ocean and tidal powers

8/16/2019 Ocean and Tidal Powers

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1

Oceanic Energy


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Tidal Power

Lesson Plan for

EXPLORING THE EARTH, SUN and STARS


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What Are TIDES?

Tides are enerall! "no#n as the

rise and fall of #ater le$els%


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Where TIDES

O&&'r? Tides &an o&&'r an!#here,fro( inside Earth)s &r'st to

lare la"es to the at(os*here%

Ho#e$er, #e noti&e tides the(ost at the seashore%


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What +a'ses

Tides? Tides are &reated ! thera$itational *'ll of the s'nand the (oon%

The (ore i(*ortant for&eehind tides is the *'ll fro(

the (oon%


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What Ha**ens is%%% The #ater on the side of the

Earth &losest to the (oon is

*'lled ! the (oons ra$itationalfor&e, (ore stronl! than the 'l"of the Earth

the #ater on the side f'rthestfro( the -oon is *'lled lessstronl! than the Earth%


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The E.e&t is%%%

/'les in the #ater on o**osite sides of the Earth, #hi&h #e &an no# &all%%%

TIDES TIDES


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Ho# Often? Sin&e t#o 'les e0ist 1one &loser to

the -oon2the stroner one, and onef'rther a#a! fro( the -oon2the #ea"er

one3 the rise and fall of the o&eanso&&'rs a**ro0i(atel! t#i&e dail!%

This o&&'rs e&a'se of the rotation of

the Earth%


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Di.erent T!*es of

TIDES Se(i2di'rnal4 Tidesthat o&&'r t#i&e a da!

a od! of #ater #ith

se(i2di'rnal tides#ill ha$e t#o hihtides and t#o lo#tides in one da!%

Di'rnal4 Tides thato&&'r on&e a da!

a od! of #ater #ith

di'rnal tides #illha$e one hih tideand one lo# tide ina 562ho'r *eriod%


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Di.eren&e et#een

Hih and Lo# Tides S*rin Tides

lare di.eren&eet#een hihand lo# tides%

Nea* Tides

$er! littledi.eren&eet#een hihand lo# tides%


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SPRING TIDES

7or a S*rin Tideto o&&'r, Earth,

the (oon and thes'n ('st e in astraiht line%


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NEAP TIDES

7or Nea* Tides too&&'r, the Earth,

the (oon and theS'n for( a rihtanle%


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/! (eas'rin the di.eren&e et#een

the hih and lo# tides, #e &an 8nd the

Tidal ranes &an e (eas'red inin&hes or feet%

The reatest tidal rane "no#n hasrea&hed 9: feet 1THE /A; O7 7UND;3

Tidal Rane Tidal Rane


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Ocean at low Tide


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O&ean at Hih Tide


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Ho*e !o' en


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17

Course Outline

Renewable Hydro Power Wind Energy

Oceanic Energy Solar Power Geothermal

Biomass

Sustainable Hydrogen & Fuel Cells Nuclear Fossil Fuel nno!ation E"otic #echnologies ntegration

$istributed Generation


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18

Oceanic Energy Outline

%!er!iew

#idal Power #echnologies En!ironmental

macts Economics

Future Promise

Wa!e Energy #echnologies En!ironmental

macts Economics Future Promise

'ssessment


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19

Overview of OceanicEnergy


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20

Sources of New Energy

Boyle( Renewable Energy, %")ord *ni!ersity Press +,--./


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21

Gloal !ri"ary EnergySources 2002



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22

#enewale Energy $se %2001



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2&

Tidal !ower


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2'

Tidal (otions



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2)

Tidal *orces



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2+

Natural Tidal ,ottlenec-s



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27

Tidal EnergyTec.nologies

01 #idal #urbine Farms

,1 #idal Barrages +dams/


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Tidal Turines (CT Seagen

23- 4W 5 013 6W

03 5 ,- m rotors

7 m monoile

0- 5 ,- RP6 $eloyed in multi8unit

)arms or arrays

9i4e a wind )arm( but Water :--" denser than air Smaller rotors 6ore closely saced

htt;


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&0

Tidal TurinesSwanturines

$irect dri!e to generator No gearbo"es

Gra!ity base

=ersus a bored )oundation Fi"ed itch turbine blades

mro!ed reliability But trades o)) e))iciency

htt;


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&1

ee3er 4ater CurrentTurine



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&2

Oscillating Tidal Turine

%scillates u and down

03- 4W rototyeoerational +,--7/

Plans )or 7 5 3 6Wrototyes


htt;


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&&

!olo Tidal Turine

=ertical turbine blades

Rotates under atethered ring

3- m in diameter ,- m dee

>-- tonnes

6a" ower 0, 6W



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&'

!ower fro" 5and Tides 6

htt;


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&)

dvantages of Tidal Turines

9ow =isual mact 6ainly( i) not totally submerged1

9ow Noise Pollution Sound le!els transmitted are !ery low

High Predictability #ides redicted years in ad!ance( unli4e wind

High Power $ensity 6uch smaller turbines than wind turbines )or the

same ower

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&+

isadvantages of TidalTurines High maintenance costs

High ower distribution costs

Somewhat limited uside caacity

ntermittent ower generation


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&7

2/ Tidal ,arrageSc.e"es


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&8

enitions

Barrage 'n arti)icial dam to increase the deth o) water )or

use in irrigation or na!igation( or in this case(

generating electricity1 Flood

#he rise o) the tide toward land +rising tide/

Ebb #he return o) the tide to the sea +)alling tide/


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&9

!otential Tidal ,arrage Sites


%nly about ,- sites in the world ha!e been identi)ied as ossible tidal barrage stations


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'0

Sc.e"atic of Tidal ,arrage



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'1

Cross Section of a Tidal,arrage

htt;


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'2

Tidal ,arrage ,ul Turine



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'&

Tidal ,arrage #i" Generator



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''

Tidal ,arrage TuularTurine



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')

5a #ance Tidal !ower,arrage

Rance Ri!er estuary( Brittany +France/ 9argest in world

Comleted in 0A>>

,.0- 6W bulb turbines +,.- 6W/ 31. meter diameter

Caacity )actor o) .-D

6a"imum annual energy; ,10 #Wh Realied annual energy; :.- GWh

Electric cost; 712


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'+

5a #ance Tidal !ower,arrage

htt;


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'7

5a #ance #iver Saint (alo


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'9

Cross Section of 5a #ance,arrage

htt;


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)0

5a #ance Turine E:.iit


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)1

Tidal ,arrage EnergyCalculations

A R E

gR ARmgR E

21397

2/)(2/

η

ρ η η

=

==

R = range (height) of tide (in m)

A = area of tidal pool (in km2)m = mass of water

g = 9.81 m/s2 = gravitational constant

ρ = 1025 kg/m3 = density of seawater

η ≅ !33 = capacity factor (2"3#$)

k%h per tidal cycle

Ass&ming 7' tidal cycles per year (12 hrs 2 min per cycle)

A R E yr

2'1997! η ×=

#ester et al., Sustainable Energy, 6# Press( ,--3


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)2

5a #ance ,arrage E:a"3le

η = 33$ R = !# m

A = 22 km2

#17

)22)(#!)(33!(1997!

1997!

2'

2'

=

×=

×=

yr

yr

yr

E

E

A R E η

*%h/yr



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)&

!ro3osed Severn ,arrage1989


Ne!er constructed( but instructi!e


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)'

!ro3osed Severn ,arrage1989 Se!ern Ri!er estuary

Border between Wales and England

,0> .- 6W turbine generators +A1-m dia/

:(>.- 6W total caacity

02 #Wh a!erage energy outut

Ebb generation with )low uming

0> 4m +A1> mi/ total barrage length

:1, +03/ billion estimated cost +0A::/

Severn ,arrage


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))

Severn ,arrage

5ayout


S , ! l


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)+

Severn ,arrage !ro3osal

E;ect on Tide 5evels


S , ! l


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)7


!ower Generation over Ti"e


Se ern ,arrage !ro3osal


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)8


Ca3ital Costs


03 billion+0A:: costs/




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)9


Energy Costs


0-


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+0


Ca3ital Costs versus Energy

Costs


0 ≅ ,

O; . Tid l 5


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+1

O;s.ore Tidal 5agoon


Tid l *


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+2

Tidal *ence

'rray o) !ertical a"is tidalturbines

No e))ect on tide le!els

9ess en!ironmental imactthan a barrage

0--- 6W ea4 +>-- 6Wa!erage/ )ences soon


! i i Tid l E Sit


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+&

!ro"ising Tidal Energy Sites

Country Location TWh/yr GW

Canada Fundy Bay 02 .17

Cumberland . 010

USA 'las4a >13 ,17

PassamaIuody ,10 0

Argentina San Jose Gul) A13 3

Russia %r4hots4 Sea 0,3 ..

India Camby 03 21>

Kutch 01> -1>Korea 0-

Australia 312 01A

htt;


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+'

Tidal ,arrage Environ"ental*actors Changes in estuary ecosystems

9ess !ariation in tidal range Fewer mud )lats

9ess turbidity 5 clearer water 6ore light( more li)e

'ccumulation o) silt

Concentration o) ollution in silt =isual clutter

d t f Tid l ,


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+)

dvantages of Tidal ,arrages

High redictability #ides redicted years in ad!ance( unli4e wind

Similar to low8head dams Known technology

Protection against )loods

Bene)its )or transortation +bridge/

Some en!ironmental bene)its

htt;


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++

isadvantages of TidalTurines High caital costs Few attracti!e tidal ower sites worldwide

ntermittent ower generation

Silt accumulation behind barrage 'ccumulation o) ollutants in mud

Changes to estuary ecosystem


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4 St t


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+8

4ave Structure


4a e *re< enc and


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+9

4ave *re


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4ave !atterns over Ti"e


4ave !ower Calculations


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4ave !ower Calculations

2

2

e s T H

P =

H s2 = +ignificant wave height , - rms water elevation (m)

T e = avg time .etween &pward movements across mean (s)

P = ower in k% per meter of wave crest length

0-ample H s2 = 3m and T e = 1s

mkW T H P e s #

213

2

22=

×==

Gloal 4ave Energy


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Gloal 4ave Energy verages

htt;


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7&

4ave Energy !otential

Potential o) 0(3-- 5 2(3-- #Wh #Wh


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7'

4ave EnergyTec.nologies

4ave Concentration E;ects


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7)

4ave Concentration E;ects


Ta3ered C.annel Ta3c.an


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7+

Ta3ered C.annel Ta3c.an

htt;


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77

Oscillating 4ater Colu"n

htt;


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Oscillating Colu"n Cross=Section



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?(ig.ty 4.ale@ esign


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(ig.ty 4.ale esign % Aa3an

htt;


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(ig.t 4.ale esign


Turines for 4ave Energy


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Turines for 4ave Energy

Boyle( Renewable Energy, %")ord *ni!ersity Press +,--./ htt;


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4ave Conversion Syste" in


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8'

4ave Conversion Syste" in ction

4ave ragon


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8)

4ave ragon

htt;


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8+

4ave ragon Energy Out3ut

in a ,.4W


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87

eclining 4ave Energy Costs


4ave Energy !ower


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4ave Energy !oweristriution


4ave Energy Su33ly vs Electric


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4ave Energy Su33ly vs/ Electrice"and



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4ave EnergyEnviron"ental

>"3acts

4ave Energy Environ"ental


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91

4ave Energy Environ"ental>"3act 9ittle chemical ollution 9ittle !isual imact

Some haard to shiing

No roblem )or migrating )ish( marine li)e

E"tract small )raction o) o!erall wa!e energy 9ittle imact on coastlines

Release little C%,( S%,( and N%" 00g( -1-7g( and -1-3g < 4Wh resecti!ely



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92

4ave EnergySu""ary

4ave !ower dvantages


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9&

4ave !ower dvantages

%nshore wa!e energy systems can be incororatedinto harbor walls and coastal rotection Reduce


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9'

4ave !ower isadvantages

High caital costs )or initial construction High maintenance costs Wa!e energy is an intermittent resource ReIuires )a!orable wa!e climate1 n!estment o) ower transmission cables to shore $egradation o) scenic ocean )ront !iews nter)erence with other uses o) coastal and o))shore

areas

na!igation( )ishing( and recreation i) not roerly sited Reduced wa!e heights may a))ect beach rocesses

in the littoral one

htt;


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9)

4ave Energy Su""ary

Potential as signi)icant ower suly +0 #W/ ntermittence roblems mitigated by

integration with general energy suly

system 6any di))erent alternati!e designs

Comlimentary to other renewable and

con!entional energy technologies

htt;


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9+

*uture !ro"ise

4orld Oceanic Energy


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4orld Oceanic Energy!otentials G4

Source #ides

Wa!es

Currents %#EC0

Salinity

World electric,

World hydro

!otential +est/ ,(3-- GW

,(2--7

3(--- ,--(---

0(---(---

.(---

!ractical +est/ ,- GW

3--

3- .-

NP'.

,(:--

33-

0 #emerature gradients 7 'long coastlines . Not resently a!ailable

ocean and tidal powers

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