nitrous oxide emissions from soils receiving a combination of dairy manure and mineral nitrogen...
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Nitrous Oxide Emissions Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Soils Receiving a from Soils Receiving a
Combination of Dairy Manure Combination of Dairy Manure and Mineral Nitrogen and Mineral Nitrogen
FertilizerFertilizerCurtis Dell
USDA-ARS-PSWMRUUniversity Park, PA
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Nitrous Oxide (NNitrous Oxide (N22O)O)
Approximately 300 times more effective than CO2 as a greenhouse gas
Agriculture is a significant contributor
By-product of both nitrification (aerobic) and denitrification (anaerobic)
Denitrification generally believed to be largest N2O source in soils, but rates vary greatly depending on soil aeration
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Manure Management In NE Manure Management In NE USUS
Large number of dairy, poultry, and swine facilities
Limited land base for manure application
Water quality problems resulting from excess P accumulations in soil
Nutrient management planning required in several NE/Chesapeake Bay states
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Nutrient Management In NE Nutrient Management In NE USUS
Manure application in excess of plant P requirement discouraged/prohibited in many locations
A larger land base for spreading or costly waste treatment required
Combinations of manure and mineral N fertilizers used more frequently
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Manure Applications and NManure Applications and N22O O
EmissionsEmissions Greater potential for N2O production
when manure is fertilizer source because of addition of organic C • Energy source for denitrifying bacteria• Stimulates activity by general microbial
population, depleting O2 supply
Combinations of organic and mineral N fertilizers may have even greater potential for emissions • Organic C from manure and readily
available N from mineral fertilizer
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ObjectivesObjectives
Determine if N2O emissions from a corn
field differ when N fertilizer is applied
as NH4NO3, dairy manure,or a
combination of the two.
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MethodsMethods
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N Source TreatmentsN Source Treatments
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N Source TreatmentsN Source TreatmentsAll mineral fertilizer75 kg ha-1 N as NH4NO3: preplant-
incorporated75 kg ha-1 N as NH4NO3: side dress, surface
60 kg ha-1 mineral P: preplant, incorporated
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N Source TreatmentsN Source TreatmentsAll mineral fertilizer75 kg ha-1 N as NH4NO3: preplant-
incorporated75 kg ha-1 N as NH4NO3: side dress, surface
60 kg ha-1 mineral P: preplant, incorporated
P-based manure (31 Mg ha-1)
~75 kg ha-1 N as manure: preplant, incorporated
75 kg ha-1 N as NH4NO3: side dress, surface
~60 kg ha-1 P as manure: preplant, incorporated
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N Source TreatmentsN Source TreatmentsAll mineral fertilizer75 kg ha-1 N as NH4NO3: preplant-incorporated
75 kg ha-1 N as NH4NO3: side dress, surface60 kg ha-1 mineral P: preplant, incorporated
P-based manure (31 Mg ha-1)
~75 kg ha-1 N as manure: preplant, incorporated75 kg ha-1 N as NH4NO3: side dress, surface~60 kg ha-1 P as manure: preplant, incorporated
N-based manure (62 Mg ha-1)
~150 kg ha-1 N as manure: preplant, incorporated~120 kg ha-1 P as manure: preplant, incorporated
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Vented chambersVented chambers
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Sampling and AnalysisSampling and Analysis
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Additional MeasurementsAdditional Measurements
Gravimetric soil water content
Soil inorganic N (2004 only)
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ResultsResults
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5/1/03 6/1/03 7/1/03 8/1/03 9/1/03 10/1/03 11/1/03
Dai
ly r
ain
fall
(mm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
5/1/2004 6/1/2004 7/1/2004 8/1/2004 9/1/2004 10/1/2004 11/1/2004
Dai
ly r
ain
fall
(mm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2003
2004
RainfallRainfall
Source: Penn State Univ. Dept. of Meteorology
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Soil Water ContentSoil Water Content
6/1/03 7/1/03 8/1/03 9/1/03 10/1/03
So
il w
ater
co
nte
nt
(g H
2O g-1
)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Mineral fertilizerP-based manaure plus side-dress NN-based manure
5/1/04 6/1/04 7/1/04 8/1/04 9/1/04
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Soil Nitrate: 2004Soil Nitrate: 2004
5/1/04 6/1/04 7/1/04 8/1/04
So
il n
itra
te (
mg
N k
g-1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Mineral fertilizerP-based manure N-based manure
Manure/fertilizer Side-dress N
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NN22O Emissions: 2003O Emissions: 2003
6/1/03 7/1/03 8/1/03 9/1/03 10/1/03
N2O
em
issi
on
s (g
N h
a-1 d
-1)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Mineral fertilizerP-based manureN-based manure
Manure /fertilizer
Side-dress N
*
*
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NN22O Emissions: 2004O Emissions: 2004
5/1/04 6/1/04 7/1/04 8/1/04 9/1/04
N2
O e
mis
sio
ns
(g
N h
a-1
d-1
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Mineral fertilizerP-based manureN-based manure
Manure /fertilizer Side-dress N
**
*
**
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Estimated Seasonal NEstimated Seasonal N22O O EmissionsEmissions
kg N ha-1 % of total applied N
% of available N1
2003 Mineral fertilizer 8.6 3.6 a 6.0 2.5 6.0 2.5 P- Based manure 7.21.9 a 2.30.6 5.01.3 N- Based manure 8.11.7 a 1.60.3 4.7 1.0
2004
Mineral fertilizer 1.91.1a 1.30.8 1.30.8 P- Based manure 4.31.9 b 1.70.7 3.01.3 N- Based manure 3.91.2 b 1.00.3 2.70.8
1Assuming 35% of total N is available during the year of application
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ConclusionsConclusions
N2O emissions are potentially greater when all or part of the N was supplied by manure
Application of only manure or a combination of manure and mineral N resulted in similar emissions
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ImplicationsImplications
Utilization of manures as a fertilizer source must be a accounted for in the estimation of N2O emissions from cropping systems.
Application of manure to a larger land base, even at lower rates, has the potential to increase overall annual N2O emissions.
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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
• Bill Priddy, MaryKay Krasinski, Dianna Sturrock, and Jessica Agnew for all their efforts in the field and lab