november 2010 volume 59 number 9 itvtab (issn 0018...

NOVEMBER 2010 VOLUME 59 NUMBER 9 ITVTAB (ISSN 0018-9545)

REGULAR PAPERS

Channel Models

On SpaceYFrequency Correlation of UWB MIMO Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X. Hong, C.-X. Wang, J. Thompson, B. Allen, W. Q. Malik, and X. Ge 4201

Analytical Approach to Model the Fade Depth and the Fade Margin in UWB Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. Llano, J. Reig, and L. Rubio 4214

On the Feasibility of Wireless Shadowing Correlation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. S. Szyszkowicz, H. Yanikomeroglu, and J. S. Thompson 4222

Communications Circuits and Systems

Novel Antenna System Design for Satellite Mobile Multimedia Service . . . . . . . Y.-B. Jung, S.-Y. Eom, and S.-I. Jeon 4237

Transportation Systems

Field Measurement on Simple Vehicle-Mounted Antenna System Using a Geostationary Satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basari, K. Saito, M. Takahashi, and K. Ito 4248

Two-Filter Smoothing for Accurate INS/GPS Land-Vehicle Navigation in Urban Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. Liu, S. Nassar, and N. El-Sheimy 4256

String-Stable CACC Design and Experimental Validation: A Frequency-Domain Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. J. L. Naus, R. P. A. Vugts, J. Ploeg, M. J. G. van de Molengraft, and M. Steinbuch 4268

Magnetic Analysis of Switched Reluctance Actuators in Levitated Linear Transporters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z. G. Sun, N. C. Cheung, S. W. Zhao, and W.-C. Gan 4280

Vehicular Electronics

Satellite Selection Method for Multi-Constellation GNSS Using Convex Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. Blanco-Delgado and F. D. Nunes 4289

Wireless Communications

OFDM With Iterative Blind Channel Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . S. A. Banani and R. G. Vaughan 4298

The Feasibility of Interference Alignment Over Measured MIMO-OFDM Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. El Ayach, S. W. Peters, and R. W. Heath, Jr. 4309

A Class of Spectrum-Sensing Schemes for Cognitive Radio Under Impulsive Noise Circumstances: Structure and

Performance in Nonfading and Fading Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . H. G. Kang, I. Song, S. Yoon, and Y. H. Kim 4322

A Joint Power and Subchannel Allocation Scheme Maximizing System Capacity in Indoor Dense Mobile

Communication Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. Kim and D.-H. Cho 4340

Measurement-Based Performance Evaluation of MIMO HSDPA . . . . . . . . . C. Mehlfuhrer, S. Caban, and M. Rupp 4354

Distributed Cooperative Precoder Selection for Interference Alignment . . . . . . . . . V. Nagarajan and B. Ramamurthi 4368

MIMO Two-Way Amplify-and-Forward Relaying With Imperfect Receiver CSI . . . . A. Y. Panah and R. W. Heath, Jr. 4377

(Contents Continued on Back Cover)

basari

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(Contents Continued from Front Cover)

Scaled Selection Combining Based Cooperative Diversity System With Decode and Forward Relaying . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. D. Selvaraj and R. K. Mallik 4388

Fractionally Spaced Frequency-Domain MMSE Receiver for OFDM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q. Shi, L. Liu, Y. L. Guan, and Y. Gong 4400

Coding-Assisted Blind MIMO Separation and Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X. Zhao and M. Davies 4408

Wireless Networks

Investigating the Gaussian Convergence of the Distribution of the Aggregate Interference Power in Large Wireless

Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. Aljuaid and H. Yanikomeroglu 4418

Active Route-Guiding Protocols for Resisting Obstacles in Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.-Y. Chang, C.-T. Chang, Y.-C. Chen, and S.-C. Lee 4425

Prediction-Based Topology Control and Routing in Cognitive Radio Mobile Ad Hoc Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q. Guan, F. R. Yu, S. Jiang, and G. Wei 4443

Statistical Control Approach for Sleep-Mode Operations in IEEE 802.16m Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.-H. Hsu, K.-T. Feng, and C.-J. Chang 4453

Distributed Fair Scheduling for Wireless Mesh Networks Using IEEE 802.11 . . . . . . . . . . J. Lee, H. Yoon, and I. Yeom 4467

Network Coding for Two-Way Relaying Networks Over Rayleigh Fading Channels . . . . . . W. Li, J. Li, and P. Fan 4476

Relay Selection With Network Coding in Two-Way Relay Channels . . . . . . . Y. Li, R. H. Y. Louie, and B. Vucetic 4489

Energy-Efficient Optimal Opportunistic Forwarding for Delay-Tolerant Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y. Li, Y. Jiang, D. Jin, L. Su, L. Zeng, and D. Wu 4500

Efficient Recovery Control Channel Design in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. F. Lo, I. F. Akyildiz, and A. M. Al-Dhelaan 4513

Comparison of Strategies for Signaling of Scheduling Assignments in Wireless OFDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. Moosavi, J. Eriksson, E. G. Larsson, N. Wiberg, P. Frenger, and F. Gunnarsson 4527

Reliability-Based Adaptive Distributed Classification in Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.-T. Pai 4543

VoIP CapacityVAnalysis, Improvements, and Limits in IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN . . . . K. O. Stoeckigt and H. L. Vu 4553

Delay-Constrained Optimal Link Scheduling in Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . . Q. Wang, D. O. Wu, and P. Fan 4564

TCP Congestion Window Adaptation Through Contention Detection in Ad Hoc Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X. M. Zhang, W. B. Zhu, N. N. Li, and D. K. Sung 4578

A Unified MAC and Routing Framework for Multichannel Multi-interface Ad Hoc Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. Zhu, X. Wang, and D. Xu 4589

