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Center in New York that was created to help new immigrants, especially women, transition to the New World.

Help new comers cope with big city life and learn English.

Provided cultural activities such as block parties, rent parties and street festivals.

Jane Addams using the Hull house organization provided health care and job training for women. She also advocated against child labor and sweat shops

In order to increase the amount of revenue [money coming in] to the federal government the U.S. Congress created the federal income tax.

The U.S. Constitution was amended to give the federal government the right to collect a portion of citizens’ incomes in 1913.

The wealthiest Americans paid the highest percentage of income tax.

The money was used to fund federal government programs to improve the lives of citizens.

As this image indicates the federal government “shakes” money out its citizens through income taxation.

17th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution• In 1913 the U.S. Constitution was amended again to give citizens

the power to elect U.S. Senators by direct vote.

• Before 1913 U.S. Senators were chosen by the state legislatures of each state.

• Most U.S. Senators got their positions from the ruling political party and the appointment was usually patronage [a political favor].

One of the most courageous and aggressive leaders of the temperance movement was Carrie A. Nation.

She was born to slave owners in Kentucky and later moved to the Midwest [Texas and Kansas].

She was very religious and thought alcohol consumption to be evil.

She often would enter saloons and sing hymns to convince drinkers to stop consuming alcohol.

One night, according to Nation, she ha a “vision” from God that she should hatchet saloons to the ground.

Nation became famous for vandalizing saloons to protest alcohol consumption.

In 1919 the 18th Amendment was passed to prohibit the manufacture, possession and consumption of alcohol.

The Temperance movement was successful at making America “dry.” The Volstead Act was a law passed to make specific the methods of

enforcing the 18th Amendment. Organized crime figures in major cities such as Chicago and New

York like Al Capone made millions of dollars making and selling “bootleg” liquor.

People drank liquor secretly in places called speak easies [secret bars].

In 1920 women in the United States were finally granted suffrage.

Suffrage is the right of a citizen to vote.

Activists such as Susan B. Anthony protested for years and lobbied the U.S Congress to add an amendment to the Constitution granting suffrage.

The 19th Amendment gave women in the United States suffrage equality.

Congress passed an anti-monopoly federal law to control the power of trusts controlled by powerful oil, steel and railroad companies.

The law was aimed at reducing anti-competitive practices of business [eliminating business competition].

Enforcement of the law eventually resulted in the break up of Standard Oil Company.

This U.S. Supreme Court case was important because it ruled against the federal government.

The U.S. government wanted to break up sugar trusts.

The Court ruled that Big Sugar did not pose a threat to the United States because sugar was not essential.

President Theodore Roosevelt was outraged by The Jungle. Roosevelt ordered review of all major business industries and wanted to

install tighter government control to prevent abuse by Big Business. Roosevelt’s solution was to unveil a domestic policy called the Square

Deal predicated on environmental conservation, consumer protection and trust busting.

Many citizens doubted he could control the immense power of companies such as U.S. Steel and Standard Oil.

Many new anti-trust regulations were passed during and after his administration and millions of acres of forest were saved by national parks.

Pennsylvania coal miners had been extremely tired of working 12-18 hour days for what they believed were low wages [salary/pay].

The coal miners formed a labor union called the United Mine Workers of America.

The miners went out on strike in 1902 for the 3rd time in 4 years. President Roosevelt was worried that winter coal shortages would affect

too many cities. The federal government intervened to end the strike by granting a pay

raise to miners, shorter work days and higher coal prices for mining companies.

Northern Securities Co. vs. United States

• Landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that forced the owners of major railroad companies to break up their railroad trust [monopoly].

• The breaking of the railroad trusts was another important example of progressive federal government reforms.

• Another monopoly was broken up the U.S. government.

Federal law passed as part of President Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal to reform the United States domestically [at home].

In 1903 Railroad companies were forbidden from paying rebates [partial cash refunds] to Oil, Cattle and Steel trusts.

Remember that a trust is a company that is powerful because it has a monopoly. These trusts forced railroads to give them cheaper transport rates than smaller companies. This was bad for competition because Big Business received an unfair advantage.

This law was a strengthened version of the earlier Interstate Commerce Act.

President William Howard Taft

Elected as President of the United States in 1908 he continued the progressive reforms of Roosevelt who was his friend and decided not to run for re-election.

Roosevelt did not like that Taft was not as forceful in “going after” Big Business [Trusts/Monopolies].

