Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules

What makes a molecule organic?

Carbon

• How many bonds does carbon want?

• Carbon can form molecules of all different sizes and shapes…

Organic Molecules

• Large carbon chains are called polymers or macromolecules

• Polymers are made or synthesized through dehydration synthesis , also called a condensation reaction.

• Polymers are broken by hydrolysis, which means breaking water apart.

4 types of macromolecules

Carbohydrates

• Examples?• Functions: Energy storage• Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen• Building blocks: Monosaccharide (mono

means?)

Carbohydrates

• How are multiple carbohydrates joined together?– Dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction

Types of carbohydrates

• 1. Monosaccharide (1) - simple sugars!– Ex: glucose, fructose

• 2. Disaccharides (2)– Ex: Sucrose or table sugar

• 3. Polysaccharides (3+)– Ex: Cellulose (fiber ), Chitin, Glycogen (animal

storage, and Starch (plant storage)

Lipids

• Examples?

• Functions: biological membranes and energy storage

• Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

Types of lipids

1. Fats2. Oils3. Waxes4. Sterols (steroids) *Phosopholipids-used in the making of plasma

membrane (Bi-layer or two layers).

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

• Saturated Fats– Contain only single

bonds for the carbon– Solid at room

temperature– Sources: dairy products

(cheese, yogurt, milk, etc), meats and etc.

• Unsaturated Fats– Contain at least one

double bond• One double bond is

monounsaturated• Two or more double

bonds is polyunsaturated

– Liquid at room temperature

– Sources: oils (olive, canola, etc)

Nucleic Acids

• Examples?

• Functions: heredity (genetics)• Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,

Phosphorus, Nitrogen• Building blocks: Nucleotides (ATCGU)• Structure: Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous

base

Protein

• Examples?

• Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, Nitrogen

• Functions: building material, transport, regulation, and aiding chemical reactions.

• Building blocks: Amino Acids

Amino Acids

Organic Chemistry & Macromolecule Vocabulary List

• Carbohydrates—organic molecule that stores fast energy; examples are sugars and starch

• Lipids—organic molecule that is not soluble in water, stores energy and provides insulation; ex: fats and oils

• Proteins—organic molecule that is structural and speeds up chemical reactions; ex: enzymes and hemaglobin

Vocabulary List Continued

• Nucleic Acids—organic molecule that carries genetic information; ex: DNA & RNA

• Benedicts Solution—a blue reagent that changes color in the presence of simple sugars

• Starch—a major source of carbohydrates for living things made of bonded glucose molecules

Vocabulary List Continued

• Enzymes—a type of protein found in all living things that changes (usually speeds up) the rate of chemical reactions

• Insulin—a protein hormone that affects metabolism by breaking down glucose

• Glycogen—a complex carbohydrate used to store energy; typically found in liver and muscle cells

Vocabulary List Continued

• Cellulose—a polysaccharide carbohydrate made of many bonded glucose units; typically found in cell walls of plants and provides nutritional roughage.

• Hemoglobin—a type of protein that is in red blood cells; contains iron and carries oxygen from lungs to body cells.

• Biurets Solution—a blue reagent that turns purple in the presence of proteins.