CORRESPONDENCE

On the Exact and Asymptotic SER of Receive Diversity With Multiple Amplify-and-Forward Relays . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. Elkashlan, P. L. Yeoh, R. H. Y. Louie, and I. B. Collings 4602

Dynamically Reconfigurable Relay Communications With Multiple Radio Access Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J.-p. Hong and W. Choi 4608

Low-Complexity Data-Detection Algorithm in Cooperative SFBC-OFDM Systems With Multiple Frequency

Offsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q. Huang, M. Ghogho, D. Ma, and J. Wei 4614

Relay Selection for Two-Way Relay Channels With MABC DF: A Diversity Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . I. Krikidis 4620

Simplified Maximum-Likelihood Precoder Selection for Spatial Multiplexing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J.-H. Lee, S.-Y. Jung, and D. Park 4628

A Minimum-Complexity High-Performance Channel Estimator for MIMO-OFDM Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. Liu, M. Wang, Y. Liang, F. Shu, J. Wang, W. Sheng, and Q. Chen 4634

Power Allocation for Channel Estimation and Performance of Mismatched Decoding in Wireless Relay Networks . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. H. N. Nguyen and H. H. Nguyen 4639

Convergence and Performance of Distributed Power Control Algorithms for Cooperative Relaying in Cellular Uplink

Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y.-K. Song and D. Kim 4645

Fast Kalman Equalization for Time-Frequency Asynchronous Cooperative Relay Networks With Distributed Space-Time

Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.-M. Wang, Q. Yin, and X.-G. Xia 4651

Robust MC-CDMA Channel Tracking for Fast Time-Varying Multipath Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C.-Y. Yang and B.-S. Chen 4658

2010 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Available online at http://ieeexplore.org

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY

EditorWEIHUA ZHUANG

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaPhone: +1 519 888 4567 x35354 Fax: +1 519 746 3077 [email protected]

Associate EditorsM. SHAHGIR AHMED

Daimler Chrysler Corp.Auburn Hills, MI 48326-2757 USA

OZGUR AKAN

Middle East Technical Univ.Ankara, Turkey

NIRWAN ANSARI

New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewark, NJ 07102 USA

SOHEL ANWAR

Purdue School of Engineeringand Technology

Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA

NALLANATHAN ARUMUGAM

King’s College LondonLondon, WC2R 2LS, U.K.

FRANCIS ASSADIAN

Cranfield Univ.Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, U.K.

EDWARD AU

Huawei TechnologiesShenzhen, China

FAN BAI

GM R&D CenterWarren, MI 48090 USA

GERHARD BAUCH

Universität der Bundeswehr MünchenD-85577 Neubiberg, Germany

MOHAMED E. BENBOUZID

Univ. of Western BrittanyBrest Cedex 3, France

ERNST BONEK

Vienna Univ. of TechnologyA-1040 Vienna, Austria

AZZEDINE BOUKERCHE

Univ. of OttawaOttawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada

LIN CAI

Univ. of VictoriaVictoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada

GUOHONG CAO

Pennsylvania State Univ.Univ. Park, PA 16801 USA

SUJEET CHAUDHURI

Univ. of WaterlooWaterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

HSIAO-HWA CHEN

National Cheng Kung Univ.Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.

LIQUN CHEN

Hewlett-Packard LaboratoriesBristol BS34 8QZ, U.K.

YU CHENG

Illinois Institute of TechnologyChicago, IL 60616-3793 USA

CHIA-CHIN CHONG

DOCOMO USA LabsPalo Alto, CA 94304, USA

JOOHWAN CHUN

KAISTDaejon City, Korea

SONG CI

Univ. of NebraskaOmaha, NE 68182 USA

CARMELA COZZO

ViaSat Inc.El Cajon, CA 92020 USA

JING DENG

Univ. of North Carolina at GreensboroGreensboro, NC 27402-6170 USA

KEVIN DENG


DEMBA DIALLO

Univ. Paris-Sud, P11, IUT of Cachan91192 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France

XIAODAI DONG

University of VictoriaVictoria, BC V8W 3P6 Canada

KAZUHIKO FUKAWA

Tokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyo, Japan

YANG GAO

Univ. of CalgaryCalgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada

YOUSSEF GHONEIM


YI GONG

Nanyang Technol. Univ.Singapore 639798

BECHIR HAMDAOUI

Oregon State Univ.Corvallis, OR 97331, USA

WALAA HAMOUDA

Concordia Univ.Montreal, PQ H3G 1M8, Canada

HOSSAM S. HASSANEIN

Queen’s Univ.Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada

OLIVER HOLLAND

King’s College LondonLondon, WC2R 2LS, U.K.

JIN HUR

Univ. of UlsanUlsan, 680-749, Korea

CHRISTIAN IBARS

CTTCBarcelona, Spain

ABBAS JAMALIPOUR

Univ. of SydneySydney, N.S.W. 2006, Australia

RIKU JÄNTTI

Helsinki Univ. of TechnologyFI-02015 TKK, Finland

HAI JIANG

Univ. of AlbertaEdmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada

NEI KATO

Tohoku Univ.Sendai, 980-8579 Japan

ALIREZA KHALIGH

Illinois Institute of TechnologyChicago, IL 60616-3793 USA

WITOLD KRZYMIEN

Univ. of AlbertaEdmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada

THOMAS KÜRNER

Braunschweig Technical Univ.Braunschweig, Germany

REZA LANGARI

Texas A&M Univ.College Station, TX 77843 USA

PETER LANGENDÖRFER

IHP GmbHFrankfurt, Germany

SHU HUNG LEUNG

City Univ. of Hong KongKowloon, Hong Kong

LI LI

Communications Research CentreOttawa, ON K2H 8S2, Canada

YING CHANG LIANG

Inst. for Infocomm Res., A*STARSingapore 119613

CHUANG LIN

Tsinghua Univ.Beijing, China

HAI LIN

Osaka Prefecture Univ.Osaka, Japan

JIA-CHIN LIN

National Central Univ.Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C.

