nT/536-PAK-71 Assignment Report Japan Trust Fund Project for the Conservation of the Monuments of Moenjodaro

FOR INTERNAL USE O N L Y : N O T F O R G E N E R A L DISTRIBUTION

PAKISTAN

Organization of a Training Workshop on Archaeological Documentation: 10 - 18 April 1994

by

M . Jansen

The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of U N E S C O

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC A N D C U L T U R A L ORGANIZATION (UNESCO)

Paris, 1994

Serial N ° : F M R / C L T / C H / 9 4 / 2 4 0 ( F I T )

FTT7536-PAK-71 Assignment Report (M. Jansen) FMR/CLT/CH/94/240(FIT) Paris, 24 November 1994

(i)

Table of Contents

Summary (ii)

Acronyms (iii)

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. COMPREHENSIVE REPORT OF THE WORKSHOP 1

III. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5

APPENDICES

A. Timetable of the Mission 8

B. Extract of Report of 19 August 1991: Proposal for Installation of a Temporary Documentation Centre at Karachi (by M. Jansen) 9

C. Extract of Report of 23 March 1992: Revised Scheme for the Establishment of a Documentation Centre 'Moenjodaro' (by M. Jansen) 11

D. Extract of Report of March 1993: Programme Carried out under UNESCO/UNDP Project PAK/89/031 - Workshop 15 February to 15 March 1993 (by M. Jansen) 17

(ü)

Summary

Within the framework of the UNESCO/Japan Trust Fund Project for Moenjodaro (536-PAK-71) and in collaboration with the Authority for the Preservation of Moenjodaro, the consultant undertook a mission to Pakistan from 10 to 18 April 1994 in order to participate in the organization of a training workshop on archaeological documentation to be held in Karachi and Moenjodaro.

This report presents a comprehensive account of the workshop including findings and recommendations for the development of the archaeological documentation centre.

(iii)

Acronyms

APM

CAD

DC

DPC

GRPM

JTF

MCC

NPC

PD

Authority of the Preservation of Moenjodaro

Computer aided design

Documentation Centre

Damp-proof course

German Research Project Moenjodaro

Japan Trust Fund for Moenjodaro

Moenjodaro Conservation Cell

National Project Co-ordinator

Project Document

The four main excavated parts are indicated by the names of the principal foreign excavators:

DK-G area : Dikshit

HR area : Hargreaves

SD area : Siddiqui

VS area : Vats

I. INTRODUCTION

1. As this visit to Pakistan, and this report in particular, mainly deals with the documentation centre for Moenjodaro, it is proposed to review the reports under this project relating to the 'documentation centre'.

2. A primary requisite for the conservation of historic monuments lies in the scientific documentation itself. It is not only an auxiliary, but also a major, integral part of the whole process which, unfortunately even today, is not taken as seriously as it should be.

3. Even many international projects do not have proper documentation which would in the future, allow not only the study of parts which might have already disappeared but also the critical re-evaluation of conserved or reconstructed parts.

4. The international slogan is 'reversibility'. In order to make actions or objects reversible, means knowing how they were before; and this can only be done by proper documentation.

5. Therefore, the documentation and its accessibility in a documentation centre, is a basic requisite for every conservation project, and especially in the case of Moenjodaro.

6. But not only are the "whys" important, one also has to consider the "hows". Traditional documentation with all its aesthetics of hand drawings is totally outdated if one explores the enormous potential of computer aided design (CAD) systems which exist today and which are already in full use for major documentation of cultural heritage. When dealing with extraordinarily large amounts of data (which occur in all the larger buildings or structures), CAD recording is unavoidable. This is the reason why a CAD station connected to a total-station, to process the data of Moenjodaro, has been suggested.

7. The final aim will be to establish a data bank which connects drawing information with photographs and texts. It is recommended to develop such a data bank, not only for Moenjodaro but for all major UNESCO projects. It could be established anywhere in the world provided that all participants had direct access to the data through their computer networks. This would mark the beginning of a future big programme, the Moenjodaro project providing a base.

