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TRANSCRIPT
[RnD
tocnaaoN, V
OL
28, N
o. 2H,
1986, P 969-979]
RA
DIO
CA
RB
ON
AG
E C
AL
IBR
AT
ION
BA
CK
TO
13,300 YE
AR
S BP A
ND
TH
E
14C A
GE
MA
TC
HIN
G O
F TH
E
GE
RM
AN
OA
K A
ND
US B
RIST
LE
CO
NE
PINE
CH
RO
NO
LO
GIE
S
MIN
7.E ST
UIV
ER
*, BE
RN
D K
RO
ME
R**, B
ER
ND
BE
CK
ER
t and C
W FE
RG
USO
N+
INTRODUCTION
cases Stuiver, 1982 International Study G
roup, 1982. The use of K
val- ues
however is not a sim
ple matter because K
depends on counting time
With the recent establishm
ent of an unbroken West E
uropean tree- ring sequence spanning the past 7272 Y
ears Pilcher et al 1984
the calibra- tion of the
14C tim
e scale was advanced considerably. It is now
possible to use this chronology as an independent cross-check on the 8681-Y
ear US
Brist1econe Pine series
Ferguson & G
raYbill, 1983. T
here also are oppor- tunities unities for
14C m
atching w
iggle matching
between the older portion of
the Bristlecone Pine series and floating not tied to the present parts of the
South Germ
an Oak sequence. L
inick Suess and B
ecker 1985
used this approach in m
atching the earliest part of the Bristlecone Pine series w
ith the D
onau 6 Main 4/1
1 B
ecker, 1983 series and thus established a D
6M4
1 1 "zero" point tree-ring no.
1 of 72 15 B
C.
We report here 49 high-precision m
easurements of the D
6M4
11 series T
able 1). Fifteen B
ristlecone Pine samples w
ith dendrochronolo -
gi-
callY determ
ined ages (6480-6470, 63 0-6350>
and 5805-5685 B
C
also w
ere measured T
able 2). 14C age m
atching of the new results confirm
s the D
6M4
11 ring 1 age of 7215 B
C w
ithin a few decades.
Having anchored the available
50 Years of the D
6M4
11 series to the calendric scale in this m
anner results in the 14C age calibration curve from
6470 to
200 Yr B
C
given in Figures 3 and 4. A com
parison of the D6M
4 1 1 results w
ith the Lake ofC
louds varve series Stuiver, 1970, 1971) proves
the reliability of this varve sequence for 14C
age calibration. This leads
in com
bination with adjusted Sw
edish varve dates, to tentative age calibration results back to 13,300 cal B
P (Fig .
TE
CH
NIQ
UE
AN
D IN
TE
RC
AL
IBR
AT
ION
Cellulose w
as prepared from all w
ood samples. T
he analytical proce- dures involving sam
ple preparation and CO
2 gas counting were discussed
previously Stu iver Robinson &
Yang, 1979 Stuiver 8c Q
uay, 98O
, 1981). Standard deviations
as well as off sets, need to be considered for an assess-
ment of the reliability of the calibration curve.
Standard Deviation
The reported standard deviation o in a 14C
age determination is tradi-
tionally calculated from the Poisson statistics of the accum
ulated sample
and standard counts. This procedure can only underestim
ate the statistical error in the laboratory determ
inations because other factors ao sam
ple purity and counting voltage variabilitY
also play a role. T
o account for the 2
additional variance r
an error multiplier K
can be used for well-defined
a
*University of W
ashington, Seattle **U
niversitat Heidelber
tUniversitat H
ohenheirn, Stuttgart +
University of A
rizona, Tucson; deceased M
arch 24, 1986.
and sample age.
The follow
ing relationship applies: 2 K
a _ +
c
c
or
K =
1
+1I acl / 2
(1)
(2)
Standard errors r for Seattle 4-day-counts are ca 17 Years for 14C
ages in the 2000-4000 Y
r range. An analysis of reproducibility of duplicate runs
leads to an upper limit for K
of 1.5 to 1.6 Stuiver &
Pearson 1986. Substi-
tution of K =
1.5 in equation 1
Yields a aa of 19 Y
ears> or
2 K
=
1+(191
o.c
(3)
The dependence of K
on counting time or age is illustrated by the fol-
lowing exam
ples: 1
Counting the sam
ple twice as long reduces
cr by a factor of 1.4.
Here the K
value E
q 3 is 1.9.
2 H
aving an older sample w
ith half the 14C activity increases o
by an approxim
ate factor of 1.4. The K
value for samples this old is nearly 1.3.
Clearly,
K values can be used
only within
the confines of defined counting conditions.
The errors in the 14C
ages listed in this paper are all based on counting statistics alone. A
ccording to Eq 3, the error "m
ultiplier" for samples of
the age range given and for 4-day counts w
ould be 1.3.
Off-sets
2 T
he variance o accounts for the degree of reproducibility of the m
ea- surem
ents made w
ithin a single laboratory. It does not account for system-
atic errors. Such errors may reflect a sim
ple off-set (caused, e by a w
rong activity level of the standard), or they m
ay reflect age-dependent anomalies
egif the "dead" time
in counting, which depends on sam
ple activity,
would be im
Portant and uncorrected for). 14
The
C tim
escale calibration requires independent determination of
the 14C activities by tw
o or more laboratories. T
he magnitude of the off-sets
between different laboratories can be estim
ated from the differences in
measured 14C
ages of duplicate samples.