PHONE LIN

National Taiwan Univ.Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.

YI-BING (JASON) LIN

National Chiao Tung Univ.Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.

CONG LING

Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ, U.K.

HUAPING LIU

Oregon State Univ.Corvallis, OR 97331 USA

HSIAO-FENG LU

National Chiao Tung Univ.Hsinchu, Taiwan

YAO MA

Iowa State Univ.Ames, IA 50011 USA

DAVID MATOLAK

Ohio Univ.Athens, OH 45701 USA

CHRIS (CHUNTING) MI

Univ. of Michigan—DearbornDearborn, MI 48128 USA

JELENA MISIC

Univ. of ManitobaWinnipeg, BC R3T 2N2, Canada

HA H. NGUYEN

Univ. of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada

CLAUDE OESTGES

Université catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, B-1348 Belgium

ROBERT QIU

Tennessee Technological Univ.Cookeville, TN 38505 USA

ROBERT SCHOBER

Univ. of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada

YU TED SU

National Chiao Tung Univ.Hsinchu, Taiwan

TARIK TALEB

NEC Europe LimitedHeidelberg, Germany

TOMOHIKO TANIGUCHI

Fujitsu Laboratories LimitedKanagawa, 239-0847, Japan

ANDREA M. TONELLO

Universita di UdineUdine, 33100, Italy

XIANBIN WANG

Univ. of Western OntarioLondon, ON N6A 3K7, Canada

SHUANGQING WEI

Louisiana State Univ.Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA

KAINAM T. WONG

Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ.Kowloon, Hong Kong

VINCENT WONG

Univ. of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada

JINGXIAN WU

Univ. of ArkansasFayetteville, AR 72701 USA

MICHEL YACOUB

DECOM/FEEC/UNICAMPCampinas, Brazil

LIE-LIANG YANG

Univ. of SouthamptonSouthampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.

CHAU YUEN

Singapore Univ. of Technol. & DesignSingapore 279623

ZHENGQING YUN

Univ. of Hawaii at ManoaHonolulu, HI 96822 USA

KAMBIZ ZANGI

Ericsson ResearchResearch Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA

XI ZHANG

Texas A&M Univ.College Station, TX 77843 USA

YANCHAO ZHANG

Arizona State University TempeTempe, AZ 85287-7206 USA

DONGMEI ZHAO

McMaster Univ.Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada

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Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TVT.2010.2089930

4248 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 59, NO. 9, NOVEMBER 2010

Field Measurement on Simple Vehicle-MountedAntenna System Using a Geostationary Satellite

Basari, Student Member, IEEE, Kazuyuki Saito, Member, IEEE,Masaharu Takahashi, Senior Member, IEEE, and Koichi Ito, Fellow, IEEE

Abstract—This paper presents a field measurement of a simpleantenna system mounted on a vehicle by utilizing a geostationarytest satellite called Engineering Test Satellite VIII (ETS-VIII). Ourdeveloped antenna system is compact, lightweight, and promisingfor low-cost production. The antenna system is constructed by a16-cm patch array antenna, which has simple satellite trackingthat is controlled by a control unit as the vehicle’s bearing isupdated from a navigation system in real time. A Global Position-ing System (GPS) module is utilized for the navigation system toprovide accurate information of the vehicle’s position and bearingduring traveling. A control unit is provided as antenna-beamcontrol and measured-data acquisition. We thoroughly examinethe developed system in field measurements under open fieldareas and blockage areas in order to evaluate the propagationcharacteristics caused by utility poles, pedestrian overpasses, andvegetation-covered roads. In this measurement, the received signalpower and the average bit error rate (BER) are simultaneouslyretrieved. Steadily received levels and average BER are satis-factorily attained during satellite tracking in open field areas.Moreover, the fade characteristics and average BER performanceare also investigated during signal blockage. The results show thatdifferent environments give different degrees of attenuation, whichaffects the BER performance in terms of fade depth. Ultimately,our proposed antenna system can contribute to the design of futurecost-effective mobile satellite communications.

Index Terms—Antenna system, bit error rate (BER), mobile sat-ellite measurement, patch antennas, propagation characteristics.

I. INTRODUCTION

MOBILE communications provided by satellite systemshave widely developed in a range of operational sys-

tems for either domestic or global communications purposes.Mobile satellite communications offers the benefits of trueglobal coverage, reaching into both remote and populated areas.This has made them popular for niche markets such as newsreporting and marine, military, and disaster relief services. Inorder to challenge the great advantages of mobile satellite com-munications, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)launched the geostationary satellite called Engineering Test

Manuscript received April 11, 2010; revised July 27, 2010; acceptedJuly 28, 2010. Date of publication August 16, 2010; date of current versionNovember 12, 2010. This work was supported in part by the Strategic Infor-mation and Communications R & D Promotion Programme for Grant-in-Aidfor Scientific Research under Project 061203004. The review of this paper wascoordinated by Prof. S. K. Chaudhuri.

Basari and K. Ito are with the Graduate School of Engineering,Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan (e-mail: [email protected];[email protected]).

K. Saito and M. Takahashi are with the Research Center for FrontierMedical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan (e-mail:[email protected]; [email protected]).


Satellite (ETS-VIII) in 2006. The ETS-VIII was conducted forvarious experiments in Japan and surrounding areas to verifymobile satellite communications functions [1]. In addition, thesatellite communications system would help rescue efforts indisaster areas by allowing the collection of information morepromptly, especially if ground/terrestrial communications facil-ities are damaged or in areas without advanced communicationsinfrastructure such as rural and isolated areas. The satellitehad three years worth of mission tests for field measurement.We were enrolled in the experimental use of the ETS-VIII,especially in land vehicle applications.