II. COMPREHENSIVE REPORT OF THE WORKSHOP

8. From 11 to 13 April 1994 meetings were held to discuss problems in principle; one of the major topics being the organizational structure and future of the MCC.

9. The total project management of the MCC was defined tentatively as falling into three phases, as follows:

Phase I - Conservation f1993-1994)

Under this phase the stabilization of the present structures should be obtained in order that "no further wall should collapse".

Treatment in principle

provisional underpinning of weak walls, mud-capping of approx. 50,000 metres of walls, application of mud slurry of approx.200,000 square metres of walls, special treatment of east-western running northerly leaning walls with thick layer of mud (clay) packing, repeated treatment of salt affected wall bases, levelling of site to design a draining plan, emergency action to protect the stupa, emergency action to protect the remaining original bricks in the Great Bath,

- 2 -

development oí treatment plan to consolidate the unexcavated surface (landscape and plantation), tourist promotion plan, international promotion plan

Research

identification of original structures, identification of horizontal-vertical extant by geological tests (drilling, etc.), documentation of treatment, collection of old photographs, study of causes of deterioration; pathology of walls, testing of relation after table, rise of humidity in soil/walls, air temperature/humidity, crystallization of salts/destruction of bricks.

Phase II - Preservation (1995-96) Treatment

Treatment in detail of individual cases according to the pathological studies, long-term treatment of stupa, long-term treatment of great bath, long-term treatment of granary.

Research

study and evaluation of success of treatment concepts, optimization of approaches, computer design of Moenjodaro,

- computer reconstruction of different phases, development of an excavation plan.

Phase III Reconstruction (1997-98)

Treatment

replacement of scientifically reconstructed parts according to old photographs and with computer assistance, conjectural reconstruction (computer simulated) of essential structures in order that lay people may better understand this, installation of an 'open air museum' around Moenjodaro with a collection of typical housing constructions of Sindh/Pakistan which will include demonstrations of traditional handicrafts, etc.

Research

study of historical sources for the reconstruction work, intensification of further archaeological research.

Phase IV (outside the planned programme)

The identification of a permanent local, regional, inter-regional conservation/documentation centre participating in the UNESCO/UNDP/Japan Trust Fund project for the preservation of the world cultural heritage.

10. In addition, the September 1994 workshop was discussed. The graphic station should be purchased for the documentation centre and the staff could be trained by experts from the Cadet's College near Moenjodaro. The need was emphasized for an international telephone connection to be made available by the end of September 1994.

11. Discussions during the remainder of the workshop were as follows:

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14.04.1994

9:00 Arrival at Moenjodaro accompanied by Mr. Shamsi, National Project Co-ordinator, APM. À printer had been purchased and transported to Moenjodaro so that the computer could be fully used. Discussions with members of MCC, especially about the tourist facilities in situ. A complaint had been made to the Ministry of Tourism about the hard climatic conditions at the site. It was decided that sunshades for the tourists should be provided at selected spots. Toilet facilities have to be improved and a dark room in which to demonstrate videos and colour slides should be provided. The consultant proposed to make use of the MCC lecture hall since after 2 pm the room would no longer be used by the officers, therefore tourists would be able to go there to watch video films and to refresh themselves.

15:00 Lecture by the consultant on 'Strategies of Conservation'

16:00 Lecture by the consultant on 'Typology of Pathology of Structures'

17:00 Visit to the site

15.04.1994 Moenjodaro

9:00 Continuation of discussion: one major problem is the payment of allowances which was discussed during the Pakistan/UNDP/UNESCO review last year. It was felt necessary that further training be provided abroad to one or two more staff of MCC. Another problem is the availability of transport as the question of the payment of petrol is still unclear. In relation to the documentation centre, one staff of MCC reported the following difficulties: there are not enough cameras; the photographer has left Moenjodaro due to hard working conditions; there are no facilities for the storing of the colour slides; and the registration numbers for the photographs are not properly developed. The author had bought 2 new cameras (Yashika) under the UNESCO/UNDP project for Moenjodaro PAK/89/031 in 1993 and he explained again the methods of photographic registration. On this day, Dr. Javed Husain from Karachi University visited the site with a group of 15 or so students. The UNESCO video was shown to them which they highly appreciated.

