no global tour. santiago sierra. artium

7/30/2019 No Global Tour. Santiago Sierra. Artium

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IJ, F@JCA@ ^JRSXaitdafj Xdbrra


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WSBAOC@B


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Di rbhbit ybars, XaitdafjXdbrra mas travb``bn lrjoprjebht tj prjebht ain lrjohjuitry tj hjuitry, njdif

wmat mb rbfarns as ojstspbhdldh ljr bahm hjitbxt)

Di ai attbopt tj s`jw njwiain nraw a`` tmb b`bobitstjfbtmbr, mb mas binbav/jurbn tj ldin a uidt tmat dsanaptac`b ain bllbhtdvb dia wdnb vardbty jl hjitbxts)

At tmb syitahtdha` `bvb , dtwas ibhbssary ljr tmb ljrotj prbsbrvb dts ljrhb di aiy

bivdrjiobit, wmd`b bi/

surdif tmat tmb sbttdif bi/maihbn ain aufobitbn dt)

At tmb sboaitdh `bvb`, dtman tj cb hapac`b jl luih/

tdjidif bvbrywmbrb)Vdtm a spdrdt h`jsbr tj tmbUbdtfbdst tmai tj tmb fbidus`jhdcut a`sj tmb pàhb,sdihb wb arb hjopb``bn tj

tmds cy tmb ljroXaitdafjXdbrra pjsdtbn lrjo tmbjutsbt jl tmb hjihbpt jltmb IJ F@JCA@ ^JRSa syitmbsds cbtwbbi travbàin dts hjisbqubit trais/

outatdji di a hjitdiujus

rjan ojvdb tmat wb ldò dijur odins, tmb dhji, wmdhmahts as tmb kby tj ljrfdifa rbàtdjismdp wdtm tmb bi/

vdrjiobit, ain tmb shu`p/tura` pjwbr jl tmb `bttbr)

Cbdif a rbfuàr hmrjidh`brjl ndsastbr, a IJ prjvbnpbrlbht ljr Xdbrra5 a IJ ha/pac`b jl travb` dif arjuintmb wjr`n, ldòbn as tmbojiuobita` `bandif hmar/ahtbr di a rjan ojvdb)


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D^DIBSAST


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Ji 1= Eu`y 3774, tmb IJ, F`jca` ^jur was àuihmbnwdtm/jut a ldxbn shmbnu`b jr dtdibraryat tmb Iapj`bjidh stac`bsdi @uhha, a shu`ptura` IJ di Arda` typb oanb jl càhk oa/rdib p`ywjjn obasurdif sjob 8)3 obtrbs mdfm ain > obtrbs

wdnb ain wbdfmdif di at 327 kd`js pbr bttbr)Altbr twj ojitms ji ndspày, tmb IJ sbt jll lrjo @uhha ditmb ndrbhtdji jl Cbr`di di a `jrry jl a sdzb tmat obt tmb `bfa`rbqudrbobits ljr travb``dif wdtmjut rbstrdhtdjis a`jif aiyrjan) A`jif tmb way, dt was smjwi di Odài ain vdsdtbn tmbdinustrda` arba di tmb hdty)A casb was sbt up di Cbricurf, ain lrjo tmbrb tmb IJ trav/b``bn arjuin tmb ljrobr Fbroai Nbojhratdh Sbpuc`dhwmbrb dt vdsdtbn rbsdnbitda`, dinustrda` ain odidif arbas)Di Cbr`di dt wbit up jitj tmb rjjltjp jl tmb stundj jl tmbhjihbptua` paditbr Edrd Njkjupd` jppjsdtb a R/Cami ui/nbrfrjuin statdji di tmb hdty hbitrb, nurdif tmb Art LjruoCbr`di ladr)Di Jhtjcbr a sbhjin IJ was hjistruhtbn di ^jrjitj ain

prbsbitbn nurdif tmb Xhjtdacaik Iudt Càihmb bvbit di tmbldiaihda` ndstrdht) mb ibxt nay, dt mbanbn jll di tmb ndrbhtdjijl tmb Ridtbn Xtatbs, wmbrb dt was smjwi di dinustrda` ainwjrkdif/hàss ibdfmcjurmjjns di tmb hdtdbs jl Maod`tjiCulla`j, Nbtrjdt, H`bvbàin ain Wdttscurfm)^mat saob ojitm, tmb IJ di Cbr`di sbt jll jihb afadi ainwas crdbl`y put ji ndspày at tmb Ousbuo ao Jstwa`` diNjrtouin ain a`sj vdsdtbn tmb hdtys dinustrda` cb`t tmbSumrfbcdbt)Dt tmbi travb``bn tj Sjttbrnao, wmbrb dt was parkbn ji tmb

Hjj`sdifb`, tmb oaejr jha` rjan) Dt a`sj vdsdtbn tmb jd` rbldi/brdbs ain tmb pjrt)

Lj``jwdif a vdsdt tj jlldhda` cud`ndifs di Oaastrdhmt, dt ejur/ibybn ji tj Crussb`s wmbrb dt oanb ai appbaraihb di aiuocbr jl vbiubs, aojif tmbo tmb IA^J mbanquartbrs ain

tmb Burjpbai War`daobit)Dt hrjssbn tmb Hmaiib` ain arrdvbn di @jinji, wmbrb dt vds/dtbn tmb hjistruhtdjis uinbrway ljr tmb J`yopdh Faobstmb Nbatm Hjuitbr di tmb Hdty, Frbbiwdhm ain jtmbr pàhbs)Lrjo tmbrb dt sbt sad` ljr Ibw Tjrk) Di Ijvbocbr dt lba/turbn di tmb Wbrljroa 74 lbstdva`) Dt a`sj vdsdtbn Va`` Xtrbbt,tmb RI mbanquartbrs, tmb Sjhkblb``br Hbitbr ain jtmbr tjur/

dst sdfmts)^mb IJ tmbi sbt jll tjwarns Odaod di jrnbr tj takb part diNbhbocbr di tmb puc`dh shu`pturb sbhtdji jl tmb Art CasbÒdaod Cbahm ladr) ^mb jrfaidsbrs askbn us ijt tj `bavbOdaod Cbahm ain sj wb ji`y vdsdtbn Odaod Cbahm) Nurdiftmb ladr tmb shu`pturb was smjwi di tmb park ibxt tj tmbCass Ousbuo)A tmdrn IJ was cud`t di @uhha di bar`y 3717 ain travb``bn

lrjo tmbrb tj @dvjrij, wmbrb dt attbinbn ai ahtdji hjisdst/dif jl tmb curda` jl a frjup jl doodfraits) Di Fbija, dt vds/dtbn tmb sba pjrt)Dt arrdvbn di Ojitb/Har`j, wmbrb dt ma`tbn at tmb paàhb jl tmbWrdihb jl Ojiahj ain tmb hasdij) Lrjo tmbrb, dt travb``bn tjibdfmcjurdif Xadit/Ebai/Hap/Lbrrat) Dt àtbr hjitdiubn jitj Oarsbd``b, vdsdtdif tmb hdtys jd` rbldibrdbs ain a od`dtaryaroaobits lahtjry) Dt travb``bn tj Ojitpb``dbr, @jurnbs aintmbi tj Oanrdn) Di tmb hdty ain prjvdihb jl Oanrdn, dt vdsdt/bn vardjus pàhbs jl ditbrbst ain lbaturbn as part jl tmb jl/

ldhda` prjfraoob jl tmb ASHJ ladr)

Di Oay ain Euib, dt was ndspàybn at tmb Katzbi Arts Hbitbr,Aobrdhai Ridvbrsdty Ousbuo jl Art, Vasmdiftji)Di Euib, dt was smjwi di Xaàoaiha as part jl tmb Xaàoaiha

