2002 5000

106 19.2% SPSSLISREL

1.

2.

3.

II

ABSTRACT

All companies want to make profits and will be globalized, but how do they get it?

Human resource management must be the key point. Corporate cultures and business

strategies try to catch changing environment. How do they affect human resource

systems especial in staffing strategies and organization performances?

We have 106 effective samples from 1.Taiwans 5000 Top manufacture

corporations surveyed by CHINA CREDIT INFORMATION SERVICE, LTD. in 2002.

2. Association of Taichung Human Resource Managers. The effective recover rate was

19.2% and then used the SPSS & LISREL software to analyze our questionnaire.

The main conclusions of our research are

1.The different corporate culture firms can be classified four types by the two

dimensions of flexibility and external focus. Each of the four types has significant

deviation.

2.The different business strategy firms can be classified four types by the two

dimensions of innovation and market range. Each of the four types has significant

deviation.

3.The corporate cultures and business strategies affect organization performances

through the staffing strategies

Key Words: Corporate culture, business strategy, staffing strategy, organization

performance

III

.......................................................I

ABSTRACT ...............................................III

....................................................VI

....................................................IX

...............................................1

................................................... 1

................................................... 4

......................................... 5

...........................................7

................................................... 7

.................................................. 23

.................................................. 33

.................................................. 42

......................................... 46

....................................56

............................................ 56

..................................... 61

........................................ 65

................................................... 67

.............................................. 69

............................................. 72

.................................................. 78

IV

.......................................79

..................................... 79

.............................. 86

.............................. 92

...................................... 98

..... 108

LISREL ....................................... 112

.......................................121

................................................. 121

........................................... 127

.................................................130

()137

V

1-1 2

2-1 8

2-2 10

2-3 13

2-4 18

2-5 20

2-6 25

2-7 28

2-8 30

2-9 Hall & Goodale 39

2-10 40

2-11 44

2-12 48

2-13 48

2-14 49

2-15 50

2-16 55

3-1 67

3-2 68

4-5 83

4-6 84

4-7 86

4-8 87

4-9 88

VI

4-10 89

4-11 91

4-12 93

4-13 94

4-14 95

4-15 97

4-16 99

4-17 100

4-18 101

4-19 102

4-20 103

4-21 104

4-22 105

4-23 106

4-24 107

4-25 108

4-26 109

4-27 111

4-28 112

4-29 112

4-30 113

4-31 LISREL 115

4-32 LISREL 118

4-33 123

4-34 124

4-35 125

VII

4-36 126

4-37 127

4-38 128

5-1 134

VIII

1-1 5

2-1 12

2-2 Deal & Kennedy 15

2-3 16

2-4 Quinn 17

2-5 28

2-6 34

2-7 35

2-8 37

2-9 46

2-10 51

3-1 57

3-2 73

4-1 101

4-2 103

4-3 105

4-4 107

4-5 109

4-6 116

4-7 120

IX

2000

22%

1999 TM

(Watson Wyatt Human Capital Index TM study) 30

30% 30

recruiting excellence

clear rewards and accountability

a collegial, flexible workplacecommunications integrity

prudent use of resources

10%

(SHRM) 1993

1-1

1

1-1

(%) (%)

1. 19 15

2. / 15 10

3. 13 18

4. 11 9

5. / 9 10

6. 8 6

7. / 6 7

8. 5 7

9. 4 7

10. 10 11

100 100

Heneman ,Herbert; Heneman,G. Robert L& A.Judge, TimothyStaffing Organizations

2ndpp.71997IL Mendota House.

(2003)

1.

2. 360

3.

4.

5.

2

(1983)

(1998)

(2001)

(2000)

3

1.

2.

3.

4.

4

1-1

1.

2.

1.

2.

1-1

5

6

1980 (corporate culture)

Z (Ouchi 1981 )(In Search of Excellence)(Peter

& Waterman1982 )(Deal & Kennedy1982 )

(1990)(2000)

(Websters New Collegiate Dictionary)

Robbins(2001)

McDermott1987

1.2.

3.4.

5.6.

1970

Peter & Waterman(1982)

(1990)

7

Robbins(2001)

2-12-2

2-1

Ouchi 1981

Peter & Waterman 1982

Pettigrew 1983

myth

Dension 1984

(Core identity)

Schein 1984

Tunstall 1985

Lorsch 1985

Arogyaswamy &

Byles

1987

McManis &

Webster

1988

Wilkins 1988

organizational frames of reference

8

Deshpande &

Webster

1989

Botterill 1990

Zammuto &

Oconnor

1992

Chatman &

Jehn

1994

Flannery

Hofrichter &

Plaaten

1996

Hodgetts &

Luthans

1997

Verbeke

Volgering &

Hessels

1998

Robbins 2001

1.1999

19-20

2.2002

22

9

2-2

1985

1986

1987

1989

1990

1992

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2001 (practice)

(mission)(values)(philosophy)

2002

2002 ()

10

2003

1.

23

2.

Robbins(2001)

2-1

11

568

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

2-1

Deal & Kennedy(1982)Corporate C

--

12

ulture

--

2001

2-3

2-3

Pettigrew 1979 1.2.3.4.5.