In terms of an antenna system for vehicle-based application,recently developed antenna systems are huge and bulky wherethe antenna is mechanically steered. This type of antennasystem is heavy, consumes a lot of power, and has a lowtracking speed, owing to the use of electric motors responsiblefor mechanical steering [2]–[4]. An alternative solution is aplanar phased-array antenna, which performs beam steering byelectronic means [5]–[7]. However, the use of phase shifters forbeam forming is quite expensive, owing to their large-quantityrequirement. Such phase shifters need to be properly designedin order to avoid beam squinting, in which the beam directionmay considerably differ at receive and transmit frequencies.Moreover, nonlinear effects from the electronic phase shifterand switches generate the noise problem in a phased-arrayantenna [5].

In order to realize a simple, small, and low-cost antennasystem, we develop a new antenna system by designing acompact and lightweight electronic-tracking antenna, combinedwith a simple open-loop tracking method by using a GlobalPositioning System (GPS)-gyro module and a simple data-acquisition program for field measurement campaign [8], [9].The antenna system consists of a new structure of an activeintegrated patch array antenna that is developed with no phaseshifter circuit, realizing a light and low-profile antenna systemfor reliable operation and high-speed beam-scanning perfor-mance. This antenna system has a simple tracking capability,which is controlled by a control unit as the vehicle’s bearingis updated from a navigation system (i.e., GPS-gyro module)in real time. Next, the antenna system is installed on top of avehicle to track the satellite during its travel, as shown in Fig. 1.

Two major issues in land-mobile satellite communicationsare blockage and shadowing of the satellite signal and mul-tipath fading. Owing to a small link margin in most land-mobile satellite communication systems, reflected signals aretoo weak to be used for communication. Therefore, satel-lite communication services will not be available when the

0018-9545/$26.00 © 2010 IEEE

BASARI et al.: MEASUREMENT ON VEHICLE-MOUNTED ANTENNA SYSTEM USING GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE 4249

Fig. 1. Antenna system architecture.

line-of-sight signal is blocked by buildings, trees, or mountains.A cost-effective land-mobile satellite communication systemthus cannot be designed unless we have adequate informationabout the propagation characteristics of shadowing and mul-tipath fading. Furthermore, in terms of data communications,the characteristics of bit error rate (BER) impairment dueto blockage and shadowing in mobile satellite link are alsorequired to be provided to maintain the desired average BERduring data communications.

Some field mobile measurements derived from the satellitehave been carried out, especially for the evaluation of thepropagation impairment due to blockage, i.e., shadowing ofroadside trees [10], [11] by using low-gain omnidirectionalantennas. However, it employed a quite bulky antenna, whichled to some difficulties when applied to a small car. Addition-ally, with such antennas, owing to their wide beam coverage,the antennas transmit to and receive from undesired signals,allowing more interference and fading effects to and from othersystems. Meanwhile, several tracking antennas [12], [13] werereported when some vehicles moved in the azimuth direction.However, in case of the automatic beam tracking under line-of-sight condition where the vehicle traced a circular path,incorrect selection of tracking was detected at certain azimuthangles, leading to lost of coverage. In addition, in most satellitemeasurements, BER characteristics in various conditions werenot reported yet.

Therefore, this paper mainly concerns the field measurementthat has been conducted in various environments in Japan byusing our robust developed vehicle-mounted antenna systemto verify its validity and precisely the quality of the receivedsatellite signal to communicate through the ETS-VIII satel-lite. In addition, in order to grasp the characteristics of thereceived satellite signal impairment, we thoroughly examinethe propagation characteristics under dominantly direct waves(Ricean fading environment) and blockage wave areas (includ-ing shadowing by trees) as well. Meanwhile, owing to a fewinvestigations on BER performance, we also simultaneouslyobserve the average BER for digital communication undervarious conditions.

This paper is organized as follows: In Section II, we brieflydescribe our experimental system, including antenna specifi-cation and vehicle-mounted configuration. In Section III, theresults of our measurements are presented, dealing with variousenvironments, and we offer analysis regarding the receivedsignal power, error rate, and fade characteristics. Finally, in

Fig. 2. Patch array antenna structure. Parameters: cpar − Rx = 19.7 mm,cpar − Tx = 9.7 mm, cfed − Rx = 18.7 mm, and cfed − Tx = 8.7 mm.The spacing between Rx elements is 0.77 λ0, and that between Tx elementsis 0.64 λ0.

Section IV, we conclude by noting that our proposed systemis of low profile and is promising for forthcoming land-mobilesatellite applications.

II. EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM

A. Antenna System Specification

The antenna system is developed for S-band operation to pro-vide voice/data communication through the ETS-VIII, whichis assumed to be used in Tokyo and its vicinity (El = 48◦).As for the array antenna configuration, it is 120◦ sequentiallyphysically rotated and set at an equal distance between eachelement, following a circular path. With such an alignment,each element is fed in-phase, allowing their relative phase tobe physically shifted. The feeding of each antenna element issuccessively turned off by controlling the onboard-switchingcircuit, and thus, the whole azimuth range can be scanned insteps of 120◦. Three beams can be generated to cover all of theazimuth angles. The beam is generated in the azimuth plane at−90◦ from the element that is turned off. As a result, if eachelement, i.e., elements 1, 2, and 3 are turned off, the beamis generated in the direction of Az = 0◦, 120◦, and 240◦ [8],respectively, as shown in Fig. 1. In addition, satellite trackingis conducted in the azimuth plane, regardless of the elevationdirection, owing to the antenna gain being predicted to bequite enough to communicate with the geostationary satellite,as calculated in the link budget [9].

