Europe in the first half of the 19th century.

Results: The growth of revolutionary uprisings in Europe sparked off for a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821. Finally, in 1832 after the ‘treaty of Constant Tinople’ Greek was declared as an independent nation.

The revolutionary uprisings in France sparked off for a struggle in Brussels which led to the split of Belgium from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Revolution in Greek

Revolution in Belgium

: It is was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the 18th century to develop a particular form of sentiments. The movement glorified the folk art and vernacular languages(regional languages).

: Romantic philosophers wanted to create a true spirit of nationalism. They wanted to share a collective heritage a common culture past as the basis of a nation through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances so according to them

Romantic Imagination of National Feeling

Romanticism

Objectives