Deal &

Kennedy 1982

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Schein 1984

1.

2.

3.

Asker 1986 1. 2 3.

Amsa 1986 1.2.3.4.

Bettinger 1989

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10.

11. 12

Kono 1990

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

Grey &

Gelfond 1990

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9.

Singh 1990 1.2.3.4.

1990

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

6. 7.

Simmons 1996

1.charismaleadership

2. 3.

4.stage

5.

24

13

Deal &

Kennedy1982

2-2

1.the toughguy , macho culture

2./the work hard/play hard culture

3.the betyourcompany culture

4.the process culture

Deal & Kennedy(1982)

14

Planning

Walla

1.

2.

3.

Hofsted

1. 3.

2./

4.

2-2 Deal & Kennedy

Rohit Deshapand & A. Parasuraman, Linking Corporate Culture to Strategic

, Business Horizons, May-Jun,1986, p.31

nch(1983)

(Bureaucratic Culture)

(Innovative Culture)

(Supportive Culture)

(1991)Cameron(1985)

e(1990)//

15

2-3

4.(Effective Culture)

/

1. 2.

3. 4.

2-3

199119

Quinn(1988)

2-4

(1995)

1.(Developmental Culture)

2.(Market Culture)

3.(Clan Culture)

16

4.(Bureaucratic Culture)

(flexibility)

(stability)

2-4 Quinn

199538

(1990)

1.

2.

3.

1.

17

2.

3.

4.

5.

2-4

2-4

Ansoff 1979 1.2.3.4.

5

Deal &

Kennedy 1982

1. 2./ 3.

4.

Ellen J.

Wallach 1983 1. 2. 3.

G. R.

Jones 1983 1. 2. 3.

Christian

Scholz 1987

1.

123

45

2.

123

3.

12/ 3

4

L. L. Byars 1987 1.2.3.4.

18

Quinn 1988 1. 2. 3 4.

Reimamn &

Wiener 1988

1. 2. 3. 4.

Cooke &

Lafferty 1989 1.2.3.

David Lei ,

Slocum ,

Slater

1990 1. 2. 3.

4. .

Frank

Petrock 1990 1.2.3.4.

Kono 1990 1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

1990 1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

Brink 1991 1. 2. 3.

4.

Cooke &

Szumal 1993 1. 2. / 3./

R. Goffee &

G. Jones 1998 1. 2. 3. 4.

1999 1. 2. 3. 4.

(1991)-

1.(Innovative Culture)

2.(Effective Culture)

3.(Supportive Culture)

19

4.(Bureaucratic Culture)

2-5

2-5

1986

1.

2.

1996

Top500

1.

2.

1998

20

(1999)

(37.5%)

(33.33%

2000

2000

(2001)

(2001)

1.

2.

(2002)

56

1.

2.

21

(2003)

1.

2.

(2003)

(1966)(1999)(2000)

//(2001)

(2001)(

19661999)

(2003)

//

22

Chandler (1962)

Jauch & Glueck1989

2001

1980

Steiner

1969

(2001)

(1998)

Porter1985

1.(Cost Leadership Strategy)

23

2.(Differentiation Strategy)

3.(Focus Strategy)

Miles & Snow(1984)

1.(Defender Strategy)

2.(Prospectors Strategy)

3.(Analyzers Strategy)

4.(Reactor Strategy)

(1987)

24

1.KFS(Key factor of success)

2.(Relative superiority)

3.(Aggressive imitative)

4.(Strategic degree of freedom)

2-6

2-6

Ansoff 1968

1.Market Penetration2.MarketDevelopment3.Produce Development4.Diversification

Utterback&

Abemathy 1975

1.Performance Maximizing2.Sales Maximizing3.Cost Minimizing

Hofer&

Schendel 1978

1. Share Increasing 2. Growth3.Profit4.Market Concentration and Asset Reduction5.Turnaround6.Liquidation

Vesper 1979

1. Multiplication 2. Monopolizing 3. Specialization 4.Liquidation

Vissema,

Vanderpos

&Messer

1980

1.Explore2.Expansion3.Continue Growth4.Slip5.Consolidation6.Contraction

Miles 1982 1.Domain Defense2.Domain Offense

Miles & Snow 1984 1. (Defender Strategy) 2.

(Prospectors Strategy)3. (Analyzers

25

Strategy) 4.(Reactor Strategy)

Porter 1985

1.Cost Leadership Strategy 2.Differentiation Strategy3.Focus Strategy

1987

1.KFS (Key factor of success) 2.

(Relative superiority)3. .

(Aggressive imitative)4.

(Strategic degree of freedom)

Segve 1989

1.Defenders2.Cost Leadership3. Analyzers 4. Cost Differentiation5.Prospectors

William,

Rosamm

Frank

1996 1.Building2.Hold3.Harvest4./ Divest/Liquidate

Aker 1999

1.Differentiation2.Focus3. Low Cost 4. Synergy 5. The preemptive move

1.

44

2.

