organizational behavior: perception. food survey recently a world-wide survey was conducted by the...
TRANSCRIPT
Organizational Behavior:
Perception
Food SurveyRecently a world-wide survey was conducted by the UN.
The only question asked was... : "Would you please give your honest opinion about solutions to the food shortage in the rest of the world?"
The survey was a huge failure because...: 1. In Africa they didn't know what "food" means. 2. In Eastern Europe they didn't know what "honest" means. 3. In Western Europe they didn't know what "shortage"
means. 4. In China they didn't know what "opinion" means. 5. In the Middle East they didn't know what "solution"
means. 6. In South America they didn't know what "please" means. 7. In the USA they didn't know what "the rest of the world"
means
Perceptual Process Model
Selective AttentionSelective Attention
Organization andOrganization andInterpretationInterpretation
Environmental StimuliEnvironmental Stimuli
Feeling Hearing Seeing Smelling TastingFeeling Hearing Seeing Smelling Tasting
Emotions andEmotions andBehaviorBehavior
Perception: Perception: A Social Information Processing ModelA Social Information Processing Model
Competingenvironmental
stimuli:* People* Events* Objects
Interpretationand
categorization
Stage 1Stage 1Selective Attention/
Comprehension
Stage 2Stage 2Encoding
and Simplificatio
n
A
C
F
A
B
C
D
E
F
MemoryJudgments
anddecisions
Stage Stage 33
Storage and
Retention
Stage Stage 44
Retrievaland
Response
C
Social Information ProcessingSocial Information ProcessingModel of PerceptionModel of Perception
Stage 1: Selective Attention/ComprehensionStage 1: Selective Attention/Comprehension- Attention is the process of becoming aware of something or someone- People pay attention to salient stimuli
Stage 2: Encoding and SimplificationStage 2: Encoding and Simplification- Encoding is the process of interpreting environmental stimuli by using information contained in cognitive categories- The same information can be interpreted differently by people due to individual differences
•Stage 3: Storage and RetentionStage 3: Storage and Retention- Encoded information or stimuli is sent to long- term memory- Long-term memory is composed of three compartments containing categories of information about events, semantic materials, and people
•Stage 4: Retrieval and ResponseStage 4: Retrieval and Response- Information is retrieved from memory when people make judgments and decisions
Factors That Influence Perception
Characteristics of the PerceiverValues and attitudesMotivesInterestsExperienceExpectations
Perception
Characteristics of the TargetStructural beautyNovelty and FamiliarityMotion and ChangeRepetitionIntensitySoundsSizeContrast and BackgroundProximity
Perceptual contextTimeWork settingSocial setting
Attribution Process
• Internal Attribution– Perception that outcomes are due to
motivation/ability rather than situation or fate
• External Attribution– Perception that outcomes are due to situation or
fate rather than the person
Attribution Errors
• Fundamental Attribution Error– Attributing behavior of other people to internal
factors (their motivation/ability)
• Self-Serving Bias– Attributing our successes to internal factors and
our failures to external factors
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Cycle
SupervisorSupervisorformsforms
expectationsexpectations
ExpectationsExpectationsaffect supervisor’saffect supervisor’s
behaviorbehavior
Supervisor’sSupervisor’sbehavior affectsbehavior affects
employeeemployee
Employee’sEmployee’sbehavior matchesbehavior matches
expectationsexpectations
Identity: Who Am I?
• Social Identity•Organizational Identity•Personal Identity
Perceptual Biases and Errors in Decision Making
1.1. StereotypeStereotype : A stereotype is an individual’s set of beliefs about the : A stereotype is an individual’s set of beliefs about the characteristics of a group of people.characteristics of a group of people.
2.2. Halo:Halo: A rater forms an overall impression about an object and then uses the impression to bias ratings about the object.
3.3. LeniencyLeniency:: A personal characteristic that leads an individual to consistently evaluate other people or objects in an extremely positive fashion.
4.4. Central Tendency:Central Tendency: The tendency to avoid all extreme judgments and rate people and objects as average or neutral.
5.5. Recency EffectsRecency Effects:: The tendency to remember recent information. Most recent information dominates perceptions, If the recent information is negative, the person or object is evaluated negatively.
6.6. Contrast EffectsContrast Effects:: The tendency to evaluate people or objects by comparing them with characteristics of recently observed people or objects.
7.7. PrimacyPrimacy: : First impressions8.8. ProjectionProjection: : Believing other people are similar to you
The Stereotyping Process
Professors areabsent-minded
Our instructoris a professor
Our instructor isabsent-minded
Assign category’s traitsAssign category’s traitsto the personto the person
Assign person to categoryAssign person to categorybased on observable infobased on observable info
Develop categoriesDevelop categoriesand assign traitsand assign traits
Improving Perceptual Accuracy
ImprovingImprovingPerceptualPerceptualAccuracyAccuracy
DiversityDiversityInitiativesInitiatives
EmpathizeEmpathizeWith OthersWith Others
PostponePostponeImpressionImpressionFormationFormation
KnowKnowYourselfYourself
CompareComparePerceptionsPerceptionsWith OthersWith Others