15:00 Visit of DK-G area and VS, HR area. Testing of salt concentration, marking of treated walls, discussion of removal of mud brick dumps in front of the excavation areas. It was suggested that a large board be placed in front of the different areas giving information about the UNESCO/UNDP/Japan Trust Fund project.

16.04.1994 Moenjodaro

Discussions concerning the "total-station" (Computer-assisted theodolite) and of the concept of levelling Moenjodaro. Exercises with "level" in First Street and outside the Moenjodaro site.

17.04.1994 Moenjodaro/Karachi

This day was marked by concluding discussions as follows:

a) Promotion: It was proposed that one officer from the MCC should join the Karachi office to be trained in public relations and to assist the APM in the organization of the promotion programme in

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Pakistan. There was a discussion regarding the travel programme of the panel exhibition. Mr. Shams i, DG and NPC/APM was of the opinion that a car should be purchased so that one officer might travel through Pakistan along with the panel exhibition. The consultant was of the opinion that the exhibition could be sent by mail.

Again the discussion referred to the need for further pamphlets. A pamphlet on Moenjodaro with a guide map should be produced as well as a pamphlet for the travelling exhibition.

The consultant supported the idea that a video projector should be purchased for Moenjodaro so that video films could be shown to visiting tourists.

b) Conservation: To reduce the maintenance costs it was proposed to check whether the pumps could be stopped during the winter season when the water table is low. As the most recent agreement during the International Consultative Committee for Moenjodaro gives a figure of 15 ft below surface, there might be a realistic chance to stop the pumps for some time in order to maintain them easily. There should be a check this winter to see how high the water table rises without pumping. It was suggested that a surveyor should be employed in order to measure the site and to use the "total-station".

Conclusions

12. The workshop was originally planned jointly with the UNESCO experts Mr. Noguchi and Mr. Hughes. As neither of them was able to join, only the consultant went to Pakistan and Moenjodaro. During his three-day visit to Moenjodaro (14-16.04.94), the consultant was accompanied by the DG/APM. The main topic of the workshop was the revision of work done during the winter season 1993-1994. Another important point of discussion was the administrative-organizational structure of the MCC.

Revision of work carried out during the winter season 1993/94

13. The first discussions with the members of MCC showed that besides the very successful work carried out in 1992, no major work had been executed during the past winter season. Only one successful action could be registered: the Assistant Director MCC had experimented in HR area where he had covered the floor of a house with a double layer of mud bricks as had been suggested. He had also treated several east-western running walls with a clay packing. As these walls are known to show deformation (leaning towards the north), this is obviously due to the thermic stress of the southern face. It is worth mentioning as has already been reported that the northern, cooler faces in the shade show a higher degree of deterioration due to salt pressure resulting in the destruction of the capillary structures of the baked bricks. Here the Assistant Director/MCC showed that with the proper treatment of clay (mud), i) the thermic stress on the southern faces of the walls could be reduced and ii) that the northern faces are stabilized by such treatment.' His measurements within the area treated with mud brick flooring showed clear evidence of reduced salinity in the air, structures and soil. Here we have a good sample of how Moenjodaro can be treated.

14. Although the preparation of a comprehensive report on the workshop was requested, it was thought, at this stage, to offer an overall view of the development from 1991 up to the present and for this purpose extracts of previous mission reports to Moenjodaro/Karachi have been annexed to this report as Appendices B.C.D. This is necessary since an analysis of success/non success must accompany each properly planned (and documented) project.