Miles & Snow(1984)

1.(Defender Strategy)

2.(Prospectors Strategy)

3.(Analyzers Strategy)

26

4.(Reactor )

Hofer & Schendel1978

2000

1.Corporate Strategy

vertical

integrationdiversificationstrategic

alliance

2.Business Strategy

Porter1980

1cost leadership strategy

2differentiation strategy

3focus strategy

3.Functional Strategy

(1995)

27

2-5

2-5

1995

2-7

2-7

Ansoff 1965

1.St

2.Ad

3.Op

Hofer &

Schendel 1978

1.

2. Bus

28

rategic dec

ministrati

erating dec

Corporate

iness stra

ision

on decisio

ision

strategy

tegy

n

3. Functional area strategy

Sawyer 1980

1.Company strategy

2.Business strategy

3.Product strategy

Hill &

Jones 1992

1.Corporate strategy

2.Business strategy

3. Functional strategy

1995

1.(Corporate strategy)

2.(business strategy)

3.Functional strategy

1998

1.Corporate strategy

2.Business strategy

3. Functional strategy

Ansoff

29

(1999)

2-8

2-8

(1999)

1.

2.

2000

500

500

1.

2.

3.

30

2002

1.

2.

3.

(2002)

(2002)

1.

2.

Miles&Snow

(2002)

1

1.

2.

31

(2000

(2002)

(2002)

32

(1995) (2000)

(acquisition)(develop)

(maintenance)(utilization)

(1998) Milkovich & Boudreau1997Human

Resource Management

(1998)2000

2-6

33

placement

selecting

(recruiting)

2-6

173

, 2000

(

2003)

, 2000Dessler (1988

(2003)

20001.2.3.

4.5.6.Byars & Rue , 1995

selection process1.2.

3.4.5.6.

34

, 1998

, 2000

2-7

()

()

()

()

()

2-7

Heneman,, Heneman & JudgeStaffing Organizations 2ndp.12

35

(Strategic Human

Resource Management)

(1995)

Wright & McMahan, 1992Sheppeck &

Militello20001.

2.3.

4.

integrationadaptation

1.2.

3.

Schuler,1992

Ulrich(1992)

1.

2.

3.

36

Staffing Organizations Heneman , Heneman & Judge (1997)

(acquisition)

2-8

1. (acquire or develop talent) 2. (staffing as a lag or lead system) 3. (specific or general competencies) 4. (exceptional or acceptable workforce quality) 5. (external or internal hiring) 6. (active or passive pursuit of diversity) 7. (core or flexible workforce)

2-8

Heneman , Heneman & JudgeStaffing Organizations 2ndp.102

1.

(buy)(make)

2.

37

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Hall & Goodale(1986)1.

2.3.

2-9

38

2-9 Hall & Goodale

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

Hall, Douglas & Goodale, James1986Human resource management: strategy, design and

implementationScott, Foresman and Company.

Breaugh(1992)

(orientation)

(2000)(upstream strategy)

(downstream strategy)

1.2.

3.

(1999)

1.

2.

3.

2-10

39

2-10

(promotion from within) internal labor market (recruitment from without)

external labor market

1. 2. 3.

1. 2. 3.

1. 2. 3.

1. 2. 3.

1. 2. 3.

1. 2. 3.

1999

Heneman , Heneman & Judge (1997)

1.

(buy)(make)

2.

3.

40

4.

41

(Kassem & Moursi,1971 )

(1992)(

)(

)

Venkatraman &

Ramanujam(1986)

1.Financial Performance

2.Business Performance

Operational Performance

3.Organization Performance

Ruekert, Walker & Roering(1985)

1.(effectiveness):

2.(efficiency)

3.(adaptability)

Locke & Latham(1990)

1.

42

2.

3.

(Guest,

1997)Guest(1997)

Dyer & Reeves(1995)

1.

2.3.

Becker & Gerhart (1996)

2-11

43

2-11

Venkatraman &

Ramanujam(1986)

1.

2.

3.

Nkomo(1987) 1.

2.

Demirag(1987) 1.

2.

Ichniowski(1990

)

(Tobins q)

(1991)

Ichniowski,

Shaw, &

Prennushi(1993)

(1994)

Arthur(1994)

Bird &

Beechler(1995)

1.

2.

(1995)

1.

2.

3.

Huselid(1995) (Tobins q)

MacDuffie(1995)

Delery &

Doty(1996)

Welbourne &

&rews(1996)

Tobins q

Delaney & Huselid(1996)

1.

44

2.

Youndt et al. (1996)

(1996)

Hueslid, Jackson, & Schuler(1997)

Tobins q

(1997) 1.

2.

1. 1999

17-18

2.

45

(Robbins2001)

(1995)

2-9

2-9

43

(2000)

46

(2001)

1.

2.3.

(2002)

(

2000)

(2001)

(2003)

Schuler & Jackson (1987)

47

2-12

2-12

1. 2.

1. 2.

Schuler, R. S., & Jackson, S. E. (1987). Linking competitive strategies with human

resource management practices, Academy of Management Executive, 1(3): 207-219.