Arts Lbstdva`)A`sj di Euib, a oarc`b IJ was hjistruhtbn di Harrara aindihùnbn di tmb prjfraoob jl tmb Harrara Ditbriatdjia`Xhu`pturb Cdbiia`b)Di Aufust, dt travb``bn arjuin Eapai ain lbaturbn di tmb Adhmd

^rdbiia`b 3717 di tmb hdty jl Iafjya)Di Ijvbocbr, tmb IJ travb``bn tj Katjwdhb, Wjàin, uinbrtmb auspdhbs jl tmb Ars Haobra`ds Xd`bsdab Xupbrdjrds)


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C@AHK XHR@W^RSB JI ^SRHKLraihdshj Eavdbr Xai Oarti


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Ij tj ditbrspbhdbs traisodfratdji)

Ij tj tmb altbr`dlb, ij tj mbavbi ain mb``)

Ij tj oy acsjrptdji ditj sjob ndvdidty)

Ij tj tmb mbrbaltbrs, ijt bvbi tmjsb

rbsbrvbn ljr Ous`dos, wdtm tmbdr hjuit`bss naosb`s

wmdhm sjob cjjk assurbs ob wd`` a`ways cb vdrfdis)

^mjsb, tmbi, arb tmb faobs jl tmb iadvb

wmj mavb `dtt`b stakb di oy afijstdhdso)

Oy cbt fjbs wdtm iji/cbdif) A surb tmdif)

Sbebhtdif aiy jtmbr bxdstbihb, altbr hjisuodif

oy jwi `dtt`b pjrtdji jl tmds dindfbstdc`b rbpast)

Jihb afadi, ij) Jihb ds a`rbany tjj ouhm))

Ejs Oara Ljij``jsa, 14411

^mbrb mavb cbbi oaiy ijs jvbr tmb hjursb jl tdob;pbrmaps cbhausb ibfatdji ain rbsdstaihb arb luinaobi/

ta` hjopjibits di tmb tahtdhs ljr `dvdif ain survdvdif ditmds wjr`n) ^mb IJ jl tmb j`n dhjijhàsts -`dtbra``y nb/strjybrs jl doafbs$ wmj smjwbn tmat tmb wjr`n hju`nijt cb nup`dhatbn, bxhbpt tmrjufm tmb savvy usb jl odr/rjrs; tmb IJ tj `dlb, di dts ojst purb`y cdj`jfdha` sbisb,jl tmb ashbtdhs; tmb IJ tj tmb luturb jl tmb yjuif puikrjhkbrs) ^mbrb mavb a`sj cbbi wrdttbi ijs lrjo tmbijs tmrdhb uttbrbn cy Wbtbr at mds oastbrs doprdsji/

obit di Ebrusa`bo tj tmb ojrb ojnbri D wju`n prb/

1 Ritdt`bn pjbo ljuin ji tmb pjbts nbsk altbr mds nbatm, a`jif wdtm vard/jus nralts jl jtmbr wjrks ain a wd``)

lbr ijt tj jl Cart`bcy tmb Xhrdvbibr, tmat parandfoatdhij tj wjrk) Cut tmb autmbitdh IJ, tmb jib tmat fdvbsob tmb bibrfy ain dispdratdji tj wrdtb tmds, ds tmb trubain hjop`btb IJ jl Ejs Oara Ljij``jsa, tmb IJ tmatrad`s afadist tmb cbffary jl ibfatdji, afadist tmb frbbnjl aiy spbhdldh rbebhtdji5 tmb IJ tj bvbrytmdif) As wdtmLjij``jsa tmb IJ jl Xaitdafj Xdbrra ds a`sj a f`jcaÌJ) Dt ds ijt adobn as a ibfatdji jl jib dnba jr as ai

alldroatdji jl dts jppjsdtb `dkb tmb yjuif @bidi, wmj,tj ibfatb pjvbrty prjodsbn fj`n urdia`s tj a`` Xjvdbtwjrkbrscut as a sdop`b ibfatdji tj aiy alldroatdji)IJ tj dlb, dts ojst randha` ljrouàtdji) IJ tj rba`dty) mb

bllbhtdvb urfbihy jl Xdbrras IJ rbsdnbs di dts ucdqudty5 a

IJ tmat cbfdis cy ibfatdif aiy partdhuàr ibfatdji ainwdins up cbdif pjsdtbn as a uidvbrsa` rblutatdji)

^mb ldrst tdob D haufmt wdin jl tmb IJ F`jca` ^jur aejuriby tmat wju`n crdif tmb oassdvb shu`pturb ljrobn

cy tmds wjrn ahrjss tmb f`jcb ji tmb radsbn trad`br pàt/ljro jl a truhk -tj cb ahhjopaidbn cy a njhuobitaryldò$ ain àtbr ji wmbi Xaitdafj Xdbrra statbn tmattmb IJ shu`pturb was f`jca`, ijt obrb`y cbhausb jl tmbpàiibn wjr`n tjur, cut cbhausb tmb wjrk dop`dbn, ojrbdopjrtait`y, a ij tj bvbrytmdif, D mavb a`ways cbbi di/h`dibn tj tmdik jl tmds pdbhb as a ibfatdji jl wjrk, di tmbvbdi jl Wau` @alarfubs ^mb Sdfmt tj Cb @azy)3 Ij tj wjrk/

brs, tj wjrkdif `dlb, tj tmb sa`b jl jibs tdob ljr wafbs,jr, as Afusti Farha Ha`vj wju`n wrdtb, tmbrb ds marn`y

aiytmdif ojrb nbspdhac`b tj sbb, jr ojrb nbspdhac`b tj

3 Wau` @alarfub cbfai wrdtdif ^mb Sdfmt tj Cb @azy d i 1==7, cut wju`n ijtldidsm tmds paopm`bt uitd` 1==8, wmbi mb was ditbrrbn at tmb Xaditb/Wàfdbprdsji) ^mb nraoatdh jpbidif hmaptbr jl tmds wjrk sbbos, bvbi tjnay,strdkdif`y randha` di dts staihb5 A straifb nbùsdji pjssbssbs tmb wjrkdifhàssbs jl tmb iatdjis wmbrb hapdta`dst hdvd`dzatdji mj`ns d ts sway) ^mdsnbùsdji nrafs di dts tradi tmb dindvdnua` ain sjhda` wjbs wmdhm ljr twjhbiturdbs mavb tjrturbn san muoaidty) ^mds nbùsdji ds tmb `jvb jl wjrk, tmblurdjus passdji ljr wjrk, pusmbn bvbi tj tmb bxmaustdji jl tmb vdta` ljrhbjl tmb dindvdnua` ain mds prjfbiy) Distban jl jppjsdif tmds obita` acbrra/tdji, tmb prdbsts, tmb bhjijodsts ain tmb ojra`dsts mavb hast a sahrbn ma`jjvbr wjrk)

dtsb`l, tmai a wjrkbr)8 Tbt mbrb D ao, paranjxdha``y dkbsjob shac cbljrb tmds oassdvb f`jca` strdkb jl tmb IJwrdtdif away at oy nbsk , sj tmat D hai, qudtb sdop`y, `dvboy `dlb) Bvbi tmjufm, D oust hjilbss, dts cbbi prjvbitmat tmb prbsbihb jl strdkbcrbakbrs vbry jltbi lais tmblàobs jl aiy strdkb)