- 5 -

15. In the present case, the progress was quite slow and few activities could be observed by the experts. The reasons may be:

the late beginning of the active phase (1992), local problems due to the remoteness of the site (450 kilometres away from Karachi), as a result of the geographical situation, recruitment of appropriate personnel, very low quality of local accommodation, unsafe surroundings, inadequate infrastructure (telephone, communication, transport, education for children, recreation facilities, etc.), low salaries paid to the experts.

This list makes clear the fact that decisions regarding the quality of a single action such as the 'documentation centre' are dependent on different parameters which also have to be taken into consideration if a project is to be successful. These points have been referred to already in previous reports. III. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Organizational Structure Analysis

Personnel

16. As has become evident by the condition report (1987), the saving of Moenjodaro is not a question of a simple and 'once for all' rescue operation, but of the long-term maintenance of a complex, extremely large ruined city. Therefore, the solving of the technical problems is one part, the organization and execution of the saving programme is the other part.

17. Methods in principle for the saving have to be further developed, tested and evaluated and then applied in practice. This means treatment and maintenance of 50,000 metres of standing walls in six excavation areas covering a total space of 100,000 square metres. All conservation approaches up to recently only dealt in principle with the conservation methods but not with the conservation execution, ignoring the enormous size of Moenjodaro.

18. It was therefore found necessary to develop an infrastructure (MCC) which will be able to execute in reality the methods developed in principle. This approach is directly reflected in the UNDP programme: "A significant increase in the staff of the Authority is planned to make a total of 2241

posts, including 66 posts in the new archaeological conservation unit . The staff of the new unit in particular will require additional training to bring their skills to the necessary levels (UNDP Project Document: 5) and further under 'Immediate Objectives': "Output 1: Trained supervisory and managerial staff (projected 15-18 people including 7 from conservation unit) and Output 2: Trained staff of special unit and fully equipped conservation laboratory (projected total staff for 66 posts)" (UNDP Project Document: 8). According to the UNDP Project Document (PD) (E.l page 11), the conservation unit should be established with:

- 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 5

(1) (-) (1) (1) (1) (-)

Director Deputy Director (General) Deputy Director (Execution) Deputy Director (Scientific study and Maintenance) Conservator to head Moenjodaro Lab. Conservators for Moenjodaro Lab.

This amount has to be revised.

which has already been installed as Moenjodaro Conservation cell (MCC).

- 6 -

- 1 (1) Conservators for Moenjodaro Lab. (responsible for field recoràing/analysis/treatment)

- 1 (-) Conservator at the Karachi National Museum (to back up the Moenjodaro staff)

- 14 (6) Conservation workers (supervisor, foreman) - 6 (6) Surveyors/architects (civil engineers) - 2 (-) Photographer and assistant - 4 (-) Draughtsmen - 19 (15) support staff 67 (31) posts

In February 1993, 31 posts had been occupied which cover, besides the lower grades, the Director MCC, 2 Deputy directors (chemist and architect) and six architects/civil engineers.

19. After careful study of the above-mentioned UNDP PD proposal for the personnel structure of the conservation unit, it was proposed to further specify the responsibilities at the academic level. Here it was thought to be essential to introduce administration/organization concepts marked by a 'horizontal-vertical' responsibility pattern. While the 'horizontal' pattern is in principle marked by individual responsibility towards an excavated area (like DK-G, HR, etc.), the 'vertical' responsibility is marked by a general expert/advisory function for all excavation areas by one expert (e.g. conservator-architect, structural engineer, chemist, etc.). This means that any of the academics in MCC should be individually responsible for one area and, simultaneously, in general, responsible for all areas in relation to his/her specialization. This would lead to joint teamwork developing a deep understanding of the conservation problems of the site.