(2000)

2-13

2-13

2000 140

48

Anthony et al. Strategic Human Resource Management1993

Miles & Snow(1980)

Ragburam & Arvey1997Miles & Snow

2-14

2-14

1.

2.

/

1.

2.

/

/

1.

2.

/

/

Ragburam, Summita & Arvey, Richard D.1997 .Business strategy with staffing and

training practices .Human Resource Planning.203 .pp.14-19

2-15

49

2-15

1. 2.

1. 2. 1. 2.

1. 2.

1. 2. 3.

1998 110

(1998)

(2000)

(2000)

()

50

()

Peters & Waterman(1982)

(2000)

Robbins(2001)

2-10

2-10

573

(1999)(1991)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

51

(2002)

(2003)

()

Miles & Snows(1978)

Hambrick(1983)

(2002)

Miles & Snows

(2002)1

Miles & Snow

52

()

(universalistic perspective) (contingency perspective)

(configurational perspective) (Lawler, Chen, & Bae, 2000)

(best perspective)

Pfeffer(1994) 16

Arthur(1992)

Delery Doty(1996)

Youndt et al(1996)

53

MacDuffie(1995)

1.2.

3.

(Guest, 1997)

(1994)

(2001)

(1999)

Guest(1997)2-16

54

2-16

/

20

55

(,2000,2001

,1999,2003 ,2000,2000)3-1

1. 2.

12

1. 2. 3.

1. 2.

.

.

3-1

56

3-1

()

(Robbins2001)(2001)

(2003)

(2000)(1999)

H1

H2

H3

H4

H5

H6

57

()

(1998)(2000)

(2000)

()

Miles & Snows(1978)

(2002)

(2002)1

H7

H8

H9

H10

H11

H12

58

()

MacDuffie(1995)

1.2.

3.

(Guest, 1997)

(1994)

(2001)

H13

H14

H15(mediating)

H16

H16-1

59

H16-2

H16-3

H16-4

H16-5

H16-6

60

Robbins(2001)(2001)

(1999) (1991)Cameron(1985)

//

1.(Innovative Culture)

2.(Effective Culture)

3.(Supportive Culture)

4.(Bureaucratic Culture)

61

Miles & Snow(1984)

(,1999,2002,2002)

Segev(1989)

Miles & Snow(1984)

1.(Defender Strategy)

2.(Prospectors Strategy)

3.(Analyzers Strategy)

4.(Reactor Strategy)

Heneman, Heneman & Judge (1997)

(acquisition)

1.(buy)(make)

62

2.

3.

4.

(Kassem &

Moursi,1971 )

1.

2.

1.

2.3 4 10 11 15 16 20 20

3.8 8 2 2 5 5

10 10

4.1 50 51 100 101 500 500 1000 1000

5.25 30 30 35 35 40 40

45 45

6.1 1 3 4 6 7 10 10

63

64

2002

5000

93

5501082

10619.2%31

3-1

300 150 100 550

66 27 15 108

0.22 0.18 0.15 0.183

2 0 0 2

64 27 15 106

0.21 0.18 0.15 0.180

3-2

65

3-2

(n=106)

(%)

(%)

64 60.4 60.4

27 25.5 85.8 15 14.2 100.0

3 3 2.8 2.8

4--10 16 15.1 17.9

11--15 18 17.0 34.9

16--20 19 17.9 52.8

20 50 47.2 100.0

8 16 15.1 15.1

8--2 20 18.9 34.0

2--5 18 17.0 50.9

5--10 17 16.0 67.0

10 35 33.0 100.0

1--50 17 16.0 16.0

51--100 13 12.3 28.3

101--500 41 38.7 67.0

500--1000 18 17.0 84.0

1000 17 16.0 100.0

25--30 9 8.5 8.5

30--35 53 50.0 58.5

35--40 41 38.7 97.2

40--45 2 1.9 99.1

45 1 0.9 100.0

1 3 2.8 2.8

1--3 22 20.8 23.6

4--6 42 39.6 63.2

7--10 29 27.4 90.6

10 10 9.4 100.0

66

Likert

(1999)

//

14Likert 15

(2002)

11Likert 15

67

20Likert 15

(2002)

10Likert

15

6

68

SPSS for Window10.0AMOS

3.6

(Descriptives)

()(Factor Analysis)

()Internal Consistency Analysis

Cronbach' s

Cronbach's

0.7Nunnally,1967

69

()

( Cluster Analysis ) ( Discriminant Analysis )

Hit Ratio

PressQ

(One-Way ANOVA)

Scheffe

Canonical Correlation

(Regresion Analysis)

70

LISREL

(Linear Structural Relation LISREL)

LISREL3-2

3-2

1.

2.

1.

2.

1. 2. 3.

1.

2.