The antenna system is mainly operated by a control unit (thistime, we use a laptop PC), allowing the antenna beam to beautomatically steered. The beam forming of array antenna isgenerated by providing three bias voltages to switch on andoff the p-i-n diodes on the onboard-switching circuit; thus, twoelements of the array can be correctly fed, and afterward, adesired beam is created among three selectable beams. As theETS VIII satellite lies south of the Japanese archipelago, theantenna beam is invariably controlled in the south direction [9].

The structure of the fabricated antenna is shown in Figs. 2and 3. In principle, the antenna is of dual-frequency use,with three patches for the receiving antenna and another threepatches for the transmitting antenna. The antenna is composed


Fig. 3. Fabricated antenna for field measurement.

of three layers, i.e., parasitic elements with air gap (layer 1), fedelements (layer 2), and switching circuit (layer 3). The fed ele-ments are six pentagonal patches that are directly excited fromthe feeding line on layer 3. The parasitic elements at layer 1consist of six isosceles triangular patches, where each patchposition is respected to each fed patch at layer 2, in order toenhance gain and bandwidth of the antenna. The air gap isinserted at an area between the fed and parasitic element tomatch with 50-Ω input impedance. The antenna can excite twonear-degenerate orthogonal modes of equal amplitudes and 90◦

phase difference for left-handed circular polarization operation.The axial ratio is obtained by adjusting the feeding point offed element, air gap height, and parasitic element dimension.However, when the isosceles length of the parasitic patch is setby a ratio of 0.98 to another side, a good axial ratio is obtained.Furthermore, with such a design, the antenna becomes dimen-sionally compact. The antenna is fabricated by a conventionalsubstrate with low permittivity and dissipation loss (εr = 2.17;tan δ = 0.0009). The overall dimension of the manufacturedantenna is 160 mm in diameter and 7.2 mm in height, whichis sufficient space for installation on the car’s roof and coveredby a radome for consideration of an aerodynamic design.

Fig. 4(a) shows the measured-radiation characteristics ofa single beam (i.e., 2Off beam), in terms of co- and cross-polarization in the elevation direction for the receiving (Rx)and transmitting (Tx) elements. The peak beam is directed toapproximately El = 60◦ with a 3-dB beamwidth of about 40◦

for both Rx and Tx. The target co-polarization gain is achievedby more than 5 dBic at El = 48◦ with significantly low cross-polarization gain. Fig. 4(b) shows the measured-radiation char-acteristics in the azimuth direction for the Rx and Tx elements.We take a measurement at El = 48◦ for a single beam (2Offbeam). The co-polarization gain is more than 5 dBic with lowcross-polarization gain for both Rx and Tx. In addition, the3-dB beamwidth is achieved by 160◦. Hence, with three se-lectable beams, we can switch them to cover all azimuth anglesby 120◦ with sufficient expected gain.

B. Measurement Configuration

As reported in [14], a large deployable reflector (LDR)antenna that was installed on the ETS-VIII satellite could notbe used because of an improper situation at the power supply ofa low-noise amplifier (PS-LNA); thus, our field measurement

Fig. 4. Radiation characteristics of the array antenna in the elevation andazimuth directions for the receiving and transmitting elements. (a) Radiationcharacteristics in the elevation direction for the Rx and Tx elements (2Offbeam). (b) Radiation characteristics in the azimuth direction for the Rx andTx elements (2Off beam).

was conducted by using a high-accuracy clock (HAC) receivingantenna with a lower gain of 25 dBi, instead of 43.80 dBi ofthe LDR antenna. Therefore, our measurement campaign wasassigned only for forward link, i.e., from ground fixed-station(transmitter) to vehicle (receiver) through the ETS-VIII satellite[9]. In this case, at the transmitter, we boosted the transmittedsignal by using a 22.40-dBi-gain parabolic antenna. Afterward,we simultaneously measured the received signal power andaverage BER at the receiver. The received signal power wasretrieved from the intermediate frequency signal of the handsetterminal. Configuration of measurement is represented by ablock diagram in Fig. 5.


Fig. 5. Block diagram of the experimental setup for field measurement.

As shown in Fig. 5, our patch antenna is connected with twohandsets by a 3-dB hybrid, and output signals from the handsetare measured by a spectrum analyzer (Agilent E4403B) anda BER analyzer (Anritsu MD6420A) for the received signalpower and average BER measurement, respectively. Owing tothe decrease in the received signal power by 3 dB, therefore,we utilize a low-noise amplifier (LNA) in order to compensatesuch impairment signals; thus, the carrier-to-noise-density ratio(C/N0) is enough to carry out the measurement. All mea-surement equipment are installed inside the vehicle, and theradome-covered patch antenna is mounted on the roof; thus,the antenna is protected from rain, snow, or wind hindrance.The measurement campaign is conducted in Kashima, IbarakiPrefecture and Chiba Prefecture, Japan. The description ofexperimental system parameters is listed in Table I.

Furthermore, binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)-modulatedpseudo-noise sequences (PN-code) are utilized to evaluate theaverage BER performance, owing to its simplicity, adequatenoise resistance, and suitability for a low data rate. The targetBER in the line of sight is predicted by 10−4 for 8 kb/s of datarate, as described in Table I.

III. MEASUREMENT RESULTS

The measurement sites are selected for some specified ar-eas, i.e., open field areas and blockage (such as utility poles,pedestrian bridges, and vegetation) areas. The former sitemeasurement aims to verify the validity and quality of theantenna system, whereas the later one is carried out to provideinformation about the propagation characteristics and error-rateimpairment due to blocking and shadowing. The measurementresults are presented in the next section.

A. Measurement in Open Field Areas

We carefully conducted the measurement in the direct-waveenvironment without obstacles present. In some different areas,the measurement was performed to validate our developed au-tomatic tracking system. Here, the measurements in the circularpath at rotary and the straight path on the coastal road arepresented.

