other storage

7/28/2019 Other Storage

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Nabil Reza



Off-peak electricity is used to power amotor/generator that drives compressors to forceair into an underground storage reservoir.

When the demand for electric power peaks, The

compressed air is returned to the surface, and isfed into a gas turbine, allowing the turbine toproduce electricity more efficiently.

Natural Gas is burned to preheat air.

Storage reservoirs can be large undergroundcaverns, depleted wells, or aquifers.



CAES power plant system can achieve >85%reductions in fossil fuel use.

Can achieve over 80% reduction in CO2

output Adiabatic Compressed-Air Energy Storage

recovers the heat that emerges during aircompression.

The stored thermal energy replaces the needfor natural gas, causing the entire system torun on renewable power alone



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K4yJx5yTzO4









280 MW plant in Hunthorf, Germany - beenactive since 1978

110 MW plant at McIntosh, Alabama -operating since 1991



Insatallation cost - Depending on hours of storage, $750/kW to $1,200/kW.

Running cost at about 10.5 cents/kWh

Diabatic storage efficiency is around 55% