ni aebmfkzyw - sdeuoc.ac.in

B[p-\nI ae-bmfKZyw (MAL2C05)

STUDY MATERIAL

II SEMESTER

MA MALAYALAM (2019 Admission onwards)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

CALICUT UNIVERSITY P.O. MALAPPURAM - 673 635, KERALA

190055

MAL2C06 - ̀ mjm-N-cn-{Xhpw Bkq-{X-Whpw

3

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

STUDY MATERIAL

SECOND SEMESTER

MA MALAYALAM (2019 ADMISSION ONWARDS)

MAL2C05 - B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-KZyw

Prepared by:

Module 1, 2 & 3

Dr. RAJUKUTTAN P.G.

Module 4 & 5

Smt. RUGHMINI K.

Scrutinized by:

Dr. UMER THARAMMEL

Professor

Department of Malayalam and Kerala Studies

University of Calicut

Assistant Professor on contract (Malayalam) School of Distance Education, University of Calicut.

Assistant Professor on contract (Malayalam)School of Distance Education, University of Calicut.


School of Distance Education, University of Calicut 5

DÅ-S¡w

samUyqÄ 1

ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn þ Ncn-{Xm-h-tem-I\w 7

samUyqÄ 2

kwKoX \mS-I§Ä 20

samUyqÄ 3

IY-Ifn 48

samUyqÄ 4

\ncq-]Ww 62

samUyqÄ 5

CX-c-K-Zy-P-\p-Êp-IÄv 78



samUyqÄ þ 1

ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn þ Ncn-{Xm-h-tem-I\w

ImfnZmksâ A`n-Úm\imIp-´fw 1882-þÂ tIc-f-hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn- -̄¼p-cm³ aWn-{]-hm-f- im-Ip-´fw F¶ t]cnÂ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXv {]kn-²o-I-cn- -̈tXmsS ae-bm-f-¯nÂ \mSI{]Øm\w Bcw-`n-¨p. CXn-\p-ap¼v Xs¶ shfp-t¯cn tIi-h³ sshZyÀ A`n-Úm\imIp-´fw hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXv cwK- -̄h-X-cn-¸n-̈ -Xmbn F.Un.l-cn-iÀ½ tcJs¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-−v. bYmÀ°¯nÂ CXn-s\Ãmw ap¼v t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-am-bpÅ k¼À¡-¯nÂ \n¶v ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn¡v Nne t\«-§Ä D−m-bn-«p-−v. bqtdm-]y³ \mS-I-co-Xn-IÄ A\p-I-cn¨v Nne \mS-I-k-{¼-Zm-b-§Ä DS-se-Sp- -̄Xmbn Icp-Xmw. aX-]-cn-hÀ -̄\-¯n-eqsS {InkvXp-aX hnizm-kn-I-fmbn XoÀ¶-h-cmWv Cu \mSI {]hÀ -̄\-§Ä¡v t\XrXzw sImSp-̄ -Xv. tdma³N-{I-hÀ¯n-bpsS A]-Zm-\-§Ä hmgv¯p¶ Pt\mh \mS-I-amWv CXnÂ {][m-\w. CXn-s\-Xp-SÀ¶v ImdÂam³ \mS-Iw, bmt¡m_p \mS-Iw, s\t¸m-fn-b³ NcnXw F¶nh cwK-¯p-h-¶p. F¶mÂ ]mÝmXy \mS-I-co-Xn-bn-epÅ ZpÀ_-em-\p-I-c-W-§-fmbn Ah amdn. \½psS \mS-³ Iem-k-{¼-Zm-b-§-fp-sSbpw ]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-co-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw k½n-{i-X-bmWv Nhn-«p-\m-S-I-¯nÂ ImWp-¶-sX¶pw taÂ]-dª \mS-I-§Ä¡p ap³t] Nhn«p \mS-I-§Ä D−m-bn-h-¶-Xmbpw Hc-`n-{]m-b-ap-−v. F¶mÂ CsXm¶pw {it²-b-am-Im-Xn-cp¶ ka-b-¯mWv (1882) Bbneyw Xncp-\mÄ alm-cm-Pmhv imIp-´fw "`mjm-im-Ip-´fw' F¶ t]cnÂ hnhÀ¯\w \S-¯p-¶-Xv. `mjm-im-Ip-´fw \S\pw Km\-c-N-bn-Xm-hp-amb Xncp-h-«mÀ \mcm-b-W-¸nÅ at\m-tam-l\w \mS-I -I-¼-\n-bn-eqsS t{]£-IÀ¡v ckn¡pwhn[w Nne s]mSn-ssI-I-tfmsS cwK- -̄h-X-cn-¸n-¨p. CXn-s\-Xp-SÀ¶v Hcp-]mSv kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§Ä ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-s¸-Sp-I-bp-−m-bn. Nm¯p-¡p«n a¶m-Sn-bm-cpsS Pm\Io]cn-Wbw 1889 (cm-a-`-{ZZo-£n-XÀ), D -̄c-cm-a-N-cnXw 1892 (`-h-`q-Xn),



sI.am-[-h-ta-t\msâ amf-hn-Im-án-an{Xw 1890, sIm«m-c-¯nÂ i¦p-®n-bpsS hn{I-tamÀÆ-iobw (Im-fn-Zm-k³), ame-Xn-am-[hw 1892 (`m-k³), G.-B-dnsâ amf-hn-Im-án-an-{Xw 1890 (Im-fn-Zm-k³), kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z¯w 1917 (`m-k³), sImSp-§-ÃqÀ Ipªp-¡p-«³ X¼p-cmsâ BÝ-cy-Nq-Um-a-Wn-þ1893 (iàn `{Z³) XpS-§n-bh hnhÀ -̄\-§-fnÂ {][m-\-§-fm-Wv. cN-\-bpsS Imew ]cn-K-Wn-¨mÂ (1867) sIm¨o-¸³ Xc-Isâ "adn-bm½' \mS-I-amWv ae-bm-f-¯nse BZys¯ kmaq-lnI \mSIw. 1866-þÂ Fgp-Xnb IÃqÀ D½³ ]oen-t¸m-knsâ BÄam-dm«w AYhm Hcp \Ã tIfn-k-Ãm]w (tIm-aUn Hm^v Ftdgvkv þ tjIvkv]n-bÀ) Hcp \mSI IrXn-bmbn Icp-Xm³ {]bm-k-ap-s−¶v NneÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

\mS-Im-h-X-c-W-¯nÂ Xangv \mS-I-kw-L-§-fpsS kzm[o\w ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-tS-−-Xm-Wv. Xangv \mS-I-§sf A\p-I-cn-¨mWv tIc-f-¯nÂ B[p-\nI \mS-I-thZn XpS¡w Ipdn- -̈Xv. 1892-þÂ Hcp Xangv \mS-I-kwLw tIc-f-¯n-se-¯n-b-Xmbn Pn.-i-¦-c-¸nÅ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. Cu Xangv\mS-I-§Ä ]mgvkn \mS-I-¯nsâ A\p-I-c-W-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. hÀ®-i-_-f-amb thj-hn-[m-\-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]mgvkn \mSIw hnIvtSm-dn-b³ \mS-I-¯nsâ hnIr-Xm-\p-I-c-W-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. F¦nepw ]mgvkn \mS-I-§sf A\p-I-cn-¨m-bn-cp¶p Xangv \mS-I-§Ä cwK-{]-thiw sNbvX-sX¶p ImWmw. Ieym-W-cm-a³ skäv, _ºp-e³ Ip«n-iz-c³ skäv Ch-sbÃmw A¡m-es¯ {]kn² \mS-I-kw-L-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Chsb A\p-I-cn-¨mWv tIc-f-¯nÂ kzX{´ \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ D−m-b-Xv. Xncp-h-«mÀ \mcm-b-W-]n-Å-bpsS at\m-tam-l\w I¼\n, kn.-]n. ANyp-X-ta-t\msâ hnt\m-Z-Nn-´m-aWn, Nm¯p-¡p«n a¶m-Sn-bm-cpsS "ckn-I-c-RvPn\n', ]n.-F-kv.-hm-cy-cpsS "]c-a-inh hnemkw I¼\n' XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv Cu kan-Xn-IÄ. XpSÀ¶v Ht«sd \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ tIc-f-¯n-ep-−m-bn.

CtX Ime-L-«-¯nÂ e£-Wm-kw-Kw, N{µnI (1891, sImSp-§-ÃqÀ Ipªn-¡p-«-³ X¼p-cm³) kp`-{ZmÀÖp\w (1891



tXm«-¡mSv C¡m-h-½) F{_m-b-¡p«n (1893, I−-¯nÂ hÀ¤okv am¸n-f) XpS-§nb kzX-{ -́\m-S-I-§fpw D−m-bn-¯p-S-§n. F{_m-b-¡p«n ss__nÄ IYsb Bkv]-Z-am¡n cNn¨v Cw¥oj \mS-I-coXn A\p-k-cn¨v ae-bm-f-¯nÂ D−mb BZy \mS-I-am-Wv.

{]l-k\w

ae-bm-f-¯nse KZy-\m-S-I-§-fpsS BZn-cq-]-amWv {]l-k-\w. Cw¥ojv \mS-I-§sf ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bmWv {]l-k-\-§-Ä ChnsS D−m-b-Xv. Ch ]cn-lmk {][m-\-am-Wv. 1885-þÂ kn.-hn. cma³]nÅ Fgp-Xnb "N{µ-ap-Jo-hn-emkw' Cu {]Øm-\-¯nse BZy-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. XpSÀ¶v s]mXp-th-Zn-I-fnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m-\mbn Ipdp-¸n-Ãm-¡-f-cn, ]−s¯ ]m¨³ _SveÀ ]¸³, sNdp-tX³ sImfw-_-kv, Ibva-f-Èsâ IS-Ènss¡ XpS-§nb H¼-Xp-{]-l-k-\-§Ä kn.hn X¿m-dm-¡n. ka-Im-en-I-km-aqly kw`-h-§Ä¡v {]l-k-\-§-fnÂ {]m[m\yw e`n-¨p. ^en-Xhpw ]cn-lm-khpw CS-I-eÀ¯n kmaq-ln-I-hn-aÀi\w \S-¯pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p kn.-hn.-bpsS e£yw. \mS-I-cw-K¯v Cu {]l-k-\-§Ä Ne\w krjvSn- -̈tXmsS C.-hn. IrjvW-¸n-Å, F³.-]n. sNÃ-¸³ \mbÀ, Sn.-F³. tKm]n-\m-Y³ \mbÀ, PKXn, F³.-sI. BNmcn XpS-§n-b-hÀ Ah-cp-tS-Xmb khn-ti-j-co-Xn-I-fnÂ Ht«sd {]l-k-\-§Ä cNn¨v cwK- -̄h-X-cn-¸n-¨p. Zpjn¨ kmaq-lnI {]h-W-X-IÄ \o¡p-t]m-¡n-ÃmsX Xpd¶p ImWn-¡p-¶-Xnepw hnaÀin-¡p-¶-Xnepw {]l-k-\-§Ä ap³\n-c-bnÂ Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p.



ae-bmf imIp-´fw

G.-BÀ.-cm-P-cm-P-hÀ½

tIc-f-]m-Wn\n F¶ A]-c-\m-a-¯nÂ Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶ G.-BÀ.-cm-P-cm-P-hÀ½ "tIc-f-]m-W--\obw' F¶ \qdp-hÀjw ]n¶n«v {]k-à-ambn \nÂ¡p¶ hymI-c-W-{K-Ù-¯nsâ cN-bn-Xm-hm-Wv. `mjm-̀ q-j-Ww, hr -̄a-RvP-cn, i_vZ-tim-[n-\n, kmln-Xy-km-lyw, a²y-a-hym-I-c-Ww XpS-§nb {]uV IrXn-IÄ¡p-]p-dsa Ihn-Xm-{K-Ù-§fpw \mS-I-§fpw hnhÀ -̄\-Ir-Xn-Ifpw At±l¯ntâ-Xm-bn-«p-−v. ae-b-hn-emkw F¶ IrXn-sIm−v ae-bmf Imhy-`m-hp-I-Xzs¯ amän {]Xn-jvTn-¨Xv Ncn-{X-ambn amdn. B[p-\nI `mjm-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ ASn-¯d sI«n-bp-d-¸n¨ B ]Þn-X-\mb A[ym-]-I³ A¼-¯n-bm-dm-as¯ hb-ÊnÂ A -́cn-¨p.

iIp- -́fsb kw_-Ôn¨v cNn-¡-s¸« \mSIw imIp-´fw, "A`n-Úm\ imIp-´fw' F¶mWv Imfn-Zm-k-\m-S-I-¯nsâ \maw. (A-`n-Úm\w AS-bm-f-h-kvXp) B \mS-I-¯nsâ IY-bnÂ \n¶pw Ipd¨p hyXy-kvX-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«, F¶mÂ aqe-I-Y-bp-ambn _Ô-apÅ \mS-I-amWv ae-bmf imIp- -́fw. (B-Zys¯ c−v A¦-§-fm-Wv ]-Tn-¡m-\p-Å-Xv)

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä

cmPmhv : Zpjy-´³ (\m-b-I³)

kqX³ :

sshJm-\-k\pw c−p-in-jy-·mcpw

iIp-´f : IWz-a-lÀjn-bpsS hfÀ¯p-]p{Xn (\m-bn-I)

{]nbw-h-Zbpw A\-kq-bbpw : kJn-amÀ

hnZq-j-I³ : amV-hy³

]cn-hm-c-§Ä : bh-\-kv{Xo-IÄ



Zzmc-]m-e-I³ : ssch-X-I³

tk\m-]Xn : `{Z-tk-\³

alÀjn-Ip-am-c-·mÀ : \mc-Z\pw KuX-a\pw

A´:]pc-]-cn-Nm-c-I³ : Ic-`-I³

bP-am-\-in-jy³

KuXan : iIp- -́f-bpsS hfÀ¯½

IWz-in-jy-·mÀ : imÀMvK-ch\pw imc-Zz-X\pw

Xm]-kn-amÀ

Imiy-]³ : IWz³, Ipe-]Xn

I©pIn : hmXm-b-\³

]cn-P-\-§Ä : Zzmc-]m-en-I, th{X-hXn

hnizkvX ]cn-Nm-cnI : NXp-cnI

]ptcm-ln-X³ : tkma-cm-X³

in]m-bn-amÀ : Pm\p-I\pw kqN-I\pw

\K-cm-[n-Imcn : cmP-kym-e³ an{Xm-hmkp

]pÅn : ap¡p-h³

A]vk-ckv{Xo : km\p-aXn þ ta\-I-bpsS kJn

DZym-\-]m-en-I-amÀ : a[p-I-cn-Ibpw ]c-Zy-Xn-Ibpw

tZth-{µ-km-cYn : amXen

Xm]-kn-amÀ : Hcp-hÄ kp{hX

_me³ : kÀh-Z-a-\³ þ \mb-Isâ ]p{X³

amcn-N³ Imiy] {]Pm-]Xn

AZnXn : Zm£m-bWn

amcn-N-in-jy³ : Kme-h³



{]kvXm-h\

\mµn Ignªv kq{X-[m-c³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p. \Snsb hnfn-¡p-¶p. ]Þn-X-·mÀ DÄs¸« kZ-Êm-Wn-sX¶pw H¶n\pw Ipd-hp-h-c-cp-sX¶pw A`nÚm\-im-Ip-´fw \mSIw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Hmtcm thj-¯n\pw th− Pm{K-X-IÄ sN¿q F¶pw \Sn-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. \Sn B k`bv¡p IÀ®m-\-µ-amb Hcp ]m«p-]m-Sp-¶p. AXnÂ ebn¨ kq{X-[m-c³ Ah-X-cn-¸n-t¡− \mS-I-¯nsâ t]cp ad-¡p-¶p. \Sn AtXmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p. c−p-t]cpw cwK-¯p-\n¶p t]mIp-¶p.

H¶mw A¦w

kqX-t\m-sSm¸w Ipe- -̈hn-Ãp-ambn tXcnÂ hcp¶ cmPm-hv. AhÀ ASp-s -̄̄ p-t¼m-tg¡pw c£-s¸-t«mSp¶ am³. Gsd Zqcw AhÀ k©-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ, am\nsâ ASp-s -̄¯p-t¼mÄ ""AÃtbm cmPmth CXm-{i-a -ar-K-am-Wv. sImÃ-cp-tX, sImÃ-cptX F¶ At]£ tIÄ¡p-¶p. sshJm-\-k³ {]Xy-£-s¸«v B{i-a-ar-Ks¯ sImÃ-cp-sX¶v At]-£n-¡p-¶p. Zpjy´³ A¼p ]n³h-en-¡p-¶p. c−p-in-jy-·m-cpw sshJm-\-k\pw cmPm-hns\ A\p-{K-ln¨v At§¡v N{I-hÀ¯n-bmb ]p{X³ P\n-¡s« F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. kqX³ IpXn-c-I-sfbpw sIm−v ]pd-t¯¡v t]mIp-¶p. cmPmhv B{ia IhmSw Is−¯n AXn-\p-Ån-te¡v {]th-in-¡p-¶p. iIp- -́fbpw tXmgn-am-cmb {]nbw-h-Zbpw A\p-kq-bbpw AhnsS ac-§Ä¡pw sNSn-IÄ¡pw shÅw \\-¨p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. iIp- -́f-bpsS ap¶n-te¡v Hcp h−v apÃ-bnÂ \n¶v ]d¶ph-¶p. AhÄ `b¶v amdn \ne-hn-fn-¨p. AXp-tI-«p-sIm−v Zpjy-´³ Ahn-tS¡v hcp-¶p. ""Ch-fmtWm IWz-]p-{Xn-bmb iIp-´f''sb¶v cmPmhv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. I−am{X-bnÂ Xs¶ AhÀ ]c-kv]cw A\p-cm-Kn-I-fm-hp-¶p. iIp-´f AXv ad-¨p-h-bv¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. Zpjy-´sâ Ah-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ a[p-c-hm-¡p-IÄ {]nbw-h-Z¡pw A\p-kq-b¡pw Abm-fnÂ aXn-¸p-−m-¡p-Ibpw iIp- -́fbv¡v A\p-cq-]-\mb hc³ Zpjy- -́\m-sW¶v AhÀ Icp-Xp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. iIp-´f Ah-cpsS ASp¯v \n¶v



t]mIm³ {ian-¡p-¶p. kJn-amÀ Ahsf XS-ªp-\nÀ¯p-¶p. iIp- -́f-bpsS AÑ³ Ipin-I-tKm-{X-¯nÂ P\n¨ hnizm-an-{X³ BsW¶pw A]vk-c-kmb ta\-I-bmWv iIp- -́f-bpsS A½-sb¶pw AhÀ Dt]-£n- -̈Xp-sIm−v IWz-a-lÀjn FSp¯p hfÀ¯n-b-Xm-sW¶pw AhÀ cmPm-hn-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. cmPmhv iIp- -́f-bpsS kuµ-cy-̄ nsâ ImcWw A]vk-c-kmb A½-bm-sW¶v a\-ÊnÂ IW-¡p-Iq«n. th−-t]mse Zpjy-́ s\ kÀ¡-cn-¡m-\m-hm¯XpsIm−v asäm-cn-¡Â hc-W-sa¶v kJn-amÀ Abmsf Adn-bn-¨p. B{i-a-{]-tZ-is¯ Im«m-\-i-ey-¯n\v AdpXn hcp-¯m³ {ian¡mw F¶p-]-dªv Ahn-sS-¯s¶ iIp- -́fsb At\z-jn¨p \nÂ¡p¶ Xsâ a\-Êns\ IqsS Iq«m-\m-hmsX Zpjy-´³ Ahn-sS-\n¶p PU-k-am-\-\mbn apt¶m«p \o§p-¶-tXmsS H¶mw A¦w Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

c−mw A¦w

c−mw A¦-¯nÂ hnZq-j-IÀ {]th-in¨v \mbm-«n\p ]pd-s¸« Zpjy-´sâ Imcy-§Ä ]d-bp-¶p. Im«nse arK-§Ä¡p ]n¶mse ]mbp¶ cmPm-hnsâ IpXn-cbv¡p ]n¶nÂ HmSn-tbmSn Xsâ Imep-IÄ A\-§m³ Ign-bm¯ a«n-em-sb¶pw AbmÄ hnfn¨p ]d-bp-¶p. hnI-e-amb AwK-ap-Å-h-sc-t¸mse AbmÄ cmPm-hn\p ap¶nÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-«p. cmPm-hn-t\mSv Imcy-§Ä hni-Zo-I-cn¨p cmPmhv iIp- -́f-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hnNm-c-¯mÂ th«bv¡p t]mIm³ Xmev]-cy-an-ÃmsX \nÂ¡p-I-bm-Wv. DS³ ]cn-hm-c-§-tfmSpw aäpw Im«nÂ \n¶v \mbm-«n-\pÅ Hcp-¡-§Ä aXn-bm¡n Xncn-¨p-t]m-cm³ ]d-ªp. kq{X-¡m-c-\mb hnZq-j-I³ cmPm-hnsâ Xmev]-cymÀ°w iIp- -́fsb Ipdn¨v tNmZn-¨p-sIm-−n-cp-¶p. IWzm-{i-a-¯nÂ Imc-W-sam-¶p-an-ÃmsX Ib-dn-s -̈Ãp-¶Xv tamiam-sW¶v cmPmhv ]d-bp-t¼mÄ hnZqj-I³ hcn-s\-Ãnsâ \nIpXn ]ncn-¡m³ sNÃp-I-bm-sW¶v ]d-ªmÂ aXn-sb¶v cmPm-hn-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. B hnUvVn- -̄¯n\v cmPmhv hnZq-j-Is\ Ifn-bm-¡p-¶p. B ka-b¯v tk\m-]-Xnsb cmPmhv hnfn-¸n-¡p-¶p. AhÀ kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. Xt]m-h-\-hm-kn-IÄ¡p D]-{Z-h-am-¡m¯ coXn-bnÂ ]S-bm-fn-Isf XS-b-W-sa¶p ]d-bp-¶p. ]n¶oSv hnZq-j-I\pw cmPmhpw lmkym-ß-



I-ambn iIp- -́f-bp-am-bpÅ _Ôs¯ ap³\nÀ¯n X§-fpsS a\-Ênepw ]pd¯pw Hmtcm¶p ]d-bp-¶p. C\n F´p ImcWw ]d-ªmWv B{i-a-¯nÂ IS-¶p-Iq-SpI F¶v AhÀ Btem-Nn-¡p-¶p.

B kabw Zzmc-]m-e-I-·mÀ h¶v c−p alÀjn-Ip-am-c-·mÀ ImWm³ h¶n-«p-s−¶p Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ cmPm-hns\ ImWp-¶p. H¶m-a³ Cu cmPmhv Ejn-sb-t¸m-en-cn-¡p¶p F¶pw c−m-a³ Ct±lw C{µsâ kJm-hmb Zpjy- -́\tÃ F¶pw tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ cmPm-hn-sâ ASp-¯p-h¶v hnPbw t\cp¶p F¶p ]d-ªp. XpSÀ¶v Ipe-]Xn IWz³ ChnsS CÃm- -̄Xp-sIm−v cm£-k-·mÀ X§Ä¡v bmK-hnLv\w D−m-¡p-¶p F¶p ]d-ªp. kq{X-[m-c³ CXp-tI-«-t¸mÄ ""Cu At]£ At§¡v A\p-Iqew Xs¶'' F¶p ]dªp Zpjy-´³ thK-¯nÂ tXcpw hnÃpw X¿m-dm¡n Xt]m-h-\-¯n-te¡v t]mIm³ XpS-§p-t¼mÄ hnZq-j-I-t\mSv IqsS hcm³ ]d-ªp. iIp- -́fsb ImWm³ B{K-l-antÃ F¶ cmPm-hnsâ tNmZy-¯n\v D−m-bn-cp-¶p. Ct¸m-gnÃ F¶v hnZq-j-I³ ]d-ªp. ImcWw AbmÄ¡v cm£-k-·msc `b-am-bn-cp-¶p. cmPmhv Xsâ ASp-¯p-Xs¶ hnZq-j-I-t\mSv \n¶p-sIm-Åm³ ]d-bp-¶-tXmsS Abm-fpsS `bw amdn. hnZq-j-I³ Hcp hnSp-hm-b-\m-WtÃm F¶v cmPmhv Btem-Nn-¨p. AbmÄ sIm«m-c-¯nÂ sN¶v FÃmw hnf-¼ptam F¶ tXm¶Â Zpjy- -́\p-−m-bn. AXp-sIm−v alÀjn-am-cn-epÅ Kuchw hnNm-cn-¨mWv Xm³ B{i-a-¯n-te¡p t]mIp-¶-sX¶pw Xm]kzn I\y-I-bmb iIp- -́f-bpsS t]À¡v X\n¡v A\p-cm-K--sam-¶p-an-sÃ¶pw hnZq-j-I-t\mSv cmPmhv ]d-ªp-t]m-Ip-¶-tXmsS c−mw A¦w Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-ZnbpS Ncn{Xw kmam-\y-ambn hnh-cn-¡p-I.

2. G. BÀ. cmP-cm-P-hÀ½-sb-¡p-dn¨v Hcp Ipdn-s -̧gp-Xp-I.

3. ae-bm-f-im-Ip-´fw H¶v c−v A¦-§Ä¡v Hcp Bkzm-Z\w X¿m-dm-¡p-I.



Ah-\-h³ IS¼

Imhmew \mcm-b-W-]-Wn-¡À

X\Xp \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS {]tbm-àm-¡-fnepw {]Nm-c-I-cnepw {]ap-J-\mWv Imhm-ew. hniz-\m-S-I-th-Zn-sb-¡p-dn¨v IrXy-amb ]cn-Úm\w At±-l-¯n-\p-−m-bn-cp-¶p. Imhy-\m-S-I-§Ä \mtSmSn ¢mÊn¡v ssien-bnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n¨v hnPbw ssIh-cn-¡m³ Imhm-e-¯n\v km[n-¨p. ssZh-¯mÀ, Xncp-hm-gn-¯m³, `K-h-ZvÖp-Iw, km£n XpS-§n-bh \mS-I-§Ä. \mS-I-N-{I-sa¶ \mS-I-¯n\v 1975-þÂ tIcf kmlnXy A¡mZan AhmÀUv e`n-¨p. Pohn-X-Imew 1928-þ2016.

X\-Xmb Hcp \mS-I-th-Zn-tbbpw AXnsâ km[y-X-I-tfbpw Ipdn-¨pÅ At\z-j-Ws¯ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p¶ ià-amb \mS-I-amWv Ah-\-h³ IS-¼. A\p-jvTm-\-§fpw BNm-c-§fpw \mtSmSn Zriy-§fpw DÄsIm−v {Inbmw-is¯ hnI-kn-¸n¨v Zriymw-i-¯n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn cNn¨ {it²-b-amb \mS-I-am-Wn-Xv.B[p-\nI ae-bmf\mS-I-th-Zn¡v {it²-b-amb hgn-¯n-cnhv krjvSn¨ \mS-I-sa¶v \ncq-]-IÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸« \mSIw IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv.

{Inbmw-i-¯n-epw, IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-̄ n-epw, s]mXpth cN-\m-in-ev]-̄ nÂ BsI IqSnbpw Hcp \mS-I-¯nsâ ka-{KX Ah-\-h³ IS-¼bv¡v ssIh-¶n-«p-s−¶v Cu \mS-I-¯nsâ NÀ -̈bnÂ sI.-Fkv \mcm-b-W-¸nÅ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu \mS-I-¯nse _oP-{]-tabw Ah-\-h³ IS¼ F¶-Xp-X-s¶-bm-Wv. B IS¼ IS-¡m-\pÅ sshj-ayw, B sshj\yw HSp-hnÂ XcWw sN¿p¶ coXn Cu c−p L«-§-fmbn _oP-{]-ta-bs¯ kw`h ]c-¼-c-I-fn-eq-sS-b-sÃ-¦n-epw, kq£va-amb Hcn-Xn-hr-̄ -tc-J-bn-eqsS {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¨p-«p-s−¶v F\n¡p tXm¶n'' F¶v A¿-¸-]-Wn-¡À A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä

]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ þ 5



B«-¸-−m-c-§-Ä þ 5

Fc-«-¡-®³]¡n

Nn¯n-c-s¸Wv

hSn-th-e-h³

tZi-¯p-S-tbm³

klmbn

cwKw H¶v

]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ cwK¯v {]Xy-£-s¸«v B«-¸-−m-c-§sf Iq¡n hnfn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ X½nÂ Ifn-bm-¡epw t]mÀhn-fnbpw \S-¡p-¶p. F¦nepw ]c-kv]cw Xmfw sIm«n sImSp-¡p-Ibpw BSn-¯n-anÀ¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-−v. B«-¸-−m-c-§Ä hme-Sn-¡m-hn-te-¡pÅ hgn tNmZn-¡p-Ibpw ]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ AXv ]d-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v B«-¸-−m-c-§Ä I«pw tamjvSn¨pw Imew Ign-¡p-¶-h-cm-sW¶v ]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ Btcm-]n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ ""am\w acym-Zbv¡p ]n -̈¨«nw \o«n-s -̄−m-s\-d-§-tÃSm sNä-Isf' F¶v B«-¸-−m-c-§sf Bt£-]n-¡p-¶p. DÕ-h-¯n\v t]mIp-¶Xv I−-hsâ ]−w tamjvSn-¡m-\mWv F¶pw ]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ ]d-bp-¶p. DÕ-h-¯n\p t]mI-W-sa-¦nÂ IS¼ IS-t¡-−n-h-cp-sa¶v Ahn-sS-bpÅ Hcp then Nq−n-¡m«n ]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ B«- -̧−m-c-§-tfmSv ]d-bp-¶p. B IS-¼-bm-sW-¦nÂ Bcpw ImÂa-dnªp hoWp-t]m-Ip-¶-XmWv GXp tIatâw G¸n-f¡n hnSp-¶-Xm-Wv. F{X Du¡nÂ Imep-h-¨mepw X«n-bn-Sp-¶-XmWv Ah-\-h³ IS-¼.

XpSÀ¶v AhÀ Hcp ih-̄ nsâ Imcyw NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶p. AXv Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ ih-§-fp-sS-XmtWm AtXm N¯p-t]mb ih-§-fp-sS-XmtWm F¶v AhÀ kwi-bn-¡p-¶p. Xe-bn-Ãm¯ ihw B \m«nse aqÀJ-\mb h«n-¸-W-¡m-c-tâ-Xm-sW-¶-hÀ ]d-bp-¶p. Abmsf sIm¶Xv Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡n-bm-sW¶pw BÀ¡pw ]t£ Bcp-sSbpw Poh-s\-Sp-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Im-i-an-sÃ¶pw ]m«p-]-cnj ]d-bp-¶p. AhnsS Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡n



{]Xy-£-s¸«v ]m«p-]-cnj \mem-a-t\mSv \o t]Sn-t¡− N¯Xp IoN-I-s\-¦nÂ sIm¶Xv Cu Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡n BsW¶pw Bcp-h-¶mepw Rm³ Ipä-ta-täm-f-am-sa-¶pw ]d-bp-¶p.

Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡n tZi-̄ p-S-tbmsâ tam³ hSn-th-e-h-s\-¡p-dn¨p ]d-bp-¶p. ]m«p-]-cnj AXn\v adp-]-Sn-bmbn ""At¿m Rm\-dnbpw tZi-¯p-S-tbm-s\-t¸mse Xs¶ \Ã-h³ [À½n-jvT³'' F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p. Ahs\ X«-W-sa¶v ]¡n ]d-bp-¶p. Xsâ ]p¶m-c-tamtf Ah³ he-ho-in-sb-¶-XmWv Imc-Ww. Xm\pw Nn¯n-c-s¸-®ns\ hnhmlw Ign-¡-W-sa¶v B{K-ln-¨n-«p-s−¶v ]m«p-]-cnj ]d-bp-t¼mÄ ]¡n Abmsf `oj-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. ]m«p-]-cnj hSn-th-e-hs\ sImÃm-sa¶v k½-Xn-¡p-¶p. tZi-¯p-S-tbms\ X\n¡p tNÀ¶-h-\mbn¡−v ]¡n sImÃm³ t\m«-an-«p-h-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. ]m«p-]-cn-j-tbmSv ]¡n X\n¡p injy-s¸-«-W-sa¶v Bhiys¸Sp-¶p.

cwKw c−v

]m«p-]-cn-jbpw Nn¯n-c-s¸®pw {]Xy-£-s¸«v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. AhÄ \r¯w sN¿p-¶p. AXn-\n-S-bnÂ càw ]pc− ""tNmc-¸q-¦¯n'' I−v Nn¯n-c-s¸®v sR«p-¶p. ]¼-bm-änÂ acn-s¨m-gp-Inb h«n-¸-W-¡m-csâ tNmc-bm-W-sX¶pw t]Sn-¡m-\n-sÃ¶pw ]m«p-]-cnj ]d-bp-¶p. BcpsS tNmc-bm-bmepw X\n-s¡m-¶p-t]m-se-bm-sW¶v Nn¯n-c-s¸®v ]d-bp-¶p. ]m«p-]-cnj Nn¯n-c-s¸-®n-t\mSv {]W-b-]-c-h-i-\m-Ip-t¼mÄ Xm³ tZi-¯p-S-tbmsâ aI³ hSn-th-e-hs\ {]W-bn-¡p¶ Imcyw Nn¯n-c-s¸®v Xpd-¶p-]-d-bp-¶p. hSn-th-e-hs\ a{ -́¯mÂ ]m«p-]-cnj {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. hSn-th-e-h³ ]t£ ]m«p-]-cn-j-bpsS \nb-{ -́W-¯n-em-Wv. Nn¯n-c-s¸®v hSn-th-e-h-\p-ambn HmSn c£-s¸-Sm³ {ian-¡p-¶p. ]m«p-]-cnj a{ -́¯mÂ hSn-th-e-hs\ ]nSn-¨p-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw h[n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. B ]p¦¯n ]nSn-¨p-hm§n AhÄ Poh-s\m-Sp-¡m³ {ian-¡p-t¼mÄ hSn-th-e-hs\ Pohn-¸n-¡m-sa¶v ]m«p-]-cnj ]d-bp-¶p. Poh³ e`n¨ hSn-th-e³ ""sIme-bmfn aIsf'' F\n-¡n-jvS-aÃ F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p. ]m«p-]-cn-j-bpsS ajn-bnÂ \nsâ a\Êp Ie-§ntbm



F¶v Nn¯n-c-s¸®v tNmZn-¡p-¶p. ]m«p-]-cnj ssI DbÀ¯n a{´w sNmÃp-¶-tXmsS hSn-th-e-h³ acn-¨p-ho-gp-¶p. Nn¯n-c-s¸®v Abm-fpsS s\©nÂ hoWp-I-c-bp-¶p. AhÄ `oI-c-amb apJ-`m-h-t¯msS Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp¯v NSp-e-ambn ]mªp-t]m-Ip-¶p.

cwKw aq¶v

tZi-¯p-S-tbmsâ Fgp-¶-Å-¯ns\ `b¶v B«-¸-−m-c-§fpw ]m«n-]-cn-j-Ifpw ]c-kv]cw kwi-b-§Ä XoÀ¡p-¶p. t]Sn-sb-´n-\m-sW¶pw t]Sn h¶m-emWv Ipg-¸-sa¶pw Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡n Ah-tcmSv ]d-bp-¶p. B«-¸-−m-c-§Äs¡-Ãmw th−n tZi-¯p-S-tbmsâ ImenÂ sXm«p-sXm-gp-¶p. Ah-\-h³ IS-¼-bv¡Â R§Ä hogpw, AÃ AXn-¸-gmcm hogm-¯Xv F¶v B«-¸-−mcw ]d-bp-¶p. tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ ]q¦¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶p. Imcyw A{X-taÂ Kuc-h-ap-Å-Xm-b-Xp-sIm-−mWv \mw t\cnÂ t]mcmw F¶p-d-̈ Xv F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p. Xmfhpw B«hpw C«p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p¶ ]m«p-]-cn-j-I-tfbpw B«-¸-−m-c-§-tfbpw tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ Ahn-sS-\n¶v ]d-ª-b-¡p-¶p. B«hpw tafhpw th−n-h-¶mÂ Ahsc hnfn-¡m-sa¶v ]d-bp-¶p.

Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡nbpw tZi-¯p-S-tbm\pw ]c-kv]cw Adn-bp-¶-h-cm-sW¶ Xmev]-cy-¯nÂ AhÀ ]c-kv]cw BSn-¯n-anÀ¡p-¶p. tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ B«-]-−m-c-t¯bpw ]m«p-]-cn-j-tbbpw tNmZyw sN¿p-¶p. AhÀ ]d-ª-sXÃmw tZi-¯p-S-tbmsâ klmbn Ipdn-s -̈Sp-¡p-¶p. tNmZyw sN¿-enÂ ]m«p-]-cnj Xm³ ""I«n-¡m-c-¸-bÂ, h«n-¸-W-Im-c³, \m«nte aqÀJsâ ] -̈Èhw''F§s\ CXp Rm³ Xs¶ ]d-bpw F¶p tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡n B t\cw ]m«p-]-cn-jsb XÅn-am-än-bn«v Xm³ Ipä-ta-sä-Sp-¡p-¶-Xmbn {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. Ipä-am-cp-sN-bvXmepw in£-bp-s−¶v tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ ]¡n-tbmSp ]d-bp-¶p. h«n-¸-W-¡m-c³ Ct¸mgpw Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn tZi-¯p-S-tbm\v tXm¶p-¶p. ""X\n-¡n-t¸mÄ ac-W-¡-gp-Isâ apJ-Ñm-b-bp-−v. Xsâ ]q¦-¯n¡v ac-W-¡-gp-Isâ \J-h-Sn-hp-−v. Xsâ izmk-¯nÂ ih-KÔw hln-¡p¶p''F¶v tZi-̄ p-S-tbm³ Fc-



«-¡-®³ ]¡n-tbmSp ]d-bp-¶p. ]¡n Ipä-taäp ]d-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ h«n-¸-W-¡m-csâ ih-a-Ã. Hcp t{]a-I-Y-bnÂ kz]v\w Is−m-gp-Inb \nc-]-cm-[n-bpsS tNmc-bmWp \nsâ ]p¦-¯n-bnÂ ]pc-−-sX¶v tZi-̄ p-S-tbm³ ]d-bp-¶p. B ka-b¯v Nn¯n-c-s¸-®-hn-tS¡p hcp-¶p. Fsâ ]cmXn tIÄ¡m³ Chn-Sm-cp-antÃ F¶p tNmZn-¡p-¶p. tZi-¯p-S--tbm³ FÃmw Xpd-¶p-t_m-[n-¸n¨p sImÅm³ ]d-bp-t¼mÄ Cu tNmc-¡-¯n-bmÂ Dbn-sc-Sp¯ Xsâ hSn-th-e-hs\ Xncn-¨p-X-c-W-sa¶v Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. AhÄ tZi-s -̄bmsI i]n-¡m³ XpS-§p-t¼mÄ tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ Ahsf kam-[m-\n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw im]-taÂ¡msX t\m¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡n¡v tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ ac-W-in£ hn[n-¡p-¶p. Xs¶ sImt¶mfq F¶p-]-dªv Igp-¯p-\o-«nb ]¡n s]s«¶v X\n¡v Hcp tNmZyw tNmZn-¡m-\p-s−¶p ]d-bp-¶p. Xs¶ in£n-¡m³ DS-tbm-s\- -́h-Imiw F¶p tNmZn-¡p-¶p. F\nt¡ Ah-Im-i-apÅp F¶p DS-tbm³ ]d-bp-¶p. ]¡n-bpsS Ah-km-\s¯ B{K-l-amb DÕhw IqSm³ Ah-sc-Ãm-hcpw IqSn t]mIm³ X¿m-dm-hp-¶p. Nn¯n-csb AbmÄ DÕ-h-¯n\v t]mIm³ £Wn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ \r¯w sN¿p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ acn-¨p-t]mb hSn-th-e-h³ apJwaqSn amän AhnsS {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. Nn¯nc Abm-sf-¯s¶ t\m¡n-\nÂ¡p-¶p. B«-¸-−m-c-§Ä \r¯w sN¿p-¶p. AhÀ DÕhw ImWm³ ]pd-s¸-Sp-¶p. Xmfw apdp-Ip-¶p. AhÀ Ah-\-h\nse "IS-¼-IÄ' adn-I-S¶v H¶mbv amdn Htc Xmf-¯nÂ apt¶-dp-¶-tXmsS \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. X\-Xp-\m-SIw F¶ \ne-bnÂ Ah-\-h³ IS-¼-bnse ]co-£-W-§Ä Fs´Ãmw?

2. Ah-\-h³ IS¼ Xmf-ta-f-§-fp-sSbpw \r -̄\r-Xy-§-fp-sSbpw ka-\z-b-amW.v hnh-cn-¡pI?

3. Ah-\-h³ IS-¼bv¡v Hcp Bkzm-Z\w X¿m-dm-¡p-I.



samUyqÄ þ 2

kwKoX \mS-I§Ä

Xangv kwKo-X- \m-SIskäp-IÄ ae-bmf \mS-I-thZn AS-¡n-hm-W-t¸mÄ ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§Ä D−m-tI-−-Xnsâ Bh-iy-IX t{]£-IÀ Xncn- -̈dn-ªp. kwkvIr-X-̀ mjm \mS-I-§Ä¡pw Xangv kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§Ä¡pw CS-bnÂ ka-\z-b-¯nsâ hgn-tX-Sn-bmWv ae-bmf kwKoX \mS-I-th-Zn¡v ip`-I-c-amb XpS-¡-ap-−m-b-Xv.

ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-{]-Øm\w XnI¨pw A\p-I-c-W-¯nsâ krjvSn-bm-sW¶pw AXnsâ ^e-ambn \½psS ]qÀÆ-]m-c-¼-cy-§-fpsS ]n³Xp-SÀ -̈bn-Ãm¯ Hcp \mS-I-thZn \ap-¡p-−mbn F¶pw Pn i¦-c-̧ nÅ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Xangv \mS-I-kw-L-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ kZmdmw, kmhn{Xn kXy-hm³, \Ã-X¦mÄ, tImhn-e³ NcnXw XpS-§nb \mS-I-§Ä ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m-\mWv ae-bmf \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ BZyw X¿m-dm-b-Xv. F¶mÂ Xangv \mS-I-§-fpsS Ah-X-c-Ww, kwhn-[m-\w, \o− kw`m-j-W-§Ä, ]Ým-¯e kwKoXw XpS-§nb LS-I-§Ä hnI-e-ambn A\p-I-cn-¨Xv "tImamfn \mSI'¯nsâ Xe-¯n-te¡v ae-bm-f \m-SIkanXn Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ \mS-I-§Ä Xcw-Xm-gm³ CS-bm-bn. Xangv \mS-I-§-fpsS hnP-b-¯nsâ {][m\ ImcWw AXnse A\-izc Km\-§fpw kv{Xo ]mÀ«p-I-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p. F-¶mÂ `mK-hX \S-·mÀ ]m«p-IÄ hnIr-X-ambn ]mSn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨Xpw kwKo-Xhpw kmln-Xyhpw tami-am-bXpw kv{Xo]mÀ«p-IÄ ]pcp-j-·mÀ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨Xpw kmt¦-Xn-I-ambn Ah-X-c-W-¯nÂ AXv ]cm-P-b-s¸-«Xpw ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§-fpsS ]X-\-¯n\v Imc-W-am-bn. I\¯ km¼-¯nI _m[y-X-bp-−m¡n ae-bmf kwKoX \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ¡v ]n³Xn-cn-tb-−n-h-¶p.

Sn.-kn. ANyp-X-ta-t\m³, Fcp-h-bnÂ Fw. N{I-]m-Wn-hm-cn-bÀ, ]n.-F-kv. B³{Uqkv F¶n-h-cpsS \mS-I-§-fmWv ae-bm-



f-kw-KoX \mS-I-§-fnÂ A{Kn-a-Øm-\¯p hcp-¶-Xv. (a-e-bmf kwKoX \mSI Ncn-{Xw)

kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§Ä

\mtSmSn \mS-Iw, kwkvIr-X-\m-S-Iw, kwKo-X-\m-SIw F¶o aq¶p ssIh-gn-I-fmWv tIc-fob \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS {]mNo-\-L-«-¯nÂ ImWp-¶-Xv. kwkvIr-X-\m-SI ]mc-¼-cy-¯nÂ "IqSn-bm«w' F¶ ¢mÊn-¡Â \mS-Im-h-X-cWw IqSn DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. CXp-Iq-SmsX kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§-fpsS ae-bmf hnhÀ -̄\hpw ImWmw. IqSn-bm-«-¯n\v c−m-bn-c-t¯mfw hÀjs¯ ]g-¡-ap-−v. t£{X-§fpsS `mK-amb Iq -̄¼-e-§-fn-emWv A\p-jvTm-\-¯nsâ cq]-¯nÂ IqSn-bm« \mS-I-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n¨p hcp-¶-Xv. C´y-bn-emsI Cu ¢mÊn-¡Â \mS-Im-h-X-cWw {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw Ccn-§m-e-¡pS IqSÂam-Wn-Iy-t£-{X-¯nepw XrÈqÀ hS-¡p-¶m-Y-t£-{X-¯n-ep-amWv Ct¸mgpw CXv XpSÀ¶v hcp-¶-Xv. Ah-Xm-c-I-cmb NmIym-·mÀ¡v {]nb-¦-c-amb \mS-I-§Ä BÝ-cy-Nq-Um-a-Wn, A`n-tjI \mS-Iw, {]Xnam \mS-Iw, kp`-{Zm-[-\-RvPbw F¶n-hbmWv.

`mksâ \mS-I-§-fmb A`n-tj-Iw, {]Xn-a, {]Xn-Úm-bu-K-Ô-cm-b-Ww, kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z-¯w, _me-N-cn-Xw, Ahn-am-c-Iw, a[y-a-hym-tbm-Kw, ZqX-hm-Iyw, IÀ®-̀ m-cw, Ducp-`w-Kw, Nmcp-Z¯w F¶nh tIc-f-¯nÂ IqSn-bm-«-cq-]-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p-h¶ \mS-I-§-fm-Wv. iàn-`-{Zsâ BÝ-cy-Nq-Um-a-Wn, Ipe-ti-J-csâ kp -̀{Zm-[-\-RvP-bw, X]-Xn-kw-h-c-Ww, lÀjsâ \mKm-\-µw, atl-{µ-hÀ½sâ `K-h-ZvÖp-Iw, t_m[m-b-\sâ a -̄hn-emkw F¶n-hbpw hym]-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p-t]m¶ kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§-fm-Wv. Imfn-Zm-ksâ imIp-´fw IqSn-bm-«-cq-]-¯nÂ I®qÀ PnÃ-bnÂ Ac-t§-dn-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn sI.-]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-tcmSn ]d-bp-¶p-−v.

B[p-\nI Ime¯v kwkvIrX \mS-I-§Ä¡v ]pXnb cwK-`m-jbpw cwKm-h-X-c-Whpw krjvSn-¨Xv Imhmew \mcm-b-W-



¸-Wn-¡-cm-Wv. a[y-a-hym-tbm-Kw, Ducp-`w-Kw, `I-h-ZvÖpIw, imIp-´fw XpS-§nb \mS-I-§Ä kwkvIr-X-̄ nÂ Xs¶ Imhmew Ac-§n-se-¯n-¨p.

tIc-f-¯nÂ {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-−m-bn-cp¶ kwkvIrX \mS-I-§-fnÂ an¡-Xn\pw ae-bmf hnhÀ -̄\-§Ä D−m-bn-«p-−v. A`n-Úm-\-im-Ip- -́fw, amf-hn-Im-án-an-{Xw, kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z-¯w, IÀ®-̀ m-cw, Ducp-̀ w-Kw, ]©-cm-{Xw, ZqX-hm-Iyw, a[y-a-hym-tbm-Kw, `K-h-ZvÖp-Iw, a -̄hn-em-kw, D -̄c-cm-a-N-cnXw XpS-§n-bh A -̄c-¯nÂ tIc-f-̄ nÂ Ah-X-cn-¡-s¸« \mS-I-§-fm-Wv. 1882-þÂ at\m-tam-l\w \mS-I-I-¼-\n-bpsS _m\-dnÂ tIc-f-hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn- -̄¼p-cmsâ tIc-fob `mjm-im-Ip-´fw Ac-t§dn. ]n¶oSv 1912-þÂ aWn-{]-hm-f-im-Ip-´fw F¶ t]cnÂ efn-X-amb Hcp imIp-´f hnhÀ¯\w IqSn henb tImbn-X-¼p-cm³ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p.

\qdp-I-W-¡n\v kwkvIrX \mS-I-XÀÖ-a-IÄ D−m-sb-¦nepw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ FSp-¯p-]-d-b-¯¡ Øm\w t\Sm³ Ah-bnÂ `qcn-]-£-¯n-\pw Ign-ªn-Ã. C -̄c-¯n-epÅ \mS-I-§fpw {it²-b-a-Ãm¯ Ch-bpsS Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-¨p-−mb kzX-{ -́\m-S-I-§fpw I−n-«mWv ap³jn cma-¡p-dp¸v N¡n-N-¦-chpw (1894) sI.-kn.-\m-cm-b-W³ \¼ymÀ (h-S-¡³ N¡n-N-¦-chpw (1894) ioshmÅn \¼q-Xncn Zpkv]Ài \mS-Ihpw cNn- -̈Xv. Ch aq¶pw \mS-I-§sf hnaÀin-¡p¶ Bt£-]-lm-ky-¯n-epÅ \mS-I-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.

X\Xp \mS-I-thZn

Pn.-i-¦-c-¸nÅ, Imhmew \mcm-b-W-]-Wn-¡À, kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-bÀ XpS-§nb {]ikvX \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡-fmWv X\-Xp-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS hàm-¡-fmbn \ne-sIm-−-Xv. IÀ®m-S-I-¯nse "b£-Km-\hpw' _wKm-fnse "Pm{X'bpw tIc-f-¯nse X\-Xp-\m-S-I-th-Zn¡v t{]c-I-amb \mS-I-{]-Øm-\-§-fm-Wv. kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-bÀ 1967-þÂ "Ien' F¶ \mSIw Fgp-Xn-b-tXm-sS-bmWv tIc-f-¯nÂ X\-Xp-\m-SIw {]mtbm-Kn-I-cq-]-¯n-



se-¯n-b-Xv. {]mNo-\-`m-c-X-¯n-sebpw tIc-f-¯n-sebpw \mtSmSn ¢mÊn¡v Iem-cq-]-§-fpsS ssNX-\yhpw emfn-Xy-hhpw Xmfhpw kwth-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw \mS-I-¯nÂ k¶n-th-in-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv X\-Xp-\m-S-I-¯nÂ. A{]-Imcw kz´w thcp-IÄ tXSn-bpÅ At\z-jWw Cu \mSIw \S-¯p-¶p. kmam-\y-P-\-§-fpsS A²zm-\w, kuµ-cy-k-¦ev]w F¶n-h-bp-ambn _Ô-apÅ Iem-cq-]-§sf DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-Xp-sIm−v X\-Xp-\m-SIw AÀ°-]qÀ®-am-Ip-¶p. Imhm-e-̄ nsâ "Ah-\-h³ IS¼'bpw Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å-bpsS "Idp¯ ssZhs¯ tXSn'bpw X\Xp \mS-I-th-Zn-bnÂ C¶pw {]ikvXn a§m¯ D -̄a-kr-jvSn-I-fm-Wv.

ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bnÂ ]pXnb Ah-X-c-W-co-Xn-IÄ ]co-£n-¡m³ X\-Xp-\m-S-I-§Ä¡v km[n-¨p. ZrV-_-²hpw \nb-X-hp-amb inev]w, ]ncn-ap-dp¡w F¶o ]mÝmXy \mSI kt¦-X-§sf ]qÀ®-ambn Dt]-£n-¡p-Ibpw CXn-hr- -̄¯nÂ Abhv kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-XmWv X\-Xp-\m-S-I-§Ä kzoI-cn¨ {][m\ hyXym-kw. KZy-\m-S-I-§Ä Dt]-£n¨ \r -̄Ko-X-hm-Zy-§sf kzoI-cn¨p F¶-XmWv Cu \mS-I-§-fpsS Hcp {]tXy-I-X. \mS-I-th-Zn-bnÂ t{]£-Isâ ]¦m-fn- -̄ap-−m-¡p-¶-Xn\pw X\-Xp-\m-SIw {i²n-¨p. 1967-þÂ imkvXmw-tIm-«-bnse H¶m-as¯ \mS-I-¡-f-cn-bnÂ kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-b-cmWv X\-Xp-\m-S-I-thZn F¶ Bibw Ah-X-cn-̧ n- -̈Xv. At±lw C{]-Im-c-sa-gpXn ""]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-th-Znsb t]À¯pw t]À¯pw A\p-I-cn¨p kabw ]mgm-¡msX \½psS ]mc-¼-cy-¯nÂ\n¶pw Xnd-bp-sSbpw IY-I-fn-bp-sSbpw tIc-f-¯nÂ {]Xn-jvT-t\-Snb \mSy-imkv{Xkt¦-X-§-fp-sSbpw Dd-h-I-fnÂ\n¶p Huj-[-ho-cyhpw HmPÊpw DÄs¡m-−mÂ ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-thZn Zo\-¸m-bnÂ\n¶pw Fgp-t¶-äp-hcpw.''

kÀtÆ-IÃv

tXm¸nÂ `mkn

ae-bm-f-¯nse {]i-kvX-\mb \mS-I-Ir¯v, Xnc-¡Ym-Ir-¯v, kwhn-[m-b-I³, \nb-a-k-`m-km-am-Pn-I³ F¶o \ne-I-



fnÂ ap{Z ]Xn-¸n¨ hyàn-Xz-am-bn-cp¶p tXm¸nÂ `mkn-bp-tS-Xv. Fgp¯v Xs¶ t]mcm-«-am-¡nb Pohn-X-am-bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯n-tâ-Xv. I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-¡p-th−n {]hÀ¯n¨v Hfn-hnÂ Ign-tb-−n-h-¶n-«p-−v. AXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v "Hfn-hnse HmÀ½-IÄ'F¶ {KÙw At±-l-sa-gp-Xn. \n§-sfs¶ I½yq-Wn-Ìm¡n F¶ \mSIw henb kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv¡-c-W-¯n\pw kmaq-ly-am-ä-¯n\pw Imc-W-am-bn. apSn-b-\mb ]p{X³, Aiz-ta-[w, ic-i-¿, hni-¡p¶ Icn-¦men, bp²-Im-Þw, aqe-[\w, `mkn-bpsS GIm-¦-§Ä F¶n-h-bmWv {][m\ IrXn-IÄ. 1924-þÂ P\\w 1992-þÂ ac-Ww. sI.-]n.-F.-kn-bpsS Aa-c-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp-¶n-«p-−v.

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä

amXp aq¸nÂ

Imc-W-hÀ

]Wn-¡À

]m¨p apX-emfn

tIi-h³Ip«n

sNÃ-¸³

Kucn-b½

hmk´n

kpaXn

eoe

cwKw H¶v

]p¯³ ]pc-bv¡se amXp-aq-¸nte hoSv. aIÄ hmk´n lmÀtam-Wnbw hmbn¨p ]mSn-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. ]Xn-s\-«p-h-bÊp {]mbw. amXp-aq-̧ nÂ \ne-¯n-cp¶p tPmen sN¿p-¶p. ]m«n-\n-S-bnÂ aq¸nÂ kwkm-cn-¡p-¶Xv `mcy Kucn-b-½bv¡v CjvS-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. Ahn-tS¡v tIi-h³Ip«n IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. Ccp-]-¯n-b©v hbÊv {]mbw. AhÀ tIi-h³Ip-«n-tbmSv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. tIi-h³Ip-«n¡v Im¸n sImSp-¡m³ amXp aq¸nepw



Kucn-b-½bpw ]ip-hns\ Id-s¶-Sp-¡m³ t]mIp-¶p. tIi-h³Ip«n hmk-ń-tbmSv X§-fpsS kvt\l-_Ôw Dt]-£n-¡p-I-bmWv \Ã-sX¶pw ]ip-hns\ Id-¡m³ AXnsâ Imep-]n-Sn-¡m³ X\n-¡m-hn-sÃ¶pw Xam-i-bmbn ]d-bp-¶p. ho«p-tPm-en-¡m-c³ sNÃ-¸³ Ahn-sS-sb-¯p-¶p. hmk-ń-tbmSv tIi-h³Ip«n ]m«p-]m-Sm³ ]d-ªn«v AhÄ eÖ-tbmsS amdn-\nÂ¡p-¶p. tIi-h³Ip«n sNÃ-¸-s\-s¡m−v ]m«p-]m-Sn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. Hcp P\m-[n-]Xy tIcfw hcmsX C¶s¯ sXmgn-en-Ãm-bvabpw ]«n-Wnbpw amdp-I-bn-sÃ¶pw AXn-\p-th−n {ian-¡m³ Blzm\w sN¿p-¶-Xp-amb Bi-b-apÅ Hcp ]m«v sNÃ-¸³ ]mSp-¶-tXmsS H¶mw cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

cwKw c−v

c−mw-cw-K-¯nÂ tIi-h³Ip-«n-bpsS hoSv. ]gb \mep-sI-«v. ktlm-Zcn kpa-Xn-bmWv AhnsS Krl-tPm-en-IÄ sN¿p-¶-Xv. £oWn¨ {]Ir-Xw. Ccp-]-¯n-c−p hbÊp {]mbw. Ahn-tS¡v AbÂ¡m-cn-bmb eoe IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. kpa-Xn-bpsS AÑsâ i_vZ-a-\p-I-cn¨v Ahsf `b-s¸-Sp-¯m³ eoe Ifn-bmbn {ian-¡p-¶p. kpa-Xn-bpsS Dä N§m-Xn-bm-W-hÄ. ]Xn-\-©p-Im-cn-bm-sW-¦nepw ASp-¯pÅ Iip-h−n Bô-kn-em-W-hÀ¡p ]Wn. Npdp-Np-dp-¡pÅ eoe ]e-hÀ -̄am-\-§fpw ]d-bp-¶p. AhÄ Bô-knÂ \n¶v sIm−p-h¶ Iip-h-−n-]-cn v̧ kpa-Xn¡p \ÂIp-¶p. Xte-Zn-hkw AhÄ BôknÂ ]mSnb ]m«p ]mSp-¶p. ]m«nsâ Bibw sImSn-]n-Sn¨p kacw sN¿msX thebpw Iqenbpw kwc-£n-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bn-sÃ-¶mWv. ]m«v F§-s\-bp-s−¶v eoe tNmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ \¶m-bn-cn-¡p¶p F¶p ]d-ªp-sIm−v Ahn-tS¡v tIi-h³Ip«n IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. Hcp tPmen e`n-¡p-sa-¦nÂ X\n¡pw Hcp sImSn Xc-W-sa¶v AbmÄ Xami ]d-bp-¶p. AÑs\ Xnc-¡p¶ tIi-h³Ip-«n-tbmSv AÑ³ h¡oe-·msc ImWm³ t]mbn-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶p ]d-bp-¶p. eoe A¯m-g-¯n\pÅ Acn AhnsS \n¶v ISw tNmZn-¡p-¶p.



B ka-b¯v AÑ³ (Im-c-W-hÀ) Ahn-tS¡p hcp-¶p. eoebpw kpa-Xnbpw ho«n-\-I-t¯¡p t]mIp-¶p. Ij-−n-I-b-dnb Xebpw IpS-h-bdpw ImXnse hf-b-I-Sp-¡\pw Imc-W-h-cpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv. Imc-W-h-tcm-sSm¸w B {Kma-¯nse ""]»n¡v am\m''b ]Wn-¡-cp-ap-−v. Imc-W-hÀ Xf-¯nÂ Hc-ä-¯p-In-S-¡p¶ I«n-enÂ {]am-W-s¡«pw IpS-bp-saÃmw `{Z-ambn h¨n«v Ahn-sS-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Xmsg XSp-¡n«v AXnÂ ]Wn-¡-cpw. shÅw IpSn- -̈Xn-\p-tijw Imc-W-hÀ \S-¯p¶ Øe-kw-_-Ôn-bmb hnhn[ tIkp-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v AhÀ kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. Iq«-¯nÂ amXp aq¸nÂ hc-¼p-sh-«n-¸n-Sn-s¨¶pw AbmÄs¡-Xnsc tIkp-sIm-Sp-¡-W-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. ]Wn-¡À t]mb-Xn-\p-tijw Ahn-tS¡v tIi-h³Ip«n IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. AbmÄ AÑ-t\mSv amXp aq¸nens\-Xnsc tIkp sImSp-¡p-¶Xv sNe-htÃ F¶p tNmZn-¡p-¶p. ZpxJ-]qÀ®-amb kzc-̄ nÂ F\n-s¡-s -́¦n-ep-samcp sXmgn-ep-−m-¡m³ Ipd¨p cq]m-X-c-W-sa¶p ]d-ªn«v AÑ-\n-sÃ¶p ]dªp Bh-iy-an-Ãm¯ tIkn\pw hg-¡n\pw CjvSw-t]mse cq]m-bp-−p-Xm\pw F¶p ]d-ªp. tIkv Bh-iy-ap-Å-XmtWm AÃtbm F¶v Rm\mWv Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶-sX¶pw Ct¸m am{Xw tIkn-semcp tZmjw I−n-cn-¡p¶p F¶pw \nsâ a\-Ên-en-cn¸v \S-¡nÃ tIihm F¶pw Imc-W-hÀ XÀ¡n-¡p-¶p. Ft¶mSv shf-¨n-sem¶pw th− F¶v tIi-h-t\mSv AÑ³ X«n-¡-b-dp-¶p.

cwKw aq¶v

]p¯³]p-c-bv¡se amXp aq¸n-ensâ hoSv. Kucn-b½ ]qap-J-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. Imc-W-hÀ sImSp¯ tIknsâ Znh-k-am-Wv, tIkp hmZn-¡m-\pÅ X¿m-sd-Sp-¸p-IÄ¡p-th−n ]Wn-¡À Ahn-sS-sb-¯p-¶p. amXp aq¸nÂ Irjn-¸Wn \nÀ¯n Ipfn¨v t]mIm³ X¿m-sd-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ ]pXnb ^mj-\n-epÅ jÀ«v [cn-¡m³ Kucn-b½ \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p-¶p. km[m-cW IÀj-I-\mb AbmÄ¡v ioe-an-Ãm¯ H¶mWv jÀ«v. AXv [cn-¡m³ Xs¶ AbmÄ ]mSp-s]-Sp-¶p. ]Wn-¡-tcm-sSm¸w t]mIp-¶-Xn\p amXp aq¸nÂ X¿m-sd-Sp-¡p¶ ka-b¯v tIi-h³ Ah-cpsS ho«nÂ



h¶ Imcyhpw hmk-ń-tbmSv kwkm-cn¨p \nÂ-¡p-t¼mÄ Kucn-b½ hg¡p ]dªv ]d-ª-b- -̈Xp-saÃmw ]Wn-¡-tcmSp ]d-bp¶p. ]Wn-¡À hmk-ń¡v IeymW Btem-N\ \S- -̄W-sa¶pw hc³ Xsâ ]¡-ep-s−¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. F´p-h-¶mepw Xsâ aIsf tIi-h\v hnhmlw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-¡n-sÃ¶v Kucn-b½ ]d-bp-¶p. amXp aq¸nepw ]Wn-¡cpw tImSXn hyh-lm-c-¯n\v ]pd-s¸-Sp-¶p. Xm³ tIkp t\m¡n \S-¯p-¶Xv Imc-W-hcv tN«\v CjvS-am-In-sÃ¶v ]Wn-¡À Kucn-b-½-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p.

AhÀ t]mb-Xn-\p-tijw Kucn-b½ hmk-ńsb hnfn-¡p-¶p. kvt\l-t¯msS A\p-\-bn-¸n-¡m³ {ian- -̈t¸mÄ tIi-h-\p-am-bpÅ _Ô-¯nsâ De-¨nÂ ImcWw AhÄ ]c-h-i-bm-Ip-¶p. Fs¶-b§p sImt¶-¡-cptXm F¶v AhÄ A½tbmSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. A½ Ahsf iIm-cn-¡p-Ibpw tIi-h-\p-am-bpÅ _Ô-¯n\v FXn-cp-\nÂ¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. hmkń sNÃ-¸s\ hnfn¨v tIi-hs\ It−m F¶-t\z-jn-¡p-¶p. sNÃ-¸³ hmk-ńsb kam-[m-\n-¸n-¡p¶p. tIi-h³ Kucn-b-½-bpsS hg¡p ]d-¨n-ens\ ]cm-aÀin¨v ""Xms\mcp a\p-jy-\m-sW¶v'']d-ªXv sNÃ-¸³ hmk-ń-tbmSp ]d-bp-¶-tXmsS hmkń {]Ú-bäv \ne-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. AtXmsS aq¶mw cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

\memw cwKw

Imc-W-h-cpsS hoSv. ]m¨p apX-em-fnbpw Imc-W-hcpw Nn«n-]-Ws¯¡pdn¨pw CuSp-sIm-Sp¯ `qan cPn-ÌÀ sNt¿-−-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨p-saÃmw kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. ]m¨p apX-emfn Imc-W-h-cpsS k¼¯v kq{X-̄ nÂ X«n-sb-Sp-¡p-sa¶ kqN-\. eoe Ahn-tS¡v hcp¶p kpa-Xn-bp-am-bpÅ kw`m-j-W-¯nÂ ]m¨p aXp-emfn hmk-ńsb hnhmlw Ign-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-¨Xpw hmkń InW-änÂ¨mSn Bß-l-Xy¡v {ian- -̈Xp-saÃmw ]d-bp-¶p. Iq«-¯nÂ Xsâ AÑsâ kz¯v ]m¨p apX-emfn ]en-i-bn-\-¯nÂ A]-l-cn-¨Xv ImcWw Pbn-en-em-hp-Ibpw acn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXXv eoe HmÀ¡p-Ibpw Ic-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. AhÀ



hmk-ń-bpsS Ah-Ø-sb-¡p-dn¨v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. ho«p-Im-scÃmw CjvS-an-Ãm¯ hnhm-l-¯n\v \nÀ_-Ôn-¨mÂ Hcp ]mhw s]®n\v H¶n\pw Ign-bn-sÃ¶v kpaXn eoe-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. Ahn-tS¡v Ah-i\pw {`m -́amb thj-¯nepw tIi-h³ IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. hmk-ń-bp-am-bpÅ _Ôw XIÀ¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v eoebpw kpa-Xnbpw kwkm-cn- -̈Xp-t]m-se-bpÅ cq]-am-bn-cp¶p Abm-fp-tS-Xv. AbmÄ aZy-]n-¨n-cp-¶p. Znh-k-§-fmbn `£Ww Ign-¨n-«v. Fń-\m-Wn-§ns\ IpSn- -̈sX¶ kpa-Xn-bpsS tNmZy-¯n\v ""acn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³'' F¶m-W-bm-fpsS adp-]-Sn. ZpxJ-`m-c-t¯msS AbmÄ hoSn-\p-Ån-te¡v {]th-in-¡p-¶-tXmsS cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

cwKw A©v

]p¯³]p-c-bv¡se hoSv. ]m¨p apX-emfn hmk-́ nsb hnhmlw Ign-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. AhÄ ZpxJn-X-bm-Wv. aIsf ]eXpw ]dªv \b-]-c-ambn Biz-kn-¸n-¡m³ {ian-¡p¶ Kucn-b½. tIi-h³ aZy-]n¨v kÀtÆ-¡Ãv ]ngp-sX-Sp¯v A¼-e-¡p-f-¯nÂ Fdnª IY-sbÃmw Kucn-b½ hmk-ń-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. AhÄ Akz-Ø-bm-Ip-¶p. lmÀtam-Wnbw FSp¯v h¨v Hcp- ]m-«p-]m-Sm³ Kucnb½ \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p-¶p. AhÄ ZpxJ-kz-c-¯nÂ Hcp {KmaoW {]W-b-Km\w ]mSp-¶p. Ahn-tS¡v ]m¨p apX-emfn IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. ]m«p \nÀ¯n-¡p¶p. IqsS ]Wn¡cp-ap-−v. ]m¨p apX-emfn IW-¡p-]p-kvXIw \nhÀ¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶p. hmk-ń-tbmSv lmÀtam-Wnbw In«p¶ Imin\v hnÂ¡-Wsa¶v ]d-bp-¶p. AhÄ AXp-tI«v sR«p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v Abm-fpsS ]nip¡v {]I-S-am-Ip¶ kw`m-j-W-§-fm-Wv. ]m¨p apX-emfn amXp aq¸n-ensâ ]d-¼nse BZm-b-sa-Sp-¡-W-sa¶v ]Wn-¡-tcmSv ]d-bp-¶p. ]Wn-¡À AXp-thtWm F¶p tNmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ Fsâ Imcyw t\m¡m³ F\n-¡-dn-bm-sa¶v AbmÄ ]d-bp-¶p. s]mSn hm§m³ t]mb sNÃ-¸s\ s]mSn I«p-h-en-s¨¶v AbmÄ A[n-t£-]n-¡p-¶p. amXp-aq-¸nÂ ]qhm-en-¸-ip-hnsâ IbÀ hmk-ń-bpsS I¿nÂ sImSp-¯n«v CXv



AI¯phbv¡p F¶p ]d-bp-¶-tXmsS A©mw cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

cwKw Bdv

tIi-h³Ip«n-bpsS hoSv. kpaXn Nn -́bn-em-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. Imc-W-hÀ {]th-in¨v B Ccp-̧ ns\ tNmZyw sN¿p-¶p. AhnsS ]«n-Wn-bm-Wv. s\Ãp tNmZn-¡m³ t]mbn-S-¯p-\n¶v In«n-bntÃ F¶v Imc-W-hÀ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. CsÃ¶pw AbÂh-¡¯p Cc¶p \S-¡m³ X\n-¡m-hn-sÃ¶pw kpaXn AÑ-t\mSp ]d-bp-¶p. Xsâ s]«n Xpd¶p InS-¡p-¶Xp I−v Imc-W-hÀ kpa-Xn-tbmSv X«n-¡-b-dp-¶p. tIi-h³ ChnsS h¶n-cpt¶m F¶p- tNm-Zn¨v AbmÄ Ien Ibdn \S-¡p-¶p. tIkn-\p-h¨ ]Ww ImWm-

-̄XnÂ AbmÄ ]cn-{`m-́ -\m-Ip-¶p. eoe ]m{X-¯nÂ ]qf-bp-ambn kpa-Xn-bpsS ASp-t¯¡p hcp-¶p. AhnsS ]«n-Wn-bm-sW¶v a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-«mWv Ah-fpsS hc-hv. kpa-Xnsb eoe Biz-kn-¸n-¡p-¶p. ]Wn-¡À Xs¶ sIm−v tIi-h³ s]mXp-Ø-e¯v h¨v G -̄an-Sn-hn-¸n-¨p-sh¶v Imc-W-h-tcmSv ]cmXn ]d-bp-¶p. ]Wn-¡À Xsâ kw`m-jWw \o«n-s¡m-−p-t]m-Ip-¶p. aZy-]n¨v D·- -̄\mb tIi-h³ AhÀ¡n-S-bn-se-¯n-t -̈cp-¶p. Imc-W-hÀ tIi-hs\ tNmZyw sN¿p-¶p. tIi-h³ ]W-sa-Sp-s¯¶pw s]«n Xpd-¶p-sh¶pw k½-Xn¨v Imc-W-hsc ]pÑ-`m-h-¯nÂ t\m¡n AaÀ¯n aqfp-¶p. kpaXn Ahn-sS-sb¯n AÑ-t\mSv C§s\ s]cp-am-d-cp-sX¶v ]d-bp-¶p. tIi-hsâ s]cp-am-ä-¯nÂ kvX_v[-\mbn Imc-W-hÀ \nÂ¡p-¶p.

cwKw Ggv

]p¯³]p-c-bv¡se hoSv. apä¯v eoebpw hmk-ńbpw kwkm-cn¨p \nÂ¡p-¶p. eoe ho«n-se-¯m³ Xnc-¡p-Iq-«p-¶p. kpa-Xn¡v kpJ-amtWm F¶v hmkń At\z-jn-¡p-¶p. hmkń hnjm-Z-kz-c-¯nÂ ""tN¨n-sb-¦nepw Fs¶ shdp-¡-cp-sX¶p eoe-sbm¶p ]d-tª-¡tW F¶v kpa-Xnsb Dt±-in¨v ]dªp. Kucn-b½ Ahn-sS-sb¯n Xte-Znhkw tIi-hsâ ho«n-Â \S¶ hg-¡n-s\-¡p-dn¨v eoe-bnÂ \n¶v IqSp-X-e-dn-bm³



{ian-¡p-¶p. eoe H¶pw hn«p-]-d-bp-¶n-Ã. hmk-ń-bpsS `À¯mhv hkvXp-h-I-I-sfÃmw kz´w t]cn-em-¡n-b-Xp-sIm−v B ho«n-emsI Zmcn-{Zy-am-sW-¶p sXfnªp ImWp-¶p. Kucn-b½ AXn-s\-s¨mÃn hmk-ń-bpsS ASp¯v hg-¡n-Sp-¶p. ]m¨p-ap-X-em-fn-tbmSv t\cn«v ]d-bm³ hmkń A½-tbmSp ]d-bp-¶p. ]m¨p apX-emfn h¶p-I-b-dp-t¼mÄ D{K-h-g¡p \S-¡p-¶p. hkvXp-h-I-IÄ Xncn-s -̈gp-Xn-s¡m-Sp-¡m³ Ign-bn-sÃ¶pw Ign-bp-sa-¦nÂ \n§Ä¡v F´p-th-W-sa-¦nepw sN¿m-sa¶pw AbmÄ Kucn-b-½-tbmSp ]d-bp-¶p. hkvXp-h-I-IÄ FgpXn X¶-Xp-sIm-−mWv Xm³ kw_-Ô-¯n\p X¿m-dm-b-sX¶v AbmÄ ]d-bp-¶p. Kucn-b½ ]m¨p apX-em-fnsb No¯ ]d-bp-¶p. amXp aq¸nÂ kuay-\mbn ]ip-hnsâ Ib-d-t\z-jn¨p \S-¡p-¶-tXmsS Cu cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.''

cwKw F«v

]p¯³]p-c-bv¡se ap³h-i-apÅ apdn. hmkń Ipfn-I-gnªv \Ã hkv{X-§Ä [cn¨v `À¯m-hmb ]m¨p apX-em-fn-bpsS {i²-bm-IÀjn-¡m-\mbn IW-s¡-gpXn sIm−n-cn-¡p¶ Abm-fpsS ASp-s -̄¯n. Abm-fpsS IW-¡p-Iq-«Â CS-bv¡nsS sXän-sb-¦nepw AbmÄ AXv ]qÀ¯n-I-cn-¨p. Abmsf Dd-§m³ hnfn-s -̈¦nepw ]en-i¡v sImSp¯ ]Ww Xncn¨p]nSn-¡m³ AbmÄ B cm{Xn ho«nÂ \n¶p-t]m-bn. sNÃ-¸³ AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb Hcp {KmaoW {]W-b-Km\w Be-]n-¨p. hmk-ń-bnse Iem-Imcn B ]m«ns\m¸w DWÀ¶p. Ah-fpsS lrZbw XpSn-¨p. AhÄ \nemhp t\m¡n-\n-¶p. Hcp {`mń-sb-t¸mse AhÄ B apdn-bn-te¡p sN¶v i_vZ-t¯m-Sp-IqSn IX-Ip-IÄ Bª-Sn-¨p. B Km\w A\- -́X-bnÂ ebn¨p. ]cn-]qÀ® \ni-_vZ-X.

cwKw H³]Xv

H³]Xmw cwK¯v tIi-h³Ip-«n-bpsS hoSv. eoebpw kpa-Xnbpw kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ t\Xm-hns\ I−v Ft´m kwkm-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. t\Xmhv \Ã-bm-fm-sW¶v eoe kpa-Xn-



tbmSp ]d-bp-¶p. \msf \ap¡v Hcp-an¨v hmk-´nsb ImWm-sa¶p AhÀ NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶p. B ka-b¯v tIi-h³Ip«n Ahn-sS-sb¯n apä-¯n-cp¶ sam -́sb-Sp¯p t]mIm-s\m-cp-§p-t¼mÄ kpaXn AXv ]nSn-¨p-hm-§p-¶p. A½ acn-¨n-«n-sÃ-¦nÂ AhÀ F{X hnj-an-t¨s\ F¶v kpaXn tIi-hs\ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p. Imc-W-hÀ Ft´m hnh-c-a-dnªv tZjy-¯nÂ Ahn-sS-sb-¯n. kpa-Xn-tbmSv Cs¶-hn-tS-¡mWv t]mb-sX¶v At\z-jn-¨p. tIi-hs\ No -̄]-d-ªp. c−p-t]-scbpw \mWw sISp-¯m³ ChÄ Iip-h-−n-bm-¸o-knÂ ]Wn-¡p-t]m-sb¶v Imc-W-hÀ tIi-h-t\mSv ]d-ªp. tIi-h³ AXp-tI«v Xcn-¨p-\n-¶p. A½ acn- -̈XnÂ ]ns¶ Xsâ I®o-cp-tXmÀ¶n-«n-sÃ¶pw X\n¡v acn-¨mÂ aXn-sb¶pw Xs¶ F´p-th-W-sa-¦nepw sNbvtXm F¶pw kpaXn Ah-tcmSv ]d-ªp. tIi-h\v Ah-fpsS AhØ a\-Ên-em-bn. Ahsf ASn-¡m³ hcp¶ Imc-W-h-tcmSv ""sXmS-cp-X-htf'' F¶v AbmÄ Bt{Im-in-¨p.

cwKw ] v̄

tIi-h³Ip-«n-bpsS hoSv. Imc-W-hcpw ]m¨p-ap-X-em-fnbpw Nn«n-sb-¡p-dn¨pw CuSp-h¨ hkvXp-hn-s\-¡p-dn¨pw kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. Xms\mcp IpSp-¡nÂ s]«n-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶pw AXnÂ \n¶v c£-s¸-S-W-sa-¦nÂ Xsâ hkvXp FSp¯v ]Ww Xc-W-sa-¶pw -A-Xp- sN-bvXn-sÃ-¦nÂ \msf Xm³ Pbn-enÂ t]mtI-−n-h-cp-sa¶pw Imc-W-hÀ ]d-ªp. F¶mÂ kpa-Xn-bpsS t]cn-epÅ hkvXp am{Xta FSp-¡m³ Ignbq F¶v ]m¨p apX-emfn ]d-bp-¶p. AbmÄ \msf ImWm-sa¶v ]dªv Ahn-sS-\n¶v t]mIp-¶p.

Imc-W-hÀ Xm³ Pbn-en-em-Ip-sa¶pw c£n-¡-W-sa¶pw kpa-Xn-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. kpaXn Xsâ t]À¡pÅ \new \jvS-s¸-«mepw AÑs\ c£n-¡-W-sa¶v Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. Ah-cpsS kw`m-jWw tI«p-sIm-−n-cp¶ tIi-h³ h¶v AXn-en-S-s]-Sp-¶p. kpa-Xn-bpsS t]À¡pÅ \new hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡-cp-sX¶pw A\m-h-iy-Im-cy-§Ä sN¿p-¶-hÀ A\p-`-hn-¡-W-sa¶pw tIi-h³ Imc-W-hsc Dt±-in¨v ]d-bp-¶p. B NÀ¨ Fhn-sSbpw



F¯msX \nÂ¡p¶ ka-b¯v eoe ]cn-{`m- -́bmbn hmkń tN¨n ""sI«n-¨m-Sn-sb¶v''* h¶p ]d-bp-¶p. kpa-Xnbpw eoebpw hmk-ń-bpsS ho«n-te-t¡m-Sp-¶p. kpaXn Xncn-ªp-\n¶v tIi-h-s\bpw hnfn-¡p-¶p. adp-]Sn {]Xo-£n-¡msX kpaXn HmSn-t¸m-Ip-¶p.

cwKw ]Xn-s\m¶v

]p¯³]p-c-bv¡se AIs¯ apdn, hmkń Kucn-b-½-bv¡p-t\sc {`mń-sb-t¸mse Ien-XpÅn \nÂ¡p-I-bm-Wv. Xsâ PohnXw \in-¸n-¨Xv A½-bm-sW¶v ]dªv AhÄ hne-]n-¡p-¶p. AhÄ Bß-l-Xy-bv¡p-th−n Hcp-¡nb IbÀ AhnsS ImWmw. amXp aq¸nÂ ]eXpw hnfn¨p ]d-ªp-sIm-−n-cp¶ Kucn-b-½sb Imf-¡-bÀ sIm−-Sn¨v AI-t¯¡v HmSn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ `b-t¶m-Sp-¶p. B ka-b¯v ]m¨p apX-emfn Ahn-sS-sb-¯p-¶p. ]m¨p apX-em-fnsb Xsâ PohnXw \in-¸n¨ ZpjvS-\mbn IcpXn hmkń hnNm-cW sN¿p-¶p. ]eni IW-s¡-gp-Xnb Abm-fpsS ]pkvXIw hen¨pIodn If-bp-¶p. Abm-fp-am-bpÅ _Ôw Hgn-bp-s¶¶v hmkń ]d-ª-t¸mÄ amXp aq¸nÂ AXns\ ]n´p-W¨v ]m¨p apX-em-fnsb B ho«nÂ \n¶v ]pd-¯m¡n. kpa-Xnbpw eoebpw \ne-hn-fn-¡p¶ hmk-ńsb Biz-kn-¸n-¨p. Ahn-tS-¡p-h¶ tIi-h³Ip«n {`m -́tâ-Xp-t]mse Xpdn¨ I®p-I-tfmsS ""hmkń'' F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶p. Ic-¨n-en-\n-S-bnÂ hmkń ""tN«m''F¶p hnfn tIÄ¡p-¶p. ""am¸vv þ \o hcpt¶m'' F¶p tIi-h³Ip«n tNmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ AhÄ shÅn-Sn-t]mse ""CÃ CÖ-·-anÃ'' F¶p adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p. hmkń Hcp {`mń-sb-t¸mse Icªp. kpaXn Ahsf Biz-kn-̧ n-¨p. tIi-h³Ip-«n-bpsS Xe Ip\n-ªp. AbmÄ kmh-[m\w ]pd-t¯¡p \S-¶p. eoe Ic-¨n-e-S-¡m³ ]mSp-s]-«p. amXp aq¸nÂ apJw Xncn¨v I®p-Xp-S-¨p. Hcp \nanjw (IÀ«³).

* sI«n-̈ m-SpI þ Igp-¯nÂ Ipcp-¡n«v acn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I.



s]-cp-¼d

]n.-Fw. XmPv

1956-þÂ P\n¨ ]n.-Fw. XmPv tIc-f-kw-KoX \mSI A¡m-Zan AhmÀUp-t\-Snb "I\-em«'¯nsâ cN-\-tbmsS {it²-b-\m-bn. BZy-\m-SIw s]cp-¼d 1977-þÂ Ac-t§-dn. 1983-þse sNdp-ImSv kvamcI iàn AhmÀUpw kwØm-\-Po-h-\-¡m-cpsS AJn-te´ym \mS-I-a-Õ-c-¯nÂ cN-\-¡pÅ AhmÀUpw 1982-þse kwKo-X-\m-SI A¡m-Zan \mSI aÕ-c-¯nÂ cN-\-bv¡pÅ ]pc-kv¡m-chpw (Ip-Sp-¡), 1989-þse tIcf kwKoX \mSI A¡m-Zan AhmÀUn-\Àl-amb "]mh-¯m³ \mSpw' XmPns\ \mS-Im-kzm-Z-IÀ¡v kp]-cn-Nn-X-\m-¡n. cmhp-®n, Xe-Øm-\-¯p-\n¶v Hcp-hmÀ -̄bp-an-Ã, IpSn-̧ -I, I¬sI-«v, kzIm-cyw, Ct¶-S¯v C¶-h³, tacn-tem-d³kv, Ipdp-¡³ Ipªm-asâ hmÂ XpS-§nb \mS-I-§Ä XmPnsâ Icp-¯pä cN-\m-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯n\v DZm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv. Dbcpw Rm³ \mSmsI F¶ kn\n-a-bv¡-S¡w Bdp Xnc-¡-Y-IÄ cNn-¨n-«p-−v. `mcy _n¨p a¡Ä tkm\Â, hnimÂ. \mS-I-Ir¯v sI.-Sn.-ap-l-½Zv A½m-h-\m-Wv. 1990-þÂ A -́cn-¨p.

s]cp-¼d \mS-I-¯nse IYm-]m-{X-§Ä

hnZq-j-I³

a{´n

tkh-I³

cmPmhv

]S- -̄e-h³

tXmgn

cmP-Ip-amcn

a\p

Ihn

Imcy-ZÀin



cwKw H¶v

BÀ`m-S-an-Ãm¯ thZn-bnÂ kmam\yw hnkvXm-c-apÅ ]oTw am{Xw. hnZq-j-I³ tImep-I-tf-ńb ssIIÄ Iq¸n t{]£-Isc hµn-¡p-¶p. C\n sIm«p-\nÀ¯n Ifn-bn-te¡p hcmw F¶p-]-dªv AbmÄ cmPm-hnsâ hnfw-_cw hmbn-¡p-¶p. C¶v FÃm-P-\-§fpw ZÀ_mÀ lmfnse tbmK-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡-W-sa-¶mWv Adn-bn-¸v. Xe-ap-d-IÄ¡v ap¼v `qXw tImtem¯pw \m«nÂ h¶v H¶v Npän-b-Sn¨v Imb-en-\-¸p-ds¯ ae-bnÂ tIm« sI«n IpSn-¸mÀ¸p XpS-§n. Bfp-Isf ]nSn-¨p-sIm-−p-t]mbn henb k¶m-l-ap-−m-¡n. kpµ-cn-Isf X«n-s¡m-−p-t]mbn sh¸m-«n-I-fm-¡n. I¶p-Im-en-Isf ]nSn-¨p-sIm-−p-t]mbn Xn¶p. hnf \in-¸n-¨p. F{X-sb{X Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn `qXhpw cmPmhpw \s½ `cn-¡p-¶p. {]P-IÄ FÃm-¡m-e¯pw \½Ä Xs¶ F¶p ]d-ªp-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶n-S-t¯¡v cmPmhv F¯n-t -̈cp-¶p. Xm³ ]d-bm-t\Â¸n¨ Imcyw P\-§-tfmSv ]dtªm F¶-t\z-jn-¡p-¶p. CsÃ¶p ]dª hnZq-j-I³ a{ń¡v A¡mcyw ]d-bm³ thZn Hgn-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. `qXw cmP-Ip-am-cnsb X«n-sIm-−p-t]m-Ip-sa¶v {]Jym-]n¨ hnhcw a{ń P\-§sf Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. cmP-Ip-am-cnsb `qXw X«n-sIm-−p-t]m-bmÂ P\-§-fpsS Xebpw \jvS-s¸-Sp-sa¶v cmPmhv ap¶-dn-bn¸v \ÂIn.

a{ńbpw ]S- -̄e-h\pw Bi-b-Ip-g-¸-¯n-em-Ip¶p. hnZq-j-I³, Xsâ aIsf `qXw X«n-sIm-−p-t]m-bXv Ign-ª-hÀjw CtX Znh-k-am-sW¶v HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p. Xsâ aIs\ `qXw kz´w Imcy-ZÀin-bm-¡n-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ-¦nÂ Ah³ Fs -́¦nepw D]mbw ]dªp Xt¶-s\-sb¶v a{ń ]d-bp-¶p. a{ńbpw ]S-

-̄e-h\pw `qXs¯ sacp-¡m³ ]e-h-gn-Ifpamtem-Nn-¡p-¶p. `qX-hp-ambn Hscm-¯p-XoÀ¸n\v AhÀ Btem-Nn-¡p-¶p. cmP-Ip-am-cn¡v ]Icw Cu \m«nse `qXw Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶{X kpµ-cn-Isf \ÂIn-bmtem? s]s®¶p ]d-ªmÂ hogm¯ `qX-apt−m? F¶n-§s\bpÅ tNmZy-§Ä AhÀ ]c-kv]cw tNmZn-¡p-¶p. B ka-b¯v cmP-Ip-am-cnsb `qX-¯nÂ\n¶v c£-s¸-Sp-



¯p-¶-hÀ¡v Ahsf hnhmlw Ign¨v sImSp-¡p-¶-Xm-sW¶v hnfw-_-c-ap-−m-Ip-¶p. hnZq-j-I³ `qXw X«n-sIm-−p-t]mb kz´w aI-sf-¡p-dn-t¨mÀ¡p-¶p. AhÄ Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶pt−m F¶m-tem-Nn-¡p-¶p. ]S-̄ -e-h\pw a{´nbpw cmP-Ip-am-cnsb hnhmlw Ign-¡-W-sa¶v a\-ÊnÂ IW¡p Iq«p-¶p. AhÀ ]c-kv]cw hocyw sISp-¯p¶ hm¡p-XÀ¡-¯n-teÀs¸Sp-¶p.

Ahn-tS¡v hnZq-j-I³ IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. a\p cmPy-¯p-−m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ Ah³ `qXs¯ Iog-S-¡n-tbs\ F¶pw ]t£ Ahs\ \mSp IS-¯n-bntÃ F¶pw a{´n-tbmSpw ]S- -̄e-h-t\mSpw tNmZn-¡p-¶p. cmPmhv ho−pw AhnsSsb¯p-¶p. ho−pw Hcp hnfw-_-c-ap-−m-Ip-¶p. cmPys¯ kÀÆ-am\ Ahn-hm-ln-X-I-tfmSpw sIm«m-c-ap-ä¯p lmP-cm-hm-\m-WXv. cmP-Ip-am-cn¡p ]I-c-ambn apgp-h³ Ahn-hm-ln-X-I-sfbpw `qX-¯n\p sImSp-¡m³ cmPmhv Iev]n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.B ka-b¯v cmP-Ip-am-cnsb `qXw X«n-sIm-−p-t]mb hnhcw hnfw-_cw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶-tXmsS cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

cwKw c−v

`qX-¯nsâ tIm«-bmWv Cu cwK¯v ImWp-¶Xv. tXmgn cwK-{]-thiw sN¿p-¶p.

`qXw hnZq-j-Is\ Xsâ tIm«-bn-te¡v X«n-sIm−p h¶p. \jvS-s¸« aIsf hnZq-j-I³ AhnsS h¨v ImWp¶p kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. cmP-Ip-am-cn-bpsS Bh-iy-a-\p-k-cn-¨mWv `qXw hnZq-j-Is\ X«n-sIm−p h¶-Xv. tkh-I-\p-am-bpÅ hnZq-j-Isâ kwkm-c-¯nÂ cmPm-hnsâ tIm«-bm-bmepw `qX-¯nsâ tIm«-bm-bmepw FÃmw Hcp-t]m-em-sW¶v hnZq-j-I³ ]d-bp-¶p. hnZq-j-I³ Nncn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm-−mWv Ct§m«p sIm−p-h-cm³ ]d-ª-sX¶v cmP-Ip-amcn ]d-bp-t¼mÄ ""Ipc-§p-Ifn ImWm³ FÃm-hÀ¡pw CjvS-am-Iptª!'' F¶v hnZq-j-I³ hnaÀin-¡p-¶p-−v. `qX-¯nsâ `mcy-bm-th-−n-h-¶-XnÂ cmP-Ip-am-cn¡v k¦-S-an-tÃ-sb¶v tXmgn tNmZn-¡p-¶p. FÃm-h-tcbpw tXmÂ¸n-



¡p¶ `qX-¯nsâ `mcym-b-hm³ Ign-bp-¶-sXmcp henb Imcy-a-sÃ-sb¶v cmP-Ip-amcn Xncn¨p tNmZn-¡p-¶p.

DZym-\-¯n-te¡v ]q¼m-äsb At\z-jn-¨p-sN¶ cmP-Ip-amcn AhnsS a\p-hns\ ImWp-¶p. AhÀ kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. cmP-Ip-am-cn-bpsS AÑ³ cmPy¯v sN¿p¶ t{Zml-§sf a\p ]dªp a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p. cmP-Ip-am-cn¡v AXv kln-¡m-\m-hp-¶n-Ã. \n\¡p `qX-¯ns\ sImÃm³ Ign-bp-sa¶pw \ap¡v hnhmlw Ign-¡m-sa¶pw cmP-Ip-amcn a\p-hn-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. ImcyZÀin `qX-¯nsâ KpW-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v hnZq-j-I-t\mSp kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. `qXw {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-tXmsS a\phpw `qXhpw X½nÂ s]mcnª bp²w \S-¡p-¶p. bp²-¯nÂ `qXw acn-¨p-ho-gp-¶p. FÃm-hcpw kvX_v[-cmbn t\m¡n \nÂ¡p-¶p. cmP-Ip-amcn a\p-hnsâ ASp-s¯¯n Ahsâ tXmfnÂ Npän-¸n-Sn-¡p-¶p. Ah³ cmP-Ip-am-cnsb X«n-sb-dn-bp-¶p. Imcy-ZÀin-tbbpw cmP-Ip-am-cn-tbbpw N§-e-bnÂ _Ôn¨v hnZq-j-I\pw tXmgnbpw B N§e ]nSn¨v ap³t] \S-¡p-¶p. AhÀ AhnsS \n¶pw bm{X ]pd-s¸-Sp-¶p.

cwKw aq¶v

aq¶mw cwK-¯nÂ hnZq-j-Isâ s]cp-¼-d-bpsS i_vZw. AXp s]mSp-¶s\ \ne-bv¡p-¶p. kzØ-cm-sb-¯p¶ cmPmhpw a{ńbpw. Aev]-k-a-b-¯n-\Iw cmPmhv Akz-Ø-\mbn knwlm-k-\-¯nÂ \ns¶-gp-t¶Â¡p-¶p.

a{ń-tbmSv cmPmhv `qX-tem-I-¯p-\n¶p hcp¶ Xsâ aI-tfbpw kwL-s¯bpw F§s\ kzoI-cn-¡-W-sa¶v tNmZn-¡p-¶p. ]S- -̄e-h³ Xm\p-Å-t¸mÄ tIm«-bpsS ASp-¯p-t]mepw Bcpw hcn-sÃ¶v cmPm-hn\v Dd¸p sImSp-¡p-¶p. a{ń cmP-I-hn-tbmSv Cu BtLm-j-¯n\v `wKn-Iq-«m³ ]pXnb Km\-§-sf-gp-Xm³ ]d-ªn-«p-s−¶v cmPm-hn-t\mSv ]d-ªp. ""a{ń \½psS ]cm-P-b-¯n\v C{X henb BtLmjw thtWm'' F¶v cmPmhv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. a\phpw kwLhpw sIm«m-c-¯n-se¯n cmPm-hns\ hnNm-cW sN¿p-¶p. cmPmhv c£-s¸-Sm³ {ian-¡p-



¶p. \o `cn-¨n-cp¶ cmPy¯v A{I-ahpw A\o-Xnbpw ]«n-Wnbpw Zmcn-{Zyhpaps−¶v cmPm-hns\ hnNm-cW sNbvXp-sIm−v a\p ]d-bp-¶p. cmPmhn\v in£ hn[n-¡p¶p F¶v tIÄ¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ cmPmhv ]oT-¯nÂ \n¶n-d§n HmSm³ {ian-¡p-¶p. At¶cw a\p AhnsS \n¶v ad-ªp-I-gn-ªn-cp-¶p. cmPmhv Ihn-tbmSv ]m«p-\nÀ¯m³ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. Xs¶ `b-s¸-Sp-¯nb Ihnsb sImÃ-W-sa¶v cmPmhv Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p.

Ihn-bpsS ]m«v cmPm-hn-tâbpw a{ń-bp-sSbpw IÀ®-§-fnÂ ]Xn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ Akz-Ø-cm-Ip-t¼mÄ B cmPys¯ apgp-h³ P\-§fpw B ]m«p-]mSn AhÀ¡p t\sc ]mªp-h-cp-¶Xv ImWp-¶p. ]S- -̄e-h-t\mSv Ah-tcmSv Gäp-ap-«m-\pÅ BÚ ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p¶ cmPmhv tIm«-hm-XnÂ InS§v F¶n-h-bpsS AhØ F´m-sW¶p tNmZn-¡p-¶p. h¶-hÀ tIm« hfªp Ign-ªp. AhÀ¡p IS-¶p-h-cm³ ]mew \o−p-sN-Ãp-¶p. XoPzm-e-IÄ hI-ªp-amdn hgn-sbm-cp-¡p-¶p. Ihm-S-§Ä Xpd-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p. Nph-cp-IÄ hn−p-amdn Bbncw hgn-I-fp-−m-¡p-¶p. AhÀ¡pt\sc Nq−-s¸« ic-§Ä Nq−n-b-h\p t\sc Xs¶ Xncn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. cmPm-hn-s\bpw a{ń-tbbpw `b-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ B ]m«v XS-h-d-bpsS `mK-¯p-\n¶v tIÄ¡m-\m-Ip-¶p. iàn tNmÀ¶v Dd-¨p-t]mb AhÀ¡n-S-bn-te¡v cmP-Ip-am-cnbpw Imcy-ZÀinbpw ]S- -̄eh\pw _Ô-\-Ø-cm-¡-s¸« \ne-bnÂ sXdn-¨p-h¶p hogp-¶p. \ni-_vZX! Ahn-tS¡v s]cp-¼-dbpw sIm«n hnZq-j-I³ IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. Ct¶mfw Zpc-h-Ø-bpsS {]Jym-]\w am{Xw sIm«n-b-dn-bn¨ Fsâ s]cp-¼d C¶nXm BËm-Z-¯nsâ s]m³Xm-f-ap-XnÀ¡p-¶p. hnZq-j-I³ \nÝ-e-cm-b-hÀ¡n-S-bn-eqsS aZn¨p sIm«n \S-¡p-t¼mÄ \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

Cu \mSIw \½psS `c-W-Iq-S-k-{¼-Zm-b-§sf hnaÀin-¡m³ ]gb cmPm-hn-s\bpw a{ń-sbbpw IYm-]m-{X-§-fm-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. \½psS P\m-[n-]Xyw Iim¸p sN¿m³ XpS-§n-bn«v Ime-§-fm-sb¶pw `c-W-IÀ¯m-¡-fpsS hnUvVn-̄ hpw Aev]-¯hpw BWv C¶pw \s½ \bn-¡p-¶-sX-¶p-apÅ bmYmÀ°yw



\mSIw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. A[n-Im-cs¯ tNmZyw sN¿p-¶-hÀ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fmÂ \mSp-I-S- -̄s¸-Sp-¶Xpw h[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw km[m-cW kw`-h-am-sW¶v \mSIw ]d-bp-¶p. HcmÄ¡p-th−n cmPys¯ apgp-h³ {]P-I-sfbpw sIme-s¸-Sp-¯m³ hsc A[n-Imcw X¿m-dm-hp-¶p-s−¶ kXyw \mSIw hnfn-¨p-]-d-bp-¶p. Bcp `cn-¨mepw {]P-IÄ F¶pw t\m¡p-Ip-̄ n-I-fm-sW¶ ]mTw \mSIw ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p. ASn-b- -́cm-h-Ø-Im-e¯v Fgp-X-s¸« Cu \mSIw ià-amb cmjv{Sob hnaÀi\w D¶-bn-¡p-¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. s]cp-¼-d- \m-SIw \½psS `c-W-Iq-S-k-{¼-Zm-b-§sf hnaÀin-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?

2. `qXhpw cmPmhpw hyXym-k-an-Ãm¯ A[n-Im-c-tI-{µ-§-fm-sW¶v s]cp-¼d \mSIw sXfn-bn-¡p-¶pt−m?

3. ]n.-Fw. cmPnsâ \mS-I-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Hcp Ipdn-s¸-gp-Xp-I.

4. "s]cp-¼d' \mS-I-¯n\v Hcp Bkzm-Z\w X¿m-dm-¡pI?

Hmtcmtcm Ime-¯nepw

{ioP.-sI.hn

{ioP Bd-t§m-«p-Ic F¶ {ioP sI.hn 1966-þÂ XrÈqÀ PnÃ-bnse Bd-t§m-«p-I-c-bnÂ P\n-¨p. ]«m¼n kwkvIrX tImtf-PnÂ \n¶v _ncp-Zw. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Fw.-F. Hmtcmtcm Ime-¯nepw F¶ \mSIw tIcf kwKoX \mSI A¡m-Z-an-bpsS Asa-NzÀ \mSIaÕ-c-¯nÂ 1999-þÂ anI¨ cN-\-bv¡pÅ AhmÀUn\pw anI¨ \hm-KX {]Xn-̀ -bv¡pÅ Sn.-F³. tKm]n-\m-Y³ \mbÀ AhmÀUn\pw 2003þse sNdp-ImSv AhmÀUn\pw AÀl-am-bn. te_À dqw F¶ \mSIw kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³ \mbÀ "kmtIXw' AhmÀUn\v AÀl-am-bn. hmWnPy \nIpXn hIp-¸nÂ tPmen sN¿p-¶p.