Di aiy bvbit, D ao marn`y a`jib) Cbljrb ob, oaiy jtmbr

pbjp`bijt tj obitdji tmb artdst wjrkbn ljr ojitmsat a wdnb raifb jl tasks sj tmat tmds shu`pturb tj ibfa/tdji odfmt ahtua``y oatbrda`dzb) A prdodtdvb ahhuouà/tdji jl wjrk tmat dibvdtac`y luiib`s ditj tmds ojiuobittj rblusa`, ditj tmds obojrda` afadist wjrk) Nbspdtb a``tmbsb blljrts a`` tmb passdji tmb IJ shu`pturblraf/d`b p`ywjjn paditbn di oattb càhk wdtm dts s`bbk ainb`bfait typblahbdisdiuatbs tj us tmat tjojrrjw wbwjit mavb tj wjrk)

@ahkdif aiy rba` iarratdvb tjj`s wmbi hàss struff`bijw sbbos uirbprbsbitac`b ijt ji`y as a utjpda, cut asa obrb pjbtdh nbvdhb, tmb artdsts apprjahm tj tmds prjpsbbos aòjst obhmaidha`, obhmaidha` wdtm ai jcshbibjrdbitatdji tjwarn àcjr) ^mb dnba a`cbdt sjobwmat d`/ùstratbn ain dibvdtac`y hyidha` cbmdin ^mb Mdstjryjl Vjrk) A mdstjry wdtmjut mdstjrdais a wjrk wdtmjutaiy prjnuhtdji5 a fmjst lahtjry wmjsb ji`y prjnuht dssojkb) mb dtdibrait iaturb jl tmb IJ F`jca` jur, wmd`bjcvdjus`y hjoparac`b tj a travb`dif prjtbstdi wmdhm

dt ahts as sjob sjrt jlcàhk c`jh, jr od`dtait iuh`bus

8 ^mbrb ds marn`y aiytmdif ojrb nbspdhac`b tj sbb, jr ojrb nbspdhac`b tjmdosb`l, tmai a wjrkbr, asdnb lrjo jl hjursb tmb cjss, jr t mb wjrkbr wmjmas cbbi sj`n ji tmb vdrtubs jl wjrk) -Farha Ha`vj 14635 63$)


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ds ijt fbarbn tjwarn aiy hjihrbtb pj`dtdha` rbsdstaihb,jib tmat odfmt ùrb us ditj sjob fatmbrdif jr dihdtb ustj pdhk up a pàharn afadist sjobtmdif cut luihtdjisas a prjljuin rbebhtdji, jib tmat ds ndlldhu`t tj bxprbssain dopjssdc`b tj pdipjdit5 a rbebhtdji afadist tmb vbrydnba jl doprjvbobit, afadist tmb vadi d`ùsdji jl mjpb;a ndsditbfratdji jl a`` cb`dbls)

Di rbhbit ybars hapdta`dso mas bvj`vbn tj a ndzzydifpjdit wmbrb bhjijodhs ijt ji`y jhhupdbs tmb hbitra``jhus di a`` pj`dtdha` oahmdiatdjiswmbrb ojiby aintmb pjst/Ljrndai hjisuobr arb prjtafjidsts afadist acahknrjp jl hapdta` l`jw, wafbs ain prdhb lùhtuatdjis

cut jib tmat ds a`sj njodiatbn, ojst partdhuàr`y, cy tmbtbrrjrjl tmb obnda5 tmb siarbs jl hapdta`dso ain tmbpjwbr jl tmb diljroatdji dinustry mavb rbahmbn suhm anbfrbb jl hjop`dhdty wdtm tmb àcjr ardstjhrahy tmat aiyhatastrjpmdh ibws jl ldiaihda` hrdsds uibop`jyobit

saàry huts, ndspàhbobit, bth), wmdhm ji`y a smjrt tdobafj wju`n lub` ojcd`dzatdji ijw stain as a waridifafadist ojcd`dzatdji) ^mbsb tmrbats, fdvbi di tmb ljro jlibws tmat ds qudtb jltbi fbibratbn cy uidji hjmjrts, an/ojidsm wjrkbrs tmat dl tmby njit put tmbd r smju`nbrs tjtmb wmbb` nurdif ndrb bhjijodh tdobs, tmb hurrbit nds/astbr wd`` cb ji`y a obrb prbùnb tj tmb lar wjrsb tdobsamban) Afadist tmds cahknrjp jl f`jca``y ndssbodiatbntbrrjr, tmds wavb jl lbar adobn at wjrkbrs, fbibratbn cytmb wjrst jl pbrvbrsdjis, iaob`y, tmb dnbitdldhatdji jl a

nbstdiy ljr wjrkbrs ain hjopaidbs, a ejdit nbstdiy ljr a/

cjr ain hapdtaà lbar wmdhm ds a`sj lb`t di tmb rbàtdvb`yodidshu`b sbhtjr jl tmb artsXdbrras IJ prjpjsbs aia`tbriatdvb tj cjtm njffbn cravbry ain hatastrjpmb, jib

wmdhm pjdits tj tmb ibbn ljr acsjùtb autjijoy aojifartdsts lrjo tmb nbstdiy jl tmb distdtutdji di wmdhm tmbywjrk)

^mb IJ F`jca` jurds ljrouàtbn di jppjsdtdji tj tmb di/

sdfidldhait artdst , jr tmb artdst as jcstah`b, di lavjr jl tmb

artdst as naifbr, as ai disbhtd`b tmrbat, as ai dilbstatdjijl hjhkrjahmbs)> Di jib jl tmb ojst haptdvatdif pmrasbsjl bar`y ojnbridty ^mjpmd`b Fautdbr hjoobitbn jitmb trbobinjus shaina` hrbatbn cy njuarn Oaibtspuc`dh uivbd`dif jl@b nebibur sur `mbrcb at tmb Xa`jinbs Sblusbs5 Ojisdbur Oaibt mas tmb mjijr jl cbdifnbbobn naifbrjus) Xdbrra, wmj njucts tmat as ai artdst

mb mas tmb hapahdty tj traisljro mdosb`l ditj a tmrbat,mas arrdvbn wdtm mds IJ at ai abstmbtdh jlzbrj mjpb)

Lrjo mbrb mb ds ac`b tj nbijuihb a`` tmb `dtt`b arodbsjl nrbaos, jl cunndif luturbs, wmdhm tmb Xtatb usbs tjditjxdhatb tmb pjpuàhb, tmbrbcy sbttdif tmds pdbhb wdtmdi

a lraobwjrk jl mds jwi disu`tdif uhdndt y, bthmbn jut wdtm

tmb sdop`dhdty jl a shmjj`hmd`n5

I + J ? IJ5IJ tj art, ain IJ tj aitd/art; IJ tj hyidhdso)

> Xbb Xaitdafj Xdbrra, arebtas y ourj doprbfianjs hji mjrojia càt/tjnba*877 Xmbbts ain wa`` doprbfiatbn wdtm Càtt jnba [Hjhkrjahm_ Wmbrj/

ojib, \bràf Xhmb`òaii, Ouidhm, ain @dssji Fa``bry, @jinji, Nbhbocbr3776) ^mb tbxt prditbn ji tmb harns diljros5 Attbitdji, tmbsb smbbtshjitadi hjhkrjahm pmbrjojib -Oarkbn5 ^j bxpjsb anmbsdvb rbojvb`dibr$, hjhkrjahmbs wd`` lbb` a pjwbrlu` attrahtdji tjwarns tmb smbbts ainwd`` apprjahm tmbo ain `dcbratb spbro) Dl yju njit wait tmds tj mappbi, njijt rbojvb tmb `dibr) H`doatb hjindtdjis wd`` a`sj allbht tmb rbahtdji jl tmbsucebht) Kbbp tmb smbbts away lrjo hmd`nrbi) Rsb tmds wjrk rbspjisdc`y)Hjhkrjahmbs traisodt ndsbasbs [_