TABLE IPARAMETERS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM

Fig. 6. Received signal power and average BER when the vehicle turns in acircular path at the rotary and tracks the satellite. (Solid line) Received signalpower in terms of carrier-to-noise-density ratio (C/N0). (Dotted line) AverageBER value with respect to the received signal power.

Received Signal Power and Average BER: The antenna sys-tem is mainly developed to automatically track the satellite. Asstated earlier in Section II, three selectable beams can be uti-lized for satellite tracking; hence, we carry out the measurementin the circular path. While the vehicle is traveling in the circularpath by 10 km/h, the beam of the antenna is electronicallysteered, working toward the satellite associated with vehicle’sorientation. Three antenna beams are smoothly switched tothe satellite for each beam coverage in the azimuth direction,as shown in Fig. 6. Sufficient C/N0 is obtained to maintainthe fluctuated average BER in the range of 3.5−6.5 × 10−4.Moreover, in comparison with the theoretical BPSK signal,the BER value is higher than the theoretical target becauseits required C/N0 to attain the target BER value is higher.Such a BER performance is also caused by the elevation


Fig. 7. Average BER performance of automatic satellite tracking in differentopen field sites. Here, a near and a far site from the coastal area are comparedwith the BPSK modulation theoretical value.

Fig. 8. Cumulative distribution of the received signal power for measurementresults in open field areas.

angle of the satellite relative to the ground mobile station [15].This result is clearly shown in Fig. 7, where the measurementresults exist at the right side of the theoretical BER, whichindicates imperfections in the filtering part of the BPSK signaldetector [16].

Cumulative Distribution of Received Signal Power: Fig. 8shows the cumulative distributions of the received signal pow-ers for open-field-area measurements. The ordinate indicatesthe probability that the received signal power is less thanthe abscissa. A straight line of the ordinate shows a Riceandistribution with a large-enough Ricean factor, which is definedas the power ratio of the direct wave to field-reflected diffusewaves [17] as follows:

K = 10 logA2

2σ2[dB] (1)

where K is the Ricean factor, A2 is the deterministic signalpower, and σ2 is the variance of the diffuse waves. From thesemeasurements, the K factors are 17.37 and 16.25 dB for lawnfield and coastal road measurements, respectively. The latterone is smaller since some utility poles, trees, and factories arepresent in the surroundings of the coastal road, allowing moremultipath signals.

B. Measurement Under Blockage Areas

In blockage areas, we thoroughly evaluated the effects ofobstacle objects such as a pedestrian overpass, an electric pole,and vegetation with the foliage density, particularly on the re-ceived signal power and link qualities of the antenna in terms ofthe average error rate and the fade depth. This section providesan example of the overpass blocking and tree shadowing.

Fig. 9. Measurement for evaluating blockage signal due to overpass or pedes-trian bridge. (a) Measurement layout. (b) Received signal power and averageBER (Case: northwest (NW) roadway).

Received Signal Power and Average BER: Fig. 9 showsthe instantaneous received signal power defined in C/N0 withrespect to its average BER, when the satellite signal is partlyblocked by a pedestrian bridge, as shown in Fig. 9(a). In thismeasurement, the vehicle runs by at approximately 30 km/h ontwo opposite roadways with the direct-wave satellite signal be-ing predominantly received. However, when the vehicle movesthrough the pedestrian bridge, a quick blocked signal occurs,allowing an abruptly decayed signal and suddenly increasingthe average BER, as shown in Fig. 9(b). Nonetheless, there isno significant worse error rate since the blocking time is tooshort. In fact, wider overpasses or even tunnels will drop thesignal for a longer time and deeply worsen the error rate.

As for the shadowing by trees, the received signal is atten-uated slightly longer, causing more fluctuation in the signaland making the error rate worse. In this measurement, we areconcerned with the vegetation density effect on the receivedsatellite signal by running the vehicle beside roadside trees ata speed of 10 km/h. Two cases, i.e., sparse foliage vegetationand dense foliage vegetation, are evaluated. The results showthat the density of the tree’s foliage gives different degreesof attenuation, allowing different BER performances. As anexample of sparse foliage shadowing, as shown in Fig. 10, theaverage BER remains approximately within 10−3, even thoughthe C/N0 gradually gets worse. On the contrary, dense foliagetrees attenuate the received satellite signal deeper than sparsefoliage ones. The average BER suddenly drops in significantvalue to be 10−2. Moreover, we also investigate the receivedsignal quality that is affected by the distance between thetree and the vehicle. The measurement results show deeperattenuation as the vehicle moves closer to the trees, especiallywhen dense foliage is present, yielding worse quality. In fact,the vegetation type is also another factor that affects the qualityof the received signal [18].


Fig. 10. Measurement for evaluating the shadowing signal due to vegetationfoliage density (Case: sparse foliage deciduous vegetation). (a) Measurementlayout. (b) Received signal power and average BER (for lane 1).

Fig. 11. Fade probability due to the utility pole and foliage vegetation density,compared with the nonfade signal.

Fig. 12. Fade probability due to the vegetation density of the roadside treeswith and without canopy, compared with the prediction value of the EERSmodel by ITU-R Recommendation [20] at a frequency of 2.50 GHz.

Fade Characteristics: Several studies [10], [11], [19] andrecommendations [20] have indicated that the fade depth char-acteristics for land-mobile satellite links could be representedby cumulative fade distributions. Here, we presented the block-age measurement results reported in the previous section interms of cumulative fade distribution. Figs. 11 and 12 indicated

the fade probability of the received satellite signal impairmentdue to tree shadowing and blocking.

