NCSCOS 7.02/AP USH Unit 17

Michael Quiñones, NBCTwww.socialstudiesguy.com

Macro Concepts

Conflict-problem or issue hard to solve without compromise.

  Leadership-the ability of a

person or group to set a positive example for others to follow.

Power-Authority usually of a government to pass laws and control its citizens.

Reform-The concept of improving lives of citizens by government action.

Citizenship-the rights and duties of a person within a country that helps it function peacefully.

Micro Concepts

Progressivism-the act of using the government to improve the lives of citizens through legislation.

Democracy-type of government ruled by the will of the people.

Capitalism-type of economic system controlled by producers and consumers.

Socialism-type of economic system strictly controlled by the government.

Gender-the sex identity and characteristic of a person [e.g. male/female].

Suffrage-the ability of a citizen to vote for elected government officials.

Center in New York that was created to help new immigrants, especially women, transition to the New World.

Help new comers cope with big city life and learn English.

Provided cultural activities such as block parties, rent parties and street festivals.

Jane Addams using the Hull house organization provided health care and job training for women. She also advocated against child labor and sweat shops

In order to increase the amount of revenue [money coming in] to the federal government the U.S. Congress created the federal income tax.

The U.S. Constitution was amended to give the federal government the right to collect a portion of citizens’ incomes in 1913.

The wealthiest Americans paid the highest percentage of income tax.

The money was used to fund federal government programs to improve the lives of citizens.

As this image indicates the federal government “shakes” money out its citizens through income taxation.

17th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution• In 1913 the U.S. Constitution was amended again to give citizens the

power to elect U.S. Senators by direct vote.

• Before 1913 U.S. Senators were chosen by the state legislatures of each state.

• Most U.S. Senators got their positions from the ruling political party and the appointment was usually patronage [a political favor].

One of the most courageous and aggressive leaders of the temperance movement was Carrie A. Nation.

She was born to slave owners in Kentucky and later moved to the Midwest [Texas and Kansas].

She was very religious and thought alcohol consumption to be evil.

She often would enter saloons and sing hymns to convince drinkers to stop consuming alcohol.

One night, according to Nation, she ha a “vision” from God that she should hatchet saloons to the ground.

Nation became famous for vandalizing saloons to protest alcohol consumption.

In 1919 the 18th Amendment was passed to prohibit the manufacture, possession and consumption of alcohol.

The Temperance movement was successful at making America “dry.” The Volstead Act was a law passed to make specific the methods of

enforcing the 18th Amendment. Organized crime figures in major cities such as Chicago and New

York like Al Capone made millions of dollars making and selling “bootleg” liquor.

People drank liquor secretly in places called speak easies [secret bars].

In 1920 women in the United States were finally granted suffrage.

Suffrage is the right of a citizen to vote.

Activists such as Susan B. Anthony protested for years and lobbied the U.S Congress to add an amendment to the Constitution granting suffrage.

The 19th Amendment gave women in the United States suffrage equality.

Congress passed an anti-monopoly federal law to control the power of trusts controlled by powerful oil, steel and railroad companies.

The law was aimed at reducing anti-competitive practices of business [eliminating business competition].

Enforcement of the law eventually resulted in the break up of Standard Oil Company.

President Theodore Roosevelt was outraged by The Jungle. Roosevelt ordered review of all major business industries and wanted to

install tighter government control to prevent abuse by Big Business. Roosevelt’s solution was to unveil a domestic policy called the Square

Deal predicated on environmental conservation, consumer protection and trust busting.

Many citizens doubted he could control the immense power of companies such as U.S. Steel and Standard Oil.

Many new anti-trust regulations were passed during and after his administration and millions of acres of forest were saved by national parks.

Pennsylvania coal miners had been extremely tired of working 12-18 hour days for what they believed were low wages [salary/pay].

The coal miners formed a labor union called the United Mine Workers of America.

The miners went out on strike in 1902 for the 3rd time in 4 years. President Roosevelt was worried that winter coal shortages would affect

too many cities. The federal government intervened to end the strike by granting a pay

raise to miners, shorter work days and higher coal prices for mining companies.

Northern Securities Co. vs. United States

• Landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that forced the owners of major railroad companies to break up their railroad trust [monopoly].

• The breaking of the railroad trusts was another important example of progressive federal government reforms.

• Another monopoly was broken up the U.S. government.

Federal law passed as part of President Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal to reform the United States domestically [at home].

In 1903 Railroad companies were forbidden from paying rebates [partial cash refunds] to Oil, Cattle and Steel trusts.

Remember that a trust is a company that is powerful because it has a monopoly. These trusts forced railroads to give them cheaper transport rates than smaller companies. This was bad for competition because Big Business received an unfair advantage.

This law was a strengthened version of the earlier Interstate Commerce Act.

MANN ACT

In 1910, Congress

passed this law that prohibited

any interstate and international

transportation of a woman for

immoral [anti-religious]

purposes, mainly prostitution.

This law was another example

of government's growing

concern on moral issues such as

the 18th amendment, but this

law could not protect women

who were sexually assaulted in

homes and workplaces.

This act corrected some weaknesses of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by outlawing such

practices such as price discrimination and interlocking directorates [a business that has

managers that work for different companies and can help control different types of

markets], or management of two or more competing companies by the same

executive. The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 was enacted in the United States to add

further substance to the U.S. antitrust law government agents by seeking to prevent

anticompetitive practices at the beginning. That regime started with the 

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, the first Federal law outlawing practices considered harmful

to consumers (monopolies, cartels, and trusts). The Clayton act specified particular

prohibited conduct, the three-level enforcement scheme, the exemptions [exceptions].

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