IYm-]m-{X-§Ä

Ipdn-tb-S¯v Xm{Xn

sImW-hÅn am[hn

s]¬Ip«n

\gvkv þ tPÀW-enÌv

bphmhv

Ipdn-tb-S¯v \¼ym-¯³

Ipdn-tb-S¯v cma³

Hm¡n C«ocn

\mcm-b-W³ \¼o-i³

tZi-aw-Kew \¼q-Xncn

tKmhn-µ³

ap−-bqÀ am[-h³

Imhp-¦Â i¦-c-̧ -Wn-¡À

Iev]-I-tÈcn AÑ³ \¼q-Xncn

tPÀW-en-Ìp-Ifpw kvamÀ -̄hn-Nm-c-k-ZÊpw DÄs¸-Sp¶ kwLw.

kaql-¯nse kv{Xo Pohn-Xs¯ kw_-Ôn¨v Imew tIhew Hc-I-e-am-Wv. Bd-t§m-«p-I-c-bnÂ P\n¨v 1905-þÂ Xr¸p-Wn-¯p-d-bnÂ sh¨v kvamÀ -̄hn-Nmcw sN¿-s¸«v {`jvSm-¡-s¸« Ipdn-tb-S¯v Xm{Xn F¶ kmhn-{Xnsb Cu \mS-I-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. 1905-þÂ \n¶v 2000-þ-¯n-te-¡p-ÅXv Hcp \qäm-−nsâ AIew am{Xw. Ncn-{X-¯nÂ \ns¶-t¸mtgm \njv¡m-k\w sN¿-s¸«v Hcp an¯mbn amdn-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p¶ Xm{Xn, Ah-tl-f-\-§fpw NXnbpw ]cn-lm-khpw Gäp-hm-§p¶ kv{XoI-fnÂ C¶pw Pohn-¡p¶p F¶ kaq-l bmYmÀ°yw s]¬Ip«n F¶ IYm-]m-{Xs¯ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p-sIm−v Cu \mSIw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p.



BapJ cwK¯v s]¬Ip«n sagp-Ip-Xncn sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p. shfn- -̈¯nÂ Npäpw hm³tKm-Knsâ s]bnân-§p-IÄ ]Ým- -̄e-¯nÂ tkmf-asâ D -̄a-Ko-X-¯nse hcn-IÄ. hm³tKm-Knsâ skÂ^v t]mÀt{S-änÂ Xe-Nm-bv¨p-sIm−v s]¬Ip«n Cu Nn{X-§-fnÂ apgp-h³ Pzen-¡p¶ {]W-b-am-WtÃm F¶v tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AhÄ ""hm³tKmKv Xntbm-hn-s\-gp-Xnb I¯p-IÄ''F¶ ]pkvXIw \nhÀ¯n hmbn-¡p-¶p. bphmhv IS-¶p-h-¶v s]¬Ip-«n-tbmSv {]W-b-s -̄¡p-dn¨v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ {]W-b-\nÀhr-Xn-tbmsS sagp-Ip-Xncn I¿nÂ ]nSn¨v tNÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. cwK¯v \f-N-cn-X-¯nse {]W-b-]-Z-§Ä Db-cp-¶p. cwK¯v Xm{Xn am[-hsâ ASp-t¯¡v Nph-Sp-IÄ h¨v sNÃp-¶p. AhÀ {]W-b-\nÀhr-Xn-tbmsS tNÀ¶m-Sp-¶p. B c−p tPmUn-I-fn-te¡v shfn¨w tI{µo-I-cn-¡p¶p.

H¶mw cwK-¯nÂ bphmhv s]¬Ip-«n-bpsS Ign-hp-Isf ]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p. Nn{X-I-esb \nÊm-c-ambn ImW-cp-sX¶pw kz -́ambn Hcp Ìmâv.....-Hcp skÂ^vsÌÂ AXp-−m-¡-W-sa¶v bphmhv ]d-bp-¶p. {]W-bs¯ Imev]-\n-I-ambn ImW-cp-sX¶pw kocn-b-Êmbn Imcy-§sf Adn-b-W-sa¶pw Fsâ apdn-bnÂ h¶v Nn{X-I-esb a\-Ên-em¡v F¶p ]dªv {_jpw s]bvâpw ]me-äp-sa-Sp¯v s]¬Ip-«n¡v sImSp-¡p-¶p. s]¬Ip«n BËm-Z-t¯msS Xm³ hc¨ Nn{X-¯nÂ s]bnâp-sN-¿m³ XpS-§p-t¼mÄ bphmhv Ah-fpsS ico-c-¯n-emsI {_jv Nen-¸n-¡p-¶p.

c−mw cwK-¯nÂ Xm{Xnbpw am[-h\pw \f-N-cnXw BtS-−-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨p kwkm-cn-¡p¶p. am[-h\v AXnÂ Xmev]-cy-an-Ã. AbmÄ ]Tn- -̈Xp-am{Xw Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡m³ am{Xta Ign-bp-I-bpÅp F¶v iTn-¡p-¶p. Xm{Xn {]W-b-`m-h-t¯msS am[-hsâ ASp¯p sNÃp-¶p. Xnc-Èoe¡I¯v AhÀ H¶m-Ip-¶p. kwKoXw s]s«¶v \ne-¡p-t¼mÄ Xnc-Èo-e-bm-¡n-¸n-Sn¨ ap−v IpS-sª-gp-t¶Â¡p-¶p. Xm{Xn hnj-a-t¯msS am[-hs\ t\m¡p-¶p.""Xm{Xn F´m-s¸m{X hnj-an-¡m-\p-ÅXv AtXbv Rm³ Ct{Xmt¡y Icp-Xn-«pÅp \nsâ Hcp tIi-`mc IocntSmw



{]W-tbmw, ]mÞntXymw''F¶v am[-h³ ]d-bp-¶p. Xm{Xn tX§p-¶p.""AtXbv Iptdy-Ss¯ \¼ym-¯³ \¼q-Xn-cn¡pw \¼n-i\pw Hs¡ Bhm-̈ mÂ F\n-s¡´mw Bbv¡psS'' F¶p-]-dª am[-h-t\mSv ""am[-hm......A§pw'' F¶p Xm{Xn ]d-bp-¶p. AXns\ XpSÀ¶v cwK¯v s]¬Ip«n kvXw`n¨p \nÂ¡p-¶p. hoWp-In-S-¡p¶ {_jpw ]me-äp-sa-Sp-¯p-sIm−v kwi-b-t¯msS AhÄ ""\obpw'' F¶p tNmZn-¡p-¶p-tXmsS c−mw cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

cwKw aq¶nÂ bphm-hnsâ apdn-bn-te-s¡-¯p¶ s]¬Ip«n AhÄ BËm-Z-`-cn-X-bm-Wv. AhÀ hm³tKm-Kns\ Ipdn¨v Xam-i-]-d-bp¶p. h³tKm-Kns\ hnaÀin- -̈t¸mÄ s]¬Ip«n bphm-hns\ XÅn-bn«v t]mIm³ XpS-§p-¶p. bphmhv s]¬Ip-«nsb Hcp \á-Nn-{X-¯n-te¡v XÅn-bn«v A«-l-kn-¡p-¶p. AXn-\p-tijw ssIsIm−pw {_jp-sIm−pw Ah-sf h\y-ambn s]bnâp sN¿p-¶p. ]c-ky-Nn-{X-¯nÂ \n¶v bphm-hnsâ `mh-t`-Z-§-tfmsS Hcp-]mSv t]À Cd-§n-h-cn-Ibpw s]¬Ip-«nsb {Iqc-ambn s]bnâp sN¿p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Ic-bm³ t]mepw Ign-bmsX s]¬Ip«n Nn{X-¯nÂ Ipg-ªp-ho-gp-¶p.

cwKw \menÂ shfn¨w hcp-t¼mÄ s]¬Ip-«n-bpsS apdn-bpsS kqN-\-IÄ, Ignª cwK-¯nsâ XpSÀ -̈bmbn AhÄ XfÀ¶p InS-¡p-¶p. adp-h-i¯v Xm{XnbpsS apdn am[-h-\nÂ \n¶pÅ BLm-X-¯nÂ Ic-bp¶ Xm{Xn. A½m-a-\mb Hm¡n C«ocn \¼q-Xncn Xm{Xn-¡p«n F¶p-hn-fn¨v IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. Xm{Xn-¡p-«n-bpsS ZpxJ-̄ n\v ImcWw PmX-I-tZm-j-am-sW¶v Hm¡n A½m-a³ ]d-bp-¶p. Xm{Xn-tbmSv FÃmw ]Tn-¸n-¡m³ amfn-I-bn-te¡v sNÃm³ AbmÄ ]d-bp-¶p. AhnsS sN¶-t¸m-gp-−mb Zpc-\p-`hw ""Rm³ sN¶p. At¸m F\n¡v icn-¡v a\-Ên-em-bn, F´mWv Fsâ PmX-I-tZmjw¶v''F¶v Xm{Xn hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. PmXIw Fgp-Xnb Hme Xm{Xn hen-s -̈dn-bp-¶p. s]¬Ip-«n-bpsS tZl¯v Hme-IÄ h¶p-ho-gp-¶p. Xm{Xn-bpsS Nncn tIÄ¡p-¶p.



cwKw A©nÂ Bip-]-{Xn-apdn, s]¬Ip«n I«nenÂ InS-¡p-¶p. ]Ým- -̄e-¯nÂ tkmf-asâ D -̄a-Ko-X-¯nse hcn-IÄ. NXn-¡-s¸« s]¬Ip«n \me-©p-Zn-hkambn Bip-]-{Xn-bn-em-Wv. aäp-Å-h-cpsS t\m«-¯nÂ Ah-fmWv sXäp-Im-cn. Ahsf t]meokv tNmZyw sNbvXp. AÑ-t\bpw A½-tbbpw tNmZyw sN¿m³ sIm−p-t]m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Znh-k-§-fmbn Dd-§m³ Ign-bm- -̄Xp-sIm−v \gvkn-t\mSv Hcp ]m«p-]m-Sn- -̄cm³ AhÄ At]-£n-¡p-¶p. \gvkv Ahsf Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. aäp-Å-h-cnÂ \n¶v In«nb hr¯n-sI« tcmKw ]c-̄ m-\m-Wmthm ChnsS h¶p-In-S-¡p-¶-sX¶v knÌÀ s]¬Ip-«nsb Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. s]¬Ip«n sR«n Aedn hnfn-¡p-¶p. AhÄ¡v C©-£³ sImSp¯v ab¡n InS-¯p-¶p.

cwKw BdnÂ Xncn- -̈dn-bÂ ]tc-Unsâ Zriyw. ]e-Im-e-¯n-epÅ thjw [cn¨ ]pcp-j³amÀ ]pdw-Xn-cnªv \nÂ¡p¶p. tÌPnsâ Hcp aqe-bnÂ \n¶v t]Sn- -̈c−v IS-¶p-h-cp¶ s]¬Ip«n ]n¶nÂ \n¶v h\n-Xm-t]m-eo-knsâ ]pÑw \ndª i_vZw. ""Dw t\m¡v Bscm-s¡-bm-bn-cp¶p \nsâ Cc-I-sf¶p t\m¡v'' ]pd-InÂ \n¶v Iq«-¨n-cn. s]¬Ip«n Hmtcm-cp-

-̄cp-sSbpw ASp-s -̄¯p-t¼mÄ AhnsS ]pI-]-c-¡p-¶p. s]¬Ip«n AhnsS \n¶v HmSn c£-s¸-Sp-¶p.AhÄ C§s\ ]d-bp-¶p.""F\n-¡-dn-bn-Ã.....-F-\n-s¡m-¶p-a-dn-bn-Ã.....I®pI-fnÂ \ndsb {]W-b-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶, {]W-b-¯n-\p-th−n kz´w ImXp-IÄ apdn¨p sImSp¯ Hcp apJw am{Xta F\n-t¡mÀ½-bpÅp.'' Bfp-I-fpsS Nncn¡pw _l-f-¯n-\p-an-S-bnÂ \n¶v Ipd¨pt]À ]ncn-ªp-t]m-Ip-¶p. _m¡n-bp-Å-hÀ Hcp kvamÀ -̄hn-Nm-c -k-Z-Ên\v cq]w sImSp-¡p-¶p. kvamÀ¯³, AI-tIm-bva, ]pd-t¡m-bva, Ip«n-̧ -«À, Xm{Xn-bpsS Ccn-¡-W-½, sImW-hÅn am[hn F¶n-hÀ cwK¯v. tÌPnsâ adp-`m-K¯v \oXn e`n-¡m¯ tImS-Xn-bpsS Agn-IÄ¡p-ÅnÂ s]¬Ip«n XfÀ¶p InS-¡p-¶p.

Xm{Xn-bpsS kvamÀ -̄hn-Nmcw XpS-§p-¶p. kvamÀ¯³ FÃm-h-tcmSpw \ni_vZ-cm-bncn¡m³ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. ]n¶nÂ



\n¶v PUvPn-bpsS i_vZw. Xm{Xn-bpsS hmZ-§Ä¡v sXfnhp tNmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ s]¬Ip-«n-bmWv D¯cw ]d-bp-¶-Xv. ""cq£-K-Ô-apÅ Np−p-IÄ Nph-¶p-I-e-§nb I®p-IÄ....-tcm-am-hr-X-amb Imep-IÄ. CsXm-s¡....-C-sXms¡ am{Xta F\n-t¡mÀ½-bp-Åp....''F¶p-]-dªv Ae-dn-¡-cªv hogp-¶p. kvamÀ¯³ sXfnhp tNmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xm{Xn-bpsS Nncn Db-cp-¶p.

\¼y-m¯\pw \¼n-i\pw X½n-epÅ kw`m-j-W-̄ nÂ \n¶v Xm{Xn-bpsS hnhn[Ie-I-fnepw kmln-Xy-¯n-ep-apÅ Ignhv NÀ¨ sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶p. \¼y-¯m³ ]{´−p Znhkw Xm{Xnsb ]oUn-¸n- -̈Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v kvamÀ -̄t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. A¶v X\n¡v ]¯v hb-Êm-bn-«n-sÃ¶v Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶p. AXn-t\m-sSm¸w Xs¶ ]m«p]Tn-¸n¨ \¼n-i\pw D]-tbm-Kn-s -̈¶Xv [cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

s]¬Ip«n Knäm-dnsâ I¼n-IÄ hen¨p s]m«n¨v t]mIp-¶p. Xm{Xn XpS-cp-¶p. ""]ns¶ Fs´ms¡ A\p-`-h-§Ä! F{X-sb{X ImgvN-IÄ! Fs´Ãmw k½m-\-§Ä'' s]¬Ip«n hm³tKm-Knsâ skÂ^v t]mÀt{Säv FSp-¯p-t]m-Ip¶p.

cwKw GgnÂ am[-hnbpw Xm{Xnbpw tafs¯¡pdn¨pw ]cn-N-b-¡m-sc-¡p-dn¨pw kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. Ip«n-Ir-jvW³ F¶ B\-tbm-sSm¸w tZi-aw-K-e¯v \¼q-Xncn s\än-¸«w ImWn-¡m³ Xm{Xn-bpsS ASp¯v hcp-¶p. Ahsf NXn¨v ]oUn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Xm{Xn Ic-bp-¶p. am[hn Xm{Xnsb Biz-kn-¸n-¡p-¶p. IqsS-bp-−m-hp-sa¶v am[hn hm¡p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-t¼mÄ \¼ym-̄ ³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS `ojWnkzcw ""A§-s\-§«v Agn-ªm-Sm³ hn«mÂ ]äney. \nÝw''

cwKw F«nÂ Iev]-I-tÈcn CÃ-¯nsâ ]qap-Jw. Xm{Xn-bpsS AÑ-\mb Iev]-I-tÈcn AjvS-aqÀ¯n \¼q-Xn-cn, Ipdn-tb-S¯v \¼ym-¯³ \¼q-Xn-cn, Imcy-Ø³ tKmhn-µ³, tZi-aw-K-e¯v \¼q-Xn-cn, Hm¡n C«ocn \¼q-Xn-cn, \mcm-b-W³ \¼o-i³ XpS-§n-b-hÀ Kuc-h-amb kw`m-j-W-¯nÂ.

Xm{Xn-bpsS AÑ³ \¼q-Xn-cn-b-S-¡-apÅ FÃ {]ap-Jcpw



Xm{Xnsb ]oUn-¸n- -̈h-cm-Wv. AhÀ Iq«w IqSn Xm{Xn-bpsS kz`m-h-Zq-jy-s -̄¸än ]dªv Fs -́¦nepw {]Xn-hn[n ImWm³ {ian-¡p-¶p. Ipdn-tb-S¯v \¼ym-¯³ \¼q-Xncn Xsâ A\n-b³ cmas\ sIm−v Xm{Xnsb thfn Ign-¸n-¡m³ \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶p-tXmsS cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p. \¼ym-¯³ \¼q-Xncn Xsâ CÃ-t¯¡p Xs¶ Xm{Xnsb sIm−p-h-cm-\pÅ kq{X-ambn Cu hnh-lms¯ ImWp-¶p.

cwKw H³]-XnÂ Iptdy-S¯v CÃs¯ Ad. cma³ \¼q-Xncn Xm{Xnsb Im¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. hnUvVn¯w IeÀ¶ `mhw. Xm{Xn IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. AhÀ kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ \¼ym-¯³ hmXn-enÂ ap«n cma-t\mSv IY-Ifn ImWm³ t]mIm³ BÚm-]n-¡p-¶p. cma³ ]pd-¯p-t]m-Ip-¶p. \¼ym-¯³ Xm{Xnsb I−v "Cu `mKyw F\n-¡p-ÅXv Xs¶' F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. ""AXv \S-¡nÃ'' F¶v Xm{Xn ]d-bp-t¼mÄ AbmÄ Ahsf iIm-cn-¡p-Ibpw `oj-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. hnf-¡nsâ tImep-sIm−v Abmsf Ip¯m-t\m-§nb Xm{Xn Abmsf ]pd-¯m¡n hmXn-e-S-¡p-¶p.

s]¬Ip«n {]Xy-£-s¸«v jmÄ Igp-¯nÂ Npän acn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. ""Rms\-´n\v tXmÂ¡Ww'' F¶ Xm{Xn-bpsS tNmZyw tI«v s]¬Ip«n jmf-gn-¨p-am-äp-¶p.

Xm{Xn am[-hn-tbmSv Imhp-¦Â i¦-c³ F¶ IY-I-fn-¡m-csâ IoN-I-thjw ImWWw F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. Xm{Xn {]W-bn-¡p-¶Xv IoN-I-s\-bm-Wv, IY-I-fn-sb-bmWv, i¦-c³ AXv apX-se-Sp¯v Ah-tfm-sSm¸w {]W-b-]m-c-h-iy-t¯msS BSp-¶p. s]¬Ip«n \nd-§-fnÂ ebn¨v \r¯w sN¿p-¶Xpw cwK¯v ImWmw.

i¦-c-\p-ambn BSp¶ Xm{Xnsb I−v CXn-s\ms¡ F´m sN¿-−Xv¶v F\n-¡-dnbmw F¶p-]-dªv \¼ym-¯³ FÃm \¼q-Xn-cn-am-scbpw hnfn-¨p-Iq-«p-¶p.

cwKw ]¯v Ccp-«nÂ Iyma-d-bpsS ^vfmjv sseäp-IÄ. ]{X-{]-hÀ -̄IÀ s]¬Ip-«n-tbmSv tNmZy-§Ä tNmZn-¡p-¶p. ]-



{X-{]-hÀ -̄I-bmb Hcp kv{Xo s]¬Ip-«n-tbmSv Ipd¨p IqSn Xpd¶v tNmZy-§Ä tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Ccsb hnäp em`-ap-−m-¡p¶ Ah-cpsS coXn ChnsS Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. AhÀ t^mt«m-sb-Sp-¡p-Ibpw CsXmcp ^âm-Ìn¡v tÌmdn-bm-sW¶p ]d-ªp-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. s]¬Ip«n \ne¯v Ipgªp hogp-¶p.

cwKw ]Xn-s\m-¶nÂ Ipdn-tb-S¯v ]qapJw. \¼ym-¯³ Hme-bnÂ Fgp-Xn-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. cma³ Ahn-sS-h-cp-¶p. Abmsf \¼ym-¯³ `b-s¸-Sp¯n ]d-ª-bv¡p-¶p. Iev]-I-tÈcn \¼q-Xn-cn, tKmhn-µ³, tZi-aw-K-e¯v \¼q-Xn-cn, \¼o-i³, Hm¡n F¶n-hÀ tNÀ¶v Xm{Xn-s¡-Xnsc NXn {]tbm-Kn-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. Hcp IÅ³ Xm{Xn-bpsS Ad-bnÂ Ibdn Imcyw km[n-s¨¶pw AXv sIm¨n cmPm-hns\ Adn-bn¨v Xm{Xnsb Ipä-¡m-cn-bm¡n AhÀ¡v c£-s¸-Sm-sa¶v KqVm-tem-N\ \S-¯p-¶p.

cwKw ]{ -́−nÂ Xm{Xn-bpsS apdn. Xm{Xn ]pÑ-t¯msS ""IÅ³ Ibdn tamlw km[n¨p t]mbn'' Fsâ t]cnev Fgp-Xn-sh-¨n-cn-¡p¶p F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. cma³ AXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v kwibw tNmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ Hcp-]mSp IÅ-·mÀ h¶v tamlw km[n-¸n¨p t]mbn F¶v Xm{Xn cma-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. AbmÄ H¶pw a\-Ên-em-hmsX \nÂ¡p-¶p. F´m-bmepw Xm{Xn-bpsS IqsS AbmÄ \nÂ¡p-sa¶v ]d-bp-¶p. shfn¨w Ipd-bp-t¼mÄ ]Ým -̄e-¯nÂ cmP-I-ev]\.

""sN½´n« tZiw Iptdy-S¯p a\-bv¡Â cma³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS A´ÀÖ-\hpw s]m¶m\n Xmeq¡v Fgp-a-§mSv tZiw Bd-t§m-«p-Ic Iev]-I-tÈcn a\-bv¡Â AjvS-aqÀ¯n \¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS alfpw Bb Xm{Xn F¶ kmhn{Xn A´ÀÖ-\s¯ ASp-¡fi¦ Btcm]n¨v AXn³ X¡-h®w A©mw-]p-c-bn-em-¡m³ sIm¨n henb X¼p-cm³ Xncp-a-\Êv Iev]n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. km[-\s¯ taÂhn-Nm-c-W-¡mbn Xr¸p-Wn-¯p-dbv¡p sIm−p-t]m-Im\pw Iev]-\-bm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.''

cwKw ]Xn-aq-¶nÂ Hcp hi¯v A©mw]pc-bpsS Zriyw.



AI¯v Xm{Xn ]pd¯v am[-hn. adp-h-i¯v Ae-t¦m-e-s¸« apdn-bnÂ t]Sn- -̈c−v ]Xp-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶ s]¬Ip-«n.

am[-hnbpw Xm{Xnbpw kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ Ahn-tS¡v ]Xp§n IS-¶p-h-cp¶ tZi-aw-K-e¯p \¼q-Xn-cn, Hm¡n C«o-cn, \¼ni³ Ch-sc-I−v s]¬Ip«n t]Sn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ am[-hnsb hnfn¨v kzIm-cy-ambn Xm{Xn-tbmSv Ahsc c£n-¡-W-sa¶pw X§-fpsS t]cv kvamÀ¯ hnNm-c-W-bnÂ ]d-bp-cp-sX¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. AXn-\p-tijw At]-£-bp-ambn Imap-I-\m-bn-cp¶ am[-h³ hcp-¶p. AXn-\p-tijw Xm{Xn-bpsS AÑ³ \¼q-Xncn Ahn-sS-sb-¯p-¶p. AÑ³ \¼q-Xn-cnbpw Xm{Xnsb ]oUn-¸n¨ hnh-c-a-dnªv am[hn sR«p-¶p. (s]¬Ip«n \nÝ-e-bm-Ip-¶p). kvamÀ¯sâ i_vZw Db-cp-¶p. ""CXn-s\ms¡ F´m sXfnhv¶v tNmZn¡v am[hn'' sXfn-hp-IÄ Hmtcm-¶mbn Xm{Xn Xd-¸n¨v ]d-bp-¶p. Ah-km\w Adp-]-¯m-©m-as¯bmÄ k½m-\n- -̈sX¶p ]dªv Hcp tamXn-c-hp-ambn AhÄ ]pd-¯p-h-cp-¶p. ]cn-lm-k-t¯msS Ah-scs¶ ]nÞw shbv¡pw {`jvSm¡pw F¶p-]-dªv ad-¡pS hen-s -̈dn-bp-I-bpw ]pXp-ap−v Agn-s -̈dn-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. F¶n«v tamXncw DbÀ¯n-¡m-«p-¶p.

s]¬Ip«n Xm{Xn Acn-InÂ h¶v tamXncw hm§n DbÀ¯n¸nSn¨v CXv cmPm-hnsâ ap{Z-bp-ÅXv F¶p ]d-bp-¶-tXmsS \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p. \mS-I-tijw s]¬Ip«n tamXncw t\m¡n ]cn-{`-an-¡p-¶p. Xm{Xn hen-s -̈dnª ad-¡p-S-bv¡p-ÅnÂ Hfn-¡p-¶p. Xm{Xnbpw am[-hnbpw ]n³Xn-cnªv \S-¡p-¶p. s]¬Ip«n Xm{Xn-tbmSv t]Sn-bm-bn«v h¿ F¶v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ ]Ým- -̄e-¯nÂ Fw.-tKm-hn-µsâ Ihn-X-bnse hcn-IÄ

""\n³hgn ImWp-I, \n³I-®mÂ¯s¶ \o''

CtXmsS \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. Ime-t`-Z-an-ÃmsX kv{XobpsS hn[n hnfn-¨p-]-d-bp¶ \mS-I-amWv Hmtcmtcm Ime-¯nepw. hni-Z-am-¡p-I.



2. Ipdn-tb-S¯p Xm{Xn-bpsS hyànXzw A\m-h-cWw sN¿pI?

3. Zpjn¨ kmaq-ly-hy-h-Ø-bpsS Cc-bmWv Xm{Xn. kaÀ°n-¡p-I.

4. Hmtcmtcm Ime-¯nepw F¶ \mS-I-¯nse s]¬Ip«n ]pXnb Imes¯ Xm{Xn-bm-Wv. kaÀ°n-¡pI?



samUyqÄ þ 3

IY-Ifn

]Xn-t\gmw \qäm-−n-emWv IY-Ifn DÛ-hn- -̈Xv. sIm«m-c-¡c X¼p-cm³ cmam-b-Ws¯ F«v Znhks¯ IY-bm¡n hn`-Pn¨v \nÀ½n¨ cma-\m-«-amWv ]nÂ¡m-e¯v IY-I-fn-bmbn ]cn-W-an- -̈Xv. 1555 \pw 1605 \pw CS-bn-emWv cma-\m«w cqs¸-Sp-¯n-bXv F¶mWv hnizm-kw. IY-Ifnthjs¯ ]cn-jvI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN− D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXXv sh«-̄ p\m«p-cm-Pm-hm-Wv. hÀ®-`w-Kn-bpÅ Inco-S-§fpw ISp¯ \nd-apÅ Ip¸m-b-§fpw ]e-hÀ®-¯n-epÅ apJ-sa-gp¯pw ]m«n\v {]tXyIw Kmb-Isc \nÀ¯p¶ coXnbpw sh«-¯p-\m-«p-cm-Pm-hnsâ kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. Cu ]cn-jv¡m-c-§sf Ime-{I-a-¯nÂ H¶p-IqSn ]cn-jv¡-cn¨v Hcp \Ã \r -̄I-e-bm¡n XoÀ¯Xv I¹n-§m-S³ F¶ \¼q-Xn-cn-bm-Wv. I¹n-§m-Ssâ ka-Im-eo-\-\m-bn-cp¶ IÃ-Sn-t¡m-S\pw IY-I-fn-bnÂ ]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä hcp-¯n. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ cmPm-¡-·mÀ IY-I-fn¡v Gsd kw`m-h-\-IÄ \ÂIn. "_me-cm-a-`m-cXw' F¶ \mSy-im-kv{X-{KÙw cNn-¨Xv ImÀ¯nI Xncp-\mÄ alm-cm-Pm-hm-Wv. At±-l-¯n-sâ ktlm-Z-c-\mb AizXn Xncp-\m-fnsâ B«-¡-Y-I-fmWv cpÜnWn kzbw-h-cw, Aw_-co-j-N-cn-Xw, ]qX-\m-tam£w, s]u{Þ-I-h[w F¶n-h.

tIc-f-¯nsâ X\-Xmb imkv{Xo-b-Zr-iy-I-em-cq-]-amWv IY-Ifn. NmIymÀ¡q-¯v, IrjvW-\m-«w, IqSn-bm-«w, Zmkn-bm-«w, AjvS-]-Zn-bm-«w, sXcp-¡q-¯v, sX¿w, Xnd, ]SbWn XpS-§nb \mS³I-em-cq-]-§-fpsS kzmwio-I-cWw IY-I-fn-bnÂ ImWmw. 17, 18 \qäm-−p-I-fnÂ hnI-knX cq]w {]m]n¨ Cu Iem-cq]w khÀ® hn`m-K-§-fnÂ am{X-amWv {]N-cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-−nÂ alm-Ihn hÅ-t¯mÄ tIcf Iem-a-Þew Øm]n-

-̈tXmsS IY-I-fn-bpsS {]ikvXn C¶v temI-sa§pw {]N-cn-¨p-h-cp-¶p.



\r¯w, \mSyw, \rXyw, KoXw, hmZyw F¶n-§s\ A©p-L-SI-§-fpsS kt½-f\w IYIfn-bnÂ ImWmw. IY-Ifn¡pth−n cNn-¡-s¸« Imhy-amWv B«-¡-Y. ]m«p-ImÀ B«-¡Y ]n¶nÂ \n¶v ]mSp-Ibpw \S-·mÀ AXv Ac-§¯v Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. A`n-\-b-¯n-\n-Sbv¡v \S-·mÀ `mh, Xmfm-ß-I-amb cwK, AwK-N-e-\-§Ä {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p-¶p. C§s\ B«-¡-Y-bpsS CXn-hr¯w Xmf-a-ta-f-§-tfmsS Ac-§¯v Ah-X-cn-¸n¨v ckm-\p-`qXn krjvSn-¡p¶ Ie-bmWv IY-I-fn.

IY-I-fn-bnÂ {][m-\-ambn Bdp-X-c-¯n-epÅ thj-§-fm-Wp-Å-Xv. IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ B -́cn-I-kz-`m-h-a-\p-k-cn¨v hnhn-[-th-j-§Ä \ÂIp-¶p. Hmtcm thj-¯nsâbpw Na-b-¯n-epÅ \nd-¡q-«p-Ifpw thj-hn-[m-\-§fpw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-¡pw. ]¨, I¯n, Icn, XmSn, an\p-¡v, ]gp¸v F¶n-h-bmWv thj-§Ä. kmXzn-I-kz-`m-h-apÅ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡mWv ] -̈thjw. DZm-l-cWw CXn-lm-k-§-fnse hoc-\m-b-I-·mÀ. cmP-k-kz-`m-h-apÅ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡mWv I¯n-th-jw. cmh-W³, Zptcym-[-\³, IoN-I³, inip-]m-e³ XpS-§nb IYm-]m-{X-§Ä DZm-l-c-Ww. Xma-k-kz-̀ m-hn-I-fmb h\-Nm-cn-IÄ¡mWv Icn-thjw \ÂIp-I. Cu thj-¯n\v Idp¯ XmSn sI«n-bn-cn-¡pw. DZm: Im«m-f³. XmSn-th-j-s -̄¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ c−p-X-c-¯n-epÅ XmSn-th-j-§-fp-−v. shÅ-¯m-Sn, Nph¶ XmSn. shÅ-¯mSn l\p-am³, \µn-tI-i³ XpS-§nb AXn-am-\p-j-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä¡mWv \ÂIp-I. Nph¶ XmSn Xmak kz`m-hn-I-fmb IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡mWv \ÂIp-I. a\p¡v kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä¡pw ap\n-amÀ¡p-amWv \ÂIp-I. tZh-X-I-fmb IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡mWv ]gp-¸p-thjw \ÂIpI DZm-l-cWw BZn-Xy³ inh³.

sN−, a±-fw, tN§n-e, Ce-¯mfw F¶n-h-bmWv IY-I-fn-bnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ hmZy-§Ä. tIfn-sIm-«v, Ac-§p-tI-fn, tXmS-bw, hµ-\-tÇm-Iw, ]pd-¸m-Sv, taf-¸-Zw, IYm-cw`w F¶nhbmWv IY-I-fn-bpsS NS-§p-IÄ.



\f-N-cnXw

(c−mw Znh-kw)

D®m-bn-hm-cyÀ

Ccn-ªm-e-¡pS AI-¯q-«p-hm-cn-b¯p P\n¨ D®mbn hmcy-À BWv \f-N-cnXw IÀ¯m-sh-¶mWv hnizm-kw. F.-Un. ]Xn-s\«mw iX-I-amWv Ct±-l-¯nsâ Pohn-X-Im-e-sa¶v Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. amÀ¯m-Þ-hÀ½ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ kZ-ky\pw Ip©³ \¼ym-cpsS kplr-¯p-amWv D®m-bn-hm-cy-sc¶v s]mXpth hniz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. "Kncn-Pm-I-ÃymWw' F¶ KoX-{]-_-Ôw Ct±-l-¯n-tâ-XmsW¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶ ]Þn-X·mcpw D−v.

