novo skeletal

8/13/2019 Novo Skeletal

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Functions of bone (skeleton)

1.Support

2. protection

3. Blood cell formation

4. Mineral storage (calcium especially)

5. Site for muscle attachmentbody movement


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Long Bones- metacarples,metatarsals, phelangies, humerus,ulna, radius, tibia, fibula

Short Bones- carpals, tarsals

Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum

Irregular Bones- vertebrae, somefacial bones

Sesamoid- patella


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Bone Structure

Typical FourLayers: Periosteum: Covers

Bones Compact Bone: Lies

beneath theperiosteum

Spongy Bone: Liesbeneath thecompact bone

Bone Marrow: Fillsthe gaps betweenthe spongy bone


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Bone enclosed in periosteum, which is continuous

with tendons and ligamentsblood vessels in periosteum

Epiphysis- ends

spongy bone contains red marrow

compact bone, articular cartilage

Diaphysis- middle

compact bonemedullary cavity- contains yellow marrow (fat)

lined with endosteum (squamous epithelium)


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Compact bone

osteocytes within lacunae

arranged in concentric circles called lamellae

This surround a central canal; complex is called

Haversian system

Canaliculi connect osteocytes to central canal and

to each other


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Adults continually break down and build up bone

Osteoclasts remove damaged cells and releasecalcium into blood

Osteoblasts remove calcium from blood and build

new matrix. They become trappedosteoclasts


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Axial skeleton

skull (cranium and facial bones)

hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles

associated with swallowing)

vertebral column (vertebrae and disks)

thoracic cage (ribs and sternum)

Appendicular skeleton

pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)

upper limbs (arms)pelvic girdle (coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx)

lower limbs (legs)


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posterior view

p. 135


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22 bones in skull

6 in middle ears

1 hyoid bone26 in vertebral column

25 in thoracic cage

4 in pectoral girdle60 in upper limbs

60 in lower limbs

2 in pelvic girdle

206 bones in all


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The skull

8 sutured bones in cranium

Facial bones: 13 sutured bones, 1 mandible

Cranium

encases brainattachments for muscles

sinuses


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Allows for

growth


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Vertebral column

7 cervial vertebrae

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

1 sacrum (5 fused1 coccyx (4 fused)

Vertebrae vary in size and morphology


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Thoracic cage

ribs

thoracic vertebraesternum

costal cartilages

True ribs are directly attached to the sternum

(first seven pairs)

Three false ribs are joined to the 7thrib

Two pairs of floating ribs


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Clavicles and scapulae

Help brace shouldersAttachment sites for muscles


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Bones of upper limb

Humerus (upper arm)Radius; ulna

Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Bones of lower limb

Femur

Patella

Tibia, fibula

Tarsals, metatarslas, phalanges


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Joints

Immovable (synarthoses) bones sutured togetherby connective tissue: skull

Slightly movable (amphiarthoses) connected by

fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage:vertebrae, rib/sternum joint, pubic

symphysis

Freely movable (diarthroses)- separated

ligaments- hold bones together

tendons- muscle to bone

lined by synovial membrane


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DISORDER OF BONES:

A.FRACTURES- are broken bones, types:

a. Complete-broken bone is separated into two parts.

2. Incomplete-the broken bone is not separated into two parts.3. Compound-part of the broken bone pierces and protrudes through the

skin.

4. Simple-part of the broken bone does not pierce the skin.

5. Greenstick-an incomplete break on one side of the bone with the other

side bowed.

6. Comminuted-the bone is broken down into several fragments.

7. Impacted-one bone is forced into another bone.

B. OSTEOMYELITIS-inflammation of bone and bone marrow -bacteria

C. OSTEOPOROSIS-weakening of bones due to removal of Ca salts

D. RICKETS-disease of children of deficient calcium salts in the bones

DISORDER OF JOINTS

1.-Arthritis-Rheumatoid and osteoarthritis

2. Bursitis 3. Dislocation 4. Herniated disk 5. Spinal curvatures 6. Sprains


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Problems of the Skeletal

System Fracture: Break Dislocation: Out of

joint


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Problems of the Skeletal System

Sprain: Swelling inthe joint

Arthritis: Inflamedand stiff joints


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Problems of the Skeletal

System!! Scoliosis:

Curvature of the

spine

Osteoporosis:Brittle bones

novo skeletal

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