NEW STEP IN THE CONTROL NEW STEP IN THE CONTROL OF CANINE RABIES IN INDIA OF CANINE RABIES IN INDIA

1 HSADL-High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal 462021, Madhya Pradesh, India

2 Petswill, Kesar Complex, Malhar Road, Gurudev Nagar, Ludhiana, Punjab, India3 AFSSA, National Research Laboratory on Rabies and Wildlife Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory on Rabies, EU Reference Institute for Rabies Serology, Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, BP 40009, Malzéville, France4 VIRBAC Laboratories, B.P. 27, 06511 Carros Cedex, France5 Conseils en Pharmacie et Biologie, Santé, 69110 Sainte Foy les Lyon, France6 AFSSA, Small Ruminants and Bee Research Laboratory, 105 route des Chappes, BP 111, F-06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France7 World Health Organization, Department of Communicable Diseases, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland

H.K. Pradhan1, J.P. Gurbuxani2, F. Cliquet3, B. Pattnaik1, S.S. Patil1, A. Regnault4, H. Begouen4, A.L. Guiot5, R. Sood1, P. Mahl4, R. Singh1, E.

Picard3, M.F.A. Aubert6, J. Barrat3, F.X. Meslin7

EPIDEMIOLOGYEPIDEMIOLOGY

India has 27 million dogs ( Dog : Human ratio 1 : 40 )

Stray dog population – 80%

Animal bite incidence – 17.5 million per year

- 66% children

Every 2 seconds a man is bitten by dog

Every ½ Hour a man dies of rabies

More than 20000 human death every year

40 % of people bitten by dogs do not go for treatment

EPIDEMIOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY CONT.CONT.

India has highest incidence of rabies in the world(80%) 96% human rabies due to dog bite, out of which 11% due to pet dog bite Rest 4% due to contact with jackals, cats, monkeys, mongoose etc. For the last 10 years human death figure is constant. In army – 1 death per 6 lakh soldiers Death in other animals – Data not available Death of one cattle per 1 lakh cattle ( 2830 )

RABIES CONTROL PROGRAMME IN INDIA

No systematic programme Animal Birth Control ( ABC )

Catch, neuter, vaccinate and release – 1.4 lakh (0.52 %)

Neutering policies not well defined Vaccination of reservoir population –

Best choice India spends Rs 1500 crores ( US$ 375m)

for rabies vaccine in humans

RABIES CONTROL PROGRAMME IN INDIA

( CONTD..) Availability of vaccines Nervous tissue vaccine – Discontinued in Nov. 2004 but used in some places Tissue culture vaccine - Limited supply Oral rabies vaccine – Not available

Annual requirement – 30 million doses Available – 18 million dosesNet deficit – 12 million doses

Introduction of oral vaccine ( SAG –2 ) Testing under Indian conditions - must

SAFETY AND EFFICACY STUDIES ON ORAL VACCINE (SAG-2)

PREPARATIONS All the dogs were dewormed and

vaccinated against canine distemper, Rubarth hepatitis, parvo virus and leptospirosis.

Pre-vaccinated animals tested for antibody and virus.

Immunosupression with Vetalog-4 Inj. of 1.2 mg.

SAFETY AND EFFICACY STUDIES ON ORAL VACCINE (SAG-2)

Vaccine Safety Group-I (normal dogs) vaccinated - 4 Group-II (Immunosuppressed) vaccinated- 5 Group-III Control -3

Vaccine Efficacy Group-IV (vaccinated & challenged) – 9 Group-V (Unvaccinated challenged) – 5Challenged I/M with street virus ( 100 MICLD50) on 28th day

SAFETY AND EFFICACY STUDIES ON ORAL VACCINE (SAG-2)

Clinical observation

Safety trial – 219 days

Efficacy trial – 199 days Saliva collection- For excretion of

vaccine virus (D0 to D5) Neutralizing antibody detection after

vaccination : D0, D14, D28, D56

RESULTS Bait acceptance – 2-20 minutes. Safety – No side effects in vaccinated dogs. All 9 vaccinated and challenged dogs survived (90 days post

challenge) All the 5 unvaccinated & challenged dogs died within 25-35

days. All the control challenged dogs had virus in hippocampus

and salivary glands. ( FAT) No virus detected in vaccinated and challenged dogs. Neutralizing antibodies ( >0.5IU/ml) 14 days post vaccination - 5/13 did not persist 28 days post vaccination - 4/13 56 days post vaccination - 5/13 Unvaccinated dogs - No antibody.

Antibodies present in 7/13 dogs

FIELD TRIALS ON BATINGFIELD TRIALS ON BATINGDate Place No.of

Dogs baited

Bait Accepted

03-07-06 Dhansa 41 39

04-07-06 Nizampur 30 26

04-07-06 Singhu Border

35 30

19-02-07 Karkardooma 26 20

20-02-07 East Delhi 35 31

22-02-07 DLF Gurgaon 17 14

Total 174 160

Bait Acceptance –92 %

BAITING OF STRAY DOGS

PILOT PROJECT ON ORAL RABIES VACCINATION OF STRAY DOGS

PILOT PROJECT ON ORAL RABIES VACCINATION OF STRAY DOGS

Indian Govt. approved the project for

5 years No. of doses to be used – 0.8 million

1st year - 0.1 million doses 2nd year - 0.1 million doses 3rd year - 0.2 million doses 4th year - 0.2 million doses 5th year - 0.2 million doses

Indian Govt. approved the project for

5 years No. of doses to be used – 0.8 million

1st year - 0.1 million doses 2nd year - 0.1 million doses 3rd year - 0.2 million doses 4th year - 0.2 million doses 5th year - 0.2 million doses

WHO recommendations for the implementation of oral vaccination projects

The "road map" of a national strategy could be :

1. To select one or several candidate vaccines. 2. To choose an already available bait or to develop a new

one 3. To evaluate the acceptability of the chosen bait(s) in the

target population;4. To conduct dog population studies to better define the

target populations for parenteral and oral immunization5. To estimate vaccination coverage established in a given

community by oral and parenteral immunization6. To monitor the rabies situation in dogs, other species and

human7. To provide sufficient information to the public to secure

public support and cooperation.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION In India with 27 million dogs animal In India with 27 million dogs animal birth control ( CNVR ) is not a solution.birth control ( CNVR ) is not a solution. Vaccination is the best choice – parenteral Vaccination is the best choice – parenteral for accessible dogs and oral vaccination forfor accessible dogs and oral vaccination for non-accessible dogsnon-accessible dogs Shortage of conventional vaccinesShortage of conventional vaccines ORV ( SAG-2 ) is convenient in immunization ORV ( SAG-2 ) is convenient in immunization of stray dogsof stray dogs Bait acceptance is 92 % Bait acceptance is 92 % ORV is safe for people who live close toORV is safe for people who live close to dogs as no salivary secretion of virus dogs as no salivary secretion of virus Safe for dogs as no adverse clinical Safe for dogs as no adverse clinical signs and no replication of virussigns and no replication of virus

  

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