A com
parison of 214 sample pairs of w
ood of identical age, but of dif- ferent geographic regions gave an age difference of 0.6 Y
r between B
elfast
969
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s.
970
Min
ze S
tuiv
er B
ernd
Kro
mer
Ber
nd B
ecke
r an
d C
W F
ergu
se n
and
Seat
tle
Stui
ver
& P
ears
on,
1986
). T
hese
214
sam
ples
wer
e al
l <
4500
y r o
ld. The
Sea
ttle
labo
rato
ry a
lso
part
icip
ated
in
the
Gla
sgow
int
erna
tiona
l ca
libra
tion
proj
ect
(Int
erna
tiona
l St
udy
Gro
up,
1982
. T
he s
ix m
easu
red
sam
ples
w
ith a
ppro
xim
ate
age
of 5
000
14C
r
BP,
di
ffer
ed f
rom
the
y
grou
p av
erag
e by
17
Yr
aver
age
of t
hree
est
imat
es),
with
the
Sea
ttle
ages
bei
ng
olde
r. A c
ompa
riso
n of
dat
a w
ith t
hree
oth
er l
abor
ator
ies
of s
ampl
es i
n th
e 1
000-
8000
Yr
BP
rang
e yi
elds
som
ewha
t la
rger
dif
fere
nces
. T
he
4C a
ges
of 1
9 sa
mpl
es o
f th
e G
erm
an O
ak c
hron
olog
y T
able
1
diff
er 2
9 ±
10
yr
from
the
ir L
a ol
la c
ount
erpa
rts
whi
ch a
re w
ood
sam
ples
with
mid
-poi
nt
ages
up
to 3
.5 Y
r di
ffer
ent
from
the
Sea
ttle
set
Lin
ick,
Sue
ss &
Bec
ker ,
1985
. Six
sam
ple
pair
s T
able
3
Yie
ld a
n ag
e di
ffer
ence
of 2
±
12
bet
wee
n th
e Se
attle
and
Hei
delb
erg
labo
rato
ries
. The
lar
gest
dif
fere
nce
is b
etw
een
Seat
tle a
nd T
ucso
n w
here
the
14C
ages
of
13 B
rist
leco
ne P
ine
sam
ple
pair
s 58
05-5
685
BC
> T
able
2
& L
inic
k et
al
1986
di
ffer
by
52 ±
8
Yr.
Fo
r th
e la
tter
thre
e co
mpa
riso
ns
the
Seat
tle 14
C
ages
are
on
aver
age
all
on t
he
youn
ger s
ide.
T
he s
tand
ard
devi
atio
ns in
the
off
-set
s ar
e ba
sed
on c
ount
ing
stat
istic
s of
the
labo
rato
ry r
esul
ts a
lone
. T
he a
pplic
atio
n of
K v
alue
s of
ca
1.5
to t
he
resu
lts o
f all
labo
rato
ries
inv
olve
d w
ould
bri
ng th
e of
f-se
ts,
with
the
exce
p-
tion
of T
ucso
n-Se
attle
with
in 2
o o
f th
e qu
oted
err
or.
The
dif
fere
nces
in
age
dete
rmin
atio
ns o
f di
ffer
ent
labo
rato
ries
nee
d fu
rthe
r in
vest
igat
ion
and
the
user
of
calib
ratio
n cu
rves
sho
uld
real
ize
that
of
f-se
ts o
f a
coup
le o
f de
cade
s ar
e po
ssib
le w
hen
calib
ratio
n cu
rves
of
a si
ngle
lab
orat
ory
used
. The
se s
mal
l di
ffer
ence
s ar
e of
cour
se r
elat
ivel
Y
unim
port
ant
for t
he p
relim
inar
y ca
libra
tion
back
to
13,3
00 Y
r B
P.
14C
M
AT
CH
ING
OF
TH
E B
RIS
TL
EC
ON
E
PIN
E A
ND
DO
NA
U
6
MA
INE
4/1
1 SE
RIE
S
The
Ger
man
Oak
14C
ages
of
the
50-Y
r se
ctio
n of
the
floa
ting
D6M
4 11
chr
onol
ogy
are
liste
d in
Tab
le 1
an
d pl
otte
d in
Fig
ure
1 to
the
lef
t. A
lso
plot
ted
in t
he s
ame
grap
h ar
e th
e 14
C ag
es o
f tw
o B
rist
leco
ne P
ine
sam
ples
. T
he r
ing
num
bers
of
the
6480
-647
0 an
d 63
70-6
350
BC
B
rist
leco
ne P
ine
sam
ples
on
the
D6M
4 11
sca
le w
ere
obta
ined
by
14C
mat
chin
g. T
he m
atch
- in
g is
im
prec
ise
for t
wo
sam
ples
, and
the
res
ultin
g ze
ro p
oint
ea
r 1
fixi
ng
of th
e D
6M4
11 s
erie
s at
19
0 B
C m
ay b
e of
f by
a f
ew d
ecad
es. T
here
is a
lso
good
agr
eem
ent
of t
he a
bove
Bri
stle
cone
Pin
e 14
C ag
es w
ith H
eide
lber
g an
d L
a ol
la
Lin
ick,
Sue
ss &
Bec
ker,
198
5 re
sults
on
the
D6M
4 11
ser
ies
Fig
1, r
ight
sid
e).