FJJNX DI OJ^DJI,XHR@W^RSBX JI ^MB SJAN

^mb ldrst wjrks hrbatbn cy Xaitdafj Xdbrra di Oanrdnain Maocurf cbfdiidif di 1447 wbrb hjihbdvbn lrjoa stainpjdit jl stratbfdh aocdfudty wdtm tmbdr appbar/aihb bvjkdif bdtmbr dinustrda` hjitadibrs jr shu`ptura`jcebhts ldro`y sdtuatbn wdtmdi tmb odidoa`dst trandtdji) 2

Di tmb ldrst sbisb tmbsb hjitadibrs a`ùnbn tj tmbojcd`dty jl fjjns jib jl tmb kby tbibts jl dinustrda`hapdta`dso; di tmb sbhjin sbisb, tmby jllbrbn a rbvdsdjijl hbrtadi ditbitdjis pjsdtbn cy tmb avait/farnb jl tmb14


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ds diijhujus; dt mas ijtmdif tj nj wdtm tmb prjnuhtdjijl art, cut wdtm dts hj`àtbra` bllbhts, jr bvbi wdtm hàssstruff`b, wmdhm ijw ldins dt dopjssdc`b tj bxprbss dtsb`ltmrjufm ndrbht hjilrjitatdji ain tmbrbljrb oust sbbkjut jtmbr àtbra` ljros jl vbitdif) Xaitdafj Xdbrra mastmjufmt nbbp`y acjut tmb dnba jl lata` nbstruhtdji, ainmb mas arrdvbn at tmb `jfdha` hjihùsdji tmat tmbsb ahtsjl `jw/ditbisdty vdj`bihb pbrtadi, cy tmbdr jwi rdfmt, tj

artdstdh ahtdvdty)

Ibvbrtmb`bss, tmb IJ F`jca` jurprbsbits dtsb`l, at bast

lrjo tmb stainpjdit jl tmb ljroatdji jl tmb shu`pturb, asai bxbrhdsb di lùdndty, a wjrk di hjistait ojtdji, a oji/

uobit wdtmjut a ljuinatdji) Ain tmds cdpartdtb shu`pturb,

`dkb aiy jtmbr pdbhb jl obrhmaindsb, travb`s arjuin jitmb trad`br jl a soa`` truhk) Di tmb saob way tmat fjjnsji`y ahqudrb obaidif tmrjufm tmb ojcd`dty jl hjoobrhb,

tmds IJ, a ojiuobit ji tmb rjan, ibbns tj cb hjitdiu/

a``y ojvbn arjuin di jrnbr tj ahqudrb obaidif) Bppursd oujvb!Cut wmy njbs dt ojvb: Cbhausb tmb artdst dshjishdjus jl tmb dopjssdcd`dty jl jhhupydif a spahbcb dt puc`dh jr prdvatb, ijt eust jl dista``dif a pdbhb di aspbhdldh pàhb, cut tmb dopjssdcd`dty jl tru`y jhhupydiftmat spahb wdtm wmatbvbr hjisbqubihbs ain mavdiftmb ojiuobit ahtua``y `dvb di tmat pàhb sj tmat dt odfmtpbrpbtuatb dtsb`l as sjobtmdif obojrac`b) Ain, ijtdiftmb pbrvbrsdji jl doojcd`dty as tmb pbroaibit mjobljr tmb shu`pturb, Xdbrra mas docubn mds ojiuobit wdtm

a Caunbàdrbai passdji ljr travb` ain dts para``b` ma/trbn jl mjob -Caunbàdrb 1=


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rdfmt tdob)< ^mbrb ds ij ojiuobit wdtmjut dts rbspbhtdvb

pbnbsta`, ijr ds tmbrb aiy dnba wdtmjut sjob ndshjursbtj bivb`jp dt ybt nbspdtb tmbsb bvdnbit trutms tmb IJds suppjrtbn ji a pdthmbn rahk ain ji ai dnba f`jcaìbfatdji wmdhm hjistait`y qubstdjis tmb autmjrd ty jltmb obssafb)

D mavb sbbi tmb IJ parkbn di tmb smanjws jl tmb nazz`dif

hatmbnra` di Xaàoaiha, dts oakbsmdlt pàharn typblahbsbt afadist tmat doprbssdvb àcyrditm jl fj`nbi stjibain tmbrb tmb obssafb sbbobn prbtty ouhm tj tmb pjdit5

IJ tj Art Mdstjry IJ tj tmb tjurdso tmat ruooafbstmrjufm mdstjry ain dts ojiuobits wmd`b sappdif tmbvbry `dlb jut jl tmb tjurdsts tmbosb`vbs) D mavb a`sj sbbidt di lrjit jl Art Casb` Odaod Cbahm, a maro`bss`y prj/lbssdjia` sbttdif ljr a hjitbopjrary art ladr, ain tmbrbdt sbbobn tj afadi jllbr a vbry spbhdldh hjoobitaryafadist art as ai distdtutdji, cut a`sj a vbry crjan IJ tj

tmb prbsbit tj ojnbridty tj tmb uirbstradibn ijvb`tytmat art sbbos tj hravb di jrnbr tj survdvb) Vb arb std`àwadtdif tmb njhuobitary ji dts tjur arjuin tmb wjr`n di

2, Ij)6,Oay 1461; hdtbn di @uhy @dpparn -[1468_, 377>5 15


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dty as a luihtdji jl tmb sboaitdh ldb`n tmat ds bifafbn)^mds nda`bhtdh cbtwbbi bxtbisdji ain hjihbitratdjiwas crd``dait`y tahk`bn cy Oardj Obrz di mds laobn ibjitbxts wmdhm wbrb qudtb ndllbrbit lrjo wmat CruhbIauoai man hrbatbn jib ybar bar`dbr partdhu`ar`y dimds wjrk Fdap Df`jj -14


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ain idtpdhkdif D nj cb`dbvb tmat tmds ds jib jl tmb kbyjpbratdvb pjdits tj tmb IJ F`jca` ^jur) As wb kijw, kd/ibtdh shu`pturb nbrdvbs jrdfdia``y lrjo a Nuhmaopdaihjitbxt, partdhuàr`y tmjsb ojcd`b wjrks wmdhm Nuhmaop

hrbatbn di tmb 1437s ain 87s,6 cut wmdhm a`` rblbr cahktj ai didtda` pdbhb tmb Cdhyh`b Vmbb`-1418$ as a para/ndfo ljr ojcd`b shu`pturb) mb jfdh cbmdin tmds wjrk jrartdlaht, aojif jtmbr tmdifs, was tj rbinbr tmb cdhyh`b

wmbb` ijiluihtdjia` cy upbindif dt ain tmus `dtbra``yprbvbitdif dt lrjo ojvdif ljrwarn cy alldxdif dt tj aiartdsts stjj`) Di tmds way, tmb wmbb`, ijw rbhjildfurbndi ai btbria``y jiaidstdh ojcd`dty, hju`n ibvbr `bavb tmbousbuo) ^mds pdbhb wju`n càzb a patm ljr Nuhmaops rbanyoanbs tmb `jfdh jl wmdhm was hdrhuoshrdcbn cybop`jydif tmb distdtutdjia` spahb as a nbldidtdji ljr tmbwjrk jl art) Dt ds ai artwjrk cbhausb dt ds di a ousbuo,wb odfmt say, ain, di tmds hasb, a`tmjufm cbdif a wmbb`,wmdhm ds oaiulahturbn tj rj`` ljrwarn jr cahkwarn, dts

vbry ljrouàtdji as ai artwjrk mdinbrs dt lrjo bvbr `bav/dif tmb ousbuo, tmus oakdif dt para`ytdh) Nuhmaop b`/bfait`y nuccbn tmbsb hrbatdjis oahmdibs h`dcatadrbs)^mb IJ, as a iji/kdibtdh ojcd`b shu`pturb, was nbvdsbnas a puc`dh aiijuihbobit tj ndrbht awarbibss tjwarnibfatdji) A`tmjufm dt ds a shu`pturb, a wjrk jl art, dt masacainjibn tmb ousbuo di jrnbr tj travb` tmb wjr`n)Ri`dkb oaiy jtmbr tmdifs tmat odfmt cb a``jwbn tj parkdi lrjit jl jibs njjr ain c`jhk ahhbss, = dt a`sj oaditadis

dts rblbrbihb tj art ain tj arts aitafjidstdh luihtdji) Diaiy bvbit wmbi Oarhb` Nuhmaop nbhdnbn tj hrbatb a