Fig. 11 shows the fade distribution with respect to the fadedepth caused by utility pole and trees, compared with the line-of-sight signal. The fade probability of 10% is about 7 dBfor single pole and sparse foliage blockage, whereas the densefoliage gives 11 dB of fade. Nonetheless, as for the line-of-sight measurement, the fade probability of 10% is less than4 dB due to multipath signals from the surrounding environ-ment. The pole blockage is quite similar with the sparse foliageone, meaning that most of the fades in the sparse foliageenvironment are contributed by branches and twigs.

The dense foliage fade probability tends to be in lognormaldistribution (i.e., more sloping curve), indicating that moreshadowing happens rather than that of the sparse foliage. Addi-tionally, as for the tree shadowing, when the vehicle is situatedat a farther distance from the trees, a fade probability of below20% is much less than that closer to the trees.

In the current mobile satellite experiment, we also executea measurement concerning on the effect of vegetation densityof the roadside trees with and without canopy in terms offade characteristics. The results are shown in Fig. 12. Allfade probability curves are almost horizontal, which indicateslognormal distribution where the shadowing mainly occurs.Compared with roadside trees without canopy, the trees withcanopy give about 2–5 dB higher fade for a fade probabilityof 20%. Moreover, since the optical shadowing is more than75% and the earth-satellite path is not a fully orthogonalpath, our measurement results are a little bit different fromthe prediction values by using an extended empirical roadsideshadowing (EERS) model by ITU-R Recommendation at adownlink frequency of 2.50 GHz [20]. Nevertheless, the fadeuncertainty of our measurements is within 5 dB for probabilityin the range of 10%–80% of roadside trees without canopy andsuits the prediction model.

C. Measurement at an Inclined Road

Our antenna system azimuthally tracked the satellite, regard-less of its elevation to the satellite; thus, it was required to dealwith a real environment for mobile satellite application. Hence,we tested the antenna system at an inclined road, as shown inFig. 13(a). The vehicle ran by 10 km/h on the 10◦ inclined road,where the satellite was situated in the upward direction.

Received Signal Power, Average BER, and Its CumulativeDistribution: Fig. 13(b) shows an example of the instantaneousreceived signal power in terms of C/N0 with respect to its av-erage BER for upward measurement. The average BER is keptwithin 6−8 × 10−4 and 2−5 × 10−3 for upward and downwardmeasurements, respectively. The upward measurement showsa received signal that is 2 dB higher than the downward one,as shown in Fig. 13(c). The reason is because the antennahas a peak gain at El = 60◦, and its gain increases as theelevation angle increases, whereas the measurement is heldat El = 48◦. Upward motion increases the elevation relativelyto the satellite, which thus raises the signal power and viceversa in the case of downward motion. In addition, fromthis dominantly direct-wave measurement, the Ricean factors


Fig. 13. Measurement for evaluating the received signal characteristics overthe inclined road. (a) Measurement view. (b) Received signal power and averageBER (for upward motion). (c) Cumulative distribution of the received signalpower for upward and downward motions.

are 15.36 and 10.84 dB for upward and downward motions,respectively.

IV. CONCLUSION

We have realized an implementation of new progress inthe antenna system by designing a promising structure andconducting a field satellite measurement to clarify its validityin a real environment. The antenna system is of simple, com-pact, and low-cost system design. The designed antenna hasbeen verified in a chamber measurement with adequate per-formances. It has also been confirmed that the antenna systemcould establish the link well through the satellite. We haveconducted a stationary measurement not just conventionally butalso mainly on a mobile measurement under two major areas,i.e., open field areas and blockage areas, in order to evaluatethe propagation characteristics in terms of C/N0, BER, andfade characteristics that are affected by some main obstaclessuch as utility poles, pedestrian overpasses, and roadside trees.The steadily received signal power and the satisfactory averageBER have been obtained while satellite tracking in line-of-sight areas. Under the blockage areas, from the propagationcharacteristics results, it has been confirmed that different en-

vironments gave different degrees of attenuation in terms offade depth that worsened the BER. These measurement resultswill help us to consider designing a cost-effective land-mobilesatellite communication system. Finally, our developed antennasystem is expected to contribute to future mobile satellitecommunication technology.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank S. I. Yamamoto of theNational Institute of Information and Communications Tech-nology for his valuable help, all of the members of the labora-tory for their invaluable support, and the National Institute ofInformation and Communication Technology Kashima and theJAXA for research collaboration.

REFERENCES

[1] Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Engineering Test Satel-lite (ETS-VIII). [Online]. Available: http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/ets8/index_e.html

[2] A. Kuramoto, T. Yamane, and N. Endo, “Mechanically steered trackingantenna for land mobile satellite communications,” in Proc. IEEE Anten-nas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., Syracuse, NY, 1988, pp. 1314–1317.

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Basari (S’05) was born in Tegal, Indonesia, inNovember 1979. He received the B.E. degree in elec-trical engineering from the University of Indonesia,Jakarta, Indonesia, in 2002 and the M.E. degree inelectrical engineering, in 2008, from Chiba Univer-sity, Chiba, Japan, where he is currently workingtoward the D.E. degree with the Graduate School ofEngineering.

From 2003 to 2004, he was with Radio NetworkPlanning, PT Indonesian Satellite Corporation Tbk(Indosat Co.Ltd), Indonesia. His research interests

include microstrip antennas, array antennas, and antenna systems for mobilesatellite communications.

Mr. Basari is a Student Member of the Institute of Electrical, Information,and Communication Engineers, Japan.

Kazuyuki Saito (S’99–M’01) was born in Nagano,Japan, in May 1973. He received the B.E., M.E., andD.E. degrees from Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, in1996, 1998, and 2001, respectively, all in electronicengineering.