Thi
s co
nfir
ms
the
ca
190
BC
sta
rt o
f the
Ger
man
Oak
se
quen
ce.
The
14C
ages
of
the
two
Bri
stle
cone
Pin
e sa
mpl
es a
lso
agre
e w
ith B
ris-
tle
cone
Pin
e da
tes
obta
ined
pre
viou
sly
at L
a ol
la B
runs
et al
19
83.
Seat
- tle
and
La
olla
res
ults
are
com
pare
d w
ith e
ach
othe
r on
the
lef
t si
de o
f Fi
gure
2.
To
the
righ
t is
a c
ompa
riso
n of
the
abso
lute
ly d
ated
Sea
ttle
Bri
s-
tleco
ne P
ine
date
s T
able
2
of th
e 58
05-5
685
BC
int
erva
l an
d th
e L
a ol
la
D6M
4 11
re
sults
cal
ibra
ted
on
a 21
5 B
C
zero
poi
nt
Lin
ick,
Su
ess
&
Be
985)
. ck
er 1T
he un
wei
ghte
d av
erag
es o
f th
e da
ta s
ets
wou
ld h
ave
been
eq
ual i
f at
7
f the
D6M
4 11
ser
ies
had
star
ted
234
BC
.
anal
ysis
of
Bri
stle
cone
Pin
e an
d G
erm
an O
ak d
ates
giv
es a
T
he a
bove
of
the
D6M
4 1
1 se
ries
in
the
7190
-723
4 ze
ro p
oint
14C
age
dete
rmin
atio
n Y
ear
BC
ra
nge.
The
new
res
ults
are
ent
irel
y co
mpa
tible
with
the
21
5 B
C
dete
rmin
atio
n of
Lin
ick
et a
l 19
86
and
this
dat
e fo
r th
e st
art
of t
he
D6M
4 11
has
the
refo
re b
een
adap
ted
for t
he c
alcu
latio
ns o
f th
e 01
4C va
l-
ues
give
n in
Tab
le 1
. Si
mila
rly,
ado
ptio
n of
the
2 15
BC
sta
rt g
ives
the
Fig-
-
ures
3 a
nd 4
14
C
age
calib
ratio
n cu
rves
. T
he s
udde
n de
part
ure
from
a
rath
er s
moo
th 14
C ag
e tr
end
at 7
014
BC
is
base
d on
a s
ingl
e ag
e de
term
ina-
tio
n. I
ndep
ende
nt c
onfi
rmat
ion
is n
eede
d be
fore
too
muc
h si
gnif
ican
ce i
s at
tach
ed to
thi
s an
omal
y.
The
unc
erta
inty
in
the
star
ting
date
of
the
D6M
4 11
ch
rono
logy
ca
used
by
'4C
age
mat
chin
g m
ay a
dd a
sys
tem
atic
un
cert
aint
y of
a f
ew
deca
des
to t
he s
tand
ard
devi
atio
ns a
lrea
dy g
iven
in
the
grap
hs.
TH
E L
AK
E O
F T
HE
CL
OU
DS
VA
RV
E C
HR
ON
OL
OG
Y
The
14C
mat
chin
g of
the
Oak
and
Bri
stle
cone
Pin
e se
ries
mak
es it
pos
si-
ble
to c
ompa
re tr
ee-r
ing-
deri
ved
D14
C va
lues
ba
ck t
o 21
5 B
C
with
var
ve-
deri
ved
z 1C
val
ues
from
Lak
e of
the
Clo
uds
sedi
men
t ba
ck to
10 0,
200
yr B
P
Stui
ver,
119
70,
1971
). T
he S
eattl
e m
easu
rem
ents
of
the
D6M
4 11
se
ries
w
ith
215
BC
ca
libra
tion
and
the
Lak
e of
the
Clo
uds
data
are
in
&4C
go
od a
gree
men
t fo
r th
e 84
00-9
200
Yr
BP
inte
rval
Fi
g 5)
. T
he m
ore
exte
n-
sive
var
ve d
ata
set
also
agr
ees
with
the
La
olla
res
ults
of t
he D
onau
ser
ies
Lin
ick,
Sue
ss &
Bec
ker,
19
85
aver
aged
ove
r ce
ntur
ies
in F
ig 6
, 60
00-
9200
Yr
BP
inte
rval
). C
lear
ly, t
he L
ake
of th
e C
loud
s va
rve
seri
es h
as b
een
show
n to
be
a re
liabl
e in
dica
tor o
f at
mos
pher
ic D
14C
chan
ge.
The
old
er p
ortio
n of
the
Lak
e of
the
Clo
uds
varv
e ch
rono
logy
can
be
varv
e ch
rono
logi
es i
n a
sim
ilar
man
ner
as t
ree
'4C
mat
ched
with
flo
atin
g ri
ngs.