\f-N-cnXw B«-¡Y

Iuc-h-cp-am-bpÅ NqXp-I-fn-bnÂ tXmÂhn Gäp-hm§n h\-hmkw hcn-t¡-−n-h¶ ]mÞ-h³amsc Biz-kn-¸n-¡m³ _rlZ-iz³ F¶ ap\n ]d-bp¶ Hcp IY-bm-bn-«mWv \fsâ IY alm-`m-c-X-¯nÂ hnh-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. bp[n-jvTn-c-s\-t¸mse IÅ-¨q-XnÂ FÃmw \jvS-s¸-Sp-Ibpw HSp-hnÂ \mS-Io-b-ambn FÃmw Xncn-¨p-In-«p-Ibpw sNbvX \fsâ IY ]dªv bp[n-jvTn-cs\ Biz-kn-̧ n-¡p-I-bmWv ap\n. Cu IY Imhy-hn-j-b-am¡n ]e-I-hn-Ifpw IrXn-IÄ cNn-¨p. {iolÀjsâ "ss\j[w' AXnÂ Gsd {]kn-²-amb cN\bmWv. \f-I-Ysb \mep-`m-K-§-fm¡n Xncn-¨mWv D®m-bn-hm-cyÀ B«-¡Y cNn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. Cu \mep-`m-K-§sf \mep-Zn-h-k-§Ä F¶p-hn-fn-¡p-¶p.

\f-N-cnXw

\nj-[-cm-Pys¯ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmb {ioho-c-tk-\sâ ]p{X-\mbn \oXn-am\pw IoÀ¯n-am\pw hoc-\p-amb \f³ Pohn-¨n-cp-¶p. Hc Znhkw DZym-\-¯nÂ kabw sNe-h-gn-¨p-sIm-−n-cp¶ \f³ AhnsS I− Hcp kzÀ®-\n-d-amÀ¶ lwks¯ ]nSn-Iq-Sn. lwkw \f-t\mSv Xsâ kzmX-{´y-¯n-\p-th−n At]-



£n-¨p. Zb tXm¶nb \f³ lwks¯ shdptX hnSm³ X¿m-dm-bn. {]Xyp-]-Im-c-ambn F´p-sN-¿-b-W-sa¶v lwkw tNZn-¨p. IpÞn-\-]p-cn-bnse cmP-Ip-am-cn-bmb Za-bń AXn-kp-µ-cn-bm-sW-¶-dn-ªn-cp¶ \f³ lwks¯ ZqX-\m¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-¨p. Za-b-ń-bpsS sIm«m-c-¯nÂ F¯n lwkw ZqXp-\nÀÆ-ln¨p Za-b-ńbpw \f\pw ]c-kv]cw {]W-b-_-²-cm-bn-am-dn. B ka-b¯v AÑ-\mb òa³ Za-b-ń¡v kzbwhcw \nÝ-bn-¨p. CX-dnª \f³ t\ct¯ Xs¶ kzbw-h-c-Ø-e-t¯¡v ]pd-s¸-«p. hgn-bnÂ h¨v C{µ³, Aán, hcp-W³, ba³ F¶n-hsc I−p. X§Äs¡mcp]Imcw sNbvXp-X-c-W-sa¶v tZh-·mÀ \f-t\m-S-`yÀ°n-¨p. kzbw-h-c-̄ n-s\-t -̄−-tXmÀ¡msX \f³ AhÀ¡p- hm¡psImSp-¯p. tZh-·mÀ sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-t¡−

Imcyw ]dªp “IpÞn-\-]p-cn-bnÂ sN¶v \mep tZh-·m-cnÂ Hcmsf hnhmlw Ign-¡-W-sa¶v \f³ Za-b-ń-tbm-Sm-h-iy-s¸-

SWw”. [À½-k-¦-S-¯n-emb \f³ ]e-X-c-¯nÂ {]iv\-¯nÂ \n¶v Hgn-bm³ {ian-s -̈¦nepw \S-¶n-Ã. AZr-iy-\m-hm-\p-ff Xnc-kv¡-cWn a{´hpw D]-tZ-in¨v tZh-·mÀ \fs\ Za-b-ń-bpsS ASp-t¯¡v bm{X-bm¡n Za-bń \fs\ am{Xta hnhmlw Ign-¡p-I-bpÅp F¶ Imcyw \f³ Xncn-¨p-h¶v tZh-·msc t_m[n-¸n-¨p. AhÀ H¶pw an−msX \f-t\m-sSm¸w kzbw-h-c-¯n\v bm{X-bm-bn. Za-bń \fs\ hc-W-ameyw AWn-bn-¡m³ sN¶-t¸mÄ A©v \f-·msc I−v Za-bń tZh-·msc hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n-̈ p. b-YmÀ° \fs\ a\-Ên-em¡n hc-W-ameyw NmÀ¯n. tZh-·mÀ h[q-h-c-·msc A\p-{K-ln¨v Nne hc-§Ä \ÂIn CXmWv H¶mw Znh-k-s¯ IY.

\nj-[-cm-Pys¯ cmP-[m-\n-bn-emWv c−mw Znh-ks¯ IY XpS-§p-¶Xv. \f\pw Za-b-ńbpw {]W-b-tem-e-cmbn DZym-\-¯nepw a«p-̧ m-hnepw Npän-\-S-¡p-¶-XmWv BZy-cw-Kw. kzbw-hcw Ign-ªp-a-S-§n-t¸m-Ip¶ tZh-·mÀ Iensb I−p-ap-«p¶ cwK-amWv ASp- -̄Xv. Ien Za-bń kzbw-h-c-¯n-\p-]p-d-s -̧Sp¶ ka-b¯v kzbw-hcw Ignªv FÃm-hcpw Xncn-¨p-t]m-¶p. CXnÂ Ip]n-X-\mb Ien, Za-b-ńsb hnhmlw Ign-¡m-\m-



hmsX Xncn-¨p-t]m¶ tZh-·msc ]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p. am{X-aÃ \f-s\bpw Za-b-ń-sbbpw D]-{Z-hn-¡p-sa¶v {]Xn-Ú-sb-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. tZh-·mÀ DNn-X-ambn D]-tZ-in¨v Iensb kam-[m-\n-¸n-¡m³ {ian-¨p. AbmÄ AXp-sIm-s−m¶pw tZjyw amdmsX Zzm]-c-s\bpw Iq«n `qan-bn-se¯n. \fsâ ktlm-Z-c-\mb ]pjvI-cs\ I−v Abm-fnÂ \f-t\mSv hntcm[w hfÀ¯n. \fs\ NqXp-I-fn-¡m³ shÃp-hn-fn-¸n-¨p. NqXp-I-fn-bnÂ Ien Ir{Xnaw ImWn¨v ]pjvI-c-t\m-sSm¸w \n¶p. \f³ Zb-\o-b-ambn tXmäp. cmPyhpw k¼¯pw \jvS-s¸-«v Im«n-te¡v IS- -̄s¸-«p. c−p a¡-sfbpw kmc-Yn-I-fmb Poh-e³ hmÀjvtW-b³ F¶n-hÀhiw IpÞn-\-]p-cn-bn-te-¡-b-¨n«v \f-t\m-sSm¸w Za-bń Im«n-te¡v ]pd-s -̧«p. Za-bń IqsS-h-cp-¶Xv XS-bm³ \f³ Hcp-]mSv {ian-¨p. Im«nse PohnXw ITn-\-am-sW¶v HmÀ½n-¸n-¨p. ]t£ Za-b-ń-bpsS Xocp-am\w amä-an-Ãm¯Xm-bn-cp-¶p. hni¸pw Zmlhpw ITn-\-ambt¸mÄ hni-¸-I-äm³ Acn-In-eqsS ]d-¡p¶ ]£n-Isf ]nSn-¡m³ \f³ {ian-¨p. ]t£ ]£n-IÄ \fsâ DSp-Xp-Wn-bp-ambn ]d-¶p-t]m-bn. AXv Ien-bpsS NXn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. cm{Xn Za-bń XfÀ¶p-d-§p-t¼mÄ \f³ Ah-fpsS ]IpXn hkv{Xw Iodn-sb-Sp¯v A{]-Xy-£-\m-bn. Za-bń F§-s\bpw IpÞn-\-]p-cn-bn-se-¯p-sa¶v \f³ {]Xo-£n-¨p. cm{Xn \fs\ ImWmsX Xnc-ªp-\-S¶ Za-b-ńsb Hcp s]cp-¼m¼v ]nSn-Iq-Sp-¶p. \ne-hn-fn-tI«v Hcp cm£-k³ Ahn-Sn-sb¯n Za-b-ńsb c£n-¡p-¶p. AbmÄ Za-b-ń-bpsS cq]-em-h-Wy-¯nÂ BIr-jvS-\mbn Ah-fpsS ASp-¯p-\n¶p t]mImsX \nÂ¡p-¶p. Ahsf AbmÄ kwc-£n-¡m-sa¶v GÂ¡p-¶p. Hcp Xc-¯nepw AbmÄ Hgn-ªp-t]m-Ip-¶n-sÃ¶v I− AhÄ tZth-{µ³ X\n¡p \ÂInb hc-s -̄¡p-dn-

t¨mÀ¡p-¶p. hcw CXmWv “\nsâ ]mXn-{hXyw `wK-s¸-Sp-¯m³

{ian-¡p-¶-h³ Nm¼-em-bn-¯ocpw”. B \nan-jw-Xs¶ Im«m-f³ AtX \nÂ¸nÂ Nm¼-em-hp-¶p.

\fs\ At\zjn¨v Im«nÂ Ae-ªp-\-S¶ Za-bń Hcp I -̈h-S-kw-Ls¯ I−p-ap-«p-¶p. Ah-tcm-sSm¸w AhÄ tNZn-



]pcn F¶ cmPy-s -̄¯n. Za-b-ń-bpsS A½-bpsS A\p-P-¯n-bm-bn-cp¶p B cmPys¯ cmÚn. A¡m-cy-sam¶pw ]c-kv]cw Adn-bmsX Za-bń Hcp sskc-{Ôn-bmbn AhnsS Xma-kn-¨p. òa-cm-Pmhv \f-s\bpw Za-b-ń-sbbpw Is−-¯m³ FÃm \m«n-te¡pw ZpX-·msc Ab-¨p. AXn-sem-cp-h-\mb kptZ-h-{_m-Ò-W³ Za-b-ńsb tNZn cmP-[m-\n-bnÂh¨v Is−¯p-Ibpw Ahn-sS-\n¶v AI-¼-Sn-tbm-Sp-IqSn IpÞn-\-]p-cn-bn-se-¯n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \f³ Fhn-sS-bm-sW-¦nepw I−p-]n-Sn-¡m-sa¶v òa-cm-Pmhv aIÄ¡phm-¡p-sIm-Sp-¯p. CXmWv c−m-w Zn-h-ks¯ IY.

\f-N-cn-X-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-I-XÄ

i_vZ-kp-µc-§fpw AÀ°-Kw-ò-c-§-fp-amb Dàn-IÄ \f-N-cn-X-¯n-emsI \nd-ªp-\nÂ¡p-¶p. Btem-N-\bv¡v hnt[-b-am-¡m-hp¶ Pnhn-X-X-Xz-I-Y-\-§Ä \nd-ª-XmWv Cu IrXn. asä-hn-sSbpw ImWm-¯, A]qÀÆkpµ-c-amb Pohn-X-\n-co-

£-W-§ÄsIm−v k¼-¶-amWv \f-N-cn-Xw. “kmay-a-I-t¶m-cp-

Zym\w” F¶ at\m-l-c-amb irwKm-c-]-Z-¯nÂ \n¶v, hn[n-bpsS ap¼nÂ hnd-¨p-\nÂ¡p¶ \fs\ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶ Zpc´ hmMva-b-¯n-te¡p Nph-Sp-am-äm³ D®m-bn-hm-cyÀ¡v A\m-bmkw Ign-bp-¶p. AXp-t]mse Hmtcm IYm-]m-{X-¯n-tâbpw cq]-̀ m-h-§fpw kz`m-h-¯nse kq£vamw-i-§fpw D®m-bn-hm-cyÀ at\m-l-c-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p. F¦nepw Xsâ hÀ®\ AXn-cp-I-hn-b-cp-sX¶v hmcyÀ Icp-Xp-¶p. CXn-hr- -̄t¯m-Sp-_Ôw ]peÀ¯m¯ kw`-h-§-sfbpw IYm-]m-{X-§-sfbpw At±lw Hgn-¨p-\nÀ¯p-¶p. bmYmÀ°-¯nÂ \mep cwK-§-fpÅ Hcp \mSIw t]mse \mep-Zn-h-k-ambn hn`-Pn-¡-s¸« Cu B«-¡Y t{]£-I\v A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶p. {InssbIyw, cwK-kw-hn-[m-\w, BZy- -́apÅ ]ncn-ap-dp¡w, B -́cn-I-amb kwLÀjw FÃmw H¯n-W-§nb \f-N-cnXw Hcp-¯a \mS-I-¯nsâ Xe-¯n-te-¡p-b-cp-¶p.



tNmZy-§Ä

1. \f-N-cnXw B«-¡-Y-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Fs´Ãmw?

2. IY-I-fn-bpsS Ncn{Xw hnh-cn-¡p-I.

3. IY-I-fn-th-j-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw Ah-X-c-W-s -̄¡p-dn¨pw Hcp Ipdn-s¸-gp-Xp-I.



kn\na kmam-\y-N-cn{Xw

a\p-jysâ hnkva-b-I-c-amb I−p-]n-Sp- -̄§-fn-sem-¶mWv kn\n-a. BZy-Im-e¯v kn\n-a-bp-am-sb-¯n-b-hsc P\w {`m -́·msc¶v hnfn-¨p. t^mt«m-{Km-^n-bpsS I−p-]n-Sp- -̄t¯msS Nen-¡p¶ Nn{X-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡m³ km[n¡pw F¶ Nn -́bp-−m-bXv 17þmw \qäm-−nsâ c−mw ]Ip-Xn-bn-em-Wv.

s]mXp-P-\-§Ä¡mbn BZy-ambn kn\na {]ZÀin-¸n-¨Xv eqan-bÀ ktlm-Z-c-·m-cm-Wv. {^m³knse s_k-\-\nÂ P\n¨ ChÀ emamÀ«o-\n-bÀ F¶ {]ikvXamb sSIv\n-¡Â kvIqfnÂ ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn. ]nXm-hnsâ t^mt«m-{Km-^n¡v Øm]-\-¯nÂ ]co-£Ww \S¯n AhÀ hfÀ¶p. ^mIvS-dn-bnÂ \n¶v sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ Cd-§n-h-cp-¶Xpw sdbnÂth-tÌ-j-\n-te¡v {Sbn³ hcp-¶-Xp-am-bn-cp¶p BZys¯ Ne-¨n-{X-§Ä. Nen-¡p¶ Cu Nn{X-§Ä {]ZÀin-¸n- -̈Xnsâ t]cnÂ {^m³knÂ\n¶v Hfn-t¨m-tS−n-h¶ eqan-bÀ ktlm-Z-c-·mÀ 1896 Pqsse-bnÂ t_mws_-bn-se-¯n.

ZmZm kmtl_v ^mÂsI F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ Zń-cmPv tKmhnµv ^mÂs¡-bmWv Cý³ kn\n-a-bpsS ]nXm-hv. cmPm-l-cn-Ý{µ F¶ \ni-_vZ-Nn-{X-¯nsâ \nÀ½m-Xmhpw kwhn-[m-b-I\pw Iyma-dm-am\pw Nn{X-kw-tbm-P-I-\p-saÃmw ^mÂt¡ Bbn-cp-¶p. {ioIr-jvW-P-·, `kvam-kp-c-tam-ln-\n, kmhn-{Xn, tkXp-_-Ô³ F¶o kn\n-a-Ifpw At±lw \nÀ½n-¨p. 1969 Â At±-l-¯nsâ kvac-WmÀ°w tI{µ Kh¬saâv ZmZm kmtl_v ^mÂt¡ AhmÀUv GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv. 1931 emWv BewBc F¶ i_vZ-Nn{Xw Cý-bnÂ \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

kn\na tIc-f-¯nÂ

ae-bm-f-¯nse BZys¯ \ni-_vZ-Nn-{X-amb hnK-X-Ip-am-c³ ]pd-¯p-h-¶Xv 1928 emWv. sP.-kn. Um\n-tbÂ Bbn-cp-



¶p Cu Nn{X-¯nsâ \nÀ½m-Xmhpw kwhn-[m-b-I\pw Iyma-dm-am-\p-sa-Ãmw. Xsâ FÃm k¼m-Zyhpw hnäp \nÀ½n¨ Cu kn\n-a-bpsS BZy-{]-ZÀi\w Xs¶ Ipg-¸-¯n-embn ]n.-sI. tdmkn F¶ Iogm-f-kv{Xosb \mbn-I-bm-¡n-b-XnÂ {]Xn-tj-[n¨v khÀ®t{]£-IÀ kv{Io\n-\p-t\sc IsÃ-dn-bp-Ibpw kv{Io³ Iodp-Ibpw sNbvXp. FÃmw \jvS-s¸«v \ncm-i-\mbn Um\n-tbÂ a{Zm-kn-te¡v \mSp-hn-«p. ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS ]nXmhv F¶v Um\n-tb-ens\ hnfn-¡mw. kwØm-\-kÀ¡mÀ sP.-kn. Um\n-tb-ensâ t]cnÂ AhmÀUpw GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v.

ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy-i-_vZ-Nn{Xw _me-\m-Wv. CXnse \mb-I³ \mSI \S³, ImYn-I³ F¶ \ne-bn-seÃmw {]i-kvX-\mb sI.-sI. AcqÀ F¶ sI. Ip©³ \mb-cm-bn-cp-¶p. C´y³ Ne-¨n-{X-cw-Ks¯ ià-amb km¶n-²y-amWv ae-bm-f-¯n-tâ-Xv. BtKmf {]i-kvX-cmb Ht«sd Ne-¨n-{X-Im-c-·m-scbpw Ne-¨n-{X§tfbpw ae-bmfw kw`m-h\ sNbvXn-«p-−v. 1951 Â {]ZÀi-\-¯n-s\-¯nb "Pohn-X-\u-I'-bmWv hym]m-c-hn-Pbw t\Snb BZy-Nn-{Xw. 1954 Â ]pd-¯n-d-§nb "\oe-¡p-bnÂ' Ht«sd AhmÀUp-IÄ t\Sn-b-tXmsS ae-bmf kn\na tZio-b-X-e-¯nÂXs¶ {i²n-¡-s¸-«p-Xp-S-§n.

kn\na F¶ k¦-c-Ie

Hmtcm Iem-cq-]-§-fp-sSbpw DÛ-hhpw hfÀ¨bpw At\z-jn-¨p-sN-Ãp-t¼mÄ AXv asäm-¶nÂ \n¶v Dcp-¯n-cn-ªp-h-¶-Xm-sW¶pw ImWmw. AXp-sIm−v CXc Ie-I-fpsS kzm[o-\-an-Ãm¯ Iem-cq-]-§-fn-sÃ¶p-Im-Wmw. CXnÂ Gähpw henb DZm-l-c-W-amWv kn\n-a. t^mt«m-{Km-^n, Nn{X-I-e, kwKo-Xw, Ihn-X, \mS-Iw, t\mhÂ, hmkvXp-in-ev]-Ie -Xp-S-§n-b-h-bpsS kzm[o\w kn\n-a-bnÂ ImWm³ Ign-bpw. kn\n-a-bpsS Bcw- -̀Im-e¯v kzX-{ -́amb Hcp Iem-kr-jvSn-bmbn AXns\ hnaÀi-IÀ ]cn-K-Wn-¨n-Ã. ImcWw AXv aäv ]e Ie-I-fp-sSbpw k¦-c-cq-]-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv kn\na X\na sXfn-bn¨ Iem-cq-]-ambn hfÀ -̈{]m-]n-¨p. Hä-t\m-«-¯nÂ kn\n-abv¡v Nn{X-c-N-\-tbmSpw



\mS-I-t¯mSpw t^mt«m-{Km-^n-tbmSpw BWv IqSp-XÂ _Ô-sa¶p a\-Ên-em-¡-Ww. F¶mÂ AXn\v kwKo-X-t¯mSpw t\mh-en-t\mSpw CW-]n-cn-bm¯ _Ô-ap-s−-¶p-Im-Wmw. Hcp t\mh-enÂ Fgp-Xn-t¨À¡m-hp¶ kw -̀h-§tfm {]tXym-I-X-Itfm kn\n-a-bnepw ImWn-¡mw. kn\n-a-bpsS "\tc-äohv' kz`mhw aqe-am-WnXv Ign-bp-¶Xv t\mhÂ `mjm-]-c-amb \tc-j-\mWv \S-¯p-¶-sX-¦nÂ kn\na Cta-Pp-IÄ sIm−v AXp km[n-¡p¶p F¶ hyXym-k-ta-bp-Åq.

kn\n-a-bpsS BZy-Im-e¯v IqSp-XÂ kzm[o\w sNep-¯nb Ie-bmWv \mS-Iw. i_vZ-kn-\n-a-I-fpsS hc-thmsS \mS-I-¯nsâ skÃp-tem-bvUn-epÅ Bhn-jv¡-c-W-sa¶ \ne-bn-te¡v kn\na Npdp-§n-t¸mbn. \mS-I-s¯bpw kn\n-a-sbbpw _Ôn-¸n-¡p¶ LSIw AXnÂ c−nepw DÄs¡m-−n-«pÅ kw`m-j-W-am-Wv. F¶n-cp-¶mepw \mSIw AtX-]Sn skÃp-tem-bvUnÂ ]IÀ¯n kn\n-a-bm-¡m³ {ian- -̈h-scÃmw ]cm-P-b-a-S-ªp. F¶mÂ \mS-I-¯nsâ Bßm-hns\ kzmwio-I-cn¨v ]p\x-krjvSn \S-¯n-b-hÀ hnP-bn-¨n-«p-−v. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v tjIvkv]n-b-dpsS amIv_¯v F¶ \mS-Is¯ Ipd-tkmh kn\n-a-bm-¡n-b-Xm-Wv. AsXmcp amÌÀ]okm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. kn\na \mS-I-¯nsâ ]e Xe-§fpw DÄs¡m-Åm³ {ian-¨n-«p-−v. kw`m-j-Ww, kwKo-Xw, Km\w ChsbÃmw {]Xy-£-¯nÂ \mS-I-¯nÂ \n¶v kn\n-a-bn-te-s¡-¯n-b-h-bm-sW¶p ImWmw. am{X-aÃ BZy-Ime ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-IÄ \mS-I-§sf HmÀ½n-¸n-¨p-sIm-−n-cp¶p F¶Xpw Hcp bmYmÀ°y-am-Wv.

kn\n-a-bnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ kwKoXw t{]£-I-\nÂ Df-hm-¡p¶ A\p-`q-Xn-hn-ti-j-§sf B{i-bn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p kn\n-a-bpsS hnP-bw. t{]£-IÀ kn\na ImWp-t¼mÄ \nXy-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ D−m-Ip-¶-Xp-t]mse kw`-h-§-fnÂ kzbw `mK-hm-¡m-Ip-¶n-Ã. AXp-sIm−v bmYmÀ°y-t_m[w krjvSn-¡m³ th−n-bmWv _m¡v{Ku−v ayqknIv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. hfsc {]k-à-amb H¶mWv CXv. ]t£ t{]£-IÀ Cu kwKoXw {i²n-¡m-dn-Ã. Abm-fpsS At_m-[-¯n-eqsS a\-ÊnÂ Ae-sbm-en-I-



fp-−m-¡m³ Cu kwKo-X-¯n\p Ign-bp-Ibpw sN¿pw. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ t{]£-Is\ kn\n-a-bpsS sshIm-cnI aÞ-e-¯n-te¡v DbÀ¯n-s¡m-−p-h-cm³ km[n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡Ww _m¡v{Ku−v ayqkn-Iv.

C§s\ A\-h[n Iem-cq-]-§-fpsS DNn-X-amb k¶n-th-i-amWv kn\n-a-bmbn cq]m-´cw {]m]n-¡p-¶-sX¶p ImWmw. ]pXnb Ime¯v kn\n-a-Xs¶ temI¯v Gähpw {]Nmcw t\Snb Ie-bmbn amdnb kzX-{ -́I-e-bmbn ]cn-W-an-¨n-«ps−¶Xpw Hcp bmYmÀ°y-am-Wv.

Xnc-¡Y

Ne-¨n-{X-¯n-\mbn Fgp-Xp¶ Zriy-§-fpsS tcJ-Isf Xnc-¡-Y-sb¶p hnfn-¡mw. Hcp Zriy-¯nÂ AS-§n-bn-«p-Å Øew, Imew, IYm-]m-{X-§Ä, i_vZw, IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS Ne\w, at\m-\ne XpS§n \mS-Io-bX hsc Hcp Xnc-¡-Y-bnÂ D−m-bn-cn-¡pw. Nne Xnc-¡-Ym-Ir-¯p-¡Ä Hmtcm ko\pw hc¨v Xnc-¡-Y-tbm-sSm¸w D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xpw ]Xn-hm-Wv. ae-bmf kn\n-a-bnÂ `c-X³ C -̄c-¯nÂ Xnc-¡-Y-bnse Hmtcm ko\pw hc-bv¡p-¶Xv CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. Xnc-¡Y kzX-{ -́amtbm kmln-Xy, Iem-cq-]-§sf Ah-ew-_nt¨m Fgp-Xm-dp-−v. Ipd-tkm-h, BtâmWntbmWn, s^Ãn-\n, s_ÀÜm³ XpS-§nbhcpsS Xnc-¡-Y-IÄ anI-¨Xpw kmln-Xy-Kp-W-ap-Å-h-bp-am-Wv.

Xnc-¡Y Ne-¨n-{X-¯nsâ ASn- -̄d-bm-Wv. Hcp IY kn\n-am-am-[y-a-¯nsâ km[y-X-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨v Fgp-X-s -̧Sp-t¼mÄ AXv Xnc-¡-Y-bm-Ip-¶p. Xnc-¡Y C¶v Hcp kmln-Xy-cq]w F¶ \ne-bnÂ {i²-t\-Sn-I-sIm-−n-cp-¶p. {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p-h-cp¶ Xnc-¡-Y-IÄ bYmÀ°-Xn-c-¡-Y-bnÂ \n¶p hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-¡pw. hmbn-¡m³ Ffp-¸-apÅ coXn-bn-te¡v Xnc-¡Y amä-s¸-Sp-¶p-−v. kn\n-a-bv¡-Sn-Øm\w Xnc-¡-Y-bm-sW¶ Imcy-¯nÂ kwi-b-anÃ. ]t£ Xnc-¡-Y-bn-ÃmsX kn\n-a-sb-Sp-¡p¶ kwhn-[m-b-I-cp-ap-−v.



‘Ne-¨n-{X-¯n\v Hcp IY thWw. IY BZn-a-²ym- -́ap-Å-Xm-hmw, Xe-ap-d-IÄ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xm-hmw. Hcp hyàn-bpsSXmhmw, Hc- -́co-£-¯n-sâ-tbm, \nan-j-¯n-tâtbm Bhmw. Cu IYsb kn\n-a-bv¡p-th−n ]mI-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ asämcp {]{Inb Bhiy-amWv AXmWv Xnc-¡Y F¶v Xnc-¡-Y-sb-¸än Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³\m-bÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-−v. F¶mÂ Xnc-¡-Y-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v Fw.-Snbpw Nnń-¡m-Xn-cp-¶n-«n-Ã. t\mh-en-Ìn-s\-t¸mse IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS a\-Ênsâ ASn- -̄«n-te¡v Cd-§n-s -̈Ãm³ kv{Io³t¹ cN-bn-Xmhn\v Ign-bp-I-bn-Ã. Ne-¨n-{X-Im-c\v Hcp-]t£ AXp-km-[y-amIpw F¶v At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-−v. ae-bm-f-¯nse {]i-kvX-cmb Xnc-¡-Ym-Im-c-·mÀ Ddq_v, Fw.-Sn., ]ß-cm-P³, ASqÀ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³, s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n, Fkv.-FÂ. ]pcw kZm-\-µ³, tXm¸nÂ`m-kn, tPm¬t]mÄ, temln-X-Zm-kv, {io\n-hm-k³ XpS-§n-b-h-cm-Wv.

BZm-ansâ aI³ A_p

kenw Al-½Zv cN-\bpw kwhn-[m-\hpw \nÀÆ-ln¨v 2011 Â ]pd-¯n-d-§nb ae-bmf kn\n-a-bmWv BZm-ansâ aI³ A_p. keow-Ip-amÀ kdo\m hlm_v F¶n-hÀ {][m-\-th-j-§-fn-e-`n-\-bn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Cu Nn{X-¯nÂ ae-bm-f-¯nse {]ikvX \S-·m-cp−v 2010 se tZiob Ne-¨n{X ]pc-kvIm-chpw kwØm-\-N-e-¨n{X ]pc-kvIm-chpw t\Snb Nn{X-am-Wn-Xv. CXnse A`n-\-b-¯n\v kenwIpam-dn\v 2010 se anI¨ \S-\pÅ tZiob ]pc-kvImcw e`n-¨p. 2011 se HmkvImÀ ]pc-kvIm-c-¯nsâ anI¨ hntZi Nn{X-§-fpsS aÕ-c-¯n-te¡v Cý-bpsS HutZym-KnI Ne-¨n{X F³{Sn-bmbn Cu Nn{Xs¯ kÀ¡mÀ \ma-\nÀt±iw sNbvXp.

ae-_m-dnse Hcp {Kma-¯nÂ A¯dpw [\z-ćw Kpfn-I-Ifpw hnäp-\-S-¡p¶ Zcn-{Z-\mb A_p F¶ hr²-\mWv Cu Xnc-¡-Y-bnse tI{µ-I-Ym-]m-{Xw. lÖn-\p-t]m-I-W-sa-¶Xv A_p-hn-tâbpw `mcy sFjp-½p-hn-tâbpw Pohn-Xm-`n-em-j-am-Wv.



AXn\p th−n Hmtcm \mW-b-¯p-«p-Ifpw \n[n-t]mse A_p Icp-Xn-h-bv¡p-¶p. kq£va-ambn A_phnsâ PohnXw Cu Xnc-¡-Y-bnÂ kenw Al-½Zv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. A_p F¶ a\p-jy-\nÂ A -́Àeo-\-ambn InS-¡p¶ Bßob`mh-s¯bpw kzmX-{´y-s¯bpw ]c-kv]-c-kvt\-l-t -̄bpw, hnizm-k-ip-²n-sbbpw Xnc-¡Y B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. kz´w ssZh-¯nsâ k¶n-[n-bn-te¡v F¯m\pw AXp-hgn Pnhn-X-km-£m-Xv¡mcw t\Sm\pw B -́cn-I-ambn X¿m-sd-Sp-¡p¶ a\p-jy-cpsS {]mÀ°-\m-\nÀ`-c-amb kwLÀj-§sf Cu Xnc-¡Y hnth-I-t¯msS Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. kl-Po-hn-Isf kvt\ln¨pw klm-bn¨pw Pohn-¡pI F¶ e£y-t¯msS Pohn-¡p¶ {Kmao-W-cm-b, Xpd¶ a\p-ÊpÅ a\p-jyÀ Cu Xnc-¡-Y-bnÂ cq]-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Nmb-¡-S-¡m-c\pw acw-sh-«p-Im-c\pw kvIqÄ A[ym-]-I-\p-a-S-§p¶ B kaqlw Npäp-apÅ a\p-jy-cpsS k¦oÀ®-amb B -́cn-I-Po-hn-Xs¯ Xncn- -̈dn-bp-¶p. Bßo-b-Po-hn-Xs¯ _lp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ Xsâ B{K-l-§Ä \nd-th-ä-s¸-Sp-¶Xv icn-bmb hgn-bn-eqsS Bbn-cn-¡-W-sa¶ hnizm-kn-bpsS t_m[yw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨Xv Cu Xnc-¡-Y-bpsS a\p-jy-hym-]m-c-tijn FSp-¯p-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p.

lÖv bm{X-bv¡pÅ ]Ww kzcq-]n-¡m³ kz´w aI-t\bpw A_p B{i-bn-¡p-¶n-Ã. kzbw t\Sn apt¶m-«p-sN-Ãp-¶Xv ssZh-\n-tbm-K-am-sW¶v A_p Icp-Xp-¶p. Hcp]mSp-Im-es¯ Im¯n-cn-¸n-s\m-Sp-hnÂ AhÀ¡v ]mkvt]mÀ«v e`n-¡p-¶Xpw AXp-ambn AhÀ {SmhÂkn-te¡phcp-¶-Xp-amb cwK-§Ä Cu Xnc-¡-Y-bnse ià-amb Bhn-jvIm-c-am-Ip-¶p-−v. lÖn\p bm{Xm-\p-aXn e`n-¡p¶ A_phpw Abn-jp-½bpw bm{X-bv¡pÅ kma-{Kn-I-fp-ambn hcp-t¼mÄ tPm¬k-\nÂ \n¶pw ¹mhv t]mSm-bn-cp-s¶¶pw hnd-In-\pÅXpt]mepw AXnÂ \n¶v e`n-¡n-sÃ¶pw Adn-bp-¶p. ]d-ªp-d-¸n¨ XpI \ÂIm³ tPm¬k¬ X¿m-dm-sb-¦nepw AXp kzoI-cn-¡m³ A_p X¿m-dm-hp-¶n-Ã. lÖnsâ \nb-a-§Ä¡v hncp-²-am-b-Xp-sIm−v aäp-Å-hÀ \ÂImsa¶v ]dª klm-bhpw A_p



kzoI-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. lÖv Zn\-¯nÂ ASp- -̄hÀjw t]mIm-sa-¶pÅ ip`-{]-Xo-£-bnÂ A_p ¹mhv apdn¨p amänb Øe¯v Hcp ssX \Sp-¶-tXmsS kn\na Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

km[m-cW a\p-jysâ Zcn-{Z-Po-hn-Xhpw A[zm-\hpw B{K-l-§fpw X·-b-Xz-t¯msS Cu Xnc-¡Y Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. kw`-h-§-fnÂ \n¶v kw`-h-§-fn-te-¡pÅ ]Sn-]-Sn-bmb apdp-¡-§-fpsS bmYmÀ°yw sIm−v Cu kn\na t{]£-Isâ t_m[-aÞes¯ kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. ‘Xnc-¡Y’ kn\n-a-bpsS \s«-ÃmWv hnh-cn-¡p-I.