20. Regular meetings and exchanges of opinion in combination with competition would result in the optimal maintenance of the different areas. Consequently every excavated area would be controlled by one working group consisting of one field director (academic) a supervisor (technician) and a worker group of trained craftsmen of approximately 10 people who would be permanently busy in conservation work. Collection of research data for the laboratory etc. would be the individual responsibility of each group.

21. This model is at present tested. Reports of each supervisor will be analyzed in the September workshop. At present the structure is as follows:

Director MCC Field chief citadel area Field chief DK-G area Field chief VS area Field chief HR area Field chief Moneer, DK-A,B.C area Field chief archaeological surface

22. All chiefs are simultaneously responsible for their individual scientific field. This strategy opens the way towards a 'horizonal-vertical' organization structure; e.g. while the chemist is in charge of the laboratory, at the same time he is responsible for the total excavated site. This widens tremendously his understanding towards the conservation of the site. The weekly meeting of all staff allows the discussion amongst experts of individual problems in situ and guarantees optimal solutions to individual problems. This working concept leads towards a dynamic approach to problem-solving which primarily no longer requires a static treatment system.

23. The Optimal Organization Structure Comprises:

Director (administration, archaeology, conservation, co-ordination) Chemist Structural engineer Architect Geologist Surveyor

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Archaeologist Botanist

24. To summarize:

Inner structure: dynamization of administrative structure (horizontal-vertical)

Outer structure:

burnt bricks (sacrificial layer), mud bricks (cover with geo-textiles and reshaping according to reconstruction-drainage) paving of all floors with 2-3 layers of mud bricks, levelling according to topography closing of gullies with mud bricks opening of pit holes or up filling emergency excavation in DK-G area stabilization of sloping areas with geo-textiles and speed breakers (rain water)

- 8 -

Appendix A

Timetable of the Mission

10.14.94

11.04.94

12.04.94

13.04.94

14.04.94

15.04.94

16.04.94

17.04.94

18.04.94

Departure for Karachi

Meeting Justice Shaikh, Mr. Shamsi

Meeting Justice Shaikh

Meeting Justice Shaikh, Jennifer Habib

Departure Moenjodaro

Moenjodaro

Moenjodaro

Departure Karachi

Departure Karachi - Frankfurt

- 9 -

Appendix B

Extract of Report by M Jansen f19 August 19911

Proposal for the Installation of a Temporary Documentation Centre at Karachi under the UNDP and Japan Trust Fund programme

The UNDP and Japan trust Fund Programme deals with the preservation and presentation of all the structural remains at Moenjodaro within a period of two to three years. One of the major bases for the execution of this programme is a detailed documentation at hand which guarantees:

- an overall view of the work under process, - an orientation within the preservation work for the individual

working teams, - the control of executed work.

Without the documentation, the preservation according to latest international standards would not be possible.

As a detailed structural (architectural) documentation has already been carried out by the "German Research Project Moenjodaro" (GRPM), this documentation should be made accessible to those involved in the preservation and presentation of the site, especially to the experts from abroad whose stay in Pakistan is in general of short duration.

The documentation should consist, at minimum, of the plans which are with the Department of Archaeology and Museums, Karachi. It should later be extended by the photographic documentation of the GRPM, as well as by adequate literature.

Finally, the drafted plans should be digitalized to be handled by computer programmes such as AutoCad etc.

Due to the shortage of time (see schedule UNDP programme), it is strongly advised to install such a provisional centre in Karachi for the month of August. This centre should be accessible for the experts day and night (see point E. 1.3 "inputs" UNDP contract) so as to optimize their working capacity. The centre might also be used for public relation work (exhibitions, posters, photographs, etc.).

Equipment:

(stage 1)

- storage facility for the plans - site plans (1:1000) - area plans (1:200) - regional maps (1:2500)(1:100000) - other records (topographical map of GRPM) etc.