A s
uita
ble
cand
idat
e is
the
Sw
edis
h va
rve
chro
nolo
gy. T
he y
oung
er
port
ion
of t
his
chro
nolo
gy,
as u
sed
by T
aube
r 19
70
was
der
ived
fro
m
varv
es s
tudi
ed a
t a
sing
le s
ite
From
m,
1971
). T
his
part
of t
he c
hron
olog
y ap
pear
s le
ss r
elia
ble
than
the
old
er p
art
of th
e se
quen
ce w
here
the
chr
o no
logy
has
bee
n de
rive
d fr
om s
ever
al c
lose
ly o
verl
appi
ng v
arve
dep
osits
. Fo
r th
e pu
rpos
es o
f ext
endi
ng th
e L
ake
of th
e C
loud
s ch
rono
logy
, we
con-
si
dere
d th
e Sw
edis
h va
rve
segm
ent
with
Tau
ber,
s (1
970)
14C
ages
bet
wee
n 86
00 a
nd 1
2,3
50 y
r B
P to
be
"flo
atin
g,"
and
mat
ched
the
olde
r pa
rt o
f th
e L
ake
of th
e C
loud
s ch
rono
logy
with
the
you
nger
par
t of
the
floa
ting
Swe-
di
sh s
egm
ent.
Thi
s yi
elds
the
var
ve-d
eriv
ed D
C
val
ues
back
to
13,3
00 Y
r B
P gi
ven
in F
igur
e 6.
14
14
The
C
mat
chin
g of
the
Lak
e of
the
Clo
uds
C a
ges
with
the
cor
re-
spon
ding
one
s of
the
Swed
ish
chro
nolo
gy P
oint
s to
war
ds a
sho
rtag
e in
the
Sw
edis
h va
rve
coun
t. T
he o
ff se
t w
as p
revi
ousl
y es
timat
ed a
t 80
0 va
rves
St
uive
r, 1
and
is 1
000
varv
es w
hen
the
two
olde
st 14
C ag
es o
f the
Lak
e of
the
Clo
uds
chro
nolo
gy a
re m
atch
ed. A
par
t of
the
disc
repa
ncy
as
h
been
.. so
lved
by
a re
-eva
luat
ion
of th
e va
rved
sed
imen
t in
the
Ang
erm
anal
ven
val-
le
y w
hich
res
ulte
d in
an
addi
tiona
l 36
5 va
rves
Cat
o 19
85.
An
anom
aly
of
400
to 6
00 v
arve
s m
ay st
ill e
xist
nea
r 10
,000
cal
BP.
http
s://
doi.o
rg/1
0.10
17/S
0033
8222
0006
0252
Dow
nloa
ded
from
htt
ps://
ww
w.c
ambr
idge
.org
/cor
e. IP
add
ress
: 54.
39.1
06.1
73, o
n 22
Oct
202
0 at
14:
58:5
8, s
ubje
ct to
the
Cam
brid
ge C
ore
term
s of
use
, ava
ilabl
e at
htt
ps://
ww
w.c
ambr
idge
.org
/cor
e/te
rms.
Radiocarbon A
ge Calibration B
ack to 13,300 Years B
P 971
The anom
aly appears smaller for the revised Sw
edish chronology near 1 0,700 R
P. The end of the Y
ounger Drvas has a revised date of 10,700 ±
50 1985
which is in good agreem
ent with the annual ice
varves Strom
ber g layer count of the sam
e event of 1 0,720 ±
75 yr Ham
mer et al, 1986).
The he
age of the end of the Younger D
rYas w
as estimated at 10 0,000 ±
75
r by Ham
mer C
lausen and Tauber
1986. According to our 14C
match-
ing Y w
ith the Lake of the C
louds chronology, and using Tauber's (970)
evaluation of Swedish 14C
dates the corresponding cal B
P date is 10,9 0,970
+
_ 1 10 Y
r (the standard deviation is based on the fact that 1
the age conver- sion sion does not take into account the century type 14C
oscillations and 2the standard deviation in the 14C
age is 75 yr). T
he three methods
varve counting, ice stratigraphY, and a m
ixture of '4C
matching and varve counting lead to a cal B
P age for the end of the Y
ounger D ryas of respectively, 10,700
± 50, 10,720
± 75, and 10,970
±
110 Yr. It is possible that the m
atching method overestim
ates the cal BP age
by a few hundred years, w
hich would correspond for the pre-10,500 cal B
P
interval to a reduction in 014C values of 3%
Fig 6
and a reduction in age anom
alies of ca 250 Yr (Fig
A final evaluation aw
aits a more precise assessm
ent of the 14C ages and
varve counts of the first 2000 Years of the Sw
edish chronology. The Figure
calibration curve is only approxim
ate in the pre-10,500 cal B
P portion w
here errors of a few hundred years certainly area possibility.
TIM
E-SC
AL
E C
AL
IBR
AT
ION
B
EY
ON
D 10,000 Y
EA
RS B
P
Following the reasoning given in the previous section, the age calibra-
tion based on tree rings averaged over centuries and L
ake of the Clouds
varves can be extended to 13 3,300 cal BP using the earlier portion of the
Swedish varve chronology. T
he Figure data prior to 10'500 B
P are based 14
on C
matching w
ith the Swedish varve chronology.