ANOVALISERL

ANOVA

ANOVA

ANOVA

ANOVA

71

Cronbach

(Factor Analysis)

Kaiser(1966)

1. 1

2. 0.5

3. 0.3

3-3

(Principal Components Analysis) 8

2.9682.364 66.650%

5

3

Cronbach 0.83430.8174 0.7

72

3-3

1 2

0.835 0.007

0.804 0.233

0.715 0.379

0.686 0.112

0.651 0.348

0.007 0.907

0.231 0.813

0.298 0.737

2.968 2.364

(%) 50.836 15.814

(%) 50.836 66.650

Cronbach 0.8343 0.8174

3-4 9

4.1381.517 62.838%

7

()

73

2

Cronbach

0.8823 Cronbach 0.6099

3-4

1 2

0.830 0.003

0.815 -0.009

0.792 0.002

0.775 -0.008

() 0.747 -0.009

0.709 0.158

0.694 0.242

-0.006 0.848

0.100 0.828

4.138 1.517

(%) 46.116 16.721

(%) 46.116 62.838

Cronbach 0.8823 0.6099

74

3-5 11

4.1431.5321.096 61.558%

5

4

2

Cronbach 0.73750.82340.6199

Cronbach 0.7 Cronbach

0.6

75

3-5

1 2 3

0.817 0.006 0.004

0.717 0.160 -0.008

0.621 0.234 0.159

0.596 0.251 0.008

0.562 0.269 0.001

0.297 0.818 -0.007

0.004 0.780 -0.009

0.350 0.755 0.228

0.486 0.681 -0.001

-0.005 -0.004 0.858

0.188 -0.002 0.819

4.143 1.532 1.096

(%) 37.663 13.927 9.967

(%) 37.663 51.590 61.558

Cronbach 0.7375 0.8234 0.6199

76

3-6 7

4.0531.757 72.624%

5

2 Cronbach

0.90820.7569 Cronbach 0.7

3-6

1 2

0.905 -0.151

0.905 -0.007

0.859 -0.198

0.770 -0.204

0.756 -0.200

-0.009 0.898

-0.205 0.868

4.053 1.757

(%) 55.161 17.462

(%) 55.161 72.624

Cronbach 0.9082 0.7569

77

19.2

78

SPSS for Window10.0 AMOS

3.0

ANOVA

16-1

1.4-1

2.Scheffe(F=3.834P

4-1

1 2 3 F P (N=64)

(N= 27)

(N=15)

Scheffe

19.17 17.67 19.60 2.223 0.113 ----

10.69 10.89 10.67 0.064 0.938 ----

27.20 24.22 27.00 3.834 0.025* (1>2)

5.92 5.78 6.07 0.115 0.892 ----

15.66 15.04 15.33 0.600 0.551 ----

18.83 18.44 19.07 0.245 0.783 ----

5.50 5.44 5.67 0.068 0.935 ----

22.03 21.04 22.00 0.578 0.563 ----

5.31 5.19 5.33 0.076 0.927 ----

*P < 0.05

80

16-2

1.4-2

4-2

3 (N=3)

4-10

(N=18)

11-15

(N=18)

16-20

(N=19)

20

(N=50)

F P Scheffe

18.33 18.56 18.50 18.37 19.28 0.360 0.836 ----

10.00 10.81 11.39 10.68 10.54 0.425 0.790 ----

30.67 25.69 26.33 25.16 26.90 1.093 0.364 ----

6.00 5.44 6.61 5.53 5.94 1.055 0.383 ----

16.67 15.88 15.56 14.63 15.52 0.817 0.517 ----

19.67 19.69 18.78 17.32 18.96 1.677 0.161 ----

4.00 5.38 5.11 5.90 5.64 0.955 0.435 ----

19.33 21.56 22.00 20.95 22.22 0.620 0.649 ----

5.67 5.38 5.61 5.26 5.12 0.413 0.799 ----

81

16-3

1.4-3

4-3

8

(N=16)

8 -2 (N=20)

2 -5

(N=18)

5 -10

(N=17)

10

(N=35)

F P Scheffe

19.06 19.00 19.22 18.82 18.49 0.166 0.955 ----

11.06 11.20 10.94 10.94 10.11 0.798 0.529 ----

27.19 26.55 27.44 26.47 24.43 0.648 0.630 ----

6.19 5.60 5.33 6.76 5.83 1.531 0.199 ----

15.38 15.40 15.39 15.82 15.37 0.108 0.979 ----

18.19 18.50 18.78 19.82 18.66 0.733 0.572 ----

5.69 5.60 5.56 5.18 5.51 0.176 0.950 ----

21.69 22.45 21.61 21.24 21.77 0.211 0.932 ----

4.31 5.40 5.61 5.71 5.29 2.341 0.060 ----

82

16-4

1.4-4

2.Scheffe(F=3.255P1)

*P < 0.05

83

16-5

1.4-5

4-5

25-30 (N=9)

30-35

(N=53)

35-40

(N=41)

40-45

(N=21)

45

(N=1)

F P Scheffe

18.33 19.13 18.50 18.00 21.50 0.545 0.703 ----

9.89 10.66 11.05 9.50 11.50 0.561 0.691 ----

26.11 27.17 25.65 21.50 28.00 1.127 0.348 ----

5.44 5.89 5.90 8.50 6.00 1.064 0.378 ----

14.78 15.96 15.05 12.50 16.00 1.749 0.145 ----

18.11 18.77 18.98 15.50 20.50 0.929 0.451 ----

4.89 5.45 5.78 4.00 6.00 0.800 0.528 ----

20.56 22.09 21.90 18.50 19.50 0.752 0.559 ----

5.44 5.42 5.15 5.00 4.00 0.574 0.682 ----

84

16-6

1.4-6

4-6

1

(N=3)

