PowerPoint Presentation

2

October 1492Returned to Spain in Marchgold, turkey, pineapple, tobaccobut no spice

Most important event

Cortez 1519-1521, Pizzaro Incas 1534 95% death rate smallpox, typhus, diphtheria, measles, influenza6Domesticated animalsmuscovy duckturkeyguinea pigllamasalpacasNo large herd domesticated animalscornkidney beanspeanutslima beanspotatoestobaccotomatoessquashesavocadosquinoapineapplecotton

PeppersCacaoVanillaNutmeg8PeppersColumbus 1495Within 50 years spread worldPortuguese to piri-piri to Africafrom Brazil, around horn of Africato Indiathrived, now thought native All species in Africa todayWhy so popular?

Grow easilyMany varietiesMaintain heat when dried

3,000 varieties worldwidePeppers in nightshade family

related to tomatoes, potatoeseggplant, tobaccodatura, henbaneChile, chilli, chiliCapsaicinindestructiblecold, heat, waterVitamin A9x more green pepperVitamin C 2x more than orangesPotassiumMagnesiumAntioxidantsChili peppersCapsaicinoidsreduce blood clotsdissolves fibrinrelieve arthritis (topical)lower cholesterolincrease blood flow in vesselsrelease endorphins

Increase immune systemdecrease inflammationDecrease blood pressureDecrease stomach acidhelp ulcersAntimicrobialkills salmonella, H. pyloriAntiviralstops transcription Pain killerrelease neurotransmitter(substance P)Arthritis3months, 81% reliefNerve pain50% improvementShinglesDiabetic neuropathyHeadaches (nostril)Wilbur Scoville 1912

Now use liquid chromatographyPure capsaicin 16 million SHU

Pepper spray 5 million SHU

Variessoilmore sunlight = hotter

Trinidad moruga scorpion2 million SHUs

Carolina reaper2.2 million SHUs

Ghost pepper or naga1 million SHUs

Uses:flavorsmeared on fenceshand grenadespepper spray

Red Savina250,000 Scoville

Habanero100,000-350,000 SHU

Cayenne30,000-50,000 SHU

Serrano10,000-25,000 SHU

Jalapeno2,500-5,000 SHUsTabasco, paprika2,500-8,000 SHU

Poblano1,000-2,000 SHUrellenos

Anaheim500-2,500 SHUsPimento, bananaPepperoncini100-500 SHU

Pimiento (cherry pepper)Indigenous to JamaicaMajor pepper produced in Jamaica

Today export $5 million, 1000 metric tonsUsed in cheeseSandwich meatStuffed olivesmixed with gelatin, large sheetsmachine stuffed 1962

Sweet bell peppers0Put out the fire!NO WATERFat milkyogurtice creamPeanut butterAlcoholbeerChili powderActually a mixture of spicesAztecs used similarDeveloped in Texas 1835Vanilla250 active ingredientsFoods, perfumes, toothpasteIce creamFlorida, Australia, New Zealand

5.5 million ton of vanilla consumed/yr

Most popular flavor in the worldOnly edible orchidMontezuma gifted to SpanishAztecs gave to Quetzalcoatl at TenochtitlanGave Cortez chocolatlground cacaoannatto seedschile peppervanillaWhy expensive???Orchid pollinated by indigenousbees, hummingbirdsSeed pods take 6-9 months to matureHand pollinated if not native soilDried, wrapped to prevent fermentationCured in airtight metal boxes

Vanilla planifoliaEpiphyte

Commercially grown on bamboo200 phytonutrientsMainly vanillincancerinfluences 64 genes with a role in cancerSickle cell anemiaCacaoNative to American tropicsSmall tree, rich soil, lots of water4 years, harvest until 80Flower forms on main trunkred pod full of beansfermented, driedContains caffeine and theobromine

Gift from the gods

Originally bitter drink used for ceremonies oradded to other dishes

Nahuatl word xocoltl

Aphrodisiacs

1900 BC

OlmecVera CruzMayanAztectraded100 beans worth a canoe100 beans worth a turkeyPueblo traded with MesoamericaColumbus found on 4th tripdid not understand its importanceCortes first to drink15191500s added sugar from West IndiesSpread throughout Europe

Dutchman Casparus van Houtenlearned to add milkfound how to remove fat by hydraulicPress 1828 and make a cake of the chocolate

Dutched chocolatetreated with alkalinelighter, sweeterneutral pHcan not be used in recipescalling for baking sodaOnly baking powderCadburyboxed chocolates1868Nestlemilk chocolate1875Lindtconching (machine)1879Hersheychoc. Covered carmels 18931831 Cadbury planned chocolate factory

1894 Milton Hershey, Penn.1907 Hersheys kisses

2008 3,000 products from chocolate

Alkaloids:salsolinolphenylethylamineantidepressantcaffeinestimulanttheobromine

Pimento treeDiscovered by Columbus 1494but did not get recognizeduntil 17th century

Only spice native to W. hemisphere

Leading industry in JamaicaFlavors:Jamaican jerkGerman sauerbratenScandinavian Pickled herringCincinnati chileMore chili house than anywhere else in U.S.55MedicineEugenolpain desensitizer(i.e. cloves)AntiviralAntibacterialAnalgesicAnestheticAntifungalAthletes footAntioxidant25 active phenolsDecrease BP by increase blood flowRussian soldier, 1812, Napolean