The older part of the Figure
calibration curve w
here conventional '4C
ages appear at least 1000 Y
r too young, may need future adjustm
ent w
hen other chronologies become available. A
s discussed in the previous section
the pre-10,500 cal BP age anom
alies may be over-estim
ated in Fig- ure 7 by a few
hundred years. It also should be noted that at 10,000 Yr B
P
the first 300 Years of the age anom
aly are due to the use of the "short" 5568-Y
r half-life for a conventional 14C
date. The Figure
data set of
course also neglects the details of the century type oscillations. A
n excel- re
data is X=
1.05R
470, where X
is the lent approxim
ation cal B
P age and R the
14C age B
P.
AC
KN
OW
LE
DG
ME
NT
S
The
14C w
ork of the Quaternary Isotope L
aboratory is supported by N
SF grants FAR
-8115994 and AT
M-8318665. P M
Grootes review
ed the
manuscript w
hereas P W
ilkinson, P Reim
er, and T B
raziunas assisted in the m
easurements and calculations.
RE
FER
EN
CE
S
Becker,
B, 1983, T
he long-term radiocarbon trend of the absolute G
erman O
ak tree-ring chronology, 2800 to 800 B
C
in Stuiver M
and Kra
RS
eds Internatl
14C conf,
11 th Proc: R
adiocarbon, v 25, no. 2. P 197-203. B
runs, M
Rhein
M
Linick
R W
and Suess H
E
1983, The atm
ospheric 14C
level in the 7th m
illenium B
C: PA
CT
, v 8, p 511-516. C
ato, I, 1985, The definitive connection of the Sw
edish geochronolo1;'cal time scale w
ith the resent, and the new
date of the zero year in Doviken, northern Sw
eden: Boreas, v 14,
P
Y
P
117-122.
Fer son, C
W and G
raYbill, D
A, 1983, D
endrochronologY of B
ristlecone Pine: A progress
' report, in Stuiver M
and Kra
R S eds
Internatl 14C conf, 11th
Proc: Radiocarbon
v 25, no. 2, p 287-288.
Fromm
, E, 1970, A
n estimation of errors in the Sw
edish varve chronology, in Olsson, I U
, ed, R
adiocarbon variations and absolute chronology, Nobel sym
posium,
12th: New
York,
John WileY
& Sons, p 163-172.
Ham
mer, C
U, C
lausen, H B
and Tauber, H
, 1986, Ice-core dating of the Pleistocene-Holo
cene bounda applied to a calibration of the 14C
time scale
in Stuiver M
and Kra
R S ,
eds Internatl
4C conf, 12th
Proc: Radiocarbon
v 28, no. 2A.
International Study Group, 1982, A
n interlaboratorY com
parison of radiocarbon measure-
ments in tree-rings: N
ature, v 298, p 619-623. L
inick, T W
, Long, A
, Dam
on, P E and Ferguson, C
W, 1986, H
igh precision radiocarbon dating of B
ristlecone Pine from 6550 to 5350
BC
, in Stuiver,
M and K
ra, R S, eds,
Internatl 14C conf, 12th
Proc: Radiocarbon
this issue. L
inick, T W
, Suess, H E
and Becker, B
, 1985, La
olla measurem
ents of radiocarbon in south G
erman O
ak tree-ring chronologies: Radiocarbon, v 27, p 20-32.
Pilcher, R
, Baillie,
M G
L, Schm
idt, B and B
ecker, B, 1984, A
7,272-Year tree-ring chro
nology for western E
urope: Nature, v 312, p 150-152.
Stromber
, B, 1985,
Revision of the late
lacial Swedish varve chronology: B
oreas, v 14,
g g
P 101-105.
Stuiver M
1970
Long-term
14C variations
in Olsson
I U ed
Radiocarbon variations and
absolute chronology, Nobel sym
posium, 12th: N
ew Y
ork, John WileY
&
Sons, p 197- 213.
-----1971 , Evidence for the variation of atm
ospheric 14C content in the L
ate w
ater- nar, in T
urekian, K K
, ed, The L
ate Cenozoic glacial ages: N
ew H
aven, Yale U
niv Press, Y
P
57-70.
-----1982, A high-Precision calibration of the A
D radiocarbon tim
e scale: Radiocar-
bon, v 24, p 1-26. Stuiver, M
and Pearson, G W
, 1986, High-Precision calibration of the radiocarbon tim
e scale, 1950 A
D-500 B
C, in Stuiver
M and K
ra R
S eds Internatl 14C
conf, 12th, Proc: Radio-
carbon, this issue. Stuiver,
M and Q
uay, P D, 1980, C
hanges in atmospheric carbon-14 attributed to a variable
sun: Science, v 207, p 11-19. -----1981
Atm
ospheric 14C changes resulting from
fossil fuel CO
2 release and cosmic
ray flux variability: Earth Planetary Sci L
etters, v 53, p 349-362. Stuiver
M
Robinson
S W and Y
ang, I C
1979, 14C
dating to 60,000 Years B
P with propor-
tional counters in B
erger R
and Suess H
F, eds R
adiocarbon dating, Internatl 1 C
conf , 9th, Proc: B
erkeley, Univ C
alifornia Press, p 202-215. T
auber, H, 1970, T
he Scandinavian varve chronology and C14 dating, in O
lsson, I U,
ed, R
adiocarbon variations and absolute chronology, Nobel sym
posium,
12th: N
ew Y
ork, John W
ileY &
Sons, p 173-196.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200060252D
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bridge.org/core. IP address: 54.39.106.173, on 22 Oct 2020 at 14:58:58, subject to the Cam
bridge Core terms of use, available at https://w
ww
.cambridge.org/core/term
s.