- a small library with books on conservation in general and of the UNESCO reports on Moenjodaro

- 2-3 drawing tables, - colour slides projector with projection facility, - slides on Moenjodaro,

- 10 -

Appendix B (cont.\

(stage 2)

- computer graphic station, - plotter (laser printer), - detailed photographic documentation, - original photographs, - aerial photographs, - photographic documentation (copy by GRPM) - photo laboratory, - documentation centre, - video documentation, - treatment cards - photo cards

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Appendix C

Extract of Report of 23 March 1992

Revised Scheme for the Establishment of a Documentation Centre

'Moenjodaro'

(Including a Proposed List of Equipment)

by M. Jansen

The Documentation Centre as the Central Co-ordination Unit for Preservation

The first step to be taken in any preservation work is, according to standard international procedure, to document the structures to be preserved, and the second step is to document the execution of the preservation programme in order to allow a critical revision and control of the executed preservation measures to be carried out at any subsequent stage. Thus, in order to create the conditions which will allow the preservation programme to be executed, a documentation centre has to be set up. This centre will then function as the storehouse where all the required data can be assembled. Finally, this centre should operate as the principal base for all future research on Moenjodaro, a storehouse of all data available on the site.

The UNDP and Japan Trust Fund programme comprises arrangements for the preservation and subsequent presentation of all the structural remains at Moenjodaro within a two and three-year period respectively.

The successful execution of this programme depends principally on the availability of a detailed documentation which would guarantee:

an overall view of the work in process, an orientation aid for the individual working teams carrying out preservation measures, the control of executed preservation work.

Without access to the documentation material, the preservation according to the latest international standards would not be possible.

The Proposed Establishment of a Documentation Centre

Having discussed the function of the Documentation Centre (DC) within the general "Save Moen-iodaro" programme, the question arises as to how such a centre should be organized. Corresponding to the different stages of development, two growth phases for the centre can be envisaged.

The first phase (I), would coincide with the first part of the UNDP project and would involve the collection of documents available and the setting up of the centre itself.

Administration staff would be required to get the centre started and to make it accessible to foreign and local experts engaged in the preservation of Moenjodaro. At this phase I, the DC would primarily serve the needs of the UNDP and Japan Trust Fund (JTF) project for the co-ordination of data and programmes, hence accessibility for research scholars in general would not be provided at this stage.

- 12 -

Appendix C fcont.)

The DC will be required to serve the following functions:

storage of incoming data, administration of stored data, provision of user access to stored data for the experts involved in the saving of Moenjodaro, processing of stored data (e.g. combining graphic and textual data), co-ordination of all scientific executive programmes based on the documentation.

The computer processing of stored data would mark phase II of the UNDP project after the completion of phase I.

The DC would consist of the following sections:

photographic section, plans section, text section (archive), preservation section, information section (library). For each of the sections, the above-mentioned functions of storage,

administration, user access and processing have to be taken into consideration.

Suggested List of Equipment

The list of equipment is differentiated according to:

A) equipment for the execution of the documentation in situ, B) equipment for the documentation centre.

Once the full preservation work is in progress, the documentation of structures treated has to be carried out simultaneously in different areas. It is proposed that for the maintenance of each area (Citadel, DKG-North, DKG-South, VS, HR, Moneer DK-A,B,C) one permanent working team consisting of 1-2 foremen and 15-20 workmen will be responsible. To guarantee regular documentation, a total of four sets of documentation equipment each shared by two maintenance teams is recommended. If the funds permit, the four sets should be purchased soon as possible to allow early training of the groups.

The documentation should be carried out by the foremen who will be specially trained for it. Alternately, the officer in charge of the area has to carry out the documentation. Most of the equipment can be purchased locally.

A.

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Appendix C (cont.)

Equipment for the Documentation "in situ"

The equipment marked with an asterisk* should be purchased on priority during phase I.

A.l Survey. Ground Plans:

Non-recurring expenditure:

1 electronic tachymeter

1 tripod

4 levels

4 tripods

4 sets ranging rods, holders, bags

4 50 meter tapes (steel)

2 20 meter tapes (steel)

4 plane tables

4 umbrellas (surveyor)

4 Polarimeter (gon)

4 angle prisms

1 stereoscope (Zeiss or equivalent)

minor investments (plummer, etc)p.a.