He was a Research Associate from 2001 to 2007and an Assistant Professor from 2007 to 2010 withChiba University. Since August 2010, he has beenan Associate Professor with the Research Centerfor Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University.His research interests are medical applications of the

microwaves, including microwave hyperthermia.Dr. Saito is a member of the Institute of Electrical, Information, and Com-

munication Engineers (IEICE), Japan; the Institute of Image Information andTelevision Engineers of Japan; and the Japanese Society for Thermal Medicine.He was the recipient of the IEICE AP-S Freshman Award, the Award for YoungScientists of the International Union of Radio Science General Assembly, theIEEE AP-S Japan Chapter Young Engineer Award, the Young Researchers’Award of IEICE, and the International Symposium on Antennas and Propa-gation Paper Award in 1997, 1999, 2000, 2004, and 2005, respectively.

Masaharu Takahashi (M’95–SM’02) was born inChiba, Japan, in December 1965. He received theB.E. degree in electrical engineering from TohokuUniversity, Miyagi, Japan, in 1989 and the M.E. andD.E. degrees in electrical engineering from TokyoInstitute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan, in 1991 and1994, respectively.

He was a Research Associate from 1994 to 1996and an Assistant Professor from 1996 to 2000 withMusashi Institute of Technology, Tokyo. From 2000to 2004, he was an Associate Professor with Tokyo

University of Agriculture and Technology. He is currently an Associate Pro-fessor with the Research Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, ChibaUniversity, Chiba, Japan. His main research interests are electrically smallantennas, planar array antennas, and electromagnetic compatibility.

Dr. Takahashi is a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical, Information,and Communication Engineers, Japan. He was the recipient of the IEEEAntennas and Propagation Society Tokyo chapter Young Engineer Awardin 1994.

Koichi Ito (M’81–SM’02–F’05) received the B.S.and M.S. degrees from Chiba University, Chiba,Japan, in 1974 and 1976, respectively, and the D.E.degree from Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo,Japan, in 1985, all in electrical engineering.

From 1976 to 1979, he was a Research Asso-ciate with Tokyo Institute of Technology. From 1979to 1989, he was a Research Associate with ChibaUniversity. From 1989 to 1997, he was an Asso-ciate Professor with the Department of Electrical andElectronics Engineering, Chiba University, where he

is currently a Professor with the Graduate School of Engineering. From 2005to 2009, he was the Deputy Vice President for Research with Chiba University.From 2008 to 2009, he was the Vice Dean of the Graduate School of Engineer-ing, Chiba University. Since April 2009, he has been the appointed Directorof the Research Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University. In1989, 1994, and 1998, he visited the University of Rennes I, Rennes, France, asan Invited Professor. His research interests include the analysis and design ofprinted antennas and small antennas for mobile communications, research onthe evaluation of the interaction between electromagnetic fields and the humanbody by use of numerical and experimental phantoms, microwave antennas formedical applications such as cancer treatment, and antenna systems for body-centric wireless communications.

Prof. Ito is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical, Information, and Communi-cation Engineers and a member of American Association for the Advancementof Science, the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers ofJapan (ITE), and the Japanese Society for Thermal Medicine. He served asChair of the Technical Group on Radio and Optical Transmissions, ITE, from1997 to 2001; Chair of the Technical Committee on Human Phantoms forElectromagnetics, the Institute of Electrical, Information, and CommunicationEngineers (IEICE), from 1998 to 2006; Chair of the IEEE AP-S Japan Chapterfrom 2001 to 2002; Technical Program Committee Co-Chair of the 2006 IEEEInternational Workshop on Antenna Technology (iWAT2006); Vice Chair ofthe 2007 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP2007)in Japan; General Chair of iWAT2008; Co-Chair of ISAP2008; and an Adminis-trative Committee member for the IEEE AP-S from 2007 to 2009. He currentlyserves as an Associate Editor for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS

AND PROPAGATION, a Distinguished Lecturer for the IEEE AP-S, and Chairof the Technical Committee on Antennas and Propagation, IEICE. He has beenappointed as General Chair of ISAP2012 to be held in Nagoya, Japan.

IEEE VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY

BOARD OF GOVERNORSPresidentJAE-HONG LEE

School of Electrical EngineeringSeoul National UniversitySillim-dongGwanak-guSeoul, Korea [email protected]

Executive Vice PresidentTRACY FULGHUM

5913 Rustic Wood Ln.Durham, NC [email protected]

Vice President, Land TransportationBIH-YUAN KU

No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd.National Taipei

University of TechnologyTaipei 106, [email protected]

Vice President, ConferencesDENNIS BODSON

233 N. Columbus St.Arlington, VA [email protected]

Vice President, Mobile RadioROBERT SHAPIRO

EADS4124 Mildenhall Dr.Plano, TX [email protected]

Vice President, Membership DevelopmentDONALD HENDRICKSON

Northrup Grumman Corp.86 North Smith St.Palatine, IL [email protected]

Vice President, Motor VehiclesJAY IYENGAR

Chrysler Group6476 Stone Brook Ln.Flushing, MI [email protected]

Vice President, PublicationsJAMES IRVINE

University of StrathclydeGeorge St.Glasgow G1 [email protected]

SecretarySWEE GOO

University of StrathclydeGeorge St.Glasgow G1 [email protected]

TreasurerA. KENT JOHNSON

1225 E. Cambridge Ct.Provo, UT [email protected]

STANDING COMMITTEE CHAIRPERSONS

AwardsJOEL SNYDER

PublicityDONALD HENDRICKSON

Constitution and Bylaws, StandardsDENNIS BODSON

EducationJ. F. ZIOMEK

FellowsGORDON STÜBER

PropagationDAVID G. MICHELSON

Rail Transit Vehicle Interface StandardsJAMES H. DIETZ

Vehicle Power and PropulsionMARK EHSANI


november 2010 volume 59 number 9 itvtab (issn 0018...

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