972
d. m
8300
8200
8100
77nn
Q
7600
7500
7400
0
Min
ze S
tuiv
er B
ernd
Kro
mer
Ber
nd B
ecke
r an
d C
W F
er u
son
SE
AT
TLE
GE
RM
AN
O
AK
SE
AT
TLE
BR
IST
LEC
ON
E P
INE
4'
LA J
OLL
A G
ER
MA
N O
AK
HE
IDE
LBE
RG
GE
RM
AN
O
AK
TY
0
X
200
400
600
800
RIN
G
NU
MB
ER
Fi
g 1.
L
e :
'4C
ages
w
ith s
tand
ard
devi
atio
ns d
eriv
ed f
rom
cou
ntin
g st
atis
tics
only
, vs
ring
num
ber
of th
e D
6M4/
11 G
erm
an O
ak s
erie
s. T
he t
wo
Bri
stle
cone
Pin
e da
ta p
oint
s as
sum
e an
age
of
7190
Yr
BC
for
rin
g nu
mbe
r 1.
Rig
ht: H
eide
lber
g, L
a ol
la,
and
Seat
tle 14
ag
es v
s ri
ng n
umbe
r of
the
D6M
4/11
ser
ies.
http
s://
doi.o
rg/1
0.10
17/S
0033
8222
0006
0252
Dow
nloa
ded
from
htt
ps://
ww
w.c
ambr
idge
.org
/cor
e. IP
add
ress
: 54.
39.1
06.1
73, o
n 22
Oct
202
0 at
14:
58:5
8, s
ubje
ct to
the
Cam
brid
ge C
ore
term
s of
use
, ava
ilabl
e at
htt
ps://
ww
w.c
ambr
idge
.org
/cor
e/te
rms.
Radiocarbon A
ge Calibration B
ack to 13,300 Years B
P 973 .
7900 +
- LA JO
LLA B
RIS
TLE
CO
NE
PIN
E
200
.
:i( -SE
AT
TLE
BR
IST
LEC
ON
E P
INE
7800 -
¢ - LA JO
LLA G
ER
MA
N O
AK
7100
7700
7600
7000
6900
7500
6800
i 7400
6700
7300 l
I
i I
I I
I I
6600 - 6550
6450
6350
6250
6150
6050
5950
YE
AR
B
.C.
I I
i 1
i I
i J
5850
5750
5650
5550
Fig 2. L
e : L
ajolla and Seattle Bristlecone Pine 14C
ages. Right: Seattle B
ristlecone Pine 14C ages com
pared to LaJolla ages of the G
erman O
ak chronology w
ith ring 1 of the D
6M4/11 series at
7215 Yr B
C). V
ertical bars denote hr in the measurem
ent.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200060252D
ownloaded from
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bridge.org/core. IP address: 54.39.106.173, on 22 Oct 2020 at 14:58:58, subject to the Cam
bridge Core terms of use, available at https://w
ww
.cambridge.org/core/term
s.
cal
BP
9350
9250
9150
9050
8950
8850
8750
8650
8400
8300
a
8100 m
7600
7500
7400
7300
7200
7100
7000
6900
6800
6700
cal
6C
Figs
3,
4.
14
C
time-
scal
e ca
libra
tion
deri
ved
from
th
e G
erm
an
Oak
ch
rono
logy
(w
ith
ring
1
of
the
D6M
4/11
se
ries
at
72
15
yr
BC
).
The
w
idth
of
th
e ca
libra
tion
curv
e is
ba
sed
on
stan
dard
de
viat
ions
de
rive
d fr
om
coun
ting
stat
istic
s on
ly
(see
te
xt).
http
s://
doi.o
rg/1
0.10
17/S
0033
8222
0006
0252
Dow
nloa
ded
from
htt
ps://
ww
w.c
ambr
idge
.org
/cor
e. IP
add
ress
: 54.
39.1
06.1
73, o
n 22
Oct
202
0 at
14:
58:5
8, s
ubje
ct to
the
Cam
brid
ge C
ore
term
s of
use
, ava
ilabl
e at
htt
ps://
ww
w.c
ambr
idge
.org
/cor
e/te
rms.
cal BP
8950
8850
8750
8650
8550
8450
8350
8250
8400
:-1-
-i
I
I
1
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
8300
8200
8100
8000
7900
7600
7500
....
I
i
i
i
i
I
i
i
'
i Iii
i
i
I
i
i ii
I
'
i
i
I
I
i
i ii1
7000
6900
6800
6700
6600
6500
6400
6300
cal BC
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200060252D
ownloaded from
https://ww
w.cam
bridge.org/core. IP address: 54.39.106.173, on 22 Oct 2020 at 14:58:58, subject to the Cam
bridge Core terms of use, available at https://w
ww
.cambridge.org/core/term
s.