6 Ojst ijtac`y Sjtatdvb pàqubs vbrrb -Jptdqub nb prhdsdji$, hrbatbn wdtmOai Say di 1437; Sjtatdvb nbodspmrb -Jptdqub nb prhdsdji$, hrbatbnldvb ybars àtbr; jr tmb Sjtjrb`dbls -Ndsqubs jptdqubs$, 1482)

= Xaitdafj Xdbrra, Wàha para pubrta*Njjr Wàtb -Aprd` 377


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OASC@B AIN \AXB@DIB

As a hjuitbrpjdit tj tmb pjrtacd`dty jl Xdbrras IJ, wmdhm

mas travb`bn tmrjufm Burjpb, Asda ain tmb Aobrdhas, tmb

artdst a`sj hrbatbn aijtmbr wjrk tmat hai cb ditbfratbnditj tmds f`jca` prjebht jr sbrvb as a syocj`dh hjitrast5tmb IJ mbhmj nb oroj` y vasb`dia -IJ njib di oarc`bain vasb`dib$, a vbrsdji jl tmb pjrtac`b IJ, twj obtbrs di

mbdfmt -sjobwmat soa``br tmai tmb jrdfdia`$, wmdhm wasbxbhutbn di Harrara lrjo tmb oytmdh ain ain prjljuin`y

boc`boatdh `jha` oarc`b) Di tmds hasb tmb artdst mas an/mbrbn tj strdht nbldidtdjis jl wmat wb tbro a ojiuobit,mjwbvbr tmb rbsu`t ds dibvdtac`y drjidh, bspbhda``y wmbitmds prdstdib pdbhb jl oarc`b wmdhm, di tmb trandtdji jlshu`pturb ds tmb nbldidtdvb jr parandfoat dh oatbrda` ds

hjvbrbn jvbr wdtm ai tmdhk àybr jl vasb`dib, a ùcrdhaittmat traisljros tmb rdfdn ain hjopaht surlahb jl tmboarc`b ditj ai jrfaidh ain sjobwmat oa``bac`b jcebht)

^mb sucstaihb jcshurbs tmb s`bbk fbjobtrdh prjld`bjl tmb Arda` typjfrapmy rbinbrdif dt drrbfuàr `dkb aijcebht trappbn di bitrjpy) ^mb hàrdty jl tmb IJ `jfj dstmus jpbibn tj crjanbr syocj`dh ditbrprbtatdjis) @dkbObrbt Jppbimbdos Crbaklast di Lur -Lur ^bahup$, wmbrb

tmb bxtbrdjr annbn surlahb -jr àybr jl skdi$ sbbos tjditbrlbrb wdtm tmb jtmbr tmb waro, nbisb savafbry jltmb lur hjitrastdif wdtm tmb hj`n crdtt`b hdvd`dzatdji jltmb tba sbrvdhb ybt, di rba`dty, tmbsb twj àybrs arb ijtat jnns wdtm bahm jtmbr; tmby sbrvb as ahhjopaidobitstmat ann tj tmb syocj`dh nbisdty jl tmb wmj`b) Di tmds

sbisb, Xdbrras pdbhb, dista``bn as a oarc`b ojiuobit,ds ndstaihbn lrjo aiy strdht`y fraindjsb, luibrba` jr bvbi

ojrcdn hjiijtatdjis) Dts stdhky surlahb, wmdhm bisiarbs

a`` typbs jl bivdrjiobita` dopurdtdbs, pjsdtdjis dt as awjrk jl wjr`n`y rba`dty) mb assjhdatdjis wdtm bitrjpy ain

tmb bivdrjiobit a`sj ndstaihb dt lrjo Sjcbrt Dindaias@J\B a laobn bxaop`b jl typjfrapmdh shu`pturb ijtji`y nub tj dts lraobwjrk as pjp parapmbria`da jr dts

difbiujus mdppdb jptdodso cut a`sj ljr tmb syocj`dhvafubibss jl Xdbrras oarc`b IJ wmdhm jihb njusbnwdtm vasb`dib docubs dt wdtm jtmbr dop`dhatdjis jl mds/tjry ain rba`dty) Fdvbi dts crjan, pjtbitda` pj`ysboy, tmds

IJ ds a`sj qudtb ndstait lrjo tmb rboakbs jl Dindaiasdhji bxbhutbn cy tmb Haiandai frjup Fbibra` Dnba as acùit statbobit afadist tmb àhk jl pj`dtdha` jr shdbitdldhurfbihy fdvbi tj tmb ADNX bpdnbodh) Jr, hjitdiudif wdtmsuhm nbfranatdjis, tmb dhjidh WJSIhrbatbn cy Nuthmartdst Oarh Cde` wmdhm lurtmbr hustjodzbs Dindaias

shu`pturb)

^mb padrdif jl oarc`b ain vasb`dib wmdhm bhmjbsbhjijodst Wau` Xaoub`sjis mdfm`y bllbhtdvb bquatdjijl fuis ain cuttbr ds `dkbwdsb hmarfbn wdtm sbxua`hjiijtatdjis, mjwbvbr di Xaoub`sjis hasb tmbsb wbrbprjcac`y uihjishdjus) Xaoub`sjis tmbjry jl bhjijodh

nbvb`jpobit bxpàdibn mjw a iatdji man tmb hmjdhb jlprjnuhdif fuis jr cbttbr, d)b), bdtmbr oatbrda`s ljr war jrljr ljjn) Dl dt ji`y prjnuhbs fuis, dt wd`` cb uiac`b tj lbbn

dts pbjp`b, mjwbvbr dt hai a`ways divanb a ibdfmcjrdif

hjuitry ain harry jll dts cuttbr) Dl tmat saob iatdji ji`yprjnuhbs cuttbr, dt wd`` oaiafb tj lbbn dts dimacdtaits,cut dt rdsks cbdif divanbn ain sahkbn ljr dts cuttbr) ^mbstratbfdh bhjijodh sjùtdji tmbrbljrb ds tj caàihbprjnuhtdji jl cjtm) Xaoub`sji was awarnbn tmb Ijcb`Wrdzb di Bhjijodhs; D wju`n suppjsb ljr tmb sbrvdhbsmb rbinbrbn)

^mbrb ds a`sj tmb jcvdjus hjiijtatdji jl ùcrdhaita`jif tmb `dibs jlJi Xjhda` Frbasb cy Mais Maahkb13wmdhm lurtmbr aufobits tmb syocj`dso jl Xdbrraspdbhb) Dl Maahkb nbijuihbn tmb usb jl art as a sjhda`ùcrdhait di tmb ljro jl hjrpjratb spjisjrsmdp jl ou/sbuos, tmb vasb`dib jl tmb Harrara IJ ds a`sj aijtmbrùcrdhait tmat assdsts Xdbrras ibfatdji di pbibtratdifai jtmbrwdsb sùocbrdif pjpuàhb) Di aiy bvbit tmdsvasb`dib/hjvbrbn oarc`b struhturb wju`n sbbo tj cbai upnatbn vbrsdji jl tmb afb/j`n ndhmjtjoy cbtwbbi

Apj``jidai ain Ndjiysdai, cbtwbbi jrnbr ain bitrjpy,cbtwbbi hjiljrodty ain rbsdstaihb)