2. t\mhÂ, \mS-Iw, kwKoXw Chbv¡v kn\n-a-bpsS taepÅ kzm[o\w hyà-am-¡pI?

3. BZm-ansâ aI³ A_p anI¨ Xnc-¡-Y-bm-Ip¶sX§-s\-sb¶v DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw Fgp-Xp-I.



samUyqÄ 4

\ncq-]Ww

IrXn-bpsS cq]-kz-`m-h-§Ä hne-bn-cp¯n AXnsâ Hcp GI-tZ-i-Nn{Xw hmb-\-¡mÀ¡p ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-XmWv \ncq-

]Ww AYhm dnhyq (Review). auen-I-amb Iem-X-¯z-§Ä Ah-ew-_n¨v Hcp IrXnsb ka-{K-ambn A]-{K-Yn-¡p-¶Xv

hnaÀi-\hpw (Criticism) BWv. F¶mÂ ae-bm-f-̄ nÂ \ncq-]-Whpw hnaÀi-\hpw Htc AÀ°-¯nÂX-s¶ {]tbm-Kn-¨p-h-cp-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. \ncq-]-W-¯nÂ aqey-\nÀ®bw {][m-\-aÃ \nco-£-W-amWv th−-Xv. km[m-cW B\p-Im-en-I-§-fnÂ

hcm-dpÅ ]pkvXI \ncq-]-W-§Ä (Book Reviews) FÃmw A -̄c-¯n-ep-Å-h-bm-Wv. ]pkvX-I-§Ä am{X-aÃ GsXmcp hnj-bhpw \ncq-]-W-¯n\v ]m{X-am-Imw. `n¶-hn-j-b-§-fnepw ssien-I-fn-ep-apÅ \ncq-]-W-§-fmÂ k¼-¶-amWv ae-bm-f-¯nse \ncq-]W kmlnXyw. ae-bm-f-¯nse \ncq-]-I-sc-Ãmw-Xs¶ \Ã hnaÀi-I-cp-am-Wv. \ncq-]-W-cw-Ks¯ {]uV-cmb Fgp-¯p-Im-cpsS cN-\-I-fmWv Cu bqWn-änÂ tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. tIkcn F. _me-Ir-jvW-]n-Å, Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ, tUm. sI. `mkvI-c³ \mbÀ, Fw.-]n. t]mÄ, s{]m^. tPmk^v ap−-tÈ-cn, tUm. Fw. eoem-h-Xn, sI.-]n. A¸³ F¶n-h-cpsS cN-\-IÄ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

1. kpµ-c-Ie þ ]mÝm-Xyhpw ]uc-kvXyhpw (\h-tem-Iw)

tIkcn F. _me-Ir-jvW-]nÅ

]mÝm-Xy-km-ln-Xy-kn-²m- -́§Ä ASn-Øm-\-am¡n ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-hn-aÀi\w ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-tSbpw \h-ho-£-W-¯n-tâbpw ]mX-bn-te¡v \bn-¨Xv tIkcn F. _me-Ir-jvW-]n-Å-bm-Wv. ]ptcm-K-a-\-Im-gvN-¸m-tSm-Sp-IqSn hniz-km-ln-Xy-¯nse \ho\ {]h-W-X-IÄ ae-bm-fn-IÄ¡v ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-¯¶



DÂ]-Xn-jvWphpw hypXv]-¶\pw Bb hnaÀi-I³, Xtâ-Xmb Kth-jW ]²-Xn-IfneqsS Ncn-{X-¯n\v ]pXnb am\w \ÂInb Ncn-{X-Im-c³ F¶o \ne-I-fnÂ kam-cm-[y-\mWv tIk-cn. bYm-Øn-Xn-I-X-bnÂ thcq-¶nb km{¼-Zm-bnI hnaÀi-\-co-Xn-I-tfmSv At±lw B`n-apJyw ]peÀ¯n-bn-Ã. `mj-bpsS kuµ-cym-ßI LS-\-bn-e-Ã, Bi-b-¯n-I-hnepw ImgvN-¸m-Sn-ep-amWv tIkcn {i²n- -̈Xv. IS-¯p-h-©n, aWn-\m-Zw, kv]µn-¡p¶ AØn-am-Sw, \nanjw F¶n-hbv¡v tIkcn Fgp-Xnb Ah-Xm-cn-I-IÄ F¡m-ehpw kmln-Xy-kw-_-Ô-amb B[n-Im-cnI ]T-\-§-fm-Ip-¶p. kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-\-§Ä, cq]-a-RvP-cn, t\mhÂ {]Øm-\-§Ä, kmt¦-Xn-I-\n-cq-]-Ww, \h-temIw XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv tIk-cn-bpsS hnJym-X-amb hnaÀi\ {KÙ-§Ä.

\mev D]-\ym-k-§-fpsS kam-lm-c-amWv \h-temIw F¶ {KÙw. CXnse Hcp-]-\ym-k-amWv "kpµ-c-Ie þ ]mÝm-Xyhpw ]uc-kvXyhpw' F¶-Xv.

]mÝm-Xy-þ-]u-ckvXy Ie-I-fpsS cq]-þ-`m-h-þ-Kp-W-þ-tZmj NÀ -̈bmWv CXnsâ DÅ-S-¡w. AXnsâ KpW-þ-tZmj hnNn- -́\tam Hu¶-Xy-a-f-¡tem AÃ. Ie-I-fpsS Bßm-hmb ck-s -̄¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]uc-kvXy-þ-]m-Ým-Xy-Nn- -́Ifpw Ie-I-fpsS hn`-P-\hpw Iem-ssh-hn-[y-¯n-\pÅ Imc-W-§fpw ]mÝm-Xy-Ie kmZr-iym-ß-Ihpw ]uc-kvXy-Ie B[ym-ßn-Ihpw BsW-¶pÅ \nco-£-Whpw Ie-bpsS Poh³ F´mWv F¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Nn -́I-fp-sa-Ãm-amWv CXnÂ DÄs¡m-Ån-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ie-Isf ]mÝm-Xyw, ]uckvXyw F¶v thÀXn-cn¨v Ch-bpsS kmPm-Xy-þ-ssh-Pm-Xy-§sf hfsc imkv{Xo-b-ambn A]-{K-Yn-¡p-I-bmWv tIkcn CXn-eqsS sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

\ncq-]-Ww, ]{X-{]-hÀ¯\w, hnhÀ -̄\w, sshÚm-\n-I-K-th-jWw F¶n-§s\ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fnÂ ]pXnb ImgvN-¸m-tSm-Sp-IqSn hym]-cn¨ hyàn-bm-bn-cp¶p tIk-cn. F. _me-Ir-jvW-]nÅ. GXm−v Fgp-¯nsâ FÃm taJ-e-I-fnepw Xtâ-Xmb kw`m-h\ \ÂInb AXp-ey-{]-Xn`-bm-bn-cp¶p tIk-cn. ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-¯n\v ]pXnb Znim-t_m[w



\ÂInbhcnÂ Hcm-fmWv At±-lw. kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-¯nÂ CX-c-ssh-Úm-\n-I-ta-J-e-I-fpsS klmbw At±lw {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. Ie-bnepw kmln-Xy-¯nepw Bk-¶-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ Hcp \h-tem-I-krjvSn¡m-bpÅ t{]c-W-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p At±-l-¯nsâ cN-\-IÄ. A¡m-e¯v ae-bm-fn-IÄ¡v A{]m-]y-am-bn-cp¶ \qX-\-ta-J-e-Isf ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bXv tIk-cn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m-eXv th−-h®w DÄs¡m-Åm³ A¶s¯ klrZ-b-temIw hfÀ¶n-«p-−m-bn-cp-¶nÃ F¶XmWv kXyw. Xsâ Ime-¯n\pw apt¼ \S¶ Hcp _lp-ap-J-{]-Xn-`-bm-bn-cp¶p tIkcn F¶v At±lw hym]-cn¨ taJ-e-IÄ Xs¶ sXfn-hm-Wv.

2. taLktµiw (Ie PohnXw Xs¶)

Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ

ae-bm-f-\n-cq-]-W-km-ln-Xy-¯nse hn{K-l-`RvP-I-\m-bn-cp¶p Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ. ]£-]m-X-]-c-am-bn-cn-¡Ww \ncq-]Ww F¶p hmZn¨ \ncq-]-I-\mWv Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ. \njv]£ \ncq-]Ww F¶ D]-\ym-k-¯n-emWv At±lw \ncq-]-I³ hn[n-IÀ¯m-h-sÃ¶pw kz´w ]£-]m-X§Ä Xsâ \ncq-]-W-§-fnÂ AbmÄ {]I-Sn-¸n-t¡-−-Xp-s−¶pw A§-s\-bpÅ Hcp \ncq-]-Wta kzb-tah Hcp kÀ¤m-ß-IcN-\-bmbn Xocq F¶pw hmZn-¡p-¶-Xv. bpànsb ASn-Øm-\-am¡n \ncq-]Ww \S-¯nb hyàn-bp-am-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. KWn-X-kn-²m-

-́¯nâ \nÀ²m-c-W-co-Xnsb HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p¶ Xc-̄ nÂ bpàn-bpsS ]S-hp-IÄ Hmtcm-¶mbn Ib-dn-t¸m-hp¶ kphy-à-amb Hcp \ncq-]-W-ssien At±lw hnI-kn-¸n-s -̈Sp-¯p. `mh-\-bpsS cmPy-`m-c-ta-J-e-bnÂ bpàn-Nn-´bv¡v {]th-i-\-an-sÃ¶ hnizm-k-§sf \ncm-I-cn-¡p-I-bmWv bpàn-t_m-[hpw kuµ-cy-t_m-[hpw F¶ {]_-Ô-¯n-eqsS sN¿p-¶-Xv. eoe `ÀXr-Lm-Xn-\n-bm-sW¶v bpàn-bpàw hmZn¨v ka-À°n-¡p-I-bmWv Bimsâ eoe-bnÂ amcmÀ. CXn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-{X-\n-cq-]-W-¯neqsS t{ijvT-amb _nw_-§-sf-sbÃmw XIÀs -̄dn-bp-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. Ie-Po-hnXw Xs¶ F¶ Xsâ hnJym-X-Ir-Xn-bnÂ



Iesb kw_-Ôn¨ Xsâ \ne-]mSv hyà-am-¡p-¶p. taL-k-tµiw F¶ ]mTy-`mKw {]kvXp-X-Ir-Xn-bn-te-Xm-Wv.

kmlnXykuµ-cy-im-kv{X-¯nsâ auenIXXz-§-fnÂ Dd-¨p-\n-¶p-sIm−v XqenI Nen-¸n¨ \ncq-]-I-\mWv Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ. B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-K-Zy-¯nsâ B -́cn-I-i-ànbpw _mly-tim-`bpw H¯p-tNÀ¶ Nn´m-[-\y-amb `mjm-ssi-en-bmWv amcm-cp-tS-Xv. ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-lnXy-{]-Øm-\s¯ AXn-cq-£-ambn FXnÀ¯ hnaÀi-I-\mWv amcmÀ. sXmgn-em-fn-hÀ¤ kuµ-cy-im-kv{X-¯nsâ t]cnÂ kmln-Xy-¯nse Iemwiw tNmÀ¯n-¡-f-bp-¶-h-cmWv ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-Im-c³amÀ F¶ hnNm-c-amWv B {]Øm-\s¯ FXnÀ¡m³ amcmsc t{]cn-¸n¨ apJy-L-S-Iw. "Ie PohnXw Xs¶' F¶p hniz-kn¨ amcmÀ¡v Ie Pohn-X-¯n-\p t-h-−n-bm-bn-cn-¡Ww F¶p hmZn¨ ]ptcm-K-a-\-{]-Øm-\-hp-ambn bmsXmcp Xc-¯nepw tbmPn¨p t]mIm-\m-bnÃ F¶Xv Hcp sshcp-²y-ambn tXm¶mw. `mc-Xob kmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-I-¯n\pw B[ym-ßn-I-Xbv¡pw B[p-\nI Pohn-X-¯nsâ Ne-\m-ßI A -́co-£-¯nÂ ]pXnb `mjyw Na-bv¡m³ amcm-c-psS {]Xn-̀ m-i-àn¡v Ign-ªp.

kmlnXyhnZy, `mc-X-]-cy-S-\w, Ie PohnXw Xs¶, Z -́tKm-]p-cw, cmPm-¦-Ww, lmk-km-ln-Xyw, ssIhn-f¡v XpS§n Ccp-]-Xn-tesd kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ cNn-¨n-«p-−v.

3. Iebpw a\p-jy\pw (D-]-lm-cw) tUm. `mkvI-c³ \mbÀ

kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-I³, D]-\ym-k-Im-c³, hnZym-`ym-k-{]-hÀ -̄I³ F¶o \ne-I-fnÂ {it²-\m-bn-cp¶ tUm. sI. `mkvI-c³ \mb-cp-tS-Xmbn [mcmfw cN-\-I-fp-−v. B[p-\n-I-im-kv{Xw, ]cn-Wm-aw, Xmcm-]-Yw, am\-¯p-I-®n, [\y-hm-Zw, imkv{X-¯nsâ KXn, ]pXp-a-bpsS temIw, Ip«n-IÄ¡m-bpÅ {]mWntemIw, imkv{X-Zo-]n-I, {]Ir-Xn-]m-T-§Ä, ssZh-\o-Xnbv¡p Zm£n-Wy-anÃ F¶nh At±-l-¯nsâ cN-\m-ssh-hn-[y-¯n\p \nZÀi-\-§-fm-Wv. ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy-Im-e-im-kv{X-km-ln-Xy-Im-c³am-cnÂ Hcm-fm-bn-cp¶ At±-l-¯nsâ cN-\-I-



fnÂ imkv{X-¯nsâ kmln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw emfn-Xy-amÀ¶ kwtbm-K-am-Wp-Å-Xv.

a\p-jy\pw Iebpw X½n-epÅ ]c-kv]-c-_-Ôs¯ kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ Hcp-]-\ym-k-amWv Iebpw a\p-jy\pw F¶-Xv. tUm. sI. `mkvI-c³ \mb-cpsS D]-lmcw F¶ IrXn-bn-emWv CXpÄs -̧«n-«p-f-f-Xv. Ccp-]¯naqt¶mfw D]-\ym-k-§Ä DÅ Cu IrXn-bnÂ tXmakv a³, BÄUkv lIvknen F¶o hnJym-X-Nn- -́I-sc-¸-än-sbÃmw D]-\ym-k-§-fp-−v.

Iebpw a\p-jy\pw F¶ D]-\ym-k-¯nÂ At±-l-¯nsâ imkv{X-ZÀi-\-̄ n-sâbpw Iem-ZÀi-\-̄ n-sâbpw a\p-jy-ZÀi-\-¯n-sâbpw an¶-em«w \ap¡p ImWmw. ""Iem-h-kvXp-¡-fp-sS krjvSnbpw Bkzm-Z-\hpw a\p-jy\v \ÂIp¶ A\-\y-km-[m-c-W-amb A\p-`hw XXz-Nn- -́bnse {]bm-k-ta-dnb hnj-b-§-fnÂ H¶mWv'' (]pdw 92) F¶p ]d-ªp-sIm-−mWv Cu D]-\ymkw XpS-§p-¶-Xv. ]e Nn -́I-·mcpw Cu hnjbw ]Tn-¡m³ ITn-\-{iaw sNbvXn-«p-f-f-Xmbn At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. ASp-

-̄Im-e¯v (1938-þÂ BWv CsX-gp-Xp-¶-Xv) hyXy-kvX-§-fmb Gsg«p kn²m- -́§Ä Cu cwK¯v D−m-bn-«p-s−¶pw Htcm Nn -́I\pw Hmtcm ho£-W-§-fmWv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-f-f-sX¶pw At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. A§-s\-bpÅ Nn -́I-·m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-§-fn-eqsS a\p-jysâ Iem-\p-`q-Xnsb A]-{K-Y\w hnt[-b-am-¡p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS.

H¶m-a-Xmbn tjm¸³ tlmh-dpsS hmZ-amWv At±lw D¶-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. ""Ie ac-W-¯nsâ kJm-hmb Hc-\p-{K-l-am-sW-'¶mWv tjm¸³ tlmh-dpsS hmZw. inip-hnsâ AhØ ]d-ªp-sIm−v temJ-I³ AXv hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. inip Ft¸mgpw Dd-§p-I-bmWv sN¿p-I. ho−pw Dd-§m³ th−n am{X-amWv inip DWcp-I. Pm-{KXv`mhw F¶Xv a\p-jy³ D−m-¡n-sb-Sp¯ Hcp Ir{Xn-am-h-Ø-sb¶p hcp-¶p. ""a\Êpw _p²nbpw Pohn-X-a-Õ-c-̄ nÂ k¼m-Zn-¡-s¸« B]Â¡-c-amb Bbp-[-§Ä Bbn-cn¡mw'' (]n. 93) F¶mWv teJ-Isâ A`n-{]m-bw. AXn-\mÂ ac-W-amWv Gähpw al-¯mb A\p-{K-lw.



D¯pw-K-amb Ie-Ifpw ac-W-t¯mSp kmtlm-Z-cy-apÅ {]h-W-X-I-fsÃ? F¶-t±lw tNmZn-¡p-¶p-−v.

""tXma-kvam³ þ kwKo-Xhpw Iebpw kap-Zm-bhpw H¶p-t]mse Pohn-¡-W-sa¶ CÑsb XyPn-¡p-hm³ D]-tZ-in-¡p¶p þ Imaw þ ssewKn-I-amb B{Klw AtN-X-\-¯nsâ {]im-´hpw ka-kz-Ñ-hp-amb kzÀ¤s¯ BZy-ambn If-¦-s¸-Sp-¯nb a[p-chpw amc-I-hp-amb krjvSnXXz-t¯mSp km[À½yw {]m]n-¡p-¶p'' F¶n§s\ tXma-kvamsâ A`n-{]m-bs¯ At±lw FSp-¯p-Im-«p-¶p. Ie a\p-jys\ hio-I-cn-¡p¶ Gähpw B]Â¡-c-amb {]tem-`-\-am-Ip¶p F¶ \oXvtjbpsS A`n-{]m-b-s¯bpw ChnsS tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. \oXvtj-tbm-t¸mse Iesb C{X cq£ambn shdp-¯n-«p-Å-h-À aäm-cp-an-sÃ-¶mWv teJ-Isâ A`n-{]m-bw. tjm¸³ tlmhÀ shfn- -̈¯p-\n¶v Ccp-«n-te-¡m-sW-¦nÂ \oXvtj Ccp-«nÂ\n¶v {]Im-i-¯n-te¡mWv IpXn-¡p-¶Xv F¶mWv teJ-I³ ]d-bp-¶Xv. a\p-jy-cpsS kzmÀ°-tam-l-amWv C¯cw hmZ-§-fpsS _oP-sa¶pw temIw ]pe-cp-¶Xv ]t£, kzmÀ°w-sIm-−-sÃ¶pw CXnÂ ]d-bp-¶p. CXns\ kaÀ°n-¡m-\mbn F¨v.-Pn. shÕnsâ hm¡p-IÄ At±lw IS-sa-Sp-¡p-¶p-−v. "Ncn{Xw \ÂIp¶ ]mTw hmkvX-h-¯nÂ KuX-a-_p-²sâ D]-tZiw Xs¶-bm-Ip-¶p. a\p-jysâ kzmÀ°w XyPn-¡m-¯n-S-t¯mfw Imew temI-¯nÂ t£ahpw kam-[m-\hpw ]pe-cp-I-bnÃ'. asämcp kn²m´w At±lw Nq−n-¡m-«p-¶Xv Cw¥ojv Nn -́I-\mb kn.-Cu.-F. tZmknâ-Xm-Wv. ]cmÂ]-c-amb k¯v GI-aÃ F¶pw At\-ImWv F¶pÅ XXz-am-W-Xv. XpSÀ¶v At±lw {]]-©-¯n-\pÅ hyXy-kvX-amb aq¶v aÞ-e-§-sf-¸-ddn hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. 1. `uXn-I-temIw, 2. am\-hnI temIw, 3. `uXn-Itam am\-kn-Itam AÃm¯ Nn´m-temIw F¶n-h-bm-W-h. Chsb hni-Z-am¡nbXn-\p-tijw imkv{X-¯nsâ DbÀ¶ taJ-e-I-fnÂ k©-cn-¡p¶ imkv{X-Ú\v Iem-k-l-P-amb tNmtXm-hn-Im-c-§Ä D−mImw F¶v Nne DZm-l-c-W-§Ä FSp-̄ n-Im«n ]d-bp-¶p. A§s\ hn]p-e-amb {]]-©-s -̄¡p-dn-¨pÅ Úm\w



t\Sn-Im-e-tZ-i-§-fnÂ Xsâ \nÊm-c-Xsb hnkva-cn-¡p¶ imkv{X-Ú\pw Hcp Iem-Im-c\pw X½nÂ hyXym-k-an-Ã-¶mWv At±-l-¯nsâ hmZw. F¶mÂ Ie-bpsS amÀ¤-¯n-eq-sS-bpÅ aqey-t_m[w Ipsd-¡qSn Ffp¸w e`n-¡p-¶p. Ie-bpsS e£y-amb aqeyw F¶Xv kuµ-cy-am-Wv. kuµ-cy-km-£m-Xv¡m-c-¯n-epÅ \nÀhr-Xn-bmWv C¶-s -̄ \n-e-bnÂ Poh\v km[n-¡p¶ Gähpw al-¯mb A\p-{K-l-hpw. Iem-Im-cs\ kw_-Ôn¨v X\n¡p e`n-¡p¶ ZÀi\w a§n-a-d-bp-¶Xp ImWp-t¼m-gpÅ \ncm-i-bnÂ\n¶pw AsÃ-¦nÂ AXv ho−pw ssIh-cp-hm-\pÅ BIw-£-bnÂ\n¶p-amWv AXnsâ {]Xn-Ñm-bsb þ Iesb \nÀ½n-¡m³ Xp\n-bp-¶-Xv. A§-s\-sb-¦nÂ Iem-Im-csâ \nÀhr-Xn-bpsS \nZÀi-aÃ adn¨v ap¼v A\p-`-hn-¨Xpw XpSÀ¶v A\-\p-`-hn-¡m³ km[n-¡m- -̄Xp-amb B\-µ-{]-IÀj-¯nsâ {]Xo-I-ambn Ie amdp-¶p. Ioävkn-s\bpw aäp-sams¡ teJ-I³ ]c-amÀin-¡p-¶p-−v. Npcp-¡-¯nÂ, FÃm Iem-kr-jvSn-Ifpw Hcp \ncm-i-bpsS NnÓhpw Hcp ]cm-P-b-kvam-c-I-hp-am-sW-¶-XmWv teJ-Isâ Is−-¯Â.

4. Nn{X-I-ebpw Imhy-I-ebpw

Fw.-]n.-t]mÄ(-Im-hy-ZÀi-\w)

amcmÀ, tIk-cn, ap−-tÈcn F¶o \ncq-]-I-cnÂ\n¶pw XoÀ¯pw hn`n-¶-am-bn-cp¶p Fw.-]n.-t]mÄ. aäp-Å-hÀ ]Zy-k-c-Wn-bnÂ hym]--cn- -̈t¸mÄ t]mÄ BIs« KZy-ta-J-ebnembncp-¶p. kmlnXy¯nsâ kmaq-lnI _Ô-s¯ AwKo-I-cn¨ Fw.-]n. t]mÄ AXnsâ kuµ-cym-ß-I-L-S-Is¯ Ft¸mgpw BZ-cn-¨p. sNdp-I-Ym-{]-Øm-\w, t\mhÂkm-ln-Xyw, kmln-Xy-hn-Nm-cw, Imhy-ZÀi-\w, kuµ-cy-\n-co-£Ww XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv {][m\ IrXn-IÄ.

Dd¨ kuµ-cym-ßI \ne]m-Sp-−m-bn-cp-¶p Fw.-]n. t]mfn-\v. "Nn{X-I-ebpw Imhy-I-ebpw' F¶ teJ-\-¯nÂ Cu c−v Ie-I-fp-tSbpw kmPmXy sshPm-Xy-§-fm-Wp-Å-Xv. Nn{X-Im-csâ `mj kmÀÆ-P-\o-\hpw Imhy-`mj Hcp \nÝnX hn`m-K-



¯n\p am{Xw a\-Ên-em-Ip-¶-Xm-sW¶pw aäp-apÅ Nne N´m-K-Xn-IÄ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ Chn-sS. hfsc kq£va-amb Xc-¯n-epÅ kuµ-cym-]-{K-Y-\-amWv t]mÄ ChnsS sN¿p-¶-Xv.

Nn{X-I-ebpw Imhy-I-ebpw F¶ \ncq-]-W-¯nÂ Ie-I-fpsS Xmc-X-aym-ß-I-amb Hcp ]T-\-amWv Fw.-]n.-t]mÄ \S-¯p-¶-Xv. kpIp-am-c-I-e-I-fp-sS-sbÃmw e£yw H¶p Xs¶-bm-sW-¶Xv At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. ""kXy-¯n-sâbpw \·-sbbpw kuµ-cy-s¯bpw GIo-I-cn-¡p¶ kmwkvImcaq-eys¯ ,I-em-Im-csâ hyàn-ap-{Z-tbm-Sp-IqSn DNn-X-cq-]-§-fnÂ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡pI F¶-XmWv Ah-bpsS ]c-tam-tZyiyw F¶-t±lw hyà-am-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ GXp Ie-bv¡mWv ta· F¶Xv Hcp Xocm-hm-Z-am-Wv. Ihn-IÄ Ihn-X-¡mWv {][m-\y-sa¶v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ Nn{X-Im-c-·mÀ Nn{X-I-e-bpsS {][m\yw FSp-¯p-]-d-bp-¶p. AXn-\mÂ A¯cw hmZ-¯n-\Ã {]kàn-sb¶pw {]I-c-W-ssh-Pm-Xy-¯mÂ Hmtcm Iebv¡pw kn²-am-bn-«pÅ KpW-hn-ti-jX At\z-jn-¡p-I-bmWv \Ã-sX¶pw Fw.-]n. t]mÄ hyà-am-¡p-¶p-−v.

i_vZmÀ°-cq-]-amb Imhy-¯n\v km[n-¡m¯ Nne Imcy-§Ä hcp¶ tcJm-cq-]-amb Nn{X-I-ebv¡p {]Im-in-¸n-¡m³ Ign-bpw. F¶mÂ Imhy-`m-j-sb-¡mÄ Nn{X-Im-csâ `mj-bmWv kmÀÆ-P-\o-\-am-b-Xv. D]-I-c-W-hn-tijw sIm−v Nn{X-I-ebv¡p h¶p-tNÀ¶n-«pÅ Hcp \yq\X Iem-]-cn-an-Xn-bm-Wv. Hcp \nan-js¯ am{Xta Nn{X-¯nÂ {]Im-in-¸n-¡m-\m-hq. F¶mÂ kmln-Xy-¯nÂ Ime-]-cn-Wm-a§Ä tcJ-s¸-Sp- -̄\m-hp-¶p. ""Imhy-¯nse ]m{X-§Ä Ime]cn-Wm-a-a-\p-k-cn¨v hr²n-£-b-§Ä {]m]n-¡p-t¼mÄ Nn{X-Im-csâ ]m{Xw Ime-K-Xn-¡-Xo-X-ambn \ne-sIm-Åp-¶p'' F¶v Fw. ]n. t]mÄ. C¡m-cy-¯nÂNn-{X-I-ebpw inev]-I-e-bpw X½n-emWv km[Àayw. {]Jym-X-Nn{Xw samWn-en-k-bpsS apJs¯ \nKqV ]p©ncn hcm-\pÅ Imc-W-sa-s´t¶m AXn\p ap¼pw ]n¼p-apÅ `mh-hn-ti-j-§Ä Fs -́Ãm-am-bn-cp-¶p-sht¶m C¶v \ap-¡-dn-bm³ Ign-bn-Ã. F¶mÂ Hmcp Ihn-X-bn-em-sW-¦nÂ Ch-sbÃmw hni-



Zo-I-cn-bv¡m³ kuI-cy-ap-−v. Øe-_-²-amb \nÝ-em-h-Ø-Isf hÀ¯n-¡p-hm³ Imhy-¯n\pw Nn{X-¯nÂ Nne Ihn-IÄ Nn{X-Im-c³amsc¡mfpwanSp¡p Im«p-Ibpw sNbvtX-¡mw. Fgp-

-̄Ñsâ ]mÀ°-km-c-Yn-hÀW-\ AXp-t]mse Bim³, hÅ-t¯mÄ, F¶n-h-cpsS Nne Imhy-¯nse A¯cw kµÀ -̀§Ä Nn{X-I-ebv¡p hnj-b-am-Imw. F¶mÂ Xncn¨v AsXmcp t]mcm-bva-bm-Imw. hnj-b-¯nsâ \qX-\Xzw Nn{X-¯n\v Hcp hnLv\hpw Ihn-Xbv¡v Hcp `qj-W-hp-am-Imw. Nn{X-I-e-bnse s]mcp- -̄t¡-Sp-I-sfm¶pw Ihn-Xbv¡p hnj-b-a-Ã. Imhy-¯nsâ k¦-ev]-tem-I-¯n-te¡v F¯n-t\m-¡m³ t]mepw Nn{X-Imc\v km[n-¡p-I-bnÃ F¶p ]d-bp-¶-XneqsS Imhy-I-e-bpsS ta·-bm-Wp-d-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.

5. ktµiw AsXm-t¶-bpÅp (am-\-Z-Þw)

tPmk v̂ ap−-tÈcn

kmlnXy\ncq-]-I³, hnZym-`ym-k-Nn- -́I³, ]{X-{]-hÀ -̄I³, {]`m-j-I³ F¶o \ne-I-fnÂ {]mKÛyw sXfn-bn¨ hyànbmWv tPmk^v ap−-tÈ-cn. tIc-f-¯nse BZy-a-{ń-k-`-bnse hnZym-`ym-k-a-{ń-bm-bn-cn-bv¡sh At±lw Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ hnZym-`ym-k-_nÃv H«-\-h[n ImX-emb ]cn-jvIm-c-§Ä hnZym-`ymk cwK¯v sIm−p-h-s¶-¦nepw AXns\ XpSÀ¶p-−mb kw`-h-hn-Im-k-§Ä A¶s¯ C.-Fw.-F-kv. a{ń-k-`sb ]ncn-¨p-hn-Sp-¶-Xn-\p-hsc Imc-W-am-bn. Pohn-X-¯nepw kmln-Xy-¯nepw DÂ]-Xn-jvWp-Xz-am-bn-cp¶p ap−-tÈcn ]peÀ¯n t]m¶-Xv. kmln-Xy-¯nse cq]-̀ -{Z-X-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb \ncq-]-W-am-bn-cp-¶p At±-l-¯n-sâXv.

]mÝm-Xy-þ-]u-ckvXy Imhykn²m- -́§Ä kwtbm-Pn-¸n-¨p-sIm-−pÅ hnaÀi-\-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb \ncq-]Ww \S-¯n-b-h-cnÂ {]ap-J-\m-bWv tPmk^v ap−-tÈ-cn. Ir-Xn-I-fpsS kmt¦-XnI LS-I-§-fn-eÃ Ah-bnÂ DÄt¨À¶n-cn-¡p¶ PohnX aqey-§Ä¡mWv ap−-tÈcn {]m[m\yw \ÂIn-b-Xv. ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-¯n-s\m¸w \n¶v bmYm-Øn-Xn-I-



Xbv¡v FXnsc At±lw t]mcm-Sn. kmlnXyw a\p-jy-I-Ym-\p-Km-bn-I-fm-bn-cn-¡Ww F¶p Dd-¨p-hn-iz-kn-¨p-sIm−v A¯cw At\z-j-W-§-fm-bn-cp¶p Xsâ \ncq-]-W-§-fnÂ \S-¯n-b-Xv. ImÂ]-\n-I-X-bnÂ XpS§n bYm-X-Y-hm-Z-¯nÂ hnI-kn-¨v, kaq-l-\n-jvT-X-bn-te-¡p-bÀ¶-XmWv ap−-tÈ-cn-bpsS hnaÀi\ ]²-Xn.

am\-Z-Þw, amsäm-en, {]bm-Ww, \mS-Im-´w Ihn-Xzw, cmP-cm-Psâ amsäm-en, Bim³ Ihn-X, A -́co-£w, a\p-jy-I-Ym-\p-Km-bn-IÄ, Imhy-]o-TnI cq]-̀ -{Z-X, hmb-\-im-e-bnÂ XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv {][m\ IrXn-IÄ.

am\-ZÞw F¶ {KÙ-¯nÂ DÄs¸« Hcp teJ-\-amWv "ktµiw AsXm-t¶-bpÅq' F¶-Xv. taL-k-tµ-i-t¯mSv Xmc-X-ay-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m−v abq-ck-tµ-is¯ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wn-XnÂ. Ahn-bse Imhy-ku-µ-cys¯ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv sIm−v abq-c-k-tµ-is¯ A]-IÀjs¸Sp¯n ImWn-¡p-¶p. kwkvIr-Xm-tSm-]w, Ir{XnaX-, Ae-¦m-c-tLmjw XpS-§n-b-h-bpsS tLmj-bm-{X-bmWv abq-c-k-tµ-i-¯n-se¶v ]dªp sIm−v CXns\ CI-gv¯p¶p ap−-tÈ-cn. taL-k-tµ-iw, abq-c-k-tµiw Ch-bnse Hmtcm LS-I-§-tfbpw Xmc-X-ay-s¸-Sp-¯n, hni-I-e\w sNbvXp-sIm−v taL-k-tµiw am{X-amWv ktµ-i-Imhyw F¶p kaÀ°n-¡pIbmWv ap−-tÈ-cn.

hn{K-l-`-RvP-\-§Ä ap−-tÈ-cn-bpsS \ncq-]-W-̄ nsâ Hcp kz`mhw Xs¶-bmbn \ap-¡p-Im-Wmw. DÅq-cn-s\-t¸m-ep-Å-hÀ abq-c-k-tµ-i-¯n-\v taL-k-tµ-i-t -̄¡mÄ Hcp amäp IqSp-In-Ãtbm F¶v ]pI-gv̄ n-b-t¸m-gmWv ap−-tÈcn C -̄c-¯n-epÅ A`n-{]mbw D¶-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. ap−-tÈ-cnsb kw_-Ôn¨v Imfn-Zm-k\pw Ime-¯nsâ Zmk-\m-Wv. Imes¯ AXn-Po-hn¨v \nÂ¡p¶ Ihn-IÄ hnc-en-se-®m-hp-¶-h-tc-bp-Åq. kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ hmÂao-In, Zmk³, Imfn-Zm-k³ apX-e-mb-hcpw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ D®m-bn-hm-cyÀ, Ipam-c-\m-im³, hÅ-t¯mÄ F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ Nne-cpw. kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-¯nsâ icn-bmb am\-Z-Þ-amWv ap−-tÈcn Xsâ \ncq-]-W-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv



F¶-Xm-Wn-Xn\p Imc-Ww. ]mÝm-Xyhpw ]uc-kvXy-hp-amb Nn´m-[m-c-Isf ka-\z-bn-¸n¨n-s¡m-−p-f-f \ncq-]-W-am-Xr-I-I-fmWv am\-Z-Þhpw Imhy-]o-Tn-Ibpw {]bm-Whpw cq]-`-{Z-X-bp-sa-Ãmw. apJw t\m¡m-sX-bpÅ \njv]-£-hn-aÀi-\-¯nsâ D -̄a-am-Xr-I-bmWv "ktµiw AsXm-s¶-bp-ffq' F¶ \ncq-]Ww F¶-XnÂ XÀ¡-an-Ã.