In 1912 Roosevelt, sick of Taft, ran again for president to fix the “mess” Taft had allowed develop by not being as aggressive on Trusts and foreign countries [remember his Dollar Diplomacy].

Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909

Roosevelt left Taft to face some postponed political problems

Roosevelt managed to avoid. One of them was the tariff [taxes on

imported goods to raise their prices in order to help American

businesses] rates had risen to excessive levels. Representative Sereno

E. Payne passed a bill that provided many reductions to the tariff. But

in the Senate, the Protectionists [people who favored high tariffs to

protect American businesses] tried to amend the bill to revise rates

upward while the Progressives believed that tariff only satisfied special

interests [Big Business]. Taft was trapped between reformers who

claimed to preserving Roosevelt's antitrust campaign

and Protectionists who dominated the Senate.

At the end, the Protectionists won. Other Protectionists and Senator

Aldrich amended many cuts made and Taft signed the bill. Progressives

saw Taft as the wrong person to fill in Roosevelt's Progressive shoes.

This was another in a long line of progressive anti-trust court cases.

The lawsuit brought by the American Tobacco owned by the Duke family of Durham [they paid to have their name on the University].

The result of the case was that the Tobacco trust was forced to dissolve itself [break into separate companies] because it was an illegal monopoly.

MANN ACT

In 1910, Congress

passed this law that prohibited

any interstate and international

transportation of a woman for

immoral [anti-religious]

purposes, mainly prostitution.

This law was another example

of government's growing

concern on moral issues such as

the 18th amendment, but this

law could not protect women

who were sexually assaulted in

homes and workplaces.

Robert LaFollette

• Robert M. La Follette was one

of the most powerful

Progressive politicians. As a

Wisconsin's governor, he

introduced reform program

including direct primaries,

more reasonable taxes, and

regulation of railroad rates

known as the Wisconsin Plan.

In 1906 he entered the Senate

and expanded his progressive

reform ideals nationwide.

4-way race between Taft, Roosevelt, Wilson and Debs.

Taft probably would have won re-election if Roosevelt had not ran as the Progressive Party candidate.

Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican party vote and Wilson was able to win the Electoral College votes.

Taft and Roosevelt were bitter enemies during the election of 1912.

Teddy Roosevelt after sitting out the 1908 presidential campaign hated what Taft had done to the Republican party and the U.S.

Roosevelt could not wrest the Republican nomination but ran as a Progressive party candidate to promote reform.

His platform was based on tighter federal regulation to control powerful trusts.

Monopolies run by Morgan, Rockefeller and Carnegie needed to be busted up according to Roosevelt.

The progressive party got its nick name Bull-Moose because of a quote from Roosevelt saying he was as “fit as a moose” after being shot by a would be assassin giving a speech in Milwaukee.

President Woodrow WilsonPresident Woodrow Wilson Elected president of the United

States in 1912 after the one term failure of Republican William Howard Taft.

He was a well known and influential professor and president at the prestigious Princeton University.

During the crowded 1912 election he received 41% of the popular vote among 5 candidates.

The Electoral College gave him a majority enabling him to secure the presidency against the incumbent Taft and former president Teddy Roosevelt.

After he was elected president he continued progressive policies such as reducing tariffs.

Federal Reserve Act

The Federal Reserve Act is

the federal law

Congress passed that created

the Federal Reserve System,

the central banking system of

the United States of America,

and granted it the legal

authority to issue legal tender

[cash].

This act corrected some weaknesses of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by outlawing such

practices such as price discrimination and interlocking directorates [a business that has

managers that work for different companies and can help control different types of

markets], or management of two or more competing companies by the same

executive. The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 was enacted in the United States to add

further substance to the U.S. antitrust law government agents by seeking to prevent

anticompetitive practices at the beginning. That regime started with the Sherman Antitrust

Act of 1890, the first Federal law outlawing practices considered harmful to consumers

(monopolies, cartels, and trusts). The Clayton act specified particular prohibited conduct,

the three-level enforcement scheme, the exemptions [exceptions].

Local Forms of Government created during the Progressive Period Commission

Type of county

government system where

representatives are

elected by citizens to pass

laws and create

progressive laws to

benefit citizens.

Council-Manager

Type of city government

that replaced the county

commission system because

it allowed a council [city

legislature elected by

citizens] to elect a

“manager” to run the

finances of the city. If the

manager did a poor job he

could be fired by the council.

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