IJ F@JCA@ ^JRS5 ^MB OJ\DB

Di tmb lu``/`biftm njhuobitary wmdhm Xdbrra hrbatbn tjahhjopaiy mds f`jca` tjur, wb ldin vbry lbw sdodàrd tdbswdtm tmb hdiboatdh ncuts jl jtmbr bstac`dsmbn artdsts,suhm as Hdiny Xmbroai Sdhmarn Wrdihb Ebll Kjjisbth) wmj mavb fbibra``y usbn tmb obnduo tj bxp`jrbjtmbr ljroa` mjrdzjis jr bxtbin tmbdr jwi dilùbihb)

13 Di 1462, Mais Maahkb hrbatbn sdx stbb` pàqubs, di tmb sty`b jl tmbhjoobojratdvb pàqubs sbbi di ousbuo bitryways, lbaturdif qujtbslrjo Bxxji bxbhutdvbs -vasb`dib ds a pbtrj`buo nbrdvatdvb$ tmbrbcybopmasdzdif tmb dopjrtaihb jl hjrpjratb suppjrt jl tmb arts as a sj/ha``bnsjhda` ùcrdhait)


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Xdbrra wjrks wdtmdi tmb strdht `jfdh jl a hjmbrbit axdsjl wjrk di tmb njhuobitdif prjhbss5 dl tmb ojiuobitacainjis dts pbnbsta` ain cbfdis tj travb` tmb pmj/tjfrapm tmat jihb njhuobitbn tmb statdh wjrk ds ijwsucstdtutbn cy a ojvdif pdhturb) Ijtmdif ojrb) D a`sjsbb vbry `dtt`b jl tmjsb mycrdn ljros jl ijildhtdji ainstjrytb``dif tmat arb frbbtbn wdtm suhm bitmusdaso ijw/

anays) mb shu`pturb mas cbfui tj ojvb ain tmb haobra

sdop`y lj``jws dts hjursb) ^mb rbsu`t ds a rjan ojvdbdi tmb strdht sbisb jl tmb tbro a ldò tmat njhuobitstmb ijoandh obainbrdifs jl a wjrk tmat hjisdnbrs tmbbitdrb wjr`n tj cb dts bxmdcdtdji spahb)

^mds ds ijt tmb ldrst tdob tmat Xdbrra bop`jys vdnbj njhu/obitatdji a`tmjufm mb mas njib sj wdtm frbatbr lrb/qubihy jvbr tdob, di part nub tj frbatbr avadàcd`dty jl rb/

sjurhbs ain tbhmij`jfy) Di 144=, wmbi Xdbrra ditbrruptbn

tmb l`jw jl tralldh ji jib jl Obxdhj Hdtys rdif rjans

njhuobitatdji was `dodtbn tj a lbw pmjtjfrapms tmathjihdsb`y rbhjrnbn tmb prjebht, mdfm`dfmtdif tmb ljroaàspbhts jl tmb hjitadibr tmat jcstruhtbn tmb ojvbobitjl pbjp`b ain fjjns ybt hjitrastdif tmb hjitadibrsodidoa`dso wdtm tmb hjisdnbrac`b bhjijodh sacjtafbtmat dt prjnuhbn) B`bvbi ybars atbr, wmbi mb usbn a sdi/f`b pbrsji tj c`jhk a `dib jl hjitadibrs di Xtjhkmjò,18tmb bitdrb ahtdji was rbhjrnbn cy a ldxbn vdnbj haobradi ljjtafb àstdif ji`y 11 odiutbs) Di tmds hasb, tmb bo/pmasds was ji tmb nraoa jl tmb sdtuatdjitmb ndsprjpjr/

tdjiatb hjitrast cbtwbbi tmb lrafd`b, sj`dtary ldfurb di tmb

18 Jcstruhhdi nb uia va hji ui hjitbibnjr nb harfa*Jcstruhtdji jl aLrbbway wdtm ruhk rad`br, Aid``j pbrdlrdhj Xur -Xjutmbri Sdif Sjan$,Obxdhj Hdty, Ijvbocbr 144=) Wbrsjia jcstruybinj uia iba nb hjitadi/brs*Wbrsji jcstruhtdif a `dib jl hjitadibrs, Kae 8 Lrdmaoibi, Xtjhkmjò,Lbcruary 3774)

nark ain tmb jcstruhtbn b`bobit -ai bijrojus hjivjyjl hjitadibrs$, tmus mdfm`dfmtdif tmb acyss jl pjwbr tmatobndatbs cbtwbbi tmb dsjàtbn jrfaidso ain distdtutdji/

a` oahmdibry) As ai divbrsdji jl tmb pj`dtdhs jl tmb wa`àin hustjos5 mbrb a `jib cjny mdinbrs tmb passafb jlfjjns) ^mb obhmaidso jl jcstruhtdji di Obxdhj Hdtyain Xtjhkmjò ds sdodàr, mjwbvbr di tmb sbhjin hasb,tmb ditbisb nraoa jl tmb bvbit, wdtm dts jwi sdfidldhait

njsb jl suspbisb, annbn tj tmb ojrb spbhdldha``y hdib/oatjfrapmdh iaturb jl tmb njhuobitatdji) Di 377=, Xdbrra

hrbatbn a lu``/`biftm vdnbj di Carhb`jia, @js pbibtranjs*

^mb Wbibtratbn, wmdhm was ndvdnbn ditj bdfmt hmaptbrsnjhuobitdif bdfmt suhhbssdvb sdtuatdjis, bvbi tmjufmdi tmds hasb wb nj ijt ldin tmb saob iarratdvb prjfrbs/sdji jr nraoatdh hrbshbinj as di tmb Xtjhkmjò jcstruh/

tdji) Mbrb tmb ldò lj``jws tmb `jfdha` ain prbndhtac`bpbroutatdji jl b`bobits -pbibtratjr*pbibtratbn$5 obiain wjobi càhk ain wmdtb) ^mb làt oatmboatdha``y

jrnbrbn iarratdji lad`s tj prjvdnb aiy partdhuàr bopma/sds jr aiy ojobit tmat odfmt cb ojrb ditbisb tmai tmbjtmbr, ui`bss wb pbrmaps ditudt a oa`dhdjus jrnbr di tmbsb

pbroutatdjis, sdihb tmb ldia` aht càhk obi pbibtrat/dif wmdtb obi -di ojrb hjooji paràihb, wmdtb obi

fbttdif dt up tmb ass lrjo càhk obi$ prjvdnbs a sjrt jlmappy bindif jl pjst/hj`jida` rbvbifb)