1-3 (N=22)

4-6 (N=42)

7-10 (N=29)

10

(N=10)

F P Scheffe

18.33 19.00 18.36 19.93 17.60 1.266 0.288 ----

12.33 10.05 10.55 11.38 10.70 1.220 0.307 ----

25.67 27.41 26.07 26.83 24.70 0.644 0.632 ----

5.67 5.73 5.88 6.38 5.10 0.955 0.435 ----

15.67 15.41 15.74 15.52 14.10 0.879 0.479 ----

19.67 18.59 18.81 19.10 17.70 0.495 0.740 ----

6.00 5.14 5.48 5.76 5.60 0.391 0.815 ----

19.67 21.55 21.93 22.41 20.40 0.677 0.610 ----

4.67 5.91 5.55 4.73 4.60 3.132 0.018 ----

85

(Hierarchical method)(Minimum

variance method)(Wards method)

//

4-7

4-7

9 229.486 28.34

8 279.563 50.077

7 341.456 61.893

6 416.311 74.855

5 537.701 121.390

4 725.436 187.735

3 1063.403 317.967

2 1964.189 900.786

//

(Discriminant analysis)

86

()

4--80 (Hit Ratio) 93.4%(

=(42+29+20+8)/106=93.4%)

4-8

42 97.7% 1

2.3% 0

0.0% 0

0.0% 43

2 5.7% 29

82.9% 4

11.4% 0

0.0% 35

0 0.0% 0

0.0% 20

100% 0

0.0% 20

0 0.0% 0

0.0% 0

0.0% 8

100.0% 8

44 30 24 8 106

()PressQ

PressQPressQ 6.63(2

1 0.01 )

PressQQ=N-(n*k)2/N(k-1)= 106-(99*4)

2/106(3)=264.47>6.63

PressQ 6.63

//

87

4-9

()

4-9 (18.02)

(18.85)(11.35)(10.74)

()

4-9 (20.23)

(18.85)(9.14)(10.74)

()

4-9 (21.90)

(18.85)(13.95)(10.74)

88

()

4-9 (9.63)

(18.85)(6.38)(10.74)

4-9

(N=43)

(N=35)

(N=20)

(N=8) F P Scheffe

18.02 20.23 21.90 9.63 103.976 *** 0.000

(1>4)(2>1)(2>4)(3>1)(3>2)(3>4)

11.35 9.14 13.95 6.38 70.741 *** 0.000

(1>2)(1>4)(2>4)(3>1)(3>2)(3>4)

***P < 0.001

Scheffe

4-10

()

4-10 (F=20.360

P0.05) Scheffe

89

( 29.5)

()

4-10 (F=11.209

P

4-10

1.

(N=43) 2.(N=35)

3.(N=20)

4.(N=8)

F P Scheffe

26.42 26.86 29.5 16.76 20.360 0.000*** (1>4)(2>4)(3>1)(3>4)

5.81 6.38 5.7 4.88 1.617 0.190 ----

15.47 15.20 17.25 12.00 11.209 0.000*** (1>4)(2>4)(3>1)(3>2)

(3>4)

18.41 18.77 20.85 15.37 8.399 0.000*** (1>4)(2>4)(3>1)(3>4)

5.07 5.74 6.00 5.62 1.432 0.238 ---

22.46 21.02 24.65 14.13 20.872 0.000*** (1>4)(2>4)(3>2)(3>4)

4.91 5.63 4.9 6.75 4.945 0.003** (4>1)(4>3)

**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001

91

(Hierarchical method)(Minimum variance

method)

4-11

4-11

9 262.941 44.263

8 319.191 56.25

7 378.831 59.64

6 515.070 136.239

5 708.986 193.916

4 1054.527 345.541

3 1506.719 452.192

2 2902.792 1396.073

(Discriminant analysis)

92

()

4-12 (Hit Ratio) 95.3%(

=(12+71+14+4)/106=95.3%)

4-12

12 100% 0

0% 0

0% 0

0% 12

3 3.9% 71

93.4% 2

2.6% 0

0% 76

0 0% 0

0% 14

100% 0

0% 14

0 0% 0

0% 0

0% 4

100% 4

15 71 16 4 106

()PressQ

PressQPressQ 6.63(2

1 0.01 )

PressQQ=N-(n*k)2/N(k-1)= 106-(101*4)

2/106(3)=279.26>6.63

PressQ 6.63

93

4-13

()

4-13 (20.42)

(22.64)(6.83)(5.8)

()

4-13 (26.99)

(22.64)(5.76)(5.8)

()

4-13 (33.149)

(22.64)(6.36)(5.8)

94

()

4-13 (10.000)

(22.64)(4.25)(5.8)

4-13

(N=12)

(N=76)

(N=14)

(N=4) F P Scheffe

20.42 26.99 33.14 10.00 208.462 *** 0.000

(1>4)(2>1) (2>4)(3>1)(3>2)(3>4)

6.83 5.76 6.36 4.25 2.458 0.067 --

***P < 0.001

Scheffe

4-14

()

4-14 (F=44.463

P

12.50

7.25

6.00

()

4-14 (F=15.238

P

4-14

1.