976
Min
ze S
tuiv
er B
ernd
Kro
mer
Ber
nd B
ecke
r an
d C
W F
er u
son
150
LAKE OF THE CLOUDS VARVES
100
50
9200
9000
8800
8600
8400
YEAR
BP
Fig
5.
A c
ompa
riso
n of
014C
valu
es d
eriv
ed f
rom
Lak
e of
the
Clo
uds
varv
es a
nd S
outh
Ger
man
Oak
tree
-rin
g sa
mpl
es.
14C
ag
e er
rors
are
l e
, ba
sed
on c
ount
ing
stat
istic
s on
ly.
http
s://
doi.o
rg/1
0.10
17/S
0033
8222
0006
0252
Dow
nloa
ded
from
htt
ps://
ww
w.c
ambr
idge
.org
/cor
e. IP
add
ress
: 54.
39.1
06.1
73, o
n 22
Oct
202
0 at
14:
58:5
8, s
ubje
ct to
the
Cam
brid
ge C
ore
term
s of
use
, ava
ilabl
e at
htt
ps://
ww
w.c
ambr
idge
.org
/cor
e/te
rms.
977 Radiocarbon Calibration Back to 13,300 Years BP Age
150
100
50
0
r
r..
O
O
O
x LA JOLLA OAK (CENT. AVG.)
O SEATTLE OAK (CENT. AVG. )
c3 LAKE OF THE CLOUDS VARVES
A SWEDISH VARVES
14000 12000 10000
YEAR BP
. X I
II X XX
XX
r
X
X X X
? T.
..r
i
8000 6000
Fig 6. Century-averaged 14C values derived from La olla Lmick S uess & Becker, 1985) and Seattle measurements of the South German Oak chronology (with ring 1 of D6M4/11 at 7215 BC). Fi ( Also given are z' 4C values r, 970, 1971) and Swedish (Tauber, 1970) varve chronology. The standard error in the century averages is a few per mil or rived from the Lake of the Clouds Stuive de less.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200060252D
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bridge Core terms of use, available at https://w
ww
.cambridge.org/core/term
s.
9 78
M
inze
Stu
iver
Ber
nd K
rom
er B
ernd
Bec
ker
and
C W
Fer
uso
n
13000
+
LA
JOLL
A O
AK
(C
EN
T.
AV
ER
AG
ES
o S
EA
TT
LE O
AK
(C
EN
T.
AV
ER
AG
ES
0
LAK
E O
F
TH
E
CLO
UD
S V
AR
VE
S
L
SW
ED
ISH
V
AR
VE
S
W
Q
Cal
BP
6000
4000
Fig
7.
Cen
tury
-ave
rage
d 14
C ag
es o
f th
e So
uth
Ger
man
Oak
chr
onol
ogy.
The
Lak
e of
the
Clo
uds
and
Swed
ish
varv
e ch
rono
logy
dat
a w
ere
deri
ved
from
the
14C
ages
of
sing
le s
ampl
es.
http
s://
doi.o
rg/1
0.10
17/S
0033
8222
0006
0252
Dow
nloa
ded
from
htt
ps://
ww
w.c
ambr
idge
.org
/cor
e. IP
add
ress
: 54.
39.1
06.1
73, o
n 22
Oct
202
0 at
14:
58:5
8, s
ubje
ct to
the
Cam
brid
ge C
ore
term
s of
use
, ava
ilabl
e at
htt
ps://
ww
w.c
ambr
idge
.org
/cor
e/te
rms.
979 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Back to 13,300 Years BP
TABLE 2 TABLE 1
Ferguson's Bristlecone Pine series Becker s D6M4/11 series with ring 1 matched at 7215 BC
Standard deviations are based on counting statistics only. Standard deviations are based on counting statistics only.