6. Bimsâ kv{Xo]-£-ZÀi\w þ tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn (\-h-Im-´w)

ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-ta-J-e-bnÂ {]Xn-jvTn-X-am-bn-«pÅ Htc-sbmcp \ncq-]-I-bmWv tUm. Fw. eoem-h-Xn. a\x-imkv{Xw \c-hw-i-im-kv{Xw, t^mIv temÀ F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ hnÚm\-im-J-Isf D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-sIm-−pÅ \ncq-]-W-am-Xr-I-IÄ AhÀ kw`m-h\ sNbvXp. IrXn-I-fpsS kuµ-cym-ßI hymJym-\-§-fm-bn-«mWv eoem-h-Xn-bpsS ]T-\-§Ä A[n-Ihpw ImWm³ Ign-bp-I. kaq-l-a-\-ÊnÂ P·m- -́c-§-fmbn ]IÀ¶p-h-¶n-«pÅ `mhap-{Z-I-fpsS cq]-¯nÂ A´Àeo-\-ambn InS-¡p¶ BZn{]cq-]-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v kn.-Pn. bpMv \S-¯nb a\x-im-kv{X-]-T-\-§-fpsS kzm[o-\-apÄs¡m−v a\x-im-kv{X-\n-cq-]-W-im-J-bnÂ Xtâ-Xmb hne-s¸« kw`m-h-\-IÄ \ÂInb \ncq-]-I-bm-WhÀ. BZn-{]-cq-]-§Ä kmln-Xy-¯nÂ Hcp]T\w F¶ IrXn A -̄c-¯n-sem-¶mWv kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯nepw AhÀ Xsâ IhnXm kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯n-eqsS hyàn-ap-{Z-]-Xn-¸n¨p.

{][m\ IrXn-IÄ

Ihn-Xbpw imkv{X-hpw, I®ocpw ag-hn-Ãpw, \h-X-cw-Kw, he-cw-Kw, Ipam-c-\m-imsâ eoe-hym-Jym-\w, Ihn-Xm-[z-\n, hÀ®-cm-Pn, \h-Im-´w, A½-ssZ-h§Ä, ae-bmfIhn-Xm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw, Ihn-Xm-c-Xn, Aar-X-ivak\p-tX, kv{Xokz-Xzm-hn-jvImcw þ ae-bmf-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ, `mc-X-kv{Xo, \sÃ-gp-¯v, \½psS ss]Xr-Iw, Ihn-bpsS hnjvWp-tem-Iw.-

Bimsâ kv{Xo]-£-ZÀi\w F¶ teJ-\-̄ nÂ



Bimsâ hoW-]q-hp-ap-X-epÅ Imhy-§sf---------------------------; \fn-\n, eoe, Nn´m-hn-jvS-bmb koX, NÞm-e-`n-£p-In, Zpc-h-Ø, IcpW F¶n-h-bn-eqsS sXfn-ªp-h-cp¶ kv{Xo]-£-ZÀ\s¯ FSp-¯p-Im-«m-\mWv {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. kv{Xobv¡v c−mw-enwKw F¶ Øm\-amWv F¶pw kaqlw s]mXpsh \ÂIn t]m¶n-«p-Å-Xv. H¶mw Øm\w F¶pw ]pcp-j-\m-Wv. F¶mÂ ]IpXn ]pcp-j\pw ]IpXn kv{Xobp-amb AÀ²-\m-co-iz-c-k-̄ -bmWv a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-tâXp Xs¶ F¶v teJnI tUm: Fw.-eo-em-hXn Nq−n-¡m-«p-¶p. Hmtcm hyànbv¡pw C -̄c-̄ nÂ AÀ²-\m-co-iz-Xz-ap-−v. i¦-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS kuµ-cy-e-lcn hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX Ipam-c-\m-im\v C -̄c-¯nÂ kaq-l-þ-hyàn tNX-\-bnse AÀ²-\m-co-iz-cXsb¡p-dn-¨pÅ icn-bmb DÄ¡mgvN D−m-hmsX Xc-an-Ã. At±-l-¯nsâ hoW-]q-hp- ap-XÂ Icp-W- h-sc-bpÅ IrXn-I-fn-seÃmw kv{Xo ssNX-\y-s -̄bmWv Xsâ Ihn-Xm-t£-{X-¯nsâ {iotIm-hn-enÂ {]Xn-jv-Tn¨Xv F¶mWn-XnÂ Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xv.

Bim³ IrXn-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]T\w \S-¯nb hyXy-kvX-\n-cq-]-IcpsS A`n-{]m-b-§Ä teJnI hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. ap−-tÈ-cn, C.-Fw.-F-kv, Xmbm«v i¦-c³ F¶n-hÀ Bim³ Hcp hn¹-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v Øm]n-¡m-\mWv {ian-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. c−v Xcw hn¹h kz`m-h-s -̄¸än C.-Fw.-Fkv ]d-bp-¶p-−v. H¶v Bim-sâbpw Kpcp-hmb {io\m-cm-b-W-sâbpw Bßo-bX {_mÒ-Wm-[n-]-Xy-¯n-s\-Xn-cmb Iem-]-ambn XoÀ¶-Xv. c−m-a-Xmbn NmXpÀhÀWy-hy-h-k-Y-bvs¡-Xn-cmb Iem]w. {_mÒ-Wm-[n-]-Xy-¯n-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ Iem-]-ambn \fn\n t]mepÅ IrXn-Ifpw NmXpÀhÀWyhy-h-Ø-bvs¡-Xn-cmb Iem-]-̄ n\v NÞm-e-`n-£p-In, Zpc-h-Ø-t]m-epÅ IrXn-Ifpw koX-bpsS Nn -́I-fp-saÃmw FSp-¯p- Im-Wn-¡p¶p−v At±lw. ck-[z\n ]²Xnsb Bkv]-Z-am-¡n-bmWv ap−-tÈcn Bim³ IrXn-I-fpsS \ncq-]Ww \S-¯n-b-Xv. C.-Fw.-F-knsâ "Bim\pw ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw' F¶ {]kwK]c-¼c kam-l-cn¨ ]pkvX-Ihpw ap−tÈ-cn-bpsS "Bim³ hn¹-h-¯nsâ ip{I-\-£{Xw' F¶-Xn-ep-



sams¡ \ap-¡nXv hmbn-¡mw. F¶mÂ Bimsâ FÃm IrXn-I-fnepw A´À[m-c-bmbn hÀ¯n-¡p¶ asämcp Iem-]- ZÀi-\-s -̄bmWv eoem-hXn CXn-e-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. ""]pcpj ssNX-\y-¯n\v Xpey-amb {]`mhw kv{Xo ssNX-\y-¯n-\p−v F¶n-cn-t¡, ]pcp-j³ Bbn-c-̄ m-−p-I-fn-eqsS hfÀ¯n-s¡m-−p-h¶ Pohn-X-hy-h-Øn-Xn-bnÂ kv{Xo{]-`mhw ASn-¡Sn ]n´Ås¸-«p. ASn- -̈aÀ -̄s¸« kv{Xok- -̄bpsS tcmZ\w A -́cm-ßm-hnÂ tI« Ihn Xsâ IrXn-IÄ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-t¸mÄ Ah-bpsS A´À\mZw B ASn-̈ -aÀ -̄en-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ Iem-]-ambn `hn¨p'' (]p .13). F¶n-§s\ eoem-hXn Cu teJ-\-¯nÂ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.

Cuiz-cs\ NneÀ X§-fpsS kzIm-cy-kz-¯m¡n sh¨n-cp-¶-Xn-s\-Xn-cmb Iem-]-am-bn-cp¶p `àn-{]-Øm-\-sa-¶-Xp-t]mse khÀ®m-[o-iXzw Ip -̄I-bm¡n sh¨n-cp¶ Bßo-b-X-tbm-SpÅ Iem-]-am-bn-cp¶p Bim-\nse Bßo-bX F¶Xv teJnI Nq−n-¡m-«p-¶p. `àn-{]-Øm-\-¯nse Iem-]-ZÀi-\-¯nsâ `mK-amb {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-sâbpw Ipam-c-\m-im-sâbpw Bßo-b-Xsb D]-ZÀin-¡p-¶-XnÂ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb hkvXp-\n-jvT-X-bp−v F¶pw kaÀ°n-¡p-¶p. amwk-\n-_-²-aÃ cmKw F¶Xv Bim-sâ kvt\l-ZÀi-\-aÃ F¶pw Ihn-bpsS kvt\l-ZÀi\w t`mK-]-c-X-bn-te¡v hgpXn-ho-gm¯ \nkzmÀ°hpw \nÀhym-P-hp-amb kvt\l-¯nsâ hàm-¡-fmb kv{Xo IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS ]£-¯mWv \ne-sIm-Åp-¶-sX¶v Imhy-§sf ap³\nÀ¯n ]d-bp-¶p. kv{Xosb Adntªm Adn-bm-sXtbm Zpc- -́¯n-te¡v XÅn-hn-Sp-Ibpw Ah-fpsS kzXzs¯ \ntj-[n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ ]pcp-jm-[n-Imc hyh-Øn-Xn-bvs¡-Xn-cmb Iem-]-am-bn-cp¶p Bim-tâ-Xv. hoW-]qhv apXÂ IcpW hscbpw C -̄c-¯n-epÅ Hcp kv{Xo Pohn-Xm-hn-jvImcw Xs¶-bmWv DÅ-sX¶v hyà-am-¡p-¶p.

Bßo-bX ]pcp-j-\p-am{Xw {]m]y-amb DZm- -̄a-Þ-e-am-sW¶pw AXn-te-¡pÅ {]bm-W-¯nÂ ]pcp-j\p {]Xn-_-Ô-amWv kv{Xosb-¶p-apÅ ZÀi-\-¯n\v hncp-²-amb Hcp ZÀi-



\-amWv \fn-\n-bnÂ. Nn´m-hn-jvS-bmb koX-bnse Iem]w koX cmas\ hnaÀin-¡p-¶-Xn-eÃ adn¨v kv{Xo\nµ-\hpw iq{Z-\n-µ-\hpw DÄs¸« kmaqly hyh-Øn-Xnsb hnaÀin-¡p-¶-Xn-emWv F¶Xpw {][m-\-am-Wv. AXp-t]m-se, ]pcp-jm-[o-iXz hyh-Øn-Xn-bpsS Hcp cà-km-£n-bmbn eoesb Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-ÅXpw FSp-¯p-Im-«p-¶p. C -̄c-¯nÂ, ]pcp-jm-[o-i-Xz-hy-h-Øn-Xn-s¡-Xn-cmb Iem-]-§-fmWv Bim³ Imhy-§Ä F¶p kaÀ°n-¡p-¶p. AtXm-sSm¸w Ah hÀ®m-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp kmaq-ly-hy-h-Ø-bvs¡-Xn-cmb Iem]w IqSn-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶pw Imhy-§sf ap³\nÀ¯n kaÀ°n-¡p-¶p-−v. C§s\ c−p-Xcw Iem-]-§Ä þ kv{Xo]-£-¯p-\n-¶p-sIm−v ]pcp-jm-[o-iXz kmaqly hyh-Ø-bvs¡-Xn-cmbpw A[x-Ir-XÀs¡m¸w \n¶v A[o-i-hÀ¤-¯n-s\-Xn-cmbpw Bim³ Imhy-§-fnÂ \nÀh-ln-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-sh¶v Nq−n-¡m-«p-¶p.

7. tImam-fn-bp-K-¯nse ]pcp-j-tKm-]p-c-§Ä (am-dp¶ ae-bm-f-t\m-hÂ)

ae-bmf B[p-\n-IXm hnaÀi-\-¯nsâ ià-\mb hàm-hm-bn-cp¶p sI.-]n.-A-¸³. kuµcyw XnI-ª-`m-j, Ie-ln-¡p¶ ssien ]Iz-amb hnaÀi-\-bpàn F¶nh sI.-]n.-A-¸s\ thdn«p \nÀ¯p¶ LS-I-§-fm-Wv. \ho-\-amb hnaÀi-\-co-Xn-IÄ ae-bm-f-¯n\p Nnc-]-cn-Nn-X-am-¡n-bXv At±-l-am-Wv. "amdp¶ ae-bm-f-t\m-hÂ' F¶Xv ae-bmf t\mh-enÂ kw`-hn¨ ]pXnb`mhp-IXz ]cn-Wm-as¯ NÀ¨ sN¿p¶ IrXn-bm-Wv.

IrXn-IÄ

Ielhpw hnizm-khpw, [n¡m-cn-bpsS ImXÂ, t£m`n-¡p-¶-h-cpsS kphn-ti-jw, amdp¶ ae-bm-f-t\m-hÂ

""\½p-tSXv Hcp tImam-fn-bp-K-am-Wv. cmjv{Sob cwKhpw kmaq-ly-cw-Khpw A¡m-Zan AhmÀUp-Ifpw ]mT-]p-kvXI I½n-än-Ifpw ]{X-{]-hÀ -̄\-cw-Khpw BIm-i-hm-Wnbpw _o`-Õamw hn[w Xpd¶ apdn-hp-I-fm-Wv. a{´n-amcpw cmjv{Sob t\Xm-¡fpw kmln-Xy-\m-b-I-·mcpw tImamfn thj-§-fm-Wv. Xe-bnÂ sIm-



gp-¸p-ap-änb hnUvVo-IÄ D¶X Øm\-§-fn-en-cp¶p \s½ `cn-¡p-¶p. càw Duän-¡p-Sn-¡p¶ Cu IpXn-c-bm-S-p-Isf P\w ]meva-[p-c-§Ä \ÂIn t]mäp-¶p. A§s\ P\-§fpw tImam-fn-I-fm-bn-¯o-cp-¶p. Cu hn[w C¶s¯ C´y³ ]uc³ FÃm-hn[ aqey- -̄IÀ -̈bp-sSbpw Acm-P-I-Xz-¯n-sâbpw Imcy-Ø-

\m-bn-¯o-cp-¶p.'' (P-105) F¶n-§-s\-bmWv "tImam-fn-bp-K-¯nse ]pcp-j-tKm-]p-c-§Ä' F¶ teJ\w Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. cmjv{So-b-amb Cusbmcp ]Ým- -̄e-¯nÂ \n¶p-sIm-−mWv At±lw hn.-sI.-F-¶nsâ lmky-̀ m-h-\-bpsS [mÀjvSys¯ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-Xv. hyàn-bpsS hne-£-W-Xbpw hnI-e-Xbpw A]-lm-ky-Xbpw DuXn-hoÀ¸n¨v Nncn-bp-−m-¡p-¶Xv henb lmky-{]-Xn-̀ -bpsS e£-W-a-sÃ-¶mWv sI.-]n.-A-¸sâ hmZw. C.hnbpw aäp-sams¡ Bh-gn-bv¡m-bn-cp-¶p. hn.-sI. F¶n-s\-t¸m-ep-Å- henb lmky-{]-Xn-̀ -bpsS I¿nÂ `mj Ft¸mgpw {IawsXän hnI-kn-¡p-¶-XmWv ImWm³ Ign-bp-I. Hcp Ipä-Ir-Xy-¯nsâ kuµ-cy-¯nÂ sNbvXp-XoÀ¡p¶ `mjm-io-ev]-amWv lmky-t\m-h-ensâ {]m[m-\-e-£y-am-sW¶pw B e£y-¯n-te-¡pÅ kÀKm-ß-I-amb IpXn-t¨m-«-amWv hn.-sI.-F³ IrXn-I-fnÂ {]I-S-am-bn-¡m-Wp-¶-sX¶pw At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. ""Xm³ {]tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Hmtcm hm¡n-s\bpw Hcp {]l-k\ ]pkvX-I-¯nsâ DÅ-S¡w {]Jym-]n-¡p¶ kqNn-I-bm¡n amäp¶ hn.-sI.-F³ t\mh-enÌv F¶ \ne-bnÂ D¶-X-Úm-\n-bmb \nco-£-

I\pw Akp-c-{]-Ir-Xn-bpÅ tImam-fn-bp-amWv'' (P-107) F¶ hm¡p-I-fnÂ Cu teJ-\-¯nsâ Im¼p-−v. krjvSnsb Nncn-¸n-¡p¶ [zwk-\-am¡n amäp¶ Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ k¦oÀ®-amb IemhyànXzw hmb-\-¡m-csâ ap¼nÂ {]tIm-]-\-t¯m-sS-bmWv \nÂ¡p-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ hn.sI. F-¶nsâ cq]-þ-I-em-ssi-enbpw k^ePohn-Xm-h-Ø-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ At±-l-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-ZÀi-\hpw efn-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡pI {]bm-k-am-Wv. LS-I-§-fpsS s]mcp- -̄t¡-Sn-eqsS hmIy-§-sfbpw Iev]-\-I-sfbpw Xe-Io-gmbn \nÀ¯p-I-bmWv hn.-sI.-F³. kzbw JÞn-¡p¶ `mjm{]tbm-K-§fpw Iev]-\-I-fp-amWv



F¶pw ]d-bmw. t\mÀa³ sabve-sdbpw sÌbv\-sd-bp-sams¡ ]cm-aÀin-¨p-sIm-−v, hm¡p-I-fn-eqsS hnIm-c-hn-\n-a-bs¯ kwt`m-K-t¯mSp _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-−pÅ `mjm-im-kv{X-]-c-amb \nK-a\w hn.-sI.-F³ sâ ssien-bpsS ]pcp-j-{]-Ir-Xn-bnÂ F¯n-\nÂ¡p-¶-Xmbn kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. kÀ Nm¯p-hnsâ AÇoew \ndª Nne {]tbm-K-§-fnÂ apg-§p-¶Xv ]pcp-jsâ Al-¦mcw \ndª ênXw Xs¶. Imes¯ kw_-Ôn¨v D¶-X-amb Hcp Hcm-ZÀi-amWv hn.-sI.-F³ IrXn-I-fnÂ. FUnw-Ssâ Iev]\ D]-tbm-Kn¨v ]d-ªmÂ Imew hn.-sI.-F³ IrXn-I-fnÂ ]ZmÀ°-t -̄¡mÄ sa -̈s¸« ùXnI bmYmÀ°y-am-bn-¯n-cp-¶p. Øe-{I-a-¯nepw Ime-{I-a-¯nepw Hcp-t]mse hni-I-e\w sN¿m-hp¶ Hcp-[mc hn.-sI.-F³.-Ir-Xn-IÄ {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ime-¯nsâ tImam-fn-cq-]-§Ä krjvSn¨v Ime-t_m-[hpw Xsâ tImamfn ZÀi-\-¯nsâ `mK-am-sW¶v Hcp s]m«n-¨n-cn-tbmsS hn.-sI.-F³ sXfn-bn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. ]nXm-a-l-\nse Ime-t_m-[-¯nÂ Cu tImamfn thjw ImWmw. Ønc-ambn \mev]-XnÂ \nev¡p¶ {]mbw, Hcp amk-¡m-e-t¯¡v IrjvW-]-£-am-bn-cp-¶pþC¯cw ]cm-aÀi-§-fnÂ sXfn-bp¶Xv Imes¯ kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ tImamfn cq]w Xs¶. t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ DS-\ofw ImWp¶ t{Im[w sIm−p ap{Z-sh¨ tImam-fn-¨ncn hW-¡-¯nsâbpw ap«p-a-S-¡-en-sâbpw tcmKw _m[n-¡m¯ Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\mWv hn.-sI.-F³ F¶p sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xmbn teJ-I³ Øm]n-¡p-¶p. Hcp s]m«n-¨n-cn-bpsS kzmX{ý-¯nÂ tImam-fn-s¯m¸n \ÂIp-I-bmWv hn.-sI.-F³ F¶hmZw Btem-N-\m-ar-X-am-Wv.



samUyqÄ 5

CX-c-K-Zy-P-\p-Êp-IÄ

CXc KZy-P-\-pÊp-IÄ F¶ Cu bqWn-änÂ Bß-I-Y, kvac-W-IÄ, Poh-N-cn-{Xw, bm{Xm-hn-h-c-Ww, D]-\ym-k-§Ä F¶n-§s\ sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ kmln-Xy-cq-]-§-fmWv DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ae-bm-f-K-Zy-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ sshhn-[ys¯ FSp-¯p-Im-«p¶ cN-\-I-fmWv CXnse Hmtcm¶pw F¶v ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. sshtem-¸nÅn {io[-c-ta-t\m³, cmP³ Im¡-\m-S³, kRvP-b³, s{]m^. Fw.-sI. km\p, F³.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cyÀ, sI.-hn. dm_nb F¶n-§s\ Fgp-¯n-sâbpw Pohn-X-¯n-sâbpw hyXy-kvX-§-fmb taJ-e-I-fnÂ \n¶p-Å-h-cpsS cN-\-IÄ CXn-e-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

1. Imhy-tem-I-kva-c-W-IÄ þ sshtem-¸nÅn

sshtem-¸n-Ån-bpsS Bß-I-Ym-]-c-amb cN-\-bmWv Imhy-tem-I-kva-c-W-IÄ. Ihn-bpsS hyàn-Po-hn-X-¯n-te¡pw Imhy-Po-hn-X-¯n-te¡pw shfn¨w hoip¶ Hcp cN-\-bm-Wn-Xv. Xsâ Ihn-X-I-fnÂ Ahn-S-hnsS tImdn-bn« Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-§-fn-te¡v Ihn-X-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« B -́cn-I-k-Xy-§-fn-te¡v \s½ Iq«n-s¡m-−p-t]m-Im³ Ihn-bv¡m-Ip-¶p-−v. am¼gw F¶ IhnX hfsc at\m-l-c-amb Hcm-hn-jvIm-c-am-Wv. AtXm-sSm¸w AXv a\x-im-kv{X-]-c-amb A]-{K-Y-\-¯n\p hnt[-b-ambn Ihnsb hÃmsX Akz-Ø-am-¡nb Hcp cN\ IqSn-bm-Wv. am¼-g-¯nse A½ þ aI³ _Ôs¯ t{^mbvUn-b³ ImgvN-¸m-SnÂ \n¶p-sIm−v Fw.-F³. hnP-b³ hne-bn-cp-¯n-bXv henb hmZ-tIm-em-l-e-§Ä¡v CS-bm-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ Ihn, Xsâ A½-bpam-bp-−m-bn-cp¶ \nÀ½-eamb kvt\l-_-Ôs¯ HmÀs -̄Sp-¡p-¶p−v Cu cN-\-bnÂ.

""]nW-§n-t]m-bo-Snepw ]ns¶ Rm³ hnfn-¡p-t¼mÄ IpWp-§n-¡p-Wp§n \o D®p-hm³ hcm-dnsÃ''?



F¶ am¼-g-¯nse hcn-IÄ kzm\p- -̀h-¯nÂ\n-¶m-sW¶v Ihn ]d-bp-¶p. ""A½bv¡v A{Xbpw CjvS-s¸« Rm³ Ip«n-¡m-e¯v A§s\ IpWp-§n-sN-Ãm-dp-−v. ]nW-¡-t -̄¡mÄ hep-Xm-sWsâ `£-W-s¡m-Xn. AX-dn-bm-am-bn-cp¶ A½, tamcp-Iq-«n-¡p-g¨v tNmdv ssIsIm−v amSn-sh¨v "hm tamt\, hb-dp-Imbpw C¯ncn D−n«p t]m' F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶Xpw sImXn-b-\mb Rm³ ]nW¡w amän-sh¨v Ad- -̈d¨v ASp-¯p-sN¶v AÀ²-k-½-X-t¯msS ssI \o«p-¶Xpw Fsâ a\-Ênse Nn{X-amWv'' F¶v "Imhy-tem-I-kva-c-W-bnÂ' Ihn ]d-bp-¶p.

Ihn-bpsS Pohn-X-hp-ambn t\cn«v _Ô-an-sÃ-¦nÂt¸mepw ]e Ihn-X-I-fnepw Pohn-X-ap-{Z-IÄ ImWmw. I®oÀ¸m-Sw, klyâ aI³, am¼gw F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ Ihn-X-IÄ AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ a\x-im-kv{X-]-c-amb hne-bn-cp- -̄ep-IÄ¡v hnt[-b-hp-am-Wv. _mey-¯nsâ A\p-`-h-§Ä am{X-a-Ã, Ihn-bpsS B -́c-{]-IrXn-bpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-§Ä IqSn-bmbn \ncq-]-IÀ C¯cw IrXn-Isf ImWp-¶p. klysâ aI-\nse B\ Ihn-bp-sS-Xs¶ Zan-X-am-¡-s¸« at\m-hn-Im-c-¯nsâ Bhn-jvIm-c-ambn ImWp-¶p-−v.

""\nÀK-X-_-e, sa¶m-ep-{K-ho-cyw,- X-¶p-SÂ \n{K-tlm-ÕpIw kvt\l-hy-{K-sa-¦nepw Nn¯w

F¶ hcn-IÄ Ihn-bpsS a\-Ênsâ Xs¶ kwLÀjv§-fpsS c−v Xe-§-fpsS kqN-\-bmbn hne-bn-cp- -̄s¸-«n-«p-−v. I®oÀ¸m-S-am-Is« Ihn-bpsS Pohn-X-¯nse Zm¼-Xy-_-Ô-ssi-Yn-ey-¯nsâ Hcm-hn-jvI-c-W-ambpw I−n-«p-−v. t\cn-«pÅ A\p-`-h-§-f-sÃ-¦nÂ t]mepw Imhym-hn-jvIm-c-§-fnÂ IÀ¯m-hnsâ B -́cnI`m-h-§Ä {]Xn-̂ -en¡pw F¶p-X-s¶-bmWv Imhy-tem-I-kva-c-W-Ifpw sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xv.



2. (lna-hmsâ apIÄ -̄«nÂ) hgn-b-¼-e-¯nepw ]pÂ¡p-Sn-enepw

cmP³ Im¡-\m-S³

k©m-ckm-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS CjvShmb-\m-hn-`-h-am-Wv. \mw ImWm¯ Øe-§sf hmb-\m-\p-`-h-§-fn-eqsS F¯n-¨p-X-cp-hm³ k©mckm-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ¡v km[n-¡p-¶p. ]mtdam-¡Â tXam-I- -̄\m-cpsS tdmam-bm-{X-bpsS hnh-c-W-amb hÀ -̄am-\-]p-kvX-I-amWv ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-{K-Ù-ambn IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv. Fkv.-sI. s]mä-¡mSv k©m-c-km-ln-Xys¯ _en-jvT-amb Hcp kmlnXy {]Øm-\-am¡n amän. bm{X-bpsS A\p-`-h-temIw bYm-X-Y-ambn \s½bpw A\p-`-hss¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p s]mä-¡m-Snsâ cN-\-IÄ. kml-kn-I-amb Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-§Äs¡m−pw DtZzK-ap-WÀ¯p¶ hnh-c-W-§Äs¡m−pw anI¨p \nÂ¡p-¶-h-bmWv Fkv.-sI. bpsS IrXn-IÄ.

Fkv.-sI. s]mä-¡m-Sn\v ap¼pw ]n¼pw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ A\-h[n k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ D−m-bn-«p-−v. hfsc kao-]-Ø-§-fmb Øe-§-fnse bm{X-IÄ apXÂ hntZi cmPy-§-fn-te-¡pÅ bm{Xm-\p-`-h-§Ähsc k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-c-N-\-IfnÂ DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p.

lnam-e-b-¯n-te-¡pÅ Xsâ bm{Xm-\p-`-h-§Ä DÄ s¡m-Åp¶ cmP³ Im¡-\m-Ssâ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-{K-Ù-amWv lna-hmsâ apIÄ -̄«nÂ. AaÀ\mYv Kpl-bn-te¡v F¶ asämcp bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-{KÙw IqSn Ct±-l-¯n-tâ-Xm-bn-«p-−v. lcn-Zzm-dnÂ \n¶p XpS§n _Z-co-\m-Ysâ k¶n-[n-bn-se-¯p-¶-Xp-h-sc-bpÅ Imcy-§Ä hmb-\-¡m-cnepw bYmÀ°-amb Hcp bm{Xm-\p-`hw \ÂIn-s¡m−v cmP³ Im¡-\m-S³ Nn{Xo-Icn-¨n-«p-−v. bm{X-bnse ck-I-c-amb aplqÀ¯§fpw ZpÀL-S-amb A\p-`-h§fpsaÃmw IrXy-ambn CXnÂ hc¨p Im«p-¶p. k©-cn¨ hgn-bnse t£{X-§Ä, k©m-c-at[y ]cn-N-b-s¸« kzman cmam-\-µn-s\-t¸m-epÅ hyàn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hÀW-\-IÄ,



Øe-§Ä F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn-s¨Ãmw hfsc hni-Z-am-bn-¯s¶ Cu {KÙ-¯nÂ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

1975-þÂ lnam-e-b-¯n-te¡p \S-¯nb ImÂ \S-bm-{Xsb Bkv]-Z-am-¡nsbgp-Xnb ]pkvX-I-amWv lnam-hmsâ apIÄ -̄«nÂ. lcn-ZzmÀ, Ejn-tI-iv, Kp]vX-Im-in, tIZmÀ \mYv, XpwK-\mYv t£{Xw, _Z-co-\m-Yv, F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse bm{Xm-\p-`-h-§Ä hnh-cn-¡p¶ Ccp-]-¯n-c−p A²ym-b-§-fmWv {KÙ-¯n-ep-Å-Xv. AXy´w Imhym-ß-I-amb ssien IrXnsb hyXy-kvX-am-¡p-¶p. ""sX¡³ cmP-Øm-\nse B_p irwK-¯nsâ hS¡p ]Sn-ªm-dmbn KtWjv t]mbnâv Fs¶mcp Øm\-ap-−v. Ahn-sS-\n¶pw t\m¡n-bmÂ Ingp¡mw Xq¡mb ae-IÄ¡p Iosg, \mem-bn-c-t¯mfw ASn XmgvN-bnÂ AXn hnkvXr-X-amb `q]cv̧ v At\-I-ssa-ep-IÄ AI-se, N{I-hm-f-¯nÂ ebn-¡p¶ Ahy-à-amb ImgvN, acp-`q-an-bnÂ \n¶p-b-cp¶ s]mSn-]--S-e-§Ä¡n-S-bn-eqsS ImWmw. AkvX-ab kqcy³ IS-en-se-¶-t]mse acp-¸-c-̧ nse aWÂ¯n-c-IÄ¡p-ÅnÂ ad-bp¶ Akm-[m-c-W-amb B ImgvN ImWm³ `mc-X-¯nsâ \\m-`m-K¯p \n¶pw kµÀi-IÀ B_p-hn-se-¯m-dp-−v''. F¶-cmw-`n-¡p¶p cmP³ Im¡-\m-Snsâ lna-hmsâ apIÄ -̄«nÂ F¶ {KÙw. B_p ]ÀÆ-X-¯nÂ sh¨mWv {KÙ-Im-c³ D -̄c-J-Þ-nte-¡pÅ bm{Xbv¡p Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. 1975 Pq¬ BZy-hmcw UÂln-bn-se-¯p-Ibw aq¶mw Znhkw lcn-Zzm-dn-te-¡pÅ s{Sbn-\nÂ Ib-dp-Ibpw sNbvXp. lcn-Zzm-dnÂ F¯n-¡-gn-ªmÂ lnam-ebw ImWm-sa¶ sXän-²m-cW AhnsS F¯n-b-tXmsS amdn. Ejn-tI-inÂ F¯n-bn-«p-thWw lnam-e-b-¯n-te-¡p-t]m-Im³ F¶v At\z-jn- -̈t¸mÄ a\-Ên-em-bn. Ejn-tI-inÂ sN¶ tijw Imin-bnepw {]bm-K-bnepw aäpw t]mIm-\mbn Cd-§n- -̄cn¨v aq¶p-\mep kzman-am-cpsS IqsS Hcp SmIvkn-bnÂ Ejn-tI-in-te-¡pÅ bm{X Bcw-`n-̈ p. kÔy-tbmsS E-jn-tI-in-se-̄ n. kl-bm-{Xn-I-cn-sem-cm-fmb kl-Pm-\-µnsâ \nÀt±-i-{]Imcw B{Ôm B{i-a-̄ nÂ X§n. ASp¯ Znhkw KwKm-Pn-bnÂ kv\m\w \S-¯n, KwKm Xoc¯v