(N=12) 2.(N=76)

3.(N=14)

4.(N=4)

F P Scheffe

16.75 19.25 21.79 7.25 44.463 0.000*** (1>4) (2>1)(2>4) (3>1)(3>2) (3>4)

9.42 10.87 12.50 6.00 9.955 0.000*** (2>4)(3>1) (3>4)

14.17 15.61 17.36 9.75 15.238 0.000*** (1>4) (2>4)(3>1) (3>2)

(3>4)

17.75 18.66 21.79 13.25 13.399 0.000*** (1>4) (2>4)(3>1) (3>2)

(3>4)

4.58 5.46 6.21 6.75 2.285 0.083 ----

19.58 22.24 24.43 10.25 22.428 0.000*** (1>4) (2>4)(3>1) (3>4)

5.33 5.28 7.75 4.57 5.143 0.002** (3>1) (3>2)(3>4)

**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001

97

4-15

4-15

F P

1 0.618 0.618 0.382 9.880 0.000***

2 0.034 0.182 0.033 1.744 0.180

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001

1=0.618P

4-16

(%) (%)

0.949+

0.771+ 74.738 28.539

0.879+

0.892+

0.160

53.129 20.288

+ > 0.4

4-1

0.949+

0.771+ 0.160

0.892+

0.879+

=0.618

2=0.382

=74.738% =53.129% RI =28.539% RI =20.288%

99

4-17

417

F P

1 0.661 0.631 0.398 15.18 0.000***

2 0.014 0.116 0.014 1.41 0.237

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001

1=0.631P

418

(%) (%)

0.952+

0.765+ 24.636 61.894

0.980+

-0.528 29.674 74.553

+ > 0.4

4-2

-0.528++

0.952+

29.674%

RI74.553%

61.894%

RI24.636

=0.631

2=0.398 0.980+

0.765+

101

4--19

4-19

F P

1 0.776 0.661 0.437 12.10 0.000***

2 0.041 0.197 0.039 2.07 0.132

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001

1=0.661P

4-20 (%) (%)

0.995+

-0.037 51.860 22.659

0.949+

0.800+

0.117

49.596 21.670

+ > 0.4

4-3

0.995+

-0.037 0.117

0.800+

0.949+

=0.661

2=0.437

=51.860% =49.596% RI =22.659% RI =21.670%

103

4-21

4-21

F P

1 0.665 0.632 0.399 14.82 0.000***

2 0.001 0.024 0.001 0.06 0.807

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001

1=0.632P

4-22

(%) (%)

1.000+

0.071 61.379 24.505

0.983+

-0.510 50.247 20.061

+ > 0.4

4-4

-0.510

1.000+

50.247%

RI20.061%

61.379%

RI24.505

=0.632

2=0.399 0.983+

0.071

105

4-23

4-23

F P

1 0.388 0.529 0.280 6.91 0.000***

2 0.047 0.211 0.045 2.38 0.097

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001

1=0.529P

4-24 (%) (%)

0.962+

0.776+

0.071

54.866 15.342

0.999+

-0.314 51.108 14.291

+ > 0.4

4-5

-0.314

0.962+

51.108

RI14.291

54.866

RI15.342

=0.529***

2=0.280 0.999+

0.776+

0.071

107

=0.493P

425

0.105 0.155 0.248

0.123 0.222* -0.135

0.493*** 0.319** -0.043

-.119 0.065 -0.035

R2 0.419 0.357 0.036

F 18.241 14.007 0.951

P 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.438

1.

2.*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001

=0.491P

426

0.491*** -0.164 0.198* -0.231*

R2 0.382 0.121

F 31.894 7.061

P 0.000*** 0.001**

1.

2.*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001

=0.621P

=0.405P

LISREL

(Linear Structural Relation)

LISREL

LISREL (

)

()

()

; ;

X ; Y ;

; ;

; ;

; LISREL

4-29

112

4-29 LISREL

LISREL

(Measurement model)

(Structural model)(

2001) 4-6

LISREL

50(Bagozzi & Yi,1988) 100-150

(MLE)(Ding,Velicer & Harlow,1995)

( 400)MLE (

2000) 106(MLE)

LISREL

()

1 2

1 2

X1 X2 X3 X4

Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5

113

1 2 3

1

X11 Y11 Y21 Y31

2 X21 11 21 Y42

4

21

3 X32 12 Y52 5

22 2 1

4 X42

4-6

()

Bagozzi & Yi (1988)LISREL

(Preliminary fit criteria )(Fit of internal structural of model)

(Overall model fit)4-32

1.

t

2(5%)(Bagozzi, Yi,

1

1

X1

X2

Y5

Y4

Y2Y1

X3

2

2

X4

Y3

114

& Phillips, 1991)4-30t

2

2.