Ring Year Year No. of Radiocarbon
no. BC BP rings age
18.5 7197.5 9146.5 2 8250 ± 40 +82.8 ± 5.0
28.5 7187.5 9136.5 4 8170 ± 23 +92.3 ± 2.9
142.0 7174 9123 5 8143 ± 23 +94.2 ± 2.9
52.0 7164 9113 5 8742 ± 23 +93.0 ± 2.9 72.0 7144 9093 5 8184 ± 23 +81.6 ± 2.9
82.5 7133.5 9082.5 6 8114 ± 22 +92.8 ± 2.7
107.0 7109 9058 5 8163 ± 23 +82.9 ± 2.9
132.0 7084 9033 5 8123 ± 22 +85.0 ± 2.7
157.0 7,059 9008 5 8081 ± 23 +87,4 ± 2.9
167.0 7049 8998 5 8018 ± 22 +94.6 ± 2.7 187.0 7029 8978 5 8016 ± 23 +92,3 ± 2.9
202.0 7014 8963 5 7841 ± 23 +114.3 ± 2.9
205.0 7011 8960 11 7954 ± 11 +93,3 ± 1.4
217.0 6999 8948 5 7950 ± 32 +97.3 ± 4.0
232.0 6984 8933 5 7984 ± 25 +90.7 ± 3.1
255.0 6961 8910 11 7979 ± 17 +88,3 ± 2.1 257.0 6959 8908 5 7947 ± 24 +92.4 ± 3.0
278.5 6937.5 8886.5 6 7932 ± 23 +91.6 ± 2.9 285.0 6937 8880 11 7945 ± 30 +89.0 ± 3.7
297.0 6919 8868 5 7964 ± 23 +84.8 ± 2.9 317.0 6899 8848 5 7961 ± 22 +82,6 ± 2,7
322.0 6894 8E43 5 7973 ± 50 +80.3 ± 6.2
342.0 6874 8823 5 7989 ± 19 +75.6 ± 2,4
347.0 6869 8810 5 8020 ± 23 +70.8 ± 2.9
365.5 6850.5 8799.5 4 7990 ± 24 +72,q ± 3.0
387.5 6828.5 8777.5 u 7996 ± 25 +68.8 ± 3.1
402.0 6814 8763 5 7945 ± 21 +73.7 ± 2.6 414.0 6802 8751 3 7916 ± 24 +76.0 ± 3.0 431.0 6785 8731+ 3 7912 ± 24 +7'+.3 ± 3.0
451.0 6765 8714 3 7913 ± 23 +71.6 ± 2.9 457.0 6759 8708 5 7903 ± 22 +72.1 ± 2.7
462.0 6754 8703 5 7882 ± 23 +714.3 ± 2.9
462.5 6753.5 8702.5 G 7924 ± 23 +68.6 ± 2.9
477.0 6739 8688 5 7587 ± 21 +71.7 ± 2.6
497.0 6719 8668 5 7900 ± 23 +67.4 ± 2.5
502.5 6713.5 8662.5 6 7893 ± 22 +67.6 ± 2.7
517.0 6699 8648 5 7910 ± 22 +63.5 ± 2.7
525.0 6691 8640 11 7887 ± 22 +65.5 ± 2.7 542.5 6673.5 8622.5 6 7804 ± 16 +74.3 ± 2.0
556.5 6659.5 3608.5 G 7877 ± 23 +62,7 ± 2.9
574.5 66+1.5 8590.5 10 7811 ± 21 +69.2 ± 2.6 589.5 6626.5 8575.5 10 7806 ± 20 +67.9 ± 2.5 618.5 6597.5 8546.5 4 7756 ± 23 +70.8 ± 2.9 641.5 6574.5 8523.5 6 7774 ± 22 +65.5 ± 2.7 663.5 6552.5 8501.5 8 7654 ± 1 4 +78,6 ± 1.7
680.5 6535.5 8484.5 3 77u3 ± 22 +64.5 ± 2.7 704.0 6512 8461 5 7731 ± 17 +63.1 ± 2.1
719.5 6496.5 8445.5 4 7654 ± 17 +71 ,3 ± 2,1
742.0 6474 8423 5 7605 ± 17 +75.0 ± 2.1
L* no.
10000 10001
10002 10003 10005 10006 1 000'/ 10008 10009 10010 10071
10012 10013
u 1 001
10015 10016 10017 10018 10019 10020 10021
10022 10023 10024 10025 10026 10027 10028 10029 10030 10031
10032 10033 10034 10035 10036 10037 10038 10039 10040 1 ooui
10042 10043 10044 10045 10046 10047 10048 10049
Year Year No. of Radiocarbon BC BP rings age 14 DC
QL no.
6475 8424 10 7636 ± 23 +64.2 ± 3.1 1006
6360 8309 20 7427 ± 22 +84.1 ± 3.0 10063
5805 77514 10 6926 ± 14 +78.9 ± 2.0 10062
5795 7744 10 6915 ± 21 +79,2 ± 2,9 10061
5785 77314 10 6935 ± 20 +75.2 ± 2.7 10060
5775 7724 10 6934 ± 22 +74.0 ± 3.0 10059
5765 7714 10 6897 ± 16 +77.6 ± 2.2 10058
5755 770+ 10 6893 ± 17 +76.9 ± 2,4 10057
571+5 7694 10 6904 ± 20 +74.1 ± 2.7 10056
5735 768+ 10 667 ± 20 +77.7 ± 2.8 10055
5725 7674 10 6820 ± 20 +82.7 ± 2.7 1005
5715 7664 10 6853 ± 20 +77.0 ± 2.8 10053
5705 7654 10 6799 ± 20 +82.9 ± 2.7 10052
5695 7644 10 6802 ± 20 +&1.2 ± 2.7 10051
5685 7634 10 6799 ± 20 +80.3 ± 2.7 10050
TABLE 3
Seattle and Heidelberg measurements of duplicate samples of Becker D6M4 11
wood. Standard deviations are based on counting statistics only.
Heidelberg Seattle Ring Radiocarbon Radiocarbon no. age BP age BP Difference
556.5 7884 ± 22 7887 ± 22 -3 ± 31
502.5 7925 ± 22 7893 ± 22 32 ± 31
562.5 7959 ± 22 7924 ± 23 35 ± 32 285 7996 ± 20 7945 ± 30 51 ± 36 255 7960 ± 22 7979 ± 17 -19 ± 28 205 8010 ± 20 7951 ± 11 56 ± 23
* uaternaY Isotope Lab (Seattle) r
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