ORGANIC MOLECULES

• ALL ORGANIC MOLECULES CONTAIN CARBON AND ARE FOUND IN ORGANISMS

• THERE ARE 4 MAIN GROUPS–CARBOHYDRATES–LIPIDS–Proteins–NUCLEIC ACIDS

I. Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES

• ARE SUGARS, STARCHES

• SERVE AS A FUEL SOURCE FOR CELLS …. Example Glucose and then its turned into ATP

• THEY ARE ALSO COMPONENTS OF CELL MEMBRANES AND NUCLEIC ACIDS

• CARBOHYDRATES ARE CHAINS OF CARBON ATOMS THAT ARE BONDED TO HYDROXYL (OH) GROUPS AND HYDROGEN ATOMS (H), they form a ring.

• CARBOHYDRATES ARE MADE OF C, H & O

• C,H & O ARE IN A 1:2:1 RATIO

• THERE ARE 3 MAIN GROUPS OF CARBOHYDRATES

3 GROUPS OF CARBOHYDRATESA. MONOSACCHARIDES- SIMPLE SUGARS example: GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSEB. DISACCHARIDES- 2 SIMPLE SUGARS example: LACTOSE, SUCROSE, MALTOSEC. POLYSACCHARIDES- MANY SIMPLE SUGARS example: STARCH, CELLULOSE, GLYCOGEN• SUGARS END IN - OSE

A. MONOSACCHARIDES (monomer for this group)

(monomer is one unit)

• GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE & GALACTOSE ARE ISOMERS.

• ALL HAVE THE CHEMICAL FORMULA C6H12O6

• ISOMERS- ARE MOLECULES WITH THE SAME CHEMICAL FORMULA, BUT A DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS.

GlucoseGalactose

Fructose

Same chemical formula C6H12O6, different structural arrangement

MONOSACCHARIDES: GLUCOSE

• GLUCOSE- BLOOD SUGAR – cells use this for energy (ATP), which is metabolized during cellular respiration. Our major source is from fruits/plants. Plants produce glucose during photosynthesis. Plants also use it during their own cellular respiration.

FRUCTOSE

FRUIT SUGARTHE SWEETEST OF ALL THE

SUGARS

GALACTOSE

• NOT FOUND FREE IN NATURE, ONLY IN MILK

• WE CANNOT USE GALACTOSE BUT MUST CHANGE IT TO GLUCOSE

B. DISACCHARIDES – when two monosaccharides bond in a dehydration

synthesis reaction H+ and OH- are removed and form water (also called a condensation reaction)

Examples of Dissacharides1. LACTOSE: MILK SUGAR made

from: GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE

2. SUCROSE: TABLE SUGAR made from: GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE

3. MALTOSE: MALT SUGAR made from: GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE

C. POLYSACCHARIDES – three or more monosaccharides

1. STARCH: STORAGE FORM OF GLUCOSE IN PLANTS

2. GLYCOGEN: STORAGE FORM OF GLUCOSE IN ANIMALS (in us it is in the liver)

3. CELLULOSE: CELL WALLS OF PLANTS FOR STRENGTH

4. CHITIN – MAKES UP THE EXOSKELETON OF ARTHROPODS

ALL 3 ARE LONG CHAINS OF GLUCOSE

Review: Functions of carbohydrates

• Provides quick energy in the form of glucose

• Can also be stored in the form of glycogen and starch

• Can be used structurally as in plants (cellulose) and some animals (chitin)

LIPIDS

LIPIDS HAVE MANY DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS

1. THEY ACT AS ENERGY SOURCES

2. THEY CUSHION THE BODY.

3. THEY INSULATE THE BODY.

THERE ARE 5 GROUPS OF LIPIDS

FATTY ACIDSFATSOILS

PHOSPHOLIPIDSSTEROLS

FATTY ACIDS• ALL OF THEM HAVE AN EVEN NUMBER OF C

ATOMS.

• COOH - C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C

• ALL OF THEM HAVE A CARBOXYL GROUP (-COOH) ON ONE END.

FATTY ACIDS

ARE CLASSIFIED IN 2 WAYS

1. BY THE LENGTH OF THE CARBON CHAIN

2. BY HOW SATURATED THEY ARE WITH H ATOMS

THE LENGTH OF THE CARBON CHAIN

SHORT CHAIN:

10 OR FEWER C ATOMS. Eg. BUTTER

LONG CHAIN

12-18 C ATOMS. Eg. ANIMAL FATS &

VEGETABLE OILS.

