ntjpapay; €¦ · s.k.kannan, pg teacher in chemistry, ghss(b), panaikulam , ramanathapuram....

S.K.KANNAN, PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GHSS(B), PANAIKULAM , RAMANATHAPURAM. (DIST)

tFg;G: 12 njhFg;G: S.K.fz;zd;> MSc.,MPhil.,B.Ed.

1. tiwaW: n`a;rd;ngh;f; epiyapy;yh Nfhl;ghL.

“xNu Neuj;jpy; kpfTk; Jy;ypakhf Ez; Jfspd; epiy kw;Wk; jpirNtfk; my;yJ

ce;jj;ij mstpl KbahJ”

Δx. Δp ≥ h/4π

Δx - Jfspd; epiyapy; cs;s epiyapy;yhj;jd;ik

Δp - Jfspd; ce;jj;jpy; cs;s epiyapy;yhj;jd;ik

2. He2 cUthtjpy;iy Vd;?

He - 1s2

(σ1s)2

(σ*1s)2

gpizg;G juk; = 2-2/2

= 0/2 = 0

3 NtWgLj;Jf : Jfs; kw;Wk; miy

4. ,df;fyg;G vd;why; vd;d?

Vwf;Fiwa rkkhd Mw;wy; nfhz;l mZ Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W fye;J rkkhd

Mw;wYila> xj;j tbtKila Mh;gpl;lhiy jUtJ - ,df;fyg;G.

5. vyf;l;uhd; Mw;wypd; vjpu;f;Fwpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?

Kbtpyhj; njhiytpYs;s Xu; vyf;l;uhdpd; Mw;wy; Njhuhakhf G+[;[pak;.

Jfs; miy

mz;lj;jpy; ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l ,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ.

xU Jfs; xU ,lj;ij Mf;fpukpf;Fk; NghJ kw;w Jfs; me;j ,lj;ij Mf;fpukpg;gjpy;iy.

xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; cs;s Jfs;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ mtw;wpd; $LjYf;F rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

midj;J ,lq;fspYk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ

,uz;L (m) mjw;F Nkw;gl;l miyfs; xNu ,lj;ij Mf;fpukpf;Fk;.

xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; cs;s miyfspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ mtw;wpd; FWf;fPl;Lg; gz;gpd; fhuzkhf $LjyhfNth m) Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.

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mZf;fUtpd; ftu;r;rpf;F cl;gLk;NghJ> mJ Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyia nra;tjhy; Mw;wiy

,of;fpwJ.

vyf;l;uhdpd; Mw;wy; Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl te;J G+[;[paj;ij tpl FiwfpwJ

6. /g;@hpdpd; vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; FNshhpid tpl FiwT.Vd;?

/g;@hpdpd; rpwpa cUtsT

Nrh;f;fg;gLk; vyf;l;uhd; mjpf vyf;l;uhd; mlh;j;jpia jUtjhy; vyf;l;uhd; - vyf;l;uhd; tpyf;F tpir mjpfhpf;fpwJ.

7. mYkpdpaj;jpd; Kjy; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; nkf;dprpaj;ij tpl FiwT. Vd;?

Mg: [Ne]3s2 ; Al: [Ne]3s

2 3p

1

mYkpdpaj;jpy; 3p vyf;l;uhidAk;> nkf;dPrpaj;jpy; 3s vyf;l;uhidAk; ePf;f Ntz;Lk;.

s vyf;l;uhid tpl p vyf;l;uhid vspjpy; ePf;fp tplyhk;.

8. ghypq; mstPL> Kypfd; mstPl;bd; Fiwfis vOJf.

ghypq; mstPl;bd; Fiw: gy jpz;kq;fspd; gpizg;G Mw;wy;fs; Jy;ypakhf njupahky; ,Ug;gJ. Kypfd; mstPl;bd; Fiw: rpy jdpkq;fspd; vyf;l;uhd; ehl;l kjpg;Gfs; rupahf ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ.

9. Be kw;Wk; N -d; vyf;l;uhd; ehl;l kjpg;Gfs; G+[;[pak; Vd;?

Be - 1s2 2s

2 KOtJk; epuk;gpa Mh;gpl;lhy;

N - 1s2 2s

2 2p

3 rhpghjp epuk;gpa Mh;gpl;lhy;

,uz;Lk; epiyahd vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig ngw;wpUg;gjdhy; vyf;l;uhd; ehl;l kjpg;G G+[;[pak;

10. Ne - d; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; F- I tpl mjpfk;. Vd;?

epahdpd; (Z=10) mZf;fU kpd;Rik GShpid (Z=9) tpl mjpfk;.

mZf;fU kpd;Rik mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ mZf;fUtpw;Fk; ntspf;$l;L vyf;l;uhDf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s <h;g;G tpir mjpfhpf;Fk;.

11. P2O5 rpwe;j ePh; ePf;fp.vt;thW?

H2SO4 P4O10 SO3

-H2O 12. ke;j ,iz tpisT vd;why; vd;d?

s- Mh;gpl;lhypy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; Ntjpg;gpizg;gpw;F cl;glhky; p - Mh;gpl;lhypy;

cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; Ntjpg;gpizg;gpw;F cl;gLtJ – ke;j ,iz tpisT.

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13. a) PCl5 b) H3PO3 Mfpatw;wpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig tiuf

14. gpsk;Ngh fiug;ghd; jd;ik vd;why; vd;d?

fhw;W fye;Js;s ePUld; nyl; tpidGhpe;J fiuAk; jd;ik ngw;w er;R jd;ik nfhz;l nyl; i`l;uhf;i]il jUfpwJ. ,jw;F gpsk;Ngh fiug;ghd; jd;ik vd;W ngah;.

2Pb + O2 + 2H2O 2Pb(OH)2

15. epahdpd; gad;fs; ahit?

tpsk;guq;fspy; gad;gLk; xspUk; Foy; tpsf;Ffspy;

P̀ypaj;Jld; Nru;j;J mjpf kpd;dOj;jj;jpypUe;J kpd;rhjdq;fis ghJfhf;f

%LgdpapDs; CLUtpr; nry;Yk; gz;G cs;sjhy;> Mfha tpkhdq;fs; kiyapd; kPJ Nkhjhky; ,Uf;f

16. HF - I fz;zhb fydpy; Nrfhpf;f$lhJ. Vd;? HF - I fz;zhb fydpy; Nrfhpf;f$lhJ. Vnddpy; ,J rpypf;fh kw;Wk; rpypf;Nfl;Lld; tpidGhpAk;.

Na2SiO3 + 6HF Na2SiF6 + 3H2O

SiO2 + 4HF SiF4 + 2H2O

17. Mh;j;Njh gh];ghhpf; mkpyj;ij ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ Vw;gLk; khw;wk; ahJ?

H3PO4 523K

H4P2O7 589K

2HPO3 + H2O

18. gh];ghu]; mkpyk; ,Ufhuj;Jtk; cilaJ. vt;thW?

NaOH + H3PO3 NaH2PO3 + H2O

2NaOH + H3PO3 Na2HPO3 + 2H2O

19. Mh;j;Njh gh];ghhpf; mkpyk; Kf;fhuj;Jtk; cilaJ. vt;thW?

NaOH + H3PO4 NaH2PO4 + H2O

2NaOH + H3PO4 Na2HPO4 + 2H2O

3NaOH + H3PO4 Na3PO4 + 3H2O

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20. GShpdpd; Mf;]p[Ndw;w gz;ig vOJf.

GShpd; rpwe;j Mf;]p[Ndw;Wk; fhuzp.

,J `hiyL madpfis `hy[d;fshf khw;WfpwJ.

F2 + 2 X– 2F

– + X2 (X

– = Cl

–, Br

–, I

–)

21. nghl;lh\; gbfhuk; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?

mYiel; (m) gbfhuf;fy; - K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3. 4Al(OH)3

,jDld; ePh;j;j fe;jf mkpyk; Nrh;;j;J nfhjpf;f itj;jy;

cUthFk; mk;Nkhdpak; ry;Ngl;Lld; nghl;lhrpak; ry;Ngl; Nrh;j;J gbfhuk; gbkhf;fg;gLfpwJ.

22. N`hy;k;]; Kd;dwptpg;ghd; vd;why; vd;d?

Ca3P2 + 6H2O 2 PH3↑+ 3Ca(OH)2

CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2↑ + Ca(OH)2

23. d-njhFjp jdpkq;fs; mizT Nrh;kq;fis cUthf;FfpwJ. Vd;?

rpwpa cUtsT kw;Wk; mjpf Neh;kpd; mlh;j;jp

fhypahd (n-1)d Mh;gpl;lhy;fis ngw;wjhy; mit <dpfspy; cs;s jdpj;j kw;Wk; gpizg;gpy; <Lglhj ,iz vf;l;uhd;fis ngw;W gpizg;ig Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.

24. d-njhFjp jdpkq;fs; NtWgl;l Mf;]p[Ndw;w epiyia ngw;Ws;sJ. Vd;?

gy (n-1)d kw;Wk; ns vyf;l;uhd;fs;

(n-1)d kw;Wk; ns Mh;gpl;lhy;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s kpff;Fiwe;j Mw;wy; NtWghL.

25. d-njhFjp jdpkq;fs; epwKila madpfis cUthf;FfpwJ. Vd;?

jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G

xNu d-,iz $l;by; mLj;jLj;j Mw;wy; kl;lq;fSf;fpilNaahd rpwpa Mw;wy; NtWghL

mLj;jLj;j Mw;wy; kl;lq;fSf;F nry;y Njitahd Mw;wiy fl;GydhFk; xspf;fw;iwahy; ju ,aYk;.

26. gpshrgh; cy; vd;why; vd;d?

2Zn + O2 773K

2ZnO

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27. FNuhk; Kyhk; G+Rjy; vd;why; vd;d?

Neh;kpd;tha; - nyl; jfL ; vjph;kpd;tha; - Kyhk; G+r Ntz;ba nghUs;

kpd;gFsp - FNuhkpf; mkpyk; + ry;G+hpf; mkpyk;

FNuhk; Kyhk; G+Rtjw;F Kd; epf;fy; Kyhk; G+r Ntz;Lk;.

28. nts;sp ckpo;jy; vd;why; vd;d?

cUfpa rpy;th; jd; fd msit Nghy; 20 klq;F Mf;]p[id cl;nfhs;Sk; jd;ikAilaJ.

Fsptpf;Fk; NghJ cwpQ;rpa Mf;]p[d; ntspNaWfpwJ. ,jw;F nts;sp ckpo;jy; vd;W ngah;

cUfpa rpy;th; kPJ fhpglyj;ij G+Rtjhy; jLf;fyhk;.

29. FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjidia vOJf.

K2Cr2O7 + 4KCl + 6H2SO4 2CrO2Cl2 + 6 KHSO4 + 3H2O

30. jq;fk; uh[jputfj;Jld; vt;thW tpidGhpfpwJ?

2Au + 9HCl + 3HNO32AuCl3 + 6H2O + 3NOCl

31. fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;il ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ Vw;gLk; khw;wk; ahJ?

CuSO4.5H2O 1000C CuSO4.H2O 230

0C CuSO4 (ntz;ik)

(ePyk;) 7200C

SO3 + CuO

32. Nfrpa]; Cjh vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ

2AuCl3 + 3SnCl2 2Au+ 3SnCl4

SnCl4 + 4H2O Sn(OH)4 + 4HCl

33. fjphpaf;f fhh;gd; fhy eph;za Kiwapd; gad;fs;?

twyhw;W mfo;T Muha;r;rpfspy; gaz;gLfpwJ

ehfhPfq;fspd; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; caphpzq;fspd; ghpzhk tsh;r;rpia Ma;e;jwpa cjTfpwJ.

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34. i`l;u[d; Fz;bd; jj;Jtk; ahJ?

mZf;fU gpsg;G tpiz ntg;gk; + epA+l;uhd;fs;;

3Li6 + 0n

1 1H

3 + 2He

4 + 4.78 MeV

1H2 + 1H

3 2He

4 + 0n

1 + 17.6 MeV

35. cl;fU gpizg;G tpid vd;why; vd;d?

vspa fdkw;w gy cl;fUf;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W gpize;J rw;W fdKw;w cl;fUit cUthf;Fk; nray;.

1H2 + 1H

3 2He

4 + 0n

1 + Mw;wy;

36. cl;fU tpidfspd; Q kjpg;G vd;why; vd;d?

Q = (mp-mr) 931 MeV

mp - tpidtpis nghUs;fspd; nkhj;j epiw

mr - tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nkhj;j epiw

37. mjpkpd; flj;jpfs; vd;why; vd;d?

mjpFsph;tpf;fg;gl;l Nrh;kq;fs; vj;jifa kpd;jilAkpd;wp kpd;rhuj;ij flj;Jk; nray;Kiw mjpkpd;flj;Jj;jpwd; vdg;gLk;

mjpkpd;flj;Jj;jpwd; epiyapy; xU nghUshdJ G+[;[pa kpd;jilia ngw;Ws;sJ. ,j;jifa Nrh;kq;fSf;F mjpkpd; flj;jpfs; vd;W ngah;.

38. %yf;$W gbfq;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;G vOJf.

mzpf;Nfhit Gs;spapy; kpd;Rikaw;w %yf;$Wfs; mike;Js;sd.

%yf;$Wfs; ,UKid - ,UKid fth;r;rp tpir kw;Wk; thz;lhthy;]; fth;r;rp tpirapdhy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

v.fh. ePh;

39. gpd;tUk; gbf mikg;Gfis tiuf. m) vspa fdrJuk; M) nghUs; ika fdrJuk; ,) Kfg;G ika fdrJuk;.

vspa fdrJuk; nghUs; ika fdrJuk; Kfg;G ika fdrJuk;

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40. tiwaW: gpuhf; rkd;ghL

nλ = 2dsinθ

n - vjpnuhspg;gpd; gb; λ - X fjph;fspd; miyePsk;

d - gbfj;jpy; cs;s jsq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l njhiyT

θ - vjpnuhspg;G Nfhzk;

41. tpl;upa]; epiyik vd;why; vd;d? fz;zhb my;yJ tpl;upa]; epiyik vd;gJ jpl kw;Wk; ePu;k epiyfSf;F ,ilapy;

cs;s epiyik vdg;gLfpwJ.

42. xU nray;Kiwapd;NghJ vg;NghJ vd;l;Nuhgp caUk ;?

xU Ntjp tpidapy; tpidtpis nghUs;fspd; %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if> tpidgL nghUs;fspd; %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;ifa tpl mjpfkhf cs;s NghJ

jpz;kk; ePh;kkhjy;> ePh;kk; Mtpahjy; kw;Wk; jpz;kk; Mtpahjy; Nghd;w ,aw;gpay; khw;wq;fspy;

43. fpg;]; fl;byh Mw;wy; vd;why; vd;d?

G = H – TS

H - mikg;gpd; vd;jhy;gp

T - ntg;gepiy ( nfy;tpdpy;)

S - vd;l;Nuhgp

44. buTl;ld; tpjpiaf; $Wf.

xU ePh;kj;jpd; Mtpahjy; ntg;gj;ij mjd; nfhjpepiyahy; tFf;Fk; NghJ fpilf;Fk; kjpg;G khwpyp MFk;

45. buTl;ld; tpjpapypUe;J tpyfy; milAk; Nrh;kq;fs; ahit?

i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; P̀ypak; Mfpatw;wpd; nfhjpepiy 0K I tpl kpf rpwpjsNt cah;e;jpUf;Fk;.

ePh; kw;Wk; My;`fhy; Nghd;wit i`l;u[d; gpizg;ig ngw;wpg;gjhy; mjpfgl;r

nfhjpepiy kw;Wk; ΔH Mtpahjy; kjpg;ig ngw;Ws;sJ.

mrpl;bf; mkpyj;jpd; %yf;$Wfs; Mtp epiyikapy; gFjpahf madpahtjhy; kpff;Fiwe;j Mtpahjy; vd;l;Nuhgp kjpg;ig ngw;ws;sJ. (21fNyhhp/bfphp/Nkhy; - I tpl FiwT)

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46. tiwaW: yPrhl;ypah; jj;Jtk;.

“ rkepiyapy; cs;s xU mikg;gpd; kPJ ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdhy; rkepiyahdJ me;j

ghjpg;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisit rkd; nra;Ak; jpiria Nehf;fp efUk;”

47. tpid Fzfk; vd;why; vd;d?

“ rkepiyaw;w epiyapy; tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nrwptpw;Fk; tpidtpis nghUs;fspd;

nrwptpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s tpfpjk;”

[ L ]

l [ M ]

m

Q =

[ A ] a [ B ]

b

48. mjpfkhd Cl2 Kd;dpiyapy; PCl5 rpijtiljy; FiwtJ Vd;?

PCl5(g) PCl3(g)+ Cl2(g)

,t;tpidapy; Cl2 tpidtpis nghUshf fpilg;gjhy;> Cl2- tpd; nrwpit mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ

tpdgLnghUspd; (PCl5) gphpif tPjk; FiwfpwJ.

49. ,iz tpidfs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf?

“Xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l tpidgL nghUs;fs; xNu Neuj;jpy; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l topfspy; tpidgl;L ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l tpidtpis nghUis

jUtJ”

o – il GNuhNkh ngd;rPd; + HBr

GNuhNkh ngd;rPd; GNuhkpNdw;wk;

p – il GNuhNkh ngd;rPd; + HBr

50. fpsh;TW Mw;wy; vd;why; vd;d?

fpsh;TW Mw;wy; = Fiwe;jgl;r Mw;wy; - Nkhjypy; <LgLk; %yf;$wpd; Mw;wy;

51. mh; P̀dpa]; rkd;ghl;il vOjp tpsf;Ff?

k = A e–Ea/RT

k – tpidNtf khwpyp> Ea - fpsh;TW Mw;wy;> A – mjph;T fhuzp> R – thA khwpyp> T – ntg;gepiy.

52. vjpnujph; tpidf;fhd %d;W cjhuzq;fs; jUf?

CO(g) + NO2(g)

Kf

Kr

CO2(g) + NO(g)

Q > Kc → gpd;Ndhf;F tpid

Q < Kc → Kd;Ndhf;F tpid

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CH2 - CH2

CH2

Kf

Kr

CH3 - CH2 = CH2

Kf

Kr

2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)

53. gygbj;jhd tpidNtf khw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh.jUf?

tpidgL nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; tpid Ntf khw;wp Mfpait ntt;NtW epiyikfspy; cs;s tpid Ntf khw;w tpid.

Pt(s)

2SO2(g) + O2(g ) 2SO3

54. cah;j;jpfs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf?

xU Nrh;kk; tpid Ntf khw;wpahf nray;glhky;> tpid Ntf khw;wpapd; nray;jpwid mjpfhpj;jhy; mjw;F cah;j;jpfs; vd;W ngah;.

Mo

N2 + 3H2

Fe2NH3

,t;tpidapy; Mo cah;j;jp

55. tpidNtf khw;wpapd; er;R vd;why; vd;d? v.fh.jUf?

tpidNtf khw;wpapd; nray;jpwid ,of;fr;nra;Ak; Nrh;kk; - er;R

As2O3

2SO2 + O2

Pt2 SO3

As2O3 – er;R

56. kpd;Kidf;fth;r;rp vd;why; vd;d?

ePh; ftUk; $o;kk; xd;wpy; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s gpshl;bdk; kpd;KidfSf;fpilNa kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij nrOj;Jk; NghJ $o;kj;Jfs;fs; kpd;Kidia Nehf;fp efUk; nray;Kiwf;F kpd;Kidfth;r;rp vd;W ngah;.

57. fpsh;T ikaq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

tpidNtf khw;wpapd; Gwg;gug;gpy; rkd;nra;ag;glhj Ntjpg;gpizg;Gfs; cs;sd.

,it tpidNtf khw;wpapd; rpfuq;fshNth gpsTfshfNthtpspk;GfshfNth

,Uf;fyhk;.

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,g;Gs;spfspy; gug;Gf;ftug;gLtjhy; tpidNtf khw;wpapd; nray;jpwd; mjpfhpf;Fk;.

,jw;F fpsh;T ikaq;fs; vd;W ngah;.

58. thA – thA $o;k mikg;G cUthtjpy;iy. Vd;?

thA – thA %yf;$fs; xd;Wld; xd;W fye;J cd;ikf;fiuriyj; jUfpwJ.

59. gpnusdpad; ,af;fk; vd;why; vd;d?

gphpif Clfj;jpy; $o;kj;Jfs;fs; mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; jhWkhwhf xOq;fpd;wp jphpAk; nray; -

gpnusdpad; ,af;fk;.

fhuzk; - $o;kj;Jfs;fis gphpif Clf %yf;$Wfs; njhlh;r;rpahf xOq;fpd;wp NkhJtJ.

60. Nfhy;uh\; tpjpia $Wf.

mstpy;yh ePh;j;j epiyapy;; kpd;gFspapd; madpahf;fk; epiwT ngWfpwJ. Xt;nthU

madpAk; jd;dpr;irahf efUfpwJ> Xt;nthU madpAk; nkhj;j flj;J jpwDf;F Fwpg;gpl;l

kjpg;gpid nfhLf;fpd;wJ.

61. jhq;fy; fiury; vd;why; vd;d?

rpwpjsT mkpyk; my;yJ fhuk; Nru;f;Fk; NghJ fiurypd; PH kjpg;G khwhky; ,Ug;gJ jhq;fy; fiury; MFk;.

v.fh. CH3COOH + CH3COONa.

62. nghJ madp tpisT vd;why; vd;d?

Xh; cg;gpd; gphpif tPjk; nghJ madpia Nrh;g;gjhy; FiwtJ nghJ madp tpisT vd;W ngah;

AgCl(s)

Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq)

AgCl fiurYld; Nrhbak; FNshiuil Nrh;f;Fk; NghJ Cl- nrwpT mjpfhpf;fpwJ. vdNt AgCl d;

gphpif tPjk; FiwfpwJ.

63. M];thy;bd; ePh;j;jy; tpjpia $Wf.

typik Fiwe;j kpd;gFspapd; gphpif khwpyp> gphpif tPjk;> kw;Wk; nrwpTld; njhlh;GgLj;Jk; rkd;ghbw;F M];thy;bd; ePh;j;jy; tpjp vd;W ngah;.

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64. kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; gw;wpa ghuNlapd; Kjy; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; tpjpfis vOJf.

Kjy; tpjp:

kpd;dhw;gFj;jypd; NghJ kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; nghUspd; epiw> kpd;gFsp topNa nrOj;jg;gLk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F Neh;tpfpjk;

,uz;lhk; tpjp:

Ntt;NtW kpd;gFspfspd; topNa xNu msT kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij nrOj;Jk; NghJ kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; nghUspd; msTfs; mtw;wpd; kpd;Ntjp rkhdq;fSf;F Neh;tpfpjk;.

65. Xspr;Row;rp khw;wpak; Vw;gl Njitahd epge;jidfs; ahit?

%yf;$W rPh;ikj;jd;ikAiljhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. (ifuy; fhh;gd;).

Gwntsp mikg;Gk; mjd; Mb gpk;g Gwntsp mikg;Gk; Nkw;nghUe;jhj; jd;ikAilajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

66. kPNrh lhh;lhhpf; mkpyk; ifuy; fhh;gid ngw;wpUe;j NghjpYk; xsp Row;Wk;

jd;ik mw;wjhf cs;sJ.Vd;?

COOH ,jpy; rPh;ik fhh;gd; ,Ug;gpDk; xd;W kw;nwhd;wpd; Mb gpk;gk;.

HO H rPh;ikj;jsk; ,Ug;gjhy; ,U rhpghjpahf gphpf;fpwJ.

………………………

HO H Gwntsp mikg;G Mb gpk;gj;Jld; Nkw;nghUe;Jtjhf cs;sJ.

COOH

67. NtWgLj;Jf: Ropkha; fyit kw;Wk; kPNrh khw;wpak;

Ropkha; fyit kPNrh khw;wpak;

Xspr;Row;rp khw;wpaq;fis gphpf;f ,aYk;.

Gwkhh;e;j <L nra;jyhy; xspr;Row;Wk; jd;ikaw;wJ.

ifuy; jd;ikAs;sJ.

Xspr;Row;rp khw;wpaq;fis gphpf;f ,ayhJ.

cs;shh;e;j <L nra;jyhy; xspr;Row;Wk; jd;ikaw;wJ.

ifuy; jd;ikaw;wJ.

68. Ropkha; fyit vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.

rk msT fyf;fg;gl;l d kw;Wk; l khw;wpaq;fspd; fyit.

,tw;wpd; xspr;Row;wh jd;ik Gwkhh;e;j <L nra;jyhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.

v.fh. yhf;bf; mkpyj;jpd; d> l khw;wpaq;fspd; fyit

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69. epwk; cwpQ;rpfs; vd;why; vd;d? ,uz;L v.fh jUf?

fhpkr; Nrh;kj;jpy; cs;s epiwTwhj; njhFjpfs; ( ,ul;il kw;Wk; Kg;gpzg;G cilait)

v.fh. iel;Nuh> mrhf;rp

70. mNahNlhghh;k;> gpidy; fiury;fs; Vd; Giuj;jLg;ghd;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?

mNahNlhghh;k; Giuj;jLg;ghdhfTk;> 1% fiury; fpUkpehrpdpahfTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

0.2 gPdhy; fiury; Giuj;jLg;ghdhfTk;> 1% fiury; fpUkpehrpdpahfTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

71. rhaq;fspd; VNjDk; %d;W rpwg;gpay;Gfs; ahit?

jFe;j epwq;fisg; ngw;wpUj;jy;

Jzpfspd; Nky; epue;jukhfg; gpizf;fg;gLk; jd;ik

ePh;> ePh;j;j mkpyk; kw;Wk; fhuj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;glhjjhapUj;jy;

72. vjph; Mf;]p[Ndw;wp vd;why; vd;d? xU v.fh jUf?

Mf;]p[Ndw;wpfSf;F vjpuhf nray;gLgit

v.fh. tpl;lkpd; C> tpl;lkpd; E>

73. Ru epthuzpfs; vd;why; vd;d? xU v.fh jUf?

clypd; ntg;gepiyia rhjhud cly; ntg;gepiyf;F Fiwg;gJ

v.fh. M];gphpd;> Md;b ighpd;.

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. b- gpuhf;Ns rkd;ghil jUtp.

gpshq;f; Fthd;lk; nfhs;ifapd; gb E = hυ

Id;];Bd; rkd;ghl;bd; gb E = mc2

hυ = mc2 / υ = c / λ

h. c / λ = mc2

λ = h/mc

Nghl;lhDf;F gjpyhf Jfis fUjpdhy; λ = h/mv

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2. %yf;$W Mh;l;lhy; nfhs;if %yk; Mf;rp[d; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.

Mf;rp[dpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G: 1s2 2s

2 2p

4

O2: KK(σ2s)2

(σ*2s)2

(σ 2pz)2

(π 2px)2 (π 2py)

2 (π *2px)

1 (π *2py)

1

Mw;wy;

gpizg;Gj; juk; = 8- 4/2 = 2

( ghuh fhe;jj;jd;ik)

3. %yf;$W Mh;l;lhy; nfhs;if %yk;; iel;u[d; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.

iel;u[dpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G: 1s2 2s

2 2p

3

N2: KK(σ2s)2

(σ*2s)2

(π 2px)2 (π 2py)

2 (σ 2pz)

2

Mw;wy ;

gpizg;Gj; juk; = 8- 2 / 2 = 3.

( lah fhe;jj;jd;ik)

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4. Fwpg;G tiuf: mYkpNdh ntg;g xLf;fKiw.

1. BaO2 + Mg Jfs; 2. jPf;fspkz; Glf;Fif 3. Mg ehlh 4. kzy; 5. Cr2O3 + Al

Cr2O3 + Al fyit 1:3 mstpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;

,jDld; BaO2 + Mg Jfs; fye;J Nkw;Gwk; itf;fNtz;Lk;.

Mg ehlhit jPapl Ntz;Lk;

cUthFk; mjpf ntg;gj;jpy; FNuhkpf; Mf;i]L FNuhkpakhf xLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Cr2O3 + 2Al → 2Cr + Al2O3 + 468.6 kJ

5. [pq;f; mjd; jhJtpypUe;J vt;thW gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ?

jhJ – [pq;f; gpsd;l; (ZnS)

jhJ Eiukpjg;G Kiwapy; mlh;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ

2 ZnS + 3O2 1200K

2ZnO + 2SO2

ZnO + C 1673K

Zn + CO

Neh;kpd;tha; - khR fye;j [pq;f; ; vjph;kpd;tha; - J}a [pq;f;

kpd;gFsp – ePh;j;j ry;G+hpf; mkpyk; + [pq;f; ry;Ngl;

6. rpy;th; mjd; jhJtpypUe;J vt;thW gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ?

jhJ – mh;[d;ill; (Ag2S)


Ag2S + 4NaCN 2Na [Ag(CN)2] + Na2S

2Na [Ag(CN)2] + Zn Na2[Zn(CN)4] + 2Ag

Neh;kpd;tha; - khR fye;j rpy;th; ; vjph;kpd;tha; - J}a rpy;th;

kpd;gFsp – 1% iel;hpf; mkpyk; + rpy;th; iel;Nul;

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7. Nfhy;L mjd; jhJtpypUe;J vt;thW gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ?

jhJ – ry;igL (m) nly;YiuL jhJ


4Au + 8KCN + 2H2O + O2 4K [Au(CN)2] + 4KOH

2K [Au(CN)2] + Zn K2[Zn(CN)4] + 2Au

Neh;kpd;tha; - khR fye;j Nfhy;L ; vjph;kpd;tha; - J}a Nfhy;L

kpd;gFsp – 10-12% HCl + AuCl3

8. yhe;jidL FWf;fj;jpd; tpisTfs; ahit?

Ln3+ madpfspd; gUkd; mZ vz; mjpfhpf;f> mjpfhpf;f FiwfpwJ.

La3+

> Ce3+

............... >Lu3+

madp Muk; gbg;gbahf Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl tUfpwJ.

mZ vz; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ xLf;Fk; fhuzpahf nray;gLk; jpwd; FiwfpwJ

,uz;lhk; kw;Wk; %d;whk; thpir d- njhFjp jdpkq;fspd; gz;Gfis xj;Js;sJ

vspjpy; gphpf;f Kbahj tifapy; ,aw;if fdpkq;fspy; fpilf;fpd;wd.

9. NtWgLj;Jf: yhe;jidLfs; kw;Wk; Mf;bidLfs;.

yhe;jidLfs; Mf;bidLfs;.

4f vyf;l;uhdpd; gpizg;G Mw;wy; mjpfk; 5f vyf;l;uhdpd; gpizg;G Mw;wy; FiwT

mjpfgl;r Mf;]p[Ndw;w epiy +4 +4> +5 kw;Wk; +6 Mf;]p[Ndw;w epiyapy; cs;sd

4f vyf;l;uhdpd; jpiu kiwg;G tpisT mjpfk;

5f vyf;l;uhdpd; jpiu kiwg;G tpisT FiwT

Gnuhkpj;jpak; jtpu kw;wit fjphpaf;fj;jd;ik mw;wit

vy;yhj; jdpkq;fSk; fjphpaf;fj;jd;ik nfhz;lit

Mf;Nrh Neh; madp cz;lhtjpy;iy Mf;Nrh Neh; madpfs; cUthfpd;wd

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10. yhe;jidLfs; Nkhdirl; kz;zpypUe;J vt;thW gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ?

Nkhdirl; kzy;

gy kzpNeuj;jpw;F H2SO4 cld; R+LgLj;Jjy; (2100)

fhpry; kz;

Fsph;e;j ePh;

tpidGhpahj Nkhdirl; kzy; tbePhpy;

SiO2 , TiO2 , ZrSiO4 Nghd;wit (Ln3+

,Th4+

, H3O+ ,HSO4

- , SO4

2- , H2PO4

- )

rhpahd mkpy eLepiyahf;fy; epiyf;F (m) HF Nrh;j;jy;

Th3(PO4)4 tPo;gbT tbePhpy; yhe;jidL kw;Wk; my;yJ Th

4+ tPo;gbT gh];Ngl; madpfs;

NaOH (m) Mf;]hypf; mkpyk;

yhe;jidL i`l;uhf;i]L (m) Mf;]Nyl;Lfs;

ePuw;w GSiuL kw;Wk; FNshiuLfs; Mh;fhd; kz;lyj;jpy; fhy;rpak; Kd;dpiyapy;

1270K f;F R+LgLj;jg;gl;L yhe;jidLfs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd.

Ca kw;Wk; Li Kd;dpiyapy; yhe;jidLfspd; biu GSiuLfis ntg;gg;gLj;jp J}a;ikahd

cNyhfj;ij ngWjy;.

11. NtWgLj;Jf: [Ni(NH3)4]2+ kw;Wk; [Ni(CN)4]

2-

Ni 2+ d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G [Ar] 3d

8

3d 4s 4p

Ni 2+ madp

3d 4s 4p

[Ni(NH3)4]2+

NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3

sp3 ,df;fyg;G (ehd;Kfp)

ghuh fhe;jj;jd;ik

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ x x

x x

x x

x x

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[Ni(CN)4]2- ,jpy; CN

- gyKs;s <dp

3d 4s 4p

CN- CN

- CN

- CN

-

dsp2 ,df;fyg;G (rJu jsk;)

lah fhe;jj;jd;ik

12. K4[Fe(CN)6] vd;w mizTr; Nrh;kj;jpw;F 1. IUPAC ngah; 2. ika cNyhf madp 3. <dp 4. mizT vz; 5. mizT madpapd; kpd;Rik Mfpatw;iw vOjTk;. IUPAC ngah; : nghl;lhrpak; n`f;rh raNdh ngh;Nul; (II)

ika cNyhf madp : ,Uk;G (II)

<dp : CN

mizT vz : 6

mizT madpapd; kpd;Rik : 4

13. NtWgLj;Jf: [Fe(F)6]4- kw;Wk; [Fe(CN)6]

4-

Fe 2+ d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G [Ar] 3d

6

3d 4s 4p

[Fe(F)6]4-

3d 4s 4p 4d

μs = 4.90BM F F F F F F

sp3d

2 ,df;fyg;G (vz;Kfp) ghuh fhe;jj;jd;ik

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ x

x x

x x x

x x

↑↓

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑↓

↑

↑

↑

↑ x

x x

x x

x x

x x

x x

x

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[Fe(CN)6]4- y; cs;s CN

- gyKs;s <dp

3d 4s 4p

CN- CN

- CN

- CN

- CN

- CN

-

d2sp

3 ,df;fyg;G (vz;Kfp)

lah fhe;jj;jd;ik

14. ntg;g ,af;ftpaypd; ,uz;lhtJ tpjp gw;wpa gy;NtW $w;Wfis vOJf.

“ xU KOikahd Rw;wpy; xU ngUspy; ,Ue;J ntg;gj;ij cwpQ;rp> mikg;gpy;

vj;jifa rpW khw;wj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jhky;> KOtJkhf Ntiyahf khw;wf;$ba Xh;

,ae;jpuj;ij tbtikf;f ,ayhJ” ( nfy;tpd; -gpshq;f; $w;W)

“ vj;jifa NtiyAk; nra;ahky; ntg;gj;ij Fsph;e;j nghUspypUe;J kw;nwhU #lhd

nghUSf;F khw;WtJ ,ayhJ” (fpshrpa]; $w;W)

“ vd;l;Nuhgpia mjpfhpf;ff; $ba nray;KiwahdJ jd;dpr;irahdjhFk;”

“ Xh; ,ae;jpuj;jpd; jpwd; vg;nghOJk; E}W rjtPjj;j milahJ”

Ve;j Xh; ,ae;jpuj;jpd; jpwd; vd;gJ ntspg;gLj;jpa Mw;wYf;Fk; cwpQ;rg;gl;l

Mw;wYf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s tpfpjk;.

% jpwd; = ntspg;gLj;jpa Mw;wy; x 100

cwpQ;rg;gl;l Mw;wy;

15. fpg;]; fl;byh Mw;wypd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpthp?

G = H – TS. vdNt G xU epiyrhh;G

G nghUz;ikrhuhg; gz;G khwhf ΔG nghUz;ikrhh; gz;G

G mikg;gpd; xw;iw kjpg;Gila ntg;g ,af;ftpay; gz;G

xU nray;Kiwapd; NghJ

ΔG < 0 jd;dpr;irahdJ kw;Wk; epfof;$baJ (kPsh tpid).

ΔG = 0 rkepiyAlaJ (kPs; tpid).

ΔG > 0 jd;dpr;iraw;wJ kw;Wk; epfohjJ

ΔG = ΔH + TΔS, ntg;g ,af;ftpaypd; Kjy; tpjpapd; gb

↑↓

↑↓

↑↓ x

x x

x x

x

x

x x

x x

x

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ΔH = ΔE + PΔV kw;Wk; ΔE = q - w

/ ΔG = q - w + PΔV – TΔS Mdhy; ΔS = q / T; T ΔS = q

ΔG = q - w + PΔV – q = -w + PΔV

16. vd;l;Nuhgpapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpthp?

,J ntg;g ,af;ftpay; epiy rhh;G

Δ q rev ΔSrev =

T(K)

xU jd;dpr;ir nray;Kiwapd; NghJ %yf;$Wfspd; xOq;fw;w jd;ik mjpfhpf;fpwJ.

vdNt vd;l;NuhgpAk; mjpfhpf;Fk;. Vnddpy; vd;l;Nuhgp %yf;$Wfspd; xOq;fw;w

jd;ikia mstpLk; gz;G.

mikg;G kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpd; vd;l;Nuhgp khw;wj;jpd; $l;Lj;njhifahdJ mz;lj;jpd;

vd;l;Nuhgp khw;wj;jpw;F rkk;. vdNt kPs; nray;Kiwapy; mz;lj;jpd; vd;l;Nuhgp khw;wk;

G+[;[pak;.

jd;dpr;irahd nray;Kiwapy; ΔS > 0> rkepiy tpidapy; ΔS = 0>

jd;dpr;iraw;w tpidapy; ΔS < 0

17. N`gh; Kiwapy; NH3 jahhpj;jYf;fhd yPrhl;ypah; nfhs;ifia tpthp?

N2(g) + 3H2(g)

Fe2NH3(g) Hf

0 = -22.0 k.cal/mole

mjpfgl;r mk;Nkhdpahit ngw 300 - 500 atm mOj;jk;

rkd;nra;ag;gl;l ntg;gepiy vy;iy 5000C - 550

0C

tpidA+f;fp - ,Uk;G

ePuhtpia nrYj;jp cUthd mk;Nkhdpahit (37%) ePf;fg;gLfpwJ

18. njhL Kiwapy; SO3 jahhpj;jYf;fhd yPrhl;ypah; nfhs;ifia tpthp?

2SO2(g) + O2(g)

V2O52SO3(g) Hf

0 = -47 k.cal/mole

mjpfgl;r SO3 -ia ngw 700 - 1200 atm mOj;jk;

rkd;nra;ag;gl;l ntg;gepiy vy;iy 4000C - 450

0C

tpidA+f;fp – V2O5

,k;Kiwapy; (97%) SO3 fpilf;fpwJ.

- ΔG = w – PΔV = nkhj;j Ntiy

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19. PCl5 rpijtilAk; tpidf;fhd Kp kw;Wk; Kc kjpg;;ig jUtp?

PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)

PCl5, PCl3 kw;Wk; Cl2 thAf;fspd; nrwpTfs; KiwNa a – x/V, x/V, x/V.

Kc = [PCl3][Cl2]

PCl5]

= x/V X x/V = x2 X V

a – x/V V2 a – x

x2

Kc =

(a –x) V

rpijtile;j Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if x = njhlf;fj;jpy; cs;s Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if P PCl3. PCl2

Kp =

P PCl5

x2P

Kp = atm

(1 –x2)

20. Kp kw;Wk; Kc-f;F ,ilNaahd njhlh;ig jUtp?

aA + bB + cC + ........ lL + mM + nN + .....

Kp =

PlL Pm

M Pn

N

PaAPb

BPcC

„P‟ vd;gJ gFjp mOj;jk;

Kc =

[L]l[M]m[N]n

[A]a[B]b[C]c

gFjp mOj;jk; pi kw;Wk; Nkhyhh; nrwpT Ci f;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhlh;G

Ci =

Pi

RT

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Pi =

n RT

V

(PL / RT)l (PM / RT)

m(PN / RT)

n

Kc =

(PA / RT)a (PB / RT)

b(PC / RT)

c

PLl PM

m PN

n …. 1

( l+ m + n +…) – (a + b + c + …)

=

PAa PB

b PC

c…. RT

Kp

Kc =

RT Δng

Δng = tpidtpis nghUl;fspd; Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if - tpidgL nghUl;fspd; Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if 21. il vj;jpy; <jiu jahhpf;Fk; %d;W Kiwfis vOJf.

C2H5 – O – H + H – O – C2H5 413 K C2H5 – O – C2H5

con.H2SO4

C2H5Br + NaOC2H5 C2H5 – O – C2H5 + NaBr

C2H5 – I + Ag2O + I – C2H5 Δ C2H5 – O – C2H5 + 2AgI

22. mdpNrhiy jahhpf;Fk; Kiwfis vOJf

C6H5O– Na+ + CH3 – I C6H5 – O – CH3 + I– + Na+

C6H5 – O – H + CH2 – N2C6H5 – O – CH3 + N2

C6H5OH + (CH3)2SO4C6H5OCH3 + CH3.HSO4

NaOH

23. NtWgLj;Jf: mypghl;bf; <jh;fs;;; kw;Wk; mNuhNkl;bf; <jh;fs;;.

mNuhNkl;bf;; <jh;fs;;; (mdpNrhy;) mypghl;bf; <jh;fs;; ( il vj;jpy; <jh;)

mjpf nfhjpepiy nfhz;l ePh;kk; MtpahFk; ePh;kk;

thridg; nghUs; jahhpf;f czh;T ePf;fpahf

/ Kp = Kc RT Δng

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fiug;ghdhf gad;gLj;j KbahJ fiug;ghdhf gad;gLj;jyhk;

ngl;NuhYf;F gjpy; nghUshf gad;gLj;j ,ayhJ

My;f`hYld; fye;J ngl;NuhYf;F gjpy; nghUshf gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

iel;Nuh Vw;wj;jpy; iel;Nuh mdpNrhiy jUfpwJ

iel;Nuh Vw;wk; eilngWtjpy;iy.

24. uhf;nfl; ce;jpfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpthp?

uhf;nfl;Lfis ce;jpj; js;s gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Ntjp vhpnghUl;fs; - uhf;nfl; ce;jpfs;

,it vspjpy; jPg;gw;Wk; jd;ikAilajhfTk;> vhpe;J mjpfsT cah; ntg;g

thAf;fis ntspNaw;Wk; jd;ikAilajhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ce;jpfs; vhpnghUSk;> Vw;wpAk; cs;s fyit

ce;jpfis gw;w itf;Fk; NghJ cUthFk; ntg;g thAf;fs; uhf;nfl;by; cs;s rpwpa

Jthuj;jpd; topNa ntspNaWk; NghJ> mjw;F vjph; jpirapy; uhf;nfl;il ce;jpj;

js;SfpwJ. (epA+l;ld; %d;whk; tpjp)

v.fh. i`burpd;

25. gpAdh - N kw;Wk; ieyhd; 66 vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ? mjd; gad; ahJ?

2CH2 = CH – CH = CH2 + CH2 = CH Na –(– (CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH – CH2– )n–

gpA+l;lhilaPd; CN CH CH CN

mf;hpNyh iel;hpy; CH2 CH2

gpAdh – N

gad;: fiug;ghd;fspd; nfhs;fyd; jahhpf;f.

O O H H O O

nH2N (CH2)6 NH2 + nHO–C–(CH2)4–C–OH – –N–(CH2)6–N–C–(CH2)4–C – n–

n`f;rh nkj;jpyPd; mbgpf; mkpyk; ieyhd; - 66

il mkPd;

gad;: Jzp nea;tjpy;> ciwfs; kw;Wk; gpu\;fs; jahhpf;f

( my;yJ)

26. gpAdh - S kw;Wk; ieyhd; 66 vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ? mjd; gad; ahJ?

nCH2 = CH – CH = CH2 + nCH = CH2 Na –(– (CH2 – CH = CH – CH2 – CH – CH2– )n–

gpA+l;lhilaPd; C6H5 C6H5

];ilhPd; gpAdh – S

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gad;: lah;fs;> ,ae;jpu ug;gh; rhkhd;fs; jahhpf;f.

gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. madp Muj;ij msf;f cjTk; ghypq; Kiwia vOJf. (64. m)

Xt;nthU madpg;gbfj;jpYk; cs;s Neh;kpd; kw;Wk; vjph; kpd; madpfs; ke;j thAf;fspd; vyf;l;uhd; vz;zpf;ifAld; rkkhf cs;sJ.

NaF gbfk; : Na+ - 2,8

F- - 2,8 Ne mikg;G

r(C+) + r(A

-) = d (C

+-A

-) ……………..(1)

r(C+) → Neh;kpd; madpapd; (C+) Muk;

r(A-) → vjph;kpd; madpapd;;(A-) Muk;

d (C+-A

-) → (C

+) kw;Wk; (A-) mZf;fUf;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l njhiyT

ke;j thA vyf;l;uhd; mikg;gpy; madp Muk; epfu mZf;fU kpd;Rikf;F vjph; tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

r(C+) α 1 / Z

* (C+) …………… (2)

r(A-) α 1 / Z * (A

-) …………… (3)

Z * (C+) → Neh;kpd; madpapd; (C+) epfu mZf;fU kpd;Rik

Z * (A-) → vjph;kpd; madpapd; (A-) epfu mZf;fU kpd;Rik

rkd;ghL (2) + (3)

r(C+) Z *(A

-)

r(A-) Z

* (C+) …………(4)

2. vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lj;ij ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfis tpthp? (64. m)

vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; α epfu mZf;fU kpd;Rik

vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; α 1/ mZtpd; cUtsT

vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; α 1/ kiwj;jy; tpisT

KOtJk; my;yJ rhp ghjp epuk;gpa Mh;gpl;lhy;fspd; vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; G+[;[pak; my;yJ Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.

ns2np

6 vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig ngw;Ws;s ke;j thAf;fspd; vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; G+[;[pak;

Be, Mg KOtJk; epuk;gpa 2s2 Mh;gpl;lhiy ngw;Ws;sjhy; vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; G+[;[pak;.

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3. vyf;l;uhd; fth; jd;ik kjpg;ig nfhz;L mZf;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s gpizg;ig vt;thW fz;lwptha;? (64. m)

vyf;l;uhd; fth; jd;ik A-B gpizg;gpd; jd;ik v.fh

XA = XB (my;yJ)

XA - XB = 0

Kidtw;w rfg;gpizg;G H2 %yf;$wpy; cs;s H-H gpizg;G

XA >XB KidT rfg;gpizg;G H2O %yf;$wpy; cs;s O-H

gpizg;G (Oδ-- H

δ+)

XA >>XB madpg; gpizg;G Na–Cl %yf;$wpy; cs;s

Na+Cl

- gpizg;G

4. jPthh; Kiwapy; cahpa thAf;fs; vt;thW gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ? (64. M)

jj;Jtk;:

cahpa thAf;fspd; fyitia Njq;fha; Xl;L fhpapDs; nrOj;jp ntt;NtW ntg;gepiyfspy; gug;G fth;r;rp nra;ag;gl;L jdpj;jdpahf gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ntg;gepiy gug;Gf;ftUjy; ntspNaWjy;

173 K Ar, Kr, Xe He, Ne

93 K Ne He

Xe, Kr, Ar ePh;k fhw;W ntg;gepiyapy; itj;jy;

Ar Kr, Xe

183 K Xe Kr

5. uhk;Nr uhNy Kiwapy; fhw;wpypUe;J cahpa thAf;fspd; fyit vt;thW gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ? (64. M)

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50yp Nfhs tbt ghj;jpuj;jpDs; fhw;W kw;Wk; Mf;]p[d; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ

,jDs; ,uz;L gpshl;bdk; kpd;Kidfs; cs;sd

mjpy; 6000 – 8000 Nthy;l; kpd;rhuk; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ

N2+ O2 →2 NO

2 NO + O2 →2NO2

2NO2 + 2NaOH →NaNO3 + NaNO2 + H2O

vQ;rpAs;s Mf;]p[id fhuk; fye;j igNuhfyhy; nfhz;L ePf;fg;gLfpwJ

6. rpypf;Nfhdpd; gad;fs; ahit? (64. M) kpd; Nkhl;lhh;fs; kw;Wk; tPl;L cgNahf nghUSf;F rpwe;j kpd;fhg;G nghUshf

20 Kjy; 500 myFfs; nfhz;l ePh;k rpypf;Nfhd;fs; mjpf fhpk njhFjpfis nfhz;Ls;sjhy; ePh; tpyf;Fk; jd;ik ngw;Ws;sJ. vdNt ePh; xl;lh Milfs; jahhpf;fTk;> caT nghUshfTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyapy; rpypf;Nfh ug;gh;fs; kPl;rpj;jd;ikia jf;f itj;J nfhs;tjhy; ngapd;Lld; fye;J gad;gLj;jpdhy; ePbj;J ciof;Fk;.

rpf;fyhd FWf;F gygb rpypf;Nfh Nrh;kq;fs; xl;lhj jd;ikAs;s ngapd;l; kw;Wk; thh;dp\;fspy; gad;gLfpwJ.

ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ rpypf;Nfhd; vz;nza; mjpf epiyg;Gj; jd;ikia ngw;Ws;sjhy; cah; ntg;gepiyapy; gad;gLk; vz;nza; njhl;bfspYk;> ntw;wpl gk;GfspYk;; gad;gLfpwJ.

7. GShpdpd; khWgl;l jd;ikia tpthp? (64. M) F-F gpizg;ig Kwpf;f Fiwe;j Mw;wNy Njitg;gLtjhy; GShpd; mjpf tpidjpwd;

cilaJ.

cNyhfq;fSld; ,uz;L tifahd cg;Gfis jUfpwJ (NaF kw;Wk; NaHF2). kw;w N`y[d;fs; jUtjpy;iy.

HF d; cg;Gfs; kw;w N`Nyh cg;GfspypUe;J NtWgLfpwJ. AgF ePhpy; fiuAk; khwhf

AgX ePhpy; fiuahJ.

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HF fz;zhbia mhpf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. kw;w `hNyh mkpyq;fs; fz;zhbia mhpg;gpy;iy.

GShpdpy; d- Mh;gpl;lhy; ,y;yhjjhy; ghyp `hiyL cUthtjpy;iy (F3- madp ,y;iy)

khwhf I3-, Br3

-, Cl3

- cs;sd.

8. mizT kw;Wk; madpahjy; khw;wpaj;ij rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff? (65. m) mizT khw;wpak;:

,U cNyhf mizTr; Nrh;kj;jpy; mizT Neh;kpd; madpAk;> mizT vjph;kpd; madpAk; cs;sJ.

,U mizTf; Nfhsq;fspYk; <dpfspd; gq;fPL NtWgLtjhy; ,k;khw;wpak; cUthfpwJ.

[CoIII

(NH3)6] [Cr(CN)6] kw;Wk; [CrIII

(NH3)6] [CoIII

(CN)6]

n`f;rh mk;ikd; Nfhghy;l; (III) n`f;rh mk;ikd; FNuhkpak; (III)

n`f;rh raNdh FNuhNkl; (III) n`f;rh raNdh Nfhghy;Nll; (III)

madpahjy; khw;wpak;:

xNu %yf;$W tha;ghl;ilAk; fiurYf;Fs; NtWgl;l madpahjy; jd;ik nfhz;l Nrh;kq;fspd; gz;Gfs;

[Co(NH3)5Br]SO4 (rptg;G Cjh) [Co(NH3)5SO4]Br (rptg;G)

ngd;lh mk;ikd; GNuhNkh ngd;lh mk;ikd; ry;Ngl;Nlh

Nfhghy;l; (III) ry;Ngl; Nfhghy;l; (III) GNuhikL

9. mizTr; Nrh;kk; gw;wpa nth;dh; nfhs;ifia vOJf? (65. m) Kjd;ik ,izjpwd; - madpAWk;

,uz;lhk; epiy ,izjpwd; - madpAwhJ.

cNyhf madpapd; Mf;]p[Ndw;;w epiyia Fwpf;Fk; Kjd;ik ,izjpwd; vjph; kpd; madpfshy; kl;Lk; epiwT nra;ag;gLfpwJ

cNyhf madpapd; mizT vz;iz Fwpf;Fk; ,uz;lhk; epiy ,izjpwd; vjph; kpd; madpfs; (m) eLepiy %yf;$Wfshy; epiwT nra;ag;gLfpwJ

,uz;lhk; epiy ,izjpwid epiwT nra;Ak; vjph; kpd; madpfs; (m) eLepiy %yf;$WfSf;F <dpfs; vd;W ngah;.

Kjd;ik ,izjpwd; - jpir Nehf;F gz;G mw;wJ. ,uz;lhk; epiy ,izjpwd; - jpir Nehf;F gz;G nfhz;lJ.

<dpfspy; cs;s gfph;T ngwhj ,iz vyf;l;uhd;fs; ika cNyhf mZ (m) madpf;F toq;Ftjhy; mizTr; Nrh;kq;fs; cUthfpwJ.

……. Kjd;ik ,izjpwd; ,uz;lhk; epiy ,izjpwd;;

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10. ,izjpwd; gpizg;G nfhs;ifapd; vLNfhs;fs; ahit? (65. m) ika cNyhf mZ/madpapd; mizT vz;zpw;F rkkhd ntw;W Mh;gpl;lhy;fis

ngw;WUf;Fk;.

,t;ntw;W Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; <dpfspd; Mh;gpl;lhy;fSld; Nkw;nghUe;jp rfg;gpizg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;

cNyhfj;jpd; ntw;W Mh;gpl;lhYk;> vyf;l;uhd; epiwe;j <dp Mh;gpl;lhYk; Nkw;nghUe;jp cNyhf - <dp rpf;kh gpizg;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

cNyhf Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; ,df;fyg;gpy; <LgLk; NghJ “ mjpfgl;r Nkw;nghUe;Jjy;” Vw;gl;L rfg;gpizg;G cUthFk;. ,df;fyg;gw;w Mh;gpl;lhiy tpl ,df;fyg;G Mh;gpl;lhy; ey;y jpir Nehf;fp mikAk; gz;GilaJ.

mizT vz; 2 vdpy; sp ,df;fyg;ig jUk;. ,jd; Gwntsp mikg;G – Neh;Nfhl;L tbtk;.

11. ,aw;if tpidapy; `PNkhFNshgpd; nraiy tpsf;Ff. (65. m) EiuaPuypy; ,Ue;J jpRf;fSf;F Mf;]p[id vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs;.

jpR nry;ypy; Mf;]p[id Rthrpj;jYf;fhf ntsptpLjy;.

,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; nre;epwj;jpypUe;J Cjh epwj;jpw;F khWjy;.

,uj;j rptg;G mZthdJ ntspNaw;wg;gl Ntz;ba CO2 it EiuaPuYf;F nfhz;LtUjy;.

mjid Rthrk; %yk; ntspNaw;Wjy;.

12. fjphpf;f fhh;gd; fhy eph;za Kiwia tpsf;Ff? (65. M) 7N

14 + on

1 → 6C

14 + 1H

1

6C14

→ 7N14

+ -1eo

C14 Mf;]p[Ndw;wkile;J cUthd 14

CO2 thA xsp Nrh;f;ifahy; jhtuq;fspy; EiofpwJ.

C14

- d; miutho; fhyk; 5700 Mz;Lfs;

t = 2.303 t1/2 log Gjpa jhtuj;jpy; cs;s 14

C msT 0.693 Gij nghUs; gbkj;jpy; cs;s 14

C

msT

13. NtWgLj;Jf. Ntjp tpid kw;Wk; cl;fU tpid (65. M)

Ntjp tpid

cl;fU tpid

vyf;l;uhd;fis ngWjy;> gq;fPLjy; kw;Wk;

,oj;jyhy; epfo;fpwJ.

α> β> γ fjph; tPr;rhy; epfo;fpwJ

epiw kl;Lk; rkd; nra;ag;gl;LUf;Fk; epiw kw;Wk; Mw;wy; rkd; nra;ag;gl;LUf;Fk;

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cl;fU tpid Mw;wy; khw;wj;ij tpl

FiwT

Ntjp tpid Mw;wy; khw;wj;ij tpl mjpfk;

myF – KJ/mole myF - MeV

cl;fU Ntjptpidapy; <Lglhjjhy; Gjpa

jdpkk; cUthtjpy;iy.

Gjpa jdpkq;fs; / INrhNlhg;Gfs;

cUthfpwJ

14. fjphpaf;f INrhNlhg;Gfs; vt;thW kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; gad;gLfpwJ? (65. M)

INrhNlhg; gad; bhpl;bak; clypYs;s ePhpd; msit mwpjy;

fhh;gd; - 11 %is cs;sha;T

fhh;gd; - 14 fjph; tPr;R vjph;g;Gj; jd;ik

mNahbd; - 131 cah; ijuha;L nray;ghL kw;Wk; rpije;j ,ja jirawpjy;

ghjurk; - 197 rpWePuf cs;sha;T

Nfhghy;l; - 60 Gw;W Neha; kUj;Jtk;

15. gpuhf; epw epuy;khzp Kiwia tpsf;Ff. (66. m)

X- fjph; fw;iwahdJ RoYk; Nkirapd; kPJ cs;s gbfj;jpd; kPJ tpOkhW

itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

RoYk; Nkirapy; cs;s mstp kw;Wk; nth;dpah; cjtpAld; gLNfhzk; θ mstplg;gLfpwJ

vjpnuhspf;fg;gl;l X- fjph; madpahf;Fk; gFjpapy; cs;s thAf;fis madpahf;fk; nra;fpwJ.

,jdhy; cUthFk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; vyf;l;Nuh kPl;lh; %yk; mstplg;gLfpwJ.

cUthFk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; msT vjpnuhspf;fg;gl;l fw;iwapd; mlh;j;jpf;Fr; rkk;.

ntt;NtW gLNfhzq;fSf;F fpilf;Fk; kpd;Ndhl;l kjpg;Gfs; tiuglj;jpy; gjpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

,e;j KfLfs; Kjy;> ,uz;lhk; kw;Wk; %d;whk; gb vjpnuhspg;Gfs; MFk.;

Nrhbak; FNshiubd; (100) jsj;jpw;F

θ = 5.9°, 11.85°, 18.15°

sinθ = 0.103, 0.205, 0.312

1:2:3

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16. \hl;fp kw;Wk; gpnuq;fy; Fiwghil tpthp? (66. m) \hl;fp FiwghL:

gbf mzpf;Nfhit Gs;spapy; rpy epug;gg;glhj

Gs;spfs; mzpf;Nfhit ntw;wplq;fs; vd;W ngah;.

epug;gg;glhj Neh;kpd; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; madpfs; rkkhf

,Ug;gjhy; gbfk; eLepiyahf ,Uf;Fk;.

Neh;kpd; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; madpfspd; cUtstpy;

NtWghL mjpfk; ,y;yhj NghJ ,f;FiwghL Vw;gLfpwJ.

gpnuq;fy; FiwghL: mzpf;Nfhit Gs;spfspd; ,ilntspapy; Xh; mZ

epug;gg;gLk; NghJ ,f;FiwghL Vw;gLfpwJ.

,f;FiwghL gbfj;jpy; vjph;kpd; madpapd; cUtsT

Neh;kpd; madpia tpl nghpjhf ,Uf;Fk; Vw;gLfpwJ.

v.fh. AgBr

Neh;kpd; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; madpfspd; vz;zpf;if

rkkhf ,Ug;gjhy; gbfk; eLepiyahf ,Uf;Fk;.

17. madpg;gbfq;fspd; gz;Gfs; ahit? (66. m) rhjhud ntg;gepiyapy; Mtp mOj;jk; kpfTk; FiwT

cUFepiy kw;Wk; nfhjpepiy kpfTk; mjpfk;

jpd;k epiyapy; kpd; flj;jh jd;ikAilaJ

ePh; kw;Wk; KidTs;s fiug;ghdpy; fiuAk;

kpfTk; fbdkhfTk; cilAk; jd;ikAilajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;

18. fz;zhbapd; jd;ikia tpsf;Ff. (66. m) fbdj;jd;ik> fl;bWf;fk; kw;Wk; tpiria nrYj;Jk; NghJ jhq;Fk; jd;ik

,it xspjpirnahg;G gz;Gilait

ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ jPh;f;fkhd khw;wk; VJkpd;wp ePh;kkhfpwJ

tpl;upa]; epiyik vd;gJ jpl kw;Wk; ePu;k epiyfSf;F ,ilapy; cs;s epiyik 19. tpid Ntfk; gw;wpa ,ilepiyr; Nrh;kk; cUthjy; nfhs;ifia tpthp? (66. M)

tpidNtf khw;wp + VjhtJ tpidgLnghUs; → ,ilepiyr; Nrh;kk;

,ilepiyr; Nrh;kk; cUthf Fiwe;j msT Njitg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; ,J epiyaw;wJ.

tpidtpis nghUs; cUthFk; nghOJ tpidNtf khw;wp jpUk;gf; fpilfpwJ.

v.fh

2 NO + O2 → 2NO2

tpidNtf khw;wp ,ilepiyr; Nrh;kk; NO2 + SO2 → SO3 + NO

tpidtpis tpidNtf khw;wp

nghUs;

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20. tpid Ntfk; gw;wpa gug;Gf; fth;r;rp nfhs;ifia tpthp? (66. M) gb.1

tpidgLnghUl;fs; A kw;Wk; B tpidNtf khw;wpapd; Gwg;gug;gpy; typik Fiwe;j thz;lh;thy;]; tpirapdhNyh (m) gFjp Ntjp gpizg;GfspdhNyh gpizf;fg;gLfpwJ.

gb. 2 tpidgL nghUs;fspd; Jfs;fs; ,ize;J ,ilepiy mizit cUthf;FfpwJ. ,J epiyg;Gj; jd;ikaw;wJ.

gb. 3

fpsTw;w mizT rpijtile;J tpidtpis nghUl;fs; C kw;Wk; D ia jUfpwJ. tpidNtf khw;wpapd; Gwgug;gpy; gphpe;j epiyapy; gFjp Ntjpg;gpizg;Gld; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

gb. 4 tpidtpis nghUl;fspd; Jfs;fs; tpidNtf khw;wpapd; Gwgug;gpy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWfpwJ

21. Ntjpapay; Kiwapy; $o;kk; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ? (66. M)

,ul;ilr; rpijT:

As2O3 + 3 H2S → As2S3 + 3 H2O

kQ;rs;

Mf;]p[Ndw;wk;:

2H2S + SO2 → 2H2O + 3 S

xLf;fk;:

AgNO3 + lhdpf; mkpyk; → Ag $o;kk;

ePuhw;gFj;jy;:

FeCl3 + 3H2O → Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl

rptg;G epw $o;kk;

22. $o;kg;gphpg;G Kiwapy; $o;kk; vt;thW J}a;ikgLj;jg;gLfpwJ? (66. M) tpyq;F rt;T (m) ghh;r;nkd;l; jhs; kw;Wk;

nry;NyhNgd; Mfpatw;wpy; Ez; Jisfs;

,Ug;gjhy; madpfs; (m) rpW %yf;$Wfis

kl;Lk; GftpLk;. $o;kj;Jfs;fis GftplhJ.

madpfs; (m) %yf;$Wfis nfhz;Ls;s

$o;kj;ij GftpLk; rt;tpy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L

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J}a ePhpy; itf;fg;gLfpwJ

madpfs; ntspNaWtJ eilngWk; nghOJ ePuhdJ njhle;J nrYj;jg;gLtjhy;

rt;tpw;F ntspNa madpfs; nrwpT G+[;[pakhfpwJ.

madpfs; rt;tpd; topNa ntspNaWtJ njhlh;e;J eilngWk; nghOJ $o;kj;jpy;

cs;s kpd;gFspfs; KOtJk; ePf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,jw;F - $o;kg;gphpg;G > cgfuzk; - $o;kg;gphpg;ghd;

23. ,ae;jpu rpijj;jy; kw;Wk; kpd;dhw; rpijj;jy; %yk; $o;kq;fs; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ? (66. M)

,ae;jpu rpijj;jy;:

Xd;iw xd;W njhl;Lf;nfhz;L vjpnujph;

jpirapy; Royf;$ba v/F jfLfs; $o;k

Miyapy; cs;sJ.

,jDs; jpz;kj;Jld; ePh;kk; Nrh;j;J

,lg;gLfpwJ.

jpz;kj;Jfs; $o;kj;Jfs; mstpw;F miuf;fg;gl;L

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