B{Ô-bnÂ \ns¶-¯nb inev]n-IÄ B{Ô `à-kw-L-¯nsâ \nÀt±-i-{]-Imcw ]WnX t£{X-¯nÂ sXmgp-Xp. ImÂ\-S-bmbn tIZm-cnepw _Z-cn-bnepw ad-dp-sa¯n ZÀi\w \S-¯m-\mWv Xsâ Dt±-iy-sa¶v {KÙ-Im-c³ ]d-ªXv aäp kzman-amÀ¡v AÛp-X-ap-f-hm-¡n. lnam-e-b-s -̄¸än th{−{X {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-Úm-\-apÅ kl-Pm-\µpw htbm-[n-I-\mb asämcp kzmanbpw ImÂ\-S-bm-{Xsb \ncp-Õm-l-s¸-Sp-̄ n-sb-¦nepw {KÙ-Im-c³ Xsâ Xocp-am-\-hp-ambn apt¶m-«p-t]m-Im³ Xocp-am-\n-¨p. Ejn-tI-inÂ \n¶v hS-t¡m«p \S-¶mÂ tZh-{]-bm-Kn-se-¯p-sa¶p a\-Ên-em¡n AhnsS e£y-am¡n \S-¡m-\m-cw-`n-¨p. c−mw Znhkw kÔy-tbmsS tZh-{]-bm-Kn-se¯nb bm{X-bnÂ CS-¡nsS KwKm-\-Zn-bpsS km¶n[yw D−m-bn-cp-¶p. tZh-{]-bm-Kn-se-¯m-sa¶p a\-Ên-em¡n AhnsS e£y-am¡n \S-¡m-cw-̀ n-¨p. c−mw Znhkw kÔy-tbmsS tZh-{]-bm-Kn-se-¯n. bm{X-bnÂ CS-¡nsS KwKm-\-Zn-bpsS km¶n[yw D−m-bn-cp-¶p. tZh-{]-bm-KnÂ \n¶v Hcp hgn tIZmÀ\mYv, _Zcn F¶n-hn-S-§-fn-te¡pw asäm¶v KwtKm-{Xn-bn-te¡pw Xncn-bp-¶p. BZys¯ hgn-bmWv {KÙ-Im-c³ Xnc-sª-Sp- -̄Xv. KwKbpw Af-I-\-µ-bpsS Xoc-¯p-IqSn \mep-Zn-hkw \S¶v KUp-hm-fnse {io\-KÀ F¶ ]«-W-¯nÂ F¯n-t¨À¶p. {io\-KÀ ØnXn sN¿p¶ Ip¶nÂN-cn-hnsâ ASn-hm-c-t¯m-Sp-IqSn Ae-I-\µ kmam\yw hoXn-bnÂ Hgp-In-sIm−ncp-¶p. AXnsâ Ic-bn-epÅ Hcp sNdnb t£{X-¯nÂ ZÀi\w \S-¯n. ZpÀ¤m-tZ-hn-bpsS {]Xn-jvT-bpÅ B t£{Xhpw ]cn-k-chpw BsI Ae-t¦m-e-am-bn-¡n-S-¶n-cp-¶p. t£{X-¯nsâ Xn®-bnse I«n-en-encp¶v Ahn-Ss¯ ]qPmcnbmb {_mÒ-Ws¡m-¨³ ap-¶n-encn-¡p¶ c−p-t]-tcm-Sp _Z-cn-bnse a{Zm-kn-bmb taÂim´nsb¡p-dn¨v tami-ambn kwkm-cn-¨p-s¡m-−n-cp-¶p. {io\-K-dnÂ \n¶pw ASp¯ Znhkw cp{Z-{]-bmKv e£y-am¡n \S-¶ {KÙ-Im-c³ \nÈ-_vZhpw hnP-\-hp-amb {Kma-{]-tZ-i-§-fn-eqsS aµm-In-\n-bpsS \ne-bv¡m¯ kwKo-X-am-kz-Zn-¨p-sIm−v Xsâ ImÂ \S-bm{X XpSÀ¶p. Kp]vX-Im-inbpw tIZmÀ\Ypw Kuco-Ip-Þhpw DJo-aTpw Xm−n A\p-`-h-k-¼-¶-amb bm{X XpSÀ¶p. DJo-a-TnÂ



\n¶pÅ bm{X-¡nsS Hcp Kpl-bnÂ cm{Xn Ign-¨p-Iq-«nb A\p-`hw ck-I-c-am-Wv. XpwK-\m-Y-t£-{Xhpw Nt\mfn [À½-im-ebpw Ignªp _Z-co-\m-Yn-te-¡pÅ bm{X-bv¡n-sS-bp-−mb Hcp Zpc-\p-̀ hw ad-¡m-\m-hm¯v cm{Xn F¶ A²ym-b-¯nÂ hnh-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv thZ-\m-P-\-I-am-Wv. [À½-im-e-bnÂ cm{Xn-bpsS XWp-¸nÂ ac-Ws¯ Im¯p InS¶ Hcp a\p-jy-Po-h\p NqSp-shÅw IpSn-¡m-s\-¯n-¡m-\pÅ Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ hn^-e-{iaw hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.

kml-kn-I-ambn tk\mÀKwK IS-¶Xpw Ahn-Ss¯ hgn-b-¼-e-¯nÂ sNe-h-gn-¨Xpw ]n¶oSv ^m«mbnÂ F¯n AhnsS Hcp ]pÂ¡q-Sn-enÂ sNe-h-gn- -̈Xp-amb Imcy-§-fmWv hgn-b-¼-e-¯nepw ]pÂ¡p-Sn-enepw F¶ A[ym-b-¯n-Â ]d-bp-¶Xv. Ip¯n-sbm-en-s¨m-gp-Ip¶ tkm\mÀKwK IS¶v tkm\m-{]-bm-KnÂ F¯n-b-t¸mÄ t\cw kÔy-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ià-amb ag-bnÂ sNfn \ndª hgn-bv¡-cn-In-epÅ Hcp k{X-̄ nÂ X§m-\pÅ CSw-e-`n-¨p. XWp-̧ -I-äm³ hgn-bv¡-cn-In-epÅ Hcp k{X-¯nÂ X§m-\pÅ CSw-e-`n-¨p. XWp-̧ -I-äm³ Ahn-Ss¯ Hcp ssih k\ym-kn-bnÂ \n¶p Nnew ]pI-bv¡m-\pÅ Ah-k-c-hp-ap-−m-bn. ]c-kv]cw A]-cn-Nn-X-cm-bn-cp¶p Ahn-sS-bp-−m-bn-cp-¶-h-scÃmw F¶mÂ k\ymkn ]mSnb `àn-KoXw FÃm-hcpw Htckzc-¯nÂ Gäp-]m-Sn. tkm\m-{]-bm-Knse hgn-b-¼-e-¯nÂ sNe-h-gn¨ B cm{Xn-bnÂ Bßo-b-ho-j-b-§-fm-bn-cp-¶nÃ kz´w A\p-`-h-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨m-bn-cp¶p kzman-bp-ambn kwkm-cn-

-̈Xv. ]ntä¶v D -̈tbmsS ^«m-bnÂ F¯n Ahn-Ss¯ Hcp ]pÂ¡p-Sn-enÂ \n¶pw sdm«nbpw Umepw Ign-¨p. AhnsS \n¶p t\m¡p-t¼mÄ Zqsc lnam-e-b-in-J-c-§Ä I−p. XoÀ°-bm-{Xsb kw_-Ôn¨ bpàn-sbbpw `àn-sbbpw iàn-sbbpw ]än-sbms¡ Nn´n-¨p-sIm-−p-In-S-¡th Dd-§n-t¸m-Ip-¶p. ]ntä¶v DW-cp-t¼mÄ ]IÂ aq¶p-aWn Ign-ªp. DS³Xs¶ Hcp Nmb-Ip-Sn¨v al-̄ mb Hcp e£y-¯n-te¡v \S-¡p¶ XoÀ°m-S-Is\ kw_-Ôn¨v sNdnb sNdnb Imcy-§Ä



t]mepw Xsâ e£y-{]m-]vXnbv¡v klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xm-I-bmÂ {][m-\-am-Wv. F¶n-hnsS ImWmw.

kpJhpw ZpJhpw CS-I-eÀ¶ kpJ-I-chpw Akp-J-c-hp-amb ImgvN-IÄ \ndª, \Zo {]hm-l-§sf km£n-bm¡n \nd-th-änb bm{X-bpsS Ah-km-\-L-«-¯nÂ _Z-co-\mY t£{X-¯nÂ F¯nb {KÙ-Im-cs\ kzoI-cn- -̈Xv bm{Xmcw`-¯nÂ ]cn-N-b-s¸«v ]n¶oSv hg-Xn-cn-ªp-t]mb kl-Pm-\-µnsâ i_vZ-am-Wv. ""_Zco B{i-a-¯n-te¡p kzmK-Xw, hcq, BcXn XpS-§n. _Z-co-\m-Ys\ ZÀin-¡mw''. hgn-b-¼-e-§fpw ]pÂ¡p-Sn-ep-Ifpw Xm−n-bpÅ Hmtcm bm{Xbpw Pohn-X-̄ nsâ sNdnb sNdnb ]Xn-¸p-IÄ IqSn-bm-sW¶v hnfn-t¨m-Xp-¶p−v Cu bm{Xm-\p-`-hw.

3. cp{Zm-£-am-lmßyw

kRvP-b³

Ip©³\-¼ymÀ¡p-tijw tIcfw I− Gähpw henb lmky-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\mbn hnti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ kRvP-b³ Xs¶ th«-bm-Snb PohnX Zpc- -́§sf IqkmsX Nncn-bv¡p-Ibpw kI-e-scbpw Nncn-¸n-bv¡pIbpw sNbvX Akm-[m-cW hyàn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. lmkys¯ kaq-l-¯nsâ ip²o-I-c-W-¯n-\p-]-tbm-Kn¨ e£y-t_m-[-apÅ Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\m-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. A]qÀÆ-amb \À½-t_m-[-¯n-sâbpw _lp-ap-J-amb ]mÞn-Xy-¯n-sâbpw \nZÀi-\-§-fmb At±-l-¯nsâ cN-\-IÄ A\p-hm-N-Is\ Nncn-bn-eqsS Nn´n-¸n-¡p-¶p. IhnX, kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-Ww, hnhÀ¯\w F¶o taJ-e-I-fnepw At±lw {it²-b-amb kw`-h-\-IÄ \ÂIn-bn-«p-−v.

IrX-l-kvX-\mb lmky-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\mWv kRvP-b³ F¶ Xqen-Im-\m-a-¯nÂ {]kn-²-\mb Fw.-BÀ. \mbÀ. tImgn-t¡mSv \K-c-am-bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯nsâ hnlm-c-cw-Kw. kRvP-bsâ aqÀt -̈b-dnb Xqen-I-bpsS Ipt¯Â¡m- -̄hÀ A[n-I-an-Ã. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf At±lw cq£-ambn hnaÀin-¨p. Cu ]cn-lm-k-¯n-eqsS kmaq-lnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-bm-Wv



At±lw e£y-am-¡n-b-Xv. kaq-l-¯nse ka-Im-enI {]iv\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v kmam\y [mc-W-bn-Ãm- -̄hÀ¡v Hcp ]t£ kRvP-bsâ cN-\-IÄ {Kln-¡m³ km[n-s¨¶p hcn-Ã. khn-ti-j-amb At\Iw `mjm-{]-tbm-K-§-fpsS {kjvSmhv IqSn-bm-W-t±-lw. hn.-sI.-F³. _joÀ F¶n-h-tcm-sSms¡ tNÀ¯p \nÀ¯m-hp¶ `mjm-ssi-en-bpsS {]tbm-àm-hmWv kRvP-b³.

]{X-¸-c-ky-§-fnÂ h©n-X-cm-hp¶ kaq-ls¯ Bthmfw ]cn-l-kn-s -̈gp-Xnb Hcp cN-\-bmWv cp{Zm-£-a-lm-ßyw. CXnse Hcp IYm-]m{Xw kRvP-b³ Xs¶-bm-Wv. "lnam-e-b-¯nse AÛpX kn²n-bpÅ cp{Zm-£-§Ä hnÂ]-\bv¡v' F¶ ]{X- -̧ckyw \ÂIp-¶Xpw XpSÀ¶p-−m-Ip¶ kw`-h-]-c-¼-c-I-fp-amWv CXn³sc ]Ým- -̄ew. bpàn-t_m-[-an-ÃmsX Ffp- -̧¯nÂ Imcy-km-[y-¯n-\mbn Cd-§n-¸p-d-s¸-Sp¶ P\-§sf Bthmfw Ifn-bm-¡p-I-bmWv Cu cN-\-bn-eqsS kRvP-b³ sN¿p-¶-Xv.

4. tKm]p-cw, kao£ (Fw. tKmhn-µ³)

s{]m^. Fw.-sI. km\p

{][m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ

{]`m-X-ZÀi-\w, _joÀ þ GIm- -́ho-Yn-bnse Ah-[q-X³, Ah-[m-c-Ww, Imhy-X-¯z-{]-th-in-I, Aim-́ n-bnÂ\n¶p im´n-bn-te-¡v, \mcm-b-W-Kpcp kzman, N§-¼p-g þ \£-{X-§-fpsS kvt\l-`m-P-\w, ktlm-Z-c³ sI. A¿-¸³, Imäpw shfn- -̈hpw, cmP-ho-Yn, Npa-cnse Nn{X-§Ä, a®n\v a®nsâ KpWw, AÀ°-cp-Nn, AkvX-an-¡m¯ shfn-¨w, A©v imkv{X-Ú³amÀ, ]n.-sI. _me-Ir-jvW³ þ Dd-§m¯ a\o-jn. -Nne hnhÀ -̄\-§fpw At±lw \nÀÆ-ln-¨n-«p-−v.

A[ym-]-I³, \ncq-]-I³, \nb-ak`mkmamPn-I³, {]`m-j-I³ F¶o \ne-I-fnÂ {it²-b-\m-Wv s{]m^. Fw.-sI. km\p. ]ptcm-K-a-\-I-em-km-ln-Xy-kwLw {]kn-U-−v, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Zan {]kn-U−v F¶o \ne-I-fnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨p. Imc-bn-{Xn-bmb Hcp Ihn-a-\-Ênsâ Aim- -́ta-J-e-I-fn-eq-sS-



bpÅ At\z-j-W-§-fmWv ]e-t¸mgpw Fw.-sI. km\p-hnsâ \ncq-]-W-§Ä. kmln-Xy-c-N-\-I-fnse kmaq-ly-þ-ku-µcy am\-§sf Is−-¯m-\pÅ {ia-§-fmbpw B \ncq-]-W-§Ä amdp-¶p. {]uVKw`o-c-amb \ncq-]-W-Ir-Xn-Ifpw {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hnsâXS-¡-apÅ hnJymX Poh-N-cn-{X-{K-Ù-§fpw At±-l-¯nsâ cN-\-I-fpsS Iq«-¯nÂs¸-Sp-¶p.

{]km-Z-a-[p-c-amb `mj-bnÂ hninjvS hyàn-Isf ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ [mcmfw cN-\-IÄ Fw.-sI.-km-\p-hn-sâ-Xmbn ImWmw. BÂ_À«v ssjzävkÀ, {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp, ktlm-Z-c³ sI. A¿-¸³ F¶n-§s\bpÅ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvIÀ¯m-¡-sfbpw tkmt^m-¢n-kv, tUmtÌm-hvkvIn, hmÄ«v hnävam³, F. _me-Ir-jvW-]n-Å, Fw.-]n. t]mÄ, Ipam-c-\m-im³, ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ, Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ, kn.-sP.-tXm-a-kv, ]n.-sI. _me-Ir-jvW³ XpS-§nb Fgp-¯p-Im-scbpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡n-bn-«p-−v. C¯cw ]T-\-§-fn-seÃmw Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ {]iv\-§fpw Imhy-X-Xz-§fpw ZmÀi-\n-Itam ssk²m-́ n-Itam Bbn hne-bn-cp-¯p-I-bm-Wv. Fw.-sI.-km-\p-hnsâ Fgp-¯p-IÄ FÃmwXs¶ Bghpw ]c¸pw BIÀj-I-Xzhpw emfn-Xyhpw \nd-ª-h-bm-sW¶v B IrXn-IÄ sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p. Fw.-sI.-km-\p-hnsâ Fgp-¯nsâ FÃm {]km-Zm-ß-I-Xbpw XnIª Hcp cN-\-bmWv tKm]p-cw, kao£ F¶-Xv.

Fw.-tKm-hn-µsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ Adp-]-Xp-I-fnÂ c−v {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä XpS-§n-bn-cp-¶p. s{]m^: Fw.-sI.-km-\p-hnsâ tKmhn-µ³ F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ Cu {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-sf-¸än hni-Z-am-¡p¶ `mK-amWv "tKm]p-cw, kao£' F¶-Xv. Ch IqSmsX \h-km-lnXn Fs¶mcp {]kn-²o-I-c-Whpw D−m-bn-cp-¶p. C¯cw sIm¨p-am-kn-I-I-fpsS ]nd-hn-sb-¡p-dn¨pw Ah-bpsS \S-¯n-¸nÂ tKmhn-µ³ hln¨ ]¦n-s\-¡p-dn-¨p-saÃmw Adn-bpI F¶Xv {][m-\-am-Wv. a\p-jy-kvt\-ln-bmb tKmhn-µsâ GXp {]hr-¯n-bnepw sXfn-ªp-Im-W-s¸-«Xv a\p-jy-kvt\lw H¶p-am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. C¯cw {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fnÂ t]mepw AXv {]I-S-am-bn-cp-¶p. 1963-þÂ ]pd-¯n-d-§nb



"kao£' H¶mw e¡-¯nsâ apJ-¡p-dn-¸nÂ \n¶pw Hcp `mKw Xmsg sImSp-¡p¶p:-þ

""B[p-\nI ]Ým- -̄e-̄ nÂ cq]-̀ m-h-§-fnÂ `mc-Xo-b-amb ae-bmf ss{Xam-kn-I-bmWv "kao£'. kÀKm-ßI kmln-Xyw, efnX Ie-IÄ, imkv{Xw, hnaÀi\w apX-em-b-h-bm-bn-cp¶p Cu {]kn-²o-I-c-W-¯nse {]Xn-]m-Zyw. "kao£'bpsS {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xw, ""a\p-jysâXmb bmsXm¶pw AXn\v A\y-aÃ'' F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p. C§s\ a\p-jy-Xz-¯ns\ asä-Ãm-änepw aosX {]Xn-jvTn-¡p¶ Fgp-¯m-bn-cp¶p C¯cw sIm¨p-am-kn-I-I-fnÂ t]mepw ]peÀ¯n-t¸m-¶n-cp-¶-sX¶v ImWmw. C -̄c-¯nÂ a\p-jyXz-¯mÂ {]tNm-Zn-X-ambn apt¶m-«p-s]m-bvs¡m-−n-cp¶ Hcp a\p-jy-s\bpw Abm-fpsS Fgp-¯n-s\bpw ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bmWv Cu ]mTy-̀ m-K-¯n-eqsS sN¿p-¶-Xv.

5. ̀ qan-bpsS ck-X{´w þ F³.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cyÀ (F³.-hn-bpsS ]cn-Øn-Xn-Nn-´)

a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ ]cn-Øn-Xn-k´p-e-\-¯nsâ {]m[m\yw \¶mbn Xncn-̈ -dnª Hcp Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\m-bn-cp¶p F³.hn. IrjvW-hm-cyÀ. At±-l-¯nsâ Ihn-X-I-fnepw teJ-\-§-fnepw am{X-aÃ Pohn-X-¯nse {]hr-¯n-I-fnepw AXv ImWm-am-bn-cp¶p. a\p-jy\pw ]cn-Øn-Xnbv¡pw FXn-cmb FÃm IS-¶p-I-b-ähpw At±-ls¯ thZ-\n-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ tZi-þ-Ime koa-I-sf-sbÃmw DÃw-Jn-¡p¶ hnim-e-amb a\p-jy-ZÀi-\hpw {]Ir-Xn-ZÀi-\hpw F³.-hn.-bnÂ ImWmw.

""F§p a\p-jy\p N§e ssII-fnÂ As§³ I¿p-IÄ s\m´o-Sp-I-bmWv'' F¶pw ""I®oÀ¡-S-ensâ h¡nÂ]-X-bp¶ sh¬\p-c-b-Ãtbm PohnXw? HmÀ½-X³ s\m¼cw ambv¡pX¶o-¨n-cn-b-Ãtbm?''

F¶pw ]mSm³ Ign-bp-¶Xv AXp-sIm-−m-Wv.



{]Ir-Xnbpw a\p-jy-\p-am-bp-−m-tI− ]mc-kv]-cy-¯n-sâbpw kl-Po-h-\-¯n-sâbpw lrZ-b-kv]Àin-bmb Bhn-jvIm-c-§Ä F³.-hn. [mcmfw \S-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xmbn ImWmw. imkv{X-¯n-sâbpw kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sSbpw \·-Xn-·-Isf hnth-Nn- -̈dn-bm-\pÅ hnthIw D−m-th-−-Xnsâ Bh-iyI-X-sb-¸än At±lw Xsâ teJ-\-§-fnÂ ]d-bp-¶p-−v.

{]]-©-¯nse ssPhk -̄I-fn-seÃmw ]cn-Wm-a-¯n\pw AXn-Po-h-\-¯n-\p-apÅ Xzc kl-P-amWv. emfn-Xy-¯nÂ\n¶pw k¦oÀ®-X-bn-te¡v \bn-¡p¶ bm{X-bnÂ {]]-©-kw-hn-[m-\-¯nsâ Xmf-{Iaw hnkva-cn-¨m-ep-Å-tZm-j-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw t_m[y-¯nÂ\n-¶mWv At±lw ]cn-Øn-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨v Fgp-Xp-¶-Xv. `qan-bnÂ a\p-jy-\pÄs¸-sS-bpÅ Poh-a-Þ-e-¯nsâ \nen-\nev]v km[y-am-¡p¶ hnthIw hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-t¡-−-Xnsâ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-¸än t_m[-hm-\m-b-Xp-sIm-−mWv At±lw ]cn-Øn-Xn-kw-c-£-W-k-an-Xnbv¡p t\XrXzw \ÂIn-b-Xv. Nne ]cn-ØnXn- {]hÀ -̄I-cnÂ ImWp-¶ t]mse-bpÅ tIh-e{-`aam-bn-cp-¶nÃ. IrXy-amb ]cn-ØnXnNn- -́bnÂ\n¶v Dd-sh-Sp¯ ià-amb Ah-t_m-[-¯nÂ\n-¶mWv F³.-hn.-bpsS ]cn-ØnXn k´p-e-\-Nn- -́IÄ cq]w sImf-fp-¶-Xv.

_mly-{]-Ir-Xnbpw B´c-{]-Ir-Xn-bpw aen-\-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ AXns\ Ah-K-Wn-¡p-¶Xv a\p-jysâ Xs¶ ]X-\-¯n-\n-S-bm-¡p-sa¶v At±lw hniz-kn-¨p. \otcm-«-apÅ a®nÂ\n¶pw thÀs]-Sp-t¼mÄ a\-Ênsâ BÀ{ZX \jvS-am-Ip-¶p. a\p-jy-þ-{]-IrXn ]mc-kv]-cy-¯nÂ Du¶p¶ Pohn-X-X-Xz-imkv{Xw hnI-kn-¸n-s -̈Sp-t¡-−-Xn-sâbpw kl-Po-h-\-¯nsâ km[y-X-I-fp-sSbpw Nn -́IÄ At±-l-¯nÂ ImWmw. A§s\ ]mc-kv]-cy-¯n-sâbpw kl-Po-h-\-¯n-sâbpw ]mT-§Ä DÄs¡m-−pÅ Hcp ]mc-Øn-XnI dnb-en-ÌnIv Ah-t_m-[-amWv F³.-hn.-bp-tSXv F¶v ImWmw.



sI.-hn. -dm-_nb

kz]v\-§Ä¡p Nnd-Ip-I-fp-−v

Hcm-fpsS PohnX IY AbmÄ Xs¶ Fgp-Xp-¶-XmWv Bß-I-Y. IYm-\m-b-I\pw Fgp-¯p-Im-c\pw HcmÄ Xs¶ BIp-t¼mÄ Fgp-¯nÂ kXy-k-ÔX IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-¡pw. F¦nepw Ignª Ime-§-fnse A\p-`-h-§-fnÂ \n¶v Hcp Xnc-sª-Sp¸v Ah-iy-ambn hcpw. Hcm-fnsâ hyàn-k-̄ -bpsS Iem-]-c-amb Bhn-jv¡-cWw F¶ \ne-bnÂ Bß-I-Ybv¡v sshIm-cn-Ihpw {]Úm-]-c-hp-amb c−p L«-§-fp-−v. Xsâ Bß-k¯ {]I-Sn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ XnSp-¡-¯nÂ th−{X hnth-N\w IqSmsX Fgp-Xp¶ Bß-IY hnIm-cs¯ AXn-cp-I-S¶v BtÇ-jn-¡p-¶p. ka-Nn-̄ -X-tbmsS A\p`-h-§Ä th−{X hne-bn-cp¯n {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ {]Úm-]-c-amb LS-I-¯n\p ap³Xq-¡-apÅ Hcm-fpsS Bß-IY \nÀÖo-h-ambn ]cn-W-an-¡pw. kvac-W-Ifpw Bß-I-Y-bn-Â DÄs]-Sp-¶-Xm-sW-¦nepw sNdn-sbmcp hyXymkw Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡m-\m-Ipw. Bß-I-Y-bnÂ kz´w Pohn-X-̄ n-te¡v IqSp-XÂ shfn¨w ]I-cp-t¼mÄ kvac-W-I-fnÂ A\y-cn-te-¡m-bn-cn¡pw Gsd {]Imiw sNmcn-bp-¶-Xv. (a-e-bmf kmlnXyw Ime-L-«-§-fn-eq-sS). ssh¡¯p ]m¨p-aq- -̄Xnsâ Bß-I-Y-bmWv ae-bm-f-¯nse BZys¯ Bß-I-Y-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¨p-t]m-cp-¶-Xv. F¦nepw CXv e£-W-bp-à-sa¶p ]d-bm-\m-hn-Ã. kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n-Å-bpsS "Fsâ \mSp-I-S-¯Â' BWp kmam\y e£-W-§-fpÅ BZys¯ Bß-I-Y-bmbn IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv. kvac-W-a-Þew (km-lnXy ]©m-\³ ]n.-sI.-\m-cm-b-W-]n-Å), I®ocpw In\mhpw (hn.-Sn.-`-«-Xncn¸m-Sv), Rm³ (F³.-F³.-]n-Å), HmÀ½-bpsS Xoc-§-fnÂ (X-I-gn) F¶nh ae-bm-f-¯nse {it²-b-§-fmb Nne Bß-I-Y-I-fm-Wv. Cu hn`m-K-¯nse kv{Xoc-N-\-I-fnÂ BZy-t -̄Xmb "hymg-h-«-kva-c-W-IÄ' F¶ t]cnÂ _n.-I-eym-Wn-b½ Fgp-Xnb IrXn Bß-I-Y-bp-sSbpw Poh-N-cn-{X-¯n-sâbpw kz`mhw ImWn-¡p-¶p. am[-hn-¡p-«n-bpsS Fsâ IY, knÌÀ Pkvan-bpsS Bta³ F¶n-hbpw kn.-sI.-Pm-\p-hn-



sâbpw \fn\n Pao-e-bp-sSbpw sI.-hn.-dm-_n-b-bp-sSbpw Bß-I-Y-Ifpw ae-bm-f-¯nse kv{Xo Bß-I-Y-I-fnÂ {i²-b-am-b-h-bm-Wv.

ae-¸pdw PnÃn-bnse Xncq-c-§m-Sn-bv¡-Sp-̄ pÅ shÅn-e-t¡mSv kztZ-in-\n-bmWv dm_n-b. Xsâ ]cn-an-Xn-Isf Bß-_-e-¯mÂ adn-I-S¶v {]Xn-k-Ôn-Isf kss[cyw t\cn« hnP-b-I-Y-bmWv Ah-cpsS Bß-I-Y-bmb kz]v\-§Ä¡v Nnd-Ip-I-fp−v F¶-XnÂ ]d-bp-¶-Xv. km£-c-þ-km-aq-lnI {]hÀ -̄\-§-fn-eqsS temI-{i² ]nSn¨p]änb Cu ae-bm-fn-h-\n-Xbv¡v Igp-¯n\v Xmsg XfÀ¶, tcmK-§-fpsS ]nSn-bn-e-aÀ¶ Hcp icocw H¶n\pw Hcp XS-Ê-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ImcWw a\-Êm-bn-cp¶p Ah-cpsS iàn-tI-{µw. aäp-Å-hÀ¡v {]tNm-Z-\-ta-Ip¶ Pohn-Xm-\p- -̀h-§-fmWv dm_n-b-bpsS Cu ]pkvX-Iw. 1993-þse \mj-WÂ bq¯v AhmÀUv, kwØm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j³ AhmÀUv, bq.-F³ CâÀ\m-j-WÂ AhmÀUv, ae-¦c HmÀ -̄tUmIvkv k` AhmÀUv, koXn-km-ln_v kvamcI AhmÀUv, I®In kv{Xo iàn ]pc-kvIm-cw, 2014-þse kwØm\ kÀ¡m-cnsâ h\n-Xm-cXv\w AhmÀUv XpS§n \nc-h[n AhmÀUp-IÄ dm_nbv¡v e`n-¨p. en]n _pIvkv ]pd-¯n-d-¡nb kz]v\-§Ä¡v Nnd-Ip-I-fp−v F¶ IrXn ]Xn-\m-bn-c-¯n-e-[nIw tIm¸n-IÄ hnä-gnª ]pkvX-I-am-Wv. CXv dm_nb sIbÀ {SÌv, {Uowkv lmhv hnMvkv F¶-t]-cnÂ Cw¥o-jnÂ ]pd-¯n-d-¡m-\pÅ {ia-¯n-em-Wv.

sI.-hn.-dm-_n-b-bpsS "kz]v\-§Ä¡v Nnd-Ip-I-fp−v' F¶ IrXn hmb-\-¡mÀ¡v ]pXn-sbmcp DuÀÖhpw Bß-hn-izm-khpw ]I-cp¶ H¶m-Wv. ]cn-an-Xn-Isf DuÀÖ-am¡n Pohn-X-¯nÂ F§s\ hnP-bn¨v apt¶-dm-sa-¶-Xnsâ Hcp Bßm-Jym-\-ambn Cu cN\ amdp-¶p. 1966-þÂ ae-¸p-ds¯ Hcp km[m-cW apÉow-Ip-Sp-_-¯nÂ P\n¨ Ah-cpsS 14-þmw hb-ÊpapXÂ t]mfntbm tcmKw Ne-\-kzm-X-{´ys¯ XS-Ê-s¸-Sp-¯m³ XpS-§n-sb-¦nepw ]T\w AhÀ Dt]-£n-¨n-Ã. 17-þmw hb-ÊnÂ Ac-bv¡p-Xmsg XfÀ¶-t¸mgpw ]n¶oSv Iym³kÀ tcmK-¯n\v ASn-



a-bm-b-t¸mgpw 38-þmw hb-ÊnÂ \s«-Ãn\v £Xw kw`-hn- -̈t¸m-gp-sam¶pw AhÀ Xsâ Bß-hn-izmkw ssIhn-«n-Ã. hoÂsNb-dnÂ \n¶pw Fgp-t¶Â¡m³ Ign-bm¯ AhÀ ]e-Po-hn-X-§Ä¡pw A¯m-Wn-bmbn amdn-b-Xnsâ kw`-h-_-lp-ehpw efn-X-hp-amb BJym-\-amWo IrXn. C¶v kv{Xoim-ào-I-c-Ww, hnZym-`ym-kw, sXmgnÂ ]cn-io-e-\w, sse{_dn {]hÀ¯\w F¶n-§s\ ]e taJ-e-I-fnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ kaq-l-¯n\v ap¶n-Â anI-s¨mcp amXr-I-bm-bn-¯oÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. F.-]n.-sP. A_vZpÄIem-ansâ "Aán-¨n-d-Ip-IÄ F¶ Bß-I-Y-tbmSv t]cnÂ kmayw tXm¶p¶ Cu IrXn A{X-t¯mfw Xs¶ {]tNm-Z-\m-ß-I-hp-am-sW¶v ]d-bm-\m-hpw.

klm-b-I-{K-Ù-§Ä

1. KZy-ssI-cfn (te-J-\-k-am-lm-cw) þ ]»n-t¡-j³ Unhn-j³, Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e.

2. tIk-cn-bpsS hnaÀi\w þ Fkv. Kp]vX³\m-bÀ.

3. ae-bm-f-\n-cq-]Ww C¶se þ FUn. Fkv. Kp]vX³\m-bÀ.

4. ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-hn-aÀi\w þ kpIp-amÀ Agn-t¡mSv

5. D]-lmcw þ tUm. sI. `mkvI-c³ \mbÀ

6. Fw. tKmhn-µ³ þ Fw. sI. km\p.

7. lnam-hmsâ apIÄ -̄«nÂ þ cmP³ Im¡-\m-S³

8. cmP-cm--Pobw þ tIk-cn, F. _me-Ir-jvW-]nÅ

9. am\-ZÞw. tUm. tPmk^v ap−-tÈcn

10. amdp¶ ae-bm-f-t\m-hÂ þ sI.]n. A¸³

11. Imhy-tem-I-kva-c-W-IÄ þ sshtem-¸nÅn

12. \h-Im´w þ tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn

13. Ie-Po-hnXw Xs¶ þ Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ

14. \h-temIw þ tIkcn F. _me-Ir-jvW-]nÅ

15. kz]v\-§Ä¡v Nnd-Ip-I-fp−v þ sI. hn. dm_nb

Online ref: wikipedia.org.

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