EXTRA-LONG CHAIN

20 OR MORE C ATOMS. Eg. FISH OILS.

HOW SATURATED THEY ARE WITH H ATOMS

THERE ARE 3 DEGREES OF SATURATION

SATURATED

MONOUNSATURATED

POLYUNSATURATED

SATURATED: HAVE AS MANY H ATOMS AS POSSIBLE

COOH

C C C C C C C

H H H H H H H

H

HHHHHHH

MONOUNSATURATED: HAS ONE DOUBLE BOND BETWEEN CARBON

ATOMS

COOH

C C C C C C C

H H H H H H H

H

HHHHH

POLYUNSATURATED: HAS 2 OR MORE DOUBLE BONDS

BETWEEN CARBON ATOMS

COOH

C C C C C C C

H H H H H H

H

HHHH

FATS AND OILS

AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, FATS ARE SOLIDS AND OILS ARE LIQUIDS

HOW ARE THEY DIFFERENT?

HOW ARE THEY SIMILAR?BOTH CONTAIN GLYCEROL.

GLYCEROL

OH

OH

OH

H

H

H

H

H

C

C

C

PHOSPHOLIPIDSARE IMPORTANT IN CELL MEMBRANES

STEROIDS

ARE COMPOSED OF 4 CARBON RINGS

11 2

3 4

FUNCTIONS OF STEROIDS• COMPOSE THE CELL MEMBRANE

• IMPORTANT IN THE PRODUCTION OF HORMONES

• THE RAW MATERIAL OF VITAMIN D

• NECESSARY FOR BILE SALTS

• THE MOST IMPORTANT STEROID IS CHOLESTEROL

• WHAT IS CHOLESTEROL?

• DEFINITION: A STEROID FOUND IN ANIMAL FATS AND MOST BODY TISSUES; MADE BY THE LIVER.

WHITE AND FATTY IN NATURE.

NUCLEIC ACIDSTHERE ARE TWO

DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)RNA (RIBONUCLEIC ACID)

DNARNA

DNA RNA Double Stranded Single Stranded Codes for proteins Helps interpret the code

Three types mRNA, tRNA, rRNA (m and t help with making

proteins and r makes up ribosomes where proteins are made)

Monomer is called a nucleotide for both (a nucleotide is made up of a 5 Carbon sugar*, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base*)

 

PROTEINS

HAVE MANY FUNCTIONS

1. THEY MAKE UP THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF CELLS/ OF THE BODY.

-Every organism has 1000’s of unique proteins

-Proteins are coded from DNA

LIKE MUSCLES

HAIR

AND NAILS

2. THEY ACT AS ENZYMES TO SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

3. SOME ARE HORMONES.

4. SOME ARE IMPORTANT IN IMMUNITY.

5. SOME ARE IMPORTANT IN TRANSPORT. THEY MAKE UP BLOOD HEMOGLOBIN.

PROTEIN STRUCTURE• ALL PROTEINS CONTAIN C, H, O & N.• AMINO ACIDS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS.• THERE ARE 20 DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS FOUND

IN HUMANS.• All aa’s have a central C that has a

H, COOH (carboxyl group), an amine group (NH2), and an “R” group (a hydrocarbon chain of 2- ? Carbons).

BASIC STRUCTURE OF AN AMINO ACID

C

H

NH2COOH

R

AMINO ACIDS

• THERE ARE 20 DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS

• 11 ARE NONESSENTIAL, THE BODY CAN MAKE THEM

• 9 ARE ESSENTIAL, THEY MUST BE IN OUR DIET

• Two amino acids = dipeptide• Three or more amino acids = polypeptide

• Remember ase = enzyme

CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYMESARE DESTROYED BY:

HEATSTRONG ACIDSSTRONG BASES

THEY COME OUT OF A REACTION EXACTLY AS THEY WENT IN

THEY ARE SPECIFIC, THEY CATALYZE A SINGLE REACTION

pH

• pH IS A WAY TO MEASURE THE ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY (BASICITY) OF A SUBSTANCE

• ACIDS HAVE A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF (H+) H3O+ (Hydronium ions)

• BASES HAVE A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF OH- (Hydroxide ions)

So the more hydronium ions you have in a solution the stronger the acid (means you have fewer hydroxide

ions)

The more hydroxide ions the stronger the base (and the fewer hydronium

ions you have)

• Acids and bases are measured on a scale called the pH scale (power of Hydrogen). This scale measures how many hydronium ions (H3O+) are present in a solution. The more hydronium ions the more acidic (lower) the pH, also the fewer the hydroxide ions (OH-) . The more hydroxide ions the higher the pH (more alkaline – meaning a base) and the fewer the hydronium ions

• THE pH SCALE RANGES FROM 1-14

• ON THE pH SCALE, 7 IS NEUTRAL

• A pH BELOW 7 IS ACIDIC

• A pH ABOVE 7 IS (BASIC) Alkaline

• THE FARTHER A pH IS FROM 7, THE STRONGER THE SUBSTANCE IS

• BUFFERS ARE SUBSTANCES THAT HELP STABILIZE pH IN THE BODY

• BICARBONATE/CARBONIC ACID IS THE MOST Important buffer