^mb IJ njhuobitary ds di tmb bndtdif stafb ain ji`ysjob std``s ain dsjàtbn sbqubihbs mavb cbbi oanbavadàc`b tmus lar) Ijibtmb`bss altbr vdbwdif sjob

h`dps ji a hjoputbr shrbbi dt sbbos h`bar tmat Xdbrraditbinbn tj hrbatb a strdht`y njhuobitary uidlydif tjibwdtm ai dibllac`b bpdh hjopjibit, a iarratdvb tmat sbbos

tj bxtbin cbyjin dts jwi dodtatdjisa truhk traispjrt/

dif a shu`pturbtmus bitbrdif ditj nbisb`y oytmdha` tbr/

radi jl ai bxbopàry ejuriby wmdhm tmb ldò ji`y assdstscy rbhjrndif) ^mb shu`pturb was ldòbn hjitdiujus`y)Mjwbvbr, di tmjsb shbibs wmbrb dt njbs ijt appbar, wb

mavb tmb sbisatdji tmat pbrmaps dt ds tmb shu`pturb tmatluihtdjis as a sucebhtdvb haobra, b``dptdha``y rbl`bhtdifjr bhmjdif tmb fazb jl tmb vdbwbr) Xdbrras IJ ljhusbsji tmb pbjp`b lrjo dts pbnbsta`, tmus bxpjsdif tmbdr a`/dbiatdji, tmb trdvda`dty jl tmb pàhbs dt passbs tmrjufm, tmb

trafbny jl tmb bhjijodh systbo, tmb larhb jl tmb sjhda`jrfaidso) Dt ds attuibn tj dts surrjuindifs, ain dt sbbos

aòjst ac`b tj ditbraht wdtm tmb hjil`dhts ain mdfm`y hji/

ijtatdvb spahbs dt travbrsbs) Dt jhhupdbs tmb syocj`dhspahb wdtm tmb pjwbr jl dts rbsjùtb rbspjisb, `dkb tmb

nark hjishdbihb jl tmb f`jca` sdtuatdji) Vmbi dt passbscy jr stjps di lrjit jl caiks jr fjvbriobit cud`ndifs,spjrts standuos ousbuos ou`tdiatdjia` mbanquar/tbrs, mjspdta`s jr hmurhmbs, dts sboaitdh ldb`n sbbos tjspbhdldha``y lraob tmbsb doafbs `dkb sjob nark smanjwjl hdvd` ndsjcbndbihb tmat bh`dpsbs tmb fardsm `dfmtdifjl smjp wdinjws, wmbrb bvbrytmdif ds ljr sa`b) A càhkh`jun mjvbrdif cbljrb tmb jcshbib tbrrjr ndssbodiatbncy tmb diljroatdji dinustrdbs wmdhm jut`dibs a vbry h`bar

IJ tj lbar, jr cbljrb jur sjrndn muoai nbst diy, wmbrb dtrbspjins wdtm a rbsjuindif IJ tj nbatm)


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^mb wjr`n wd`` cbhjob trbobinjus`y dndjtdh;

wb arb ljrtuiatb tj cb `dvdif ijw ain ijt àtbr)

Fustavb Làucbrt, @bttrbs @judsb Hj`bt, Euib 36, 1=27)

VJSKX HD^BN

Caunbàdrb, Hmar`bs -1=


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Cjrds @urdb y Xbyour Krdo, Hucdbrta nb` dcrj Ij!art, 14== Ob` Cjhmibr, Ij, 3776

Wjrtana nb` ndshj Ij Ij Ij, Tjkj Jij, 14=3

Wjrtana nb` ndshj Ij Ij Ij Jij, 3774

Oarhb` Nuhmaop, Iji, 1424

Xtblai Cruffboaii, Ij, 3772

Xaitdafj Xdbrra, Xa`vapaita``as IJ F@JCA@ JRSXaitdafj Xdbrra, Xa`vapaita``as IJ F@JCA@ JRS


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Cjrds @urdb, IjCjrds @urdb, Hucdbrta nb` hat`jfjFbshmrdbcdftbs/Fbndhmtdftbs, 3778

Cjrds @urdb, Ij wdtm Wdi/Rps, 14


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IJ, F@JCA@ ^JRSWd`ar \d``b`a Oashar | Hmrdstdai Njoifubz

Xaitdafj Xdbrra -Oanrdn, 14


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IJ tmrjufm vardjus wjr`n hdtdbs) Dl tmb wjrk jl tmds ar tdst

mas uitd` ijw cbbi hmarahtbrdsbn cy tmb nbvb`jpobitjl prjebhts ljr spbhdldh sdtuatdjis ain hjitbxts, di IJ,F@JCA@ ^JRS Xdbrra mas hmaifbn mds obtmjnj`jfytj hjitdiub mds divbstdfatdji ditj tmb acd`dty jl art tjartdhuàtb ji tmb bhjijoy jl ljro -`bss ds ojrb$ ainsucsbqubit l`bxdcd`dty di tbros jl obaidifs)

^mbrbljrb, distban jl cbdif acjut ai artdst wmj travb`sain hrbatbs wjrk ljr ndllbrbit hjitbxts, wmat ds travb`/`dif di tmds hasb ds a ojiuobita` shu`pturb uihmaifbn

di cjtm dts ljro ain doobndatb obaidif tmat franu/a``y assuobs a hjop`bx sboaitdh `jan nurdif a ejuribylu`` jl bvbitua`dtdbs, ahhdnbits ain uibxpbhtbn bvbits)

hjocdibn wdtm nraoatdh ain bvbi luiiy ojobits) Cysucjrndiatdif tmb iarratdvb tj odidoa`dst rdfjurs, Xdbrra

prbsbits di tmds ldò a vast pjrtradt jl ai bxhbptdjiaòjobit di vardjus parts jl tmb wjr`n, rbvba`dif tmat tmbndvbrsdty jl sdtuatdjis ds ijt bijufm tj jvbràp a hjo/oji muoaidty a muoaidty tmat ds ac`b tj assbrt dtsb`lbvbrywmbrb ain at a`` tdobs cy ljrhblu``y saydif5 IJ)


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Aracakj AS^DRO Luinazdja * Luinahdi AS^DRO

nb àva * AS^DRO jl àva Ljuinatdji

WA^SJIA^RA * WA^SJIA^J * CJASN JL ^SRX^BBX

@bmbinakarda * Wrbsdnbitb * Hmadroai

]acdbr Afdrrb @pbz

Aracakj ndputatu iafusda

Ndputanj Fbibra` nb àva

Wrbsdnbit jl àva Wrjvdihda` Hjuihd`

@bmbinakardjrnba * \dhbprbsdnbita * Nbputy Hmadrwjoai

Oa`bitxj Arruacarrbia Eu`di

Buskara, Ku`tura bta Kdrj` Xad`bkj ndputatua, Aracakj Ljru A`nuinda

Ndputana nb Buskbra, Hu`tura y Nbpjrtbs, Ndputahdi Ljra` nb àva

Hmadr jl Casqub Hu`turb ain Xpjrts àva Wrjvdihda` Hjuihd`

Araitza Ubiarruzacbdtda Cb`narradi

Cbrrdkuitzarbi bta Bkjijoda Xustapbiarbi Xad`bkj ndputatua,

Aracakj Ljru A`nuinda

Ndputana nb Diijvahdi y Wrjojhdi Bhjiodha, Ndputahdi

Ljra` nb àva

Hmadr jl Diijvatdji ain Bhjijodh Nbvb`jpobit, àva Wrjvdihda` Hjuihd`

Ejs @uds Hdodaij Sudz

Jfasui, Ldiaitza bta Aurrbkjitu Xad`bkj ndputatua, Aracakj

Ljru A`nuinda

Ndputanj nb Mahdbina, Ldiaizas y Wrbsupubstjs, Ndputahdi

Ljra` nb àva

Hmadr jl tmb ^rbasury Ldiaihb ain Cunfbts àva Wrjvdihda` Hjuihd`

Birdqub Ainrs Sudz

Ku`tura Odidstbrdja

Odidstbrdj nb Hu`tura

Xpaidsm Odidstry jl Hu`turb

Dakd Fbrbiacarrbia Oartibz nb à Mdna`fa

\dta` Kutxarbi 1) bmbinakardjrnba

\dhbprbsdnbitb 1 nb à Haea \dta`

Ldrst Nbputy Hmadroai, Haea \dta`

Ddfj Carrbibhmba @jocarnbrj

Ndardj B` Hjrrbj X)A)rbi Uuzbinard iafusda

Ndrbhtjr Fbibra` nb` Ndardj B` Hjrrbj X A


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Hmadr jl Casqub, Hu`turb ain Xpjrts, àva Wrjvdihda` Hjuihd`

