oil gas final

Understanding the importance of Hydrocarbons & its Recovery Process

Black Gold the Worlds most concentrated form of Energy

Muhammmad Shoaib Student no. 2015730558

Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University

© subnoir

1

Contents:

Section-1 (Importance of hydrocarbons)1.1 Importance of Hydrocarbons1.2 Non-renewable vs. renewable energy

Section-2 (Process of Recovery)2.1 pre-drilling phase2.2 Drilling components2.3 Drilling Fluids2.4 Casing & Cementing2.5 Drive Mechanism 2.6 General Information

Objective:

To understand the Importance of Hydrocarbons, the basic steps involved in the process of recovering Hydrocarbons.

Coastal and Env lab Sungkyunkwan Uni 2

1.1. Importance of Hydrocarbons

1 Barrel Oil = 42 gallons = 158 Liters

The Energy contains in one barrel Oil = 6.1*10^6 KJ

On average a human being produces 5 KJ per min, in one hour 300 KJ, In one day of eight hour of work a normal adult produces 2400 KJ of Energy

A normal fit adult will take around

2542 days to produce the same amount of energy as of 1 Barrel of Oil.

One barrel Oil Produces 1,700

Kilowatt hours

Fig 1. Oil Barrel

©Shell.com

Section-1 (Importance of Hydrocarbons)


1.2 Non-Renewable vs. Renewable energy 1.2.1 NON-RENEWABLE:PROS:

Most concentrated form of energy. Cheap and easy to use. A small amount of nuclear energy produce large

amount of power. Non-renewable have little or no competition at all. They are considered as cheap when converting from

one type of energy to another.

CONS:

Not Environmental Friendly. e.g. Global Warming A finite amount is available.

Fig 2. World Energy consumption by source

© conserve-energy


1.2.2 RENEWABLE:

Cons:

Initial costs are quite steep. Solar energy can be used during the

day time only. Geothermal energy can also produces

toxic chemicals beneath the earth surface.

Building dams for Hydroelectric across the river which is quite expensive can affect natural flow and affect wildlife.

To use wind energy, you have to rely on strong winds therefore you have to choose suitable site to operate them.

pros:

Environmental Friendly Infinitely available

Fig 3. Solar Panel

Fig 4. Wind Turbine

© conserve-energy

© conserve-energy


2.1.1 Geological Survey:

A geological survey is the systematic investigation of the geology beneath a given piece of ground for the purpose of creating a geological map or model.

2.1.2 Drilling Permission:

Prior to the commencement of drilling operations, a person who has been issued a drilling permit must notify by certified mail any local government and any landowner whose surface rights will be affected by drilling operations.

2.1.3 Access Road:

An access road is required so can all the working team and officials can access the drilling site.

© Populamechanis

Figure 5. Geological Layers

© topoilfieldservices

Figure 6. Access Road

Section-2 (Recovery process)

2.1 Pre-Drilling Phase

“Petroleum is found in sedimentary rocks beneath the earth surface.”


2.2.1 Drilling rig:

After the well and access road have been sited and constructed, the operator moves in a rig and starts the drilling phase of operations.

2.2.2 Drill String:

The Drill string is then lowered to start the drilling.

2.2.3 Drill Bits:

Drill bit crushes the earth surface and makes hole in the earth with the rotary power provided by drill string and ultimately by generators.

© foxoildrlling

Figure 7. Drilling Rig

Figure 8. Drill String & Drill bit

© Univ of AberdeenFigure 9. Drill String in Operation

2. 2 Drilling Components


2.3 Drilling Fluids:

Drilling fluids must be used when drilling wells with a rotary rig.

The moving fluid cools and lubricates the bit.

Removes the rock cuttings that would otherwise collect at the bottom of the wellbore.

2..3.1 Operators select a drilling fluid based on:

Its compatibility with the rock formations being drilled through,

Need to control down hole pressures and cost.

“On average the cost of drilling mud is around 400,000 US$ to 800,000 US$”

© binder science

Figure 10. Drilling Fluid

© rigzone

Figure 11. Drill Cuttings


©blinder science

2.4 Casing:

A good casing and cementing program is essential to protect groundwater quality and provide well control. Casing is heavy metal pipe that is used to prevent the borehole from caving in.

2.4.1 Cementing:

Once the casing is cemented into place it also plays an important role in preventing fluid migration and protecting freshwater aquifers.

© rigzone

© geologie vsb© china cementing co

Figure 12. Casing

Figure 13. Casing Cementing Figure 14. Casing Types

“Around 80% of the total drilling cost is the cost of casing”


2.5.1 Solution gas drive:This mechanism (also known as depletion drive) depends on the associated gas of the oil.

2.5.2 Gas cap drive:In reservoirs already having a gas cap the gas cap expands with the depletion of the reservoir, pushing down on the liquid sections applying extra pressure.

2.5.3 Aquifer (water) drive:Water (usually salty) may be present below the hydrocarbons. As the hydrocarbons are depleted, the reduction in pressure in the reservoir allows the water to expand slightly.

2.5.4 Combination Drive: Sometimes two or more drives act together to produce hydrocarbons.

Figure 15. Solution Gas Drive

Figure 16. Gas Cap Drive

Figure 17. Water Drive

© halliburtion

© halliburtion

© halliburtion

2.5 Drive Mechanism


1 Barrel= 158.98 Liters

The average production of an oil well is around 412 Barrels per day.

The highest ever producing well ever discovered used to give the production of around 95,000 bbls per day. (Baba Gurgur field near Kirkuk, Iraq. )

By 2015, the most recent data available, we are drilling an average of 5,964 feet.

The deepest well ever drilled is drilled by Exxon mobile in Sakhalin Russia which is 12,376 meter deep, which is the equivalent to 15 times the height of the world tallest skyscraper the Burj Khalifa in Dubai

On average it costs roughly $4-6 million to drill a well, and another $4-6 million to complete (frac + drill out + artificial lift) plus another $500K for surface facilities (tanks, treaters, etc.)

In situations like that where one is drilling in the middle of no known oil production the odds of getting a dry hole are probably more like 25 to 1 that you will get a dry hole.

2.6 General Information:


Thank You http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/ http://www.slb.com/http://www.halliburton.com/en-US/default.pagehttps://www.quora.com/How-much-does-it-cost-to-drill-and-frac-a-shale-gas-oil-wellhttps://www.rt.com/business/exxon-sakhalin-well-record-727http://nsioil.com/i-always-find-oil/the-10-myths-of-investing-in-oil-wellshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserveshttp://peakoilbarrel.com/bakken-1st-24-hour-prod-validity-verified/http://peakoil.com/generalideas/how-much-energy-is-there-in-a-barrel-of-oilhttp://www.conserve-energy-future.com/

References


oil gas final

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