Non-recurring expenditure on priority:

Recurring Expenditure:

expendable budget p.a.

Price/unit in USS

9, 100

450

725

425

300

60

30

180

180

180

70

720

Total in USS

2,900*

1,700*

1,200*

240*

120*

640*

640*

640*

280*

1.000*

9.360*

900'

A.2 Prospection of Walls. Photographic Documentation

2 bodies 6x6mm (Maraiya M 645 Super or equivalent) with magazine

2 automatic prism view finders

2 wide angle lenses (2,8 55mm)

2 normal lenses (2,8 80mm)

extension tubes for macro

2 camera boxes

1,030

650

450

250

100

150

- 14 -

Appendix C fcont.l

4 24x36mm bodies (Minolta or equiv.)

2 24mm lenses

2 35mm lenses

4 50mm lenses

2 Macro lenses

4 camera bags (metal)

2 flashes (Metz 45 CTI or equivalent)

4 tripods (heavy, Bizo or equivalent)

minor investments (boards, etc.)

Non-recurring expenditure on priority

US$

600

200

250

250

300

90

180

200

US$

2,400*

400*

500*

1,000*

600*

360*

360*

800*

600*

7.020

Recurring expenditure:

expendable budget p.a. 1,500*

Total priority equipment documentation in situ phase I (Moenjodaro)

Non-recurring 16,380

Recurring 2,400

B. Equipment for the Documentation Centre

B.l Photo laboratory

1 enlarger 6x6mra (Durst 670 colour or equivalent (including transformer)

1 50mm lens (Schneider 2,8 5mm or equiv.)

1 80mm lens (Schneider 2,8 or equiv.)

1 negative film dryer (Jobo Mistral or equiv.) _

1 paper dryer (Rowi or equiv.)

2 contact print frames (24x36mm, 60x60mm)

1 colour developer (Job CPA or equiv.)

1 tank for 5 films

1 water filter

1 refrigerator 400 litre

1 photo reproduction set

minor investments

850

150

220

250

485

60

750

60

90

600

370

850*

150*

220*

250*

485*

120*

90*

600*

370*

300*

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Appendix C (cont.)

US$ US$

Non-recurring expenditure on priority: 3.435

Recurring expenditure:

expendable accessories (trays etc.) 1,000

B.2 Drawing Section

6 drawing tables with slid, rulers

6 drawing lamps

6 drawing sets Rotring

1 paper cutter

1 photostat copier

1 blue print copier

Non-recurring expenditure on priority

Recurring expenditure:

expendable accessories (paper, etc.) 1,800*

B 3 storing of plans

2 steel chests (12 drawers) 500 1,000*

B 4 storing of negatives, photographs, slides

10 steel cabinets (hanging fold.)

200 hangers

200 transparent slide containers

B 5 Microfiche reproduction set

1 microfiche copier 3,100 3,100*

1 microfiche reader 300 300*

100

15

30

280

200

600*

90*

180*

280*

7,100*

1.200*

9.450*

150

1.5

1.5

1,500*

300*

300*

2.100*

- 16 -

Appendix C fcont.l

US$

B 6 Computer

1 graphic station (486)

software (AutoCad 11.0)

1 personal computer 286

software (Word Perfect 5.1)

Turbo Pascal (condition cards)

1 scanner

1 Laser printer (e.g. HP Laser Jet II)

Non-recurring expenditure on priority:

Recurring expenditure

1,030

725

300

1,500

7,300

2,120

1,030*

725*

300*

1,500

1,500*

3,555*

1,000*

B 7 Audiovisual programme

2 Kodak Carousel 750 1,500*

Total calculation equipment:

A 1 Survey ground plans

A 2 Photographic documentation

B 1 Photo laboratory

B 2 Drawing section

B 3 String of plans

B 4 Storing of films etc.

