notes: ch 43, part 2 - immunity in health and disease
TRANSCRIPT
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NOTES: CH 43, part 2 - Immunity in Health and Disease
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PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
● PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE: the first reaction / response to an antigen (first exposure)
during this response, antibodies are produced for several weeks
antibodies first show up within 5-10 days
some B cells remain dormant as MEMORY CELLS
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SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
● SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE: the second response (exposure) to an antigen
rapid response due to memory cells produced during the first exposure
antibodies produced within a day or two
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CLASSIFICATION OF IMMUNITY
1) ACTIVE IMMUNITY
● when the person produces an immune response (including memory cells) to the antigen
● a result of direct exposure to the antigen
● long-lasting (memory cells)
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ACTIVE IMMUNITY…
NATURALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY: person is directly exposed to the pathogen, develops a disease, and acquires immunity
ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY: person receives a vaccine
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VACCINES…**A VACCINE consists of bacteria or
viruses that have been weakened or killed so they a cannot cause a serious infection; or could include a toxin that has been chemically altered to destroy its toxic effects
-includes antigens that stimulate a primary immune response but does not produce the severe symptoms of disease
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2) PASSIVE IMMUNITY
● person receives antibodies
produced by another
individual
● since the person does not produce the immune response themselves, this is short-term only (as long as the antibodies remain in the blood)
● the person remains vulnerable to the antigen if exposed at a later date
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PASSIVE IMMUNITYNATURALLY ACQUIRED
PASSIVE IMMUNITY: fetus acquires limited immunity from mother through placenta and/or breast milk (colostrum)
ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY: person receives an injection of antiserum collected from a person who has already developed immunity against a particular disease
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ALLERGIC REACTIONS● excessive and misdirected
immune responses that may damage tissue
● triggered by antigens known as ALLERGENS
● the immune system attacks a nonharmful substance, such as chocolate
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ALLERGIC REACTIONS1) Delayed-reaction allergy: results from repeated
exposure of the skin to certain chemicals (e.g. household chemicals, cosmetics)
● T cells and macrophages collect and release chemicals that cause
eruptions and
inflammation
(DERMATITIS)
● “delayed” because it takes
about 48 hours to
develop
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ALLERGIC REACTIONS2) Immediate-reaction
allergy: an inborn ability to overproduce IgE antibodies in response to certain antigens/allergens
(i.e. pollen, pet dander, etc.)
● occurs within minutes of contact with allergen
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Immediate-reaction allergy results from mast cells bursting and
releasing allergy chemicals such as HISTAMINE
causes blood vessels to dilate, tissues swell, contraction of bronchial and intestinal smooth muscles, increased mucus production
the released chemicals cause allergy symptoms such as: hives, hay fever, asthma, eczema, or gastric disturbances
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Extreme allergies…
**severe example of immediate-reaction allergy: ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK!
● mast cells throughout the body release histamine
● severe drop in blood pressure (could lose consciousness and possibly die)
● person must receive an injection of epinephrine (adrenaline) to restore blood pressure
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TRANSPLANTATION and TISSUE REJECTION
● TISSUE REJECTION REACTION: when a transplant recipient’s immune system reacts against the donated tissue/organ
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● to minimize tissue rejection:
match donor and recipient tissues
use immunosuppressive drugs (help with transplant acceptance, but may increase the recipient’s risk of infection)
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AUTOIMMUNITY / AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS:
● the immune system manufactures AUTOANTIBODIES (antibodies that attack a person’s own body tissues)
● may result from a previous viral infection, faulty T-cell development, or reaction to a nonself antigen that resembles a self antigen
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Examples of Autoimmune Disorders:
Lupus erythematous
Rheumatoid arthritis
Insulin-dependent diabetes
Multiple sclerosis
Heart valve damage
Grave’s disease
Rheumatic fever
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Immunodeficiency disease: affected individual is deficient in either humoral or cell-mediated immune defenses
Examples:
SCID
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
some viral infections (e.g. AIDS)
physical / emotional stress can compromise immune system
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AIDS
caused by retrovirus: HIV
affected individuals are highly susceptible to opportunistic diseases, infections, cancers
two major strains: HIV-1 and HIV-2
HIV infects TH cells, which carry CD-4
receptors on other surface
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*HIV-positive = tests positive for presence of HIV-antibodies
*AIDS = late stage of HIV infection
-defined by reduced T-cell population
-appearance of secondary infections
-takes average of 10 years to reach this stage
-viral load also good indicator
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Secondary Infections
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Transmission of HIV: transfer of body fluids: blood, semen most commonly via unprotected sex
and unsterilized needles transmission during fetal development
occurs in 25% of HIV-infected mothers
blood transfusions (decline in incidence with screening procedures)
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Drug therapies include:
DNA-synthesis inhibitors reverse transcriptase inhibitors (e.g.
AZT) protease inhibitors drugs to fight opportunistic infections
(helps ease symptoms of secondary infections)