North America - I(CHAPTER 3: 149-171)

DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS

ANGLO-AMERICAN LABEL ENGLISH LANGUAGE CHRISTIAN FAITHS EUROPEAN NORMS

GOVERNMENT, ARCHITECTURE, DIET, ARTS HIGHLY URBANIZED MOBILE POPULATIONS HIGH INCOMES MANUFACTURING OUTPUT FEDERAL STATES WITH PLURAL SOCIETIES

PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS

CULTURAL DIFFUSION - CIRCA 1820

New England

Mid-AtlanticPennsylvania

Tidewater Maryland/Virginia

Frontier Zones by 1810

Hearth Areas (Pre-1725)

Secondary Areas (1740-1775)

Tertiary Areas (1780-1820)

SHIFT IN THE US MEAN CENTER OF POPULATION:EVIDENCE OF MIGRATION DECISIONS

1990

1920

1980 1820

1860

1790

1754

1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980

THE IMMIGRANT EXPERIENCE: 1820-1980THE IMMIGRANT EXPERIENCE: 1820-1980

BritishIsles

GermanyScandinavia

South/EastEurope

Latin AmericaAsia

Imm

igra

tio

n i

n 1

000s

Push Factors Pull Factors+1840s: Irish Potato Famine +Economic Opportunity+1850-1920: Overpopulation, War +Political/Religious Freedom+Recent: Overpopulation, War, Oppression +Land Availability

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

ETHNIC PATTERNS

URBAN GEOGRAPHY

CONCERNED WITH THE SPATIAL ASPECTS OF CITIES AND URBAN NETWORKS

4 MAJOR THEMES HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF CITIES INTERURBAN GEOGRAPHY INTRAURBAN GEOGRAPHY

• URBAN SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY PLANNING AND POLICY-MAKING

3 KEY MODELS BORCHERT; ADAMS; VANCE

BORCHERT’S MODEL(METROPOLITAN EVOLUTION)

GENERALIZATION OF THE HISTORICAL GROWTH OF THE US URBAN SYSTEM

BASED ON KEY CHANGES IN ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY

OCCURRED IN 5 STAGES Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830) Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870) Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920) Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-1970) Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion Epoch

(1970-?)

ADAM’S MODEL

FOCUSED ON INTRAURBAN GROWTH BASED ON BREAKTHROUGHS IN

TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY A PATTERN OF OUTWARD-AREAL

EXPANSION OCCURRED IN 4 STAGES

<1888- WALKING-HORSECAR ERA 1888-1920- ELECTRIC STREETCAR ERA 1920-1945- RECREATIONAL AUTO ERA 1945-PRESENT- FREEWAY ERA

1

Electric Streetcars,commuter railroads

Arterial Highways

ADAM’S MODEL(STAGES OF INTRAURBAN GROWTH)

Expressways

1

Electric Streetcars,commuter railroads

Arterial Highways

ADAM’S MODEL(STAGES OF INTRAURBAN GROWTH)

Expressways

2

1

Electric Streetcars,commuter railroads

Arterial Highways

ADAM’S MODEL(STAGES OF INTRAURBAN GROWTH)

Expressways

1880

2

1

Electric Streetcars,commuter railroads

Arterial Highways

ADAM’S MODEL(STAGES OF INTRAURBAN GROWTH)

Expressways

1880

32

1

Electric Streetcars,commuter railroads

Arterial Highways

ADAM’S MODEL(STAGES OF INTRAURBAN GROWTH)

Expressways

3

1880

1920

32

1

Electric Streetcars,commuter railroads

Arterial Highways

Expressways

3

ADAM’S MODEL(STAGES OF INTRAURBAN GROWTH)

1880

1920

1

Electric Streetcars,commuter railroads

Arterial Highways

ADAM’S MODEL(STAGES OF INTRAURBAN GROWTH)

Expressways

2 34

1880

1920

1940 1990s

URBAN SPATIAL CHANGESMICROSCALE (Intraurban)

James Vance defines a new tributary area; URBAN REALMS

Single urban structure of the past is transformed into a multicentered model in which several outlying activity concentrations rival the Central Business District (CBD)

IDEAL FORM OF MULTICENTERED URBAN REALMS MODEL

SPATIAL ECONOMY(COMPONENTS)

ACTIVITIES OR SECTORS Primary (Raw Materials) Secondary (Manufacturing) Tertiary (Services) Quaternary (Information) Quinary (Management)

Agriculture in the US

A Macro Von Thünen Model

INDUSTRIAL LOCATION FACTORS

Location of raw materials Labor availability Energy availability Location of market Transportation

•Relative importance of factors change•INDIVIDUAL SECTORS•NATURE OF THE ECONOMY

Remember…Alfred Weber?

NORTH AMERICAN MANUFACTURING BELT

North America - I(CHAPTER 3: 149-171)