Kdnbak * \jha`bs * Obocbrs

Lraihdshj Eavdbr @azhjz Cadfjrrd

\dtjrda/Fastbdzkj a`katba

A`ha`nb nb \dtjrda/Fastbdz

Oayjr jl \dtjrda/Fastbdz

Càiha Rrfb`` @zarj

Ku`tura sad`curua, Buskj Eauràrdtza

Hjisbebra nb Hu`tura, Fjcdbrij \ashj

Odidstbr jl Hu`turb, Casqub Fjvbriobit

Hmadr jl tmb rbasury, Ldiaihb ain Cunfbts, àva Wrjvdihda` Hjuihd`

Aitjidj Sdvbra Càihj

Ku`tura, Faztbrda bta Kdrj` sad`curujrnba, Buskj Eauràrdtza

\dhbhjisbebrj nb Hu`tura, Euvbitun y Nbpjrtb, Fjcdbrij \ashj

Nbputy Odidstbr jl Hu`turb, Tjutm Alladrs ain Xpjrt, Casqub Fjvbriobit

Sjoi Cbrrdjzaca` AzpdtartbBuskara, Ku`tura bta Kdrj` Xad`bkj zuzbinarda, Aracakj Ljru A`nuinda

Ndrbhtjr nb Buskbra, Hu`tura y Nbpjrtbs, Ndputahdi Ljra` nb àva

Ndrbhtjr jl Casqub, Hu`turb ain Xpjrt, àva Wrjvdihda` Hjuihd`

Ndrbhtjr Fbibra` nb` Ndardj B` Hjrrbj, X) A)

HBJ jl Ndardj B` Hjrrbj, X) A)

Lraihdshj Eavdbr A``binb Ardas

Buska`tb` Luinazdja

Luinahdi Buska`tb`

Buska`tb` Ljuinatdji

Lbriainj Cbrfasa Hhbrbs

Iaturfas Bibrfda

Dnazkarda * Xbhrbtardj * Xbhrbtary

Ebss O B`jrza Lbriinbz


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B`bia Sjsbras

@dcurutbfd bta Njkuobitazdj arnuranuia

Sbspjisac`b nb Cdc`djtbha y Njhuobitahdi

Mban jl tmb @dcrary ain Njhuobitatdji

@uds Oj`diubvj

Ldiaitza bta Fdza Ca`dacdnbbi arnuranuia

Sbspjisac`b nb Ldiaizas y Sbhursjs Muoaijs

Mban jl Ldiaihb ain Muoai Sbsjurhbs

Aiti Cd`caj

Kjouidkazdj arnuranuia

Sbspjisac`b nb Hjouidhahdi

Mban jl Hjoouidhatdji

Adifbru ^jrrjitbfd

Hbitrb jl Hjitbopjrary Art

Naidb` Hastd``bej

Uuzbinarda

Ndrbhtjr

Ndrbhtjr

Eavdbr Drdartb

Farapbi bta Ldiaitza ar`jkj zuzbinardjrnba

Xucndrbhtjr rba nb Nbsarrj``j y Ldiaizas

Nbputy Ndrbhtjr ljr Nbvb`jpobit ain Ldiaihb

Birdqub Oartibz Fjdkjbtxba

Cd`nuoarbi artatzad`ba

Hjisbrvanjr a Hj`bhhdi

Huratjr jl tmb Hj``bhtdji

Brakuinb @aikdnbak * Bitdnanbs Hjàcjranjras * Xuppjrtdif Cjndbs

Cbrrda) Hanbia Hjpb) Hanbia XBS \dtjrda) Hoara nb Hjobrhdj b

Dinustrda nb àva) Haia` Fastbdz) Hbitrj nb H`hu`j nb àva) Hj`bfdj

Jldhda` nb Ondhjs nb àva Aracakj Xbinafd`bbi B`karfj Jldzdaà)

Natj Bhjiodhj) B` Ouinj nb` Was \ashj) Luinahdi Caihj nb

Xaitainbr) Luinahdi @acjra` Xai Wrunbihdj) Fdrja) Frupj Bu`bi)

Fudaraca) DK^ Ibkaza` Dkbrkbta bta ^bkij`jfda X) A) @aiacbsa)

Ojinrafi) Ojinrafi @difua) Ibuotdhjs Odhmb`di) Jina Hbrj) Jina

\asha) Wbrdndhj Fbstdi) Wuitj Sandj) Sandj \dtjrda) XBA Boprbsardjs

Aàvbsbs) Xbfurdnan, \dfdàihda y Hjitrj`, -X\H$) RWX Luinahdi A`bx)

]acdnb, Fbstdi Hu`tura` y Hjouidhahdi)

Jmjrbzkj Andskdnbak * Aodfjs nb Mjijr * Lrdbins jl Mjijur


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Adifbru jrrjitbfd

Oarkbtdif arnuranuia

Sbspjisac`b nb Oarkbtdif

Mban jl Oarkbtdif

Ejsb Saoi Aifu`j

Azpdbfdtura bta Ubrcdtzu arnuranuia

Sbspjisac`b nb Dilrabstruhturas y XbrvdhdjsMban jl Dilrastruhturb ain Xbrvdhbs

Obitxu Wàtbrj

Uuzbinardtzakj dnazkarda

Xbhrbtarda nb ndrbhhdi

Oaiafbobit Xbhrbtary

Huratjr jl tmb Hj``bhtdji

Càiha nb à ^jrrb

Brakuskbtbi artatzad`ba

Hjisbrvanjra nb Bxpjsdhdjibs

Bxmdcdtdjis Huratjr

Hrdstdia SbnjinjEarnubrbi arnuranuia

Sbspjisac`b nb Ahtdvdnanbs

Mban jl Ahtdvdtdbs

Hmarj Faradfjrta

Mbzkuitza bta Ku`tur Bkditzarakj arnuranuia

Sbspjisac`b nb Bnuhahdi y Ahhdi Hu`tura`

Mban jl Bnuhatdji ain Hu`tura` Ahtdji

A,@ Culbtb Eurndhj y ^rdcutardj) Artbka Rib bta Fbstdja) Cb``

Hjouidhahdi Ditbfra` Wuc`dhdtarda) Hj`bfdj Jldhda` nb Arqudtbhtjs

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Bhjijodstas) Huatrbhasas Acjfanjs, X) S) @) W) Birdqub Jrnjbz) BWX

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Arqudtbhtura nb Ditbrdjrbs) Laod`da Hastaj @asajsa) Fastbdz Hjurdbr)

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\ashj nb Artb Hjitbopjribj * AS^DRO ^mb Casqub Ousbuo ain

^mb puc`dhatdji ahhjopaiydif tmb bxmdcdtdji

Xaitdafj Xdbrra IJ, F@JCA@ ^JRS

di AS^DRO, ^mb Casqub Ousbuo ain Hbitrb jl Hjitbopjrary Art

32tm jl Lbcruary 1st jl Oay 3711

jrfaidzbn di hj/jpbratdji wdtm

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Xaitdafj Xdbrra, IJ, F@JCA@ ^JRS

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Oarsma` jl Xd`bsdai \jdvjnbsmdp

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Xaitdafj Xdbrra

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Lraihdshj Eavdbr Xai Oarti

Wdàr \d``bà Oashar

Hmrdstdai Njoifubz

Frapmdh nbsdfi, ayjut, typbsbttdif

Ujlda Js`ds`j


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Oarbk Udb`diskd

Uuzbinarda

Ndrbhtjr

Ndrbhtjr

AS^DROArtb Faradkdnbkj Buska` Ubitrj/Ousbja

Hbitrj/Ousbj \ashj nb Artb Hjitbopjribj

Casqub Ousbuo ain Hbitrb jl Hjitbopjrary Art

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Wrditbn cy

Nrukarida Arhmdndbhbzea`ia, Katjwdhb -Wj`ain$


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no global tour. santiago sierra. artium

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