B 5 Microfiche reproduction

B 6 Computer

B 7 Audiovisual programme

non-recurring

9,360

7,020

3, 435

9,450

1,000

2, 100

nil

3,555

1.500

37.420

recurring

900

1,500

1,000

1,800

1,000

6. 200

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Appendix D

Extract of Report of March 1993

Programme Carried out under the UNESCO/UNDP project PAK/89/031

by M. Jansen

Future Analyses to be Carried Out

Besides the UNESCO guidelines for preservation, the following priorities for Moenjodaro can be formulated:

original structures should be treated for conservation first,

from the original structures those most heavily affected should be treated first,

structures original or not original within the major attraction zones should also be treated with priority.

Therefore, the complete condition report should include:

1. mapping of original/non-original structures of all parts excavated,

2. mapping of the physical condition of each structure differentiated according to foundation, middle part of wall, top part of wall,

3. mapping of the concentration of humidity in the different parts of the walls during the year,

4. and resulting therefrom, the concentration of salts.

Ad 1. For the mapping of original/non-original structures, the following sources are available:

the original site-plans of the previous excavations,

the original photos of the excavations.

Ad.2. For the mapping of the physical condition of the walls, a wall by wall survey is suggested (in the condition card).

Ad 3. For the mapping of the humidity in the walls free of salt, a humidity-metre could be used, otherwise sample testing is suggested.

Ad 4. The concentration of salts could be registered by leaching under similar conditions.

To carry out the above-mentioned mappings, the house-units have to be numbered and each wall needs to be specified.

The mapping should be accompanied by an index-card system in which the observed criteria are entered. Observations could be accompanied by photography. Once the inventory system is built up, it can easily be used and results of treatments, etc. can be checked.

Due to the results of the pumping project, the water table has been lowered so that the physical preservation of the architectural remains can be scientifically continued and finalized.

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Appendix D fcont.)

Three aspects are of the greatest importance.

1. Moenjodaro exceeds by far the size of a "normal" monument, (at least 100 ha of which 10 have been excavated,

2. Moenjodaro is an archaeological site which has more than 90% of unexcavated areas. Also within the excavated area (to be treated), invaluable archaeological remains are still in situ which should not be destroyed through conservation measurements (e.g. vertical DPC connected with uncontrolled fresh digging).

3. Moenjodaro is a primary archaeological source which has to be conserved in its original setting (e.g. walls which have to be replaced (restoration) should be replaced according to their original appearance).

With the condition report and the wall inventory on the long term, the basis for scientific preservation is given.

The research of Aachen University with more than 600 aerial photos taken from a hot-air balloon, more than 100 plans of the excavated structures, including a complete levelling with c. 500,000 level points and a photo-documentation of more than 15,000 new photos has added a documentation of the excavated structures to be preserved which is also unique in the world.

Taking all these facts into consideration, the research on the historical data (old photographs, field books, etc.) the re-documentation of the excavated remains and the environmental, structural studies seem to be strongly interrelated with the national and international task to save Moenjodaro physically.

The scientific physical preservation of the site should be based on the study of the historical data and should include a careful analysis of the old photographs to guarantee a critical preservation. Before starting the preservation work according to international standards, plans should be presented showing the preservation activities. The study of the historical data should be accompanied by the direct study of the physical remains according to physical conditions (collapsing walls, etc.), different concentrations of water (humidity metre) and the resulting concentration of salts.

For this programme, the extensive studies of the site carried out in the past can be used and should be continued for this specific purpose. They should be carried out as a condition report of the structural remains and would mark the conditions and their changes in the site maps (1:200).

Future research at Moenjodaro should represent both aspects: scientific interest and preservation strategies which should always be correlated since there is only one common interest and aim, that of the widening of a deep scientific understanding accompanied by the latest conservation technology in the interests of this unique cultural monument which is the property of the whole of mankind.