(Tan,2001)

4-30 (t>2.00)

3.

(Anderson and Gerbing,1988)Bagozzi & Yi (1988)

2 (goodness of fit index, GFI)

(adjusted goodness of fit index, AGFI)

(incremental fit index, IFI)(comparative fit index, CFI)

(root mean square residual, RMR)

4-3061.45

P0.352GFI0.921(0.9)AGFI0.936(0.9)CFI0.914(

0-1)RMR0.04(0.05)

115

4-30 LISREL

t

X()

(X11) 0.622 a

(X21) 0.398 4.460*

(X32) 0.245 a

(X42) 0.317 2.896*

Y()

(Y11) 0.875 a

(Y21) 0.515 4.310*

(Y31) 0.286 2.241*

(Y42) 0.634 a

(Y52) 0.213 2.114*

()

--->(21) 0.206 2.038*

--->(11) 0.251 2.359*

--->(12) 0.364 2.458*

--->(22) 0.421 2.538*

()

--->(21) 0.468 3.090*

() 61.45

P ( 0.05) 0.352

GFI( 0.9) 0.921

AGFI( 0.9) 0.936

CFI(0 1 ) 0.914

RMR( 0.05) 0.04

*t1.96aLISREL1t

116

()

LISREL

1.

4-32

(21=0.206)(t=2.038*>2)

4-10

2.

4-32

(11=0.251)(t=2.359*>2)

4-10

3.

4-32

(12=0.421)(t=2.538*>2)

4-14

4.

4-32

(22=0.364)(t=2.458*>2)

117

4-14

5.

4-32

( 21=0.468)(t=3.090*>2)

4-28

118

4-7

0.6

X1

Y1

* t

()

22

0.245

X2

1

1

2

X1

X3

0.398

0.875 0.515 0.286

21=0.206* 11=0.251*

21= 0.468* 0.634

0.213

12= 0.364* 22=0.421*

0.317

2

1

Y4

Y4

Y1 Y2 Y3

X2

Y2

.96

4-7

X3

Y

X4

( 21=

4-7

X

3

0.468)

4

Y

( 11=0

119

4Y5

.251)

GFI=0.921 AGFI=0.936RMR=0.04

1121 0.117(=0.251*0.468)

()

(12=0.364)

( 21=0.468)

4-7

12 21 0.170(=0.364*0.468)

120

H1

H2-1

H2-1 H2-2

//

(1991) H-3

121

(2001)

(1999)

H4

H5

H6

122

H7

H8

Miles& Snow(1984) H9

(2000)

(2002)

123

H10

H12

H13

H-13

H15

124

H15

H16-2H16-3H16-5H16-6

5001000

150H16-1H16-4

5-1

125

5-1

H1

H2

H3

H4

H5

H6

H7

H8

H9

H10

H11

H12

H13

H14

H15 (mediating)

H16

H16-1

H16-2

H16-3

H16-4

H16-5

H16-6

126

()

Heneman , Heneman & Judge (1997)

()

()

127

()

Miles & Snow(1984)

()

( 4-30 4-30)

128

1.2002 5000

2.

3.

129

1.2000

2.1996

3.1999SPSS

4.1992

5.1999

6.2000

7.2001

8.1996

70-77

9.1999

10.2002

11.1999

65-81

12.2001

1-18

13.2001Stephen P. Robbins

14.2000

130

15.2000

16.2003

NSC90-2416-H-008-020

17.1996

18.1995

19.2003

20.2002

NSC90-2416-H-004-017-SSS

21.2000

22.2001

NSC90-2416-H-309-006

23.1998

24.2003

25.2000

26.1990

27.1999

http://www.watsonwyatt.com

28.2002

131

http://www.watsonwyatt.com/

29.1984Terrence E. Deal & Allan A. Kennedy

30.2000

31.2000

32.1998

33.2002

34 2002Gareth R. Jones

35.2000500

36.2002

37.2001

ITIS

38.1999

39.199510-12

40.1994

41.2001

1-17

42.2001

43.2001

132

44.1991

45.2004

46.1988

47.2003Robert Wood & Tim Payne

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136

e-maill fen1109@ms35.hinet.net

V

1. () .

2. .

3. ..

4. ..

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10.

137

mailto:fen1109@ms35.hinet.net

.. 11... 12.

13.

14.

V

1. .. 2. . 3.

. 4. . 5. () 6. .. 7. .. 8. .. 9. .. 10. .. 11.

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1. ( 104 )..

2. .. 3. .. 4. . 5. .

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6. 7.

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. . 15. .. 16.

. ... 17.

18. 19. 20.

(909192) V

1. .... 2. (/

) ... 3. 4. 5. . 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1.

139

2.

3 4-10 11-15 16--20 20 3.

8 8 2 2 5 5 10 10

4. 1-50 51-100 101500 5001000 1000

5. 25--30 3035 35 40 40 45

45 6.

1 1--3 4--6 7--10 10

_________________________________

__________________________________________________________

E-MAIL___________________________________________________________

------------()-----------------------

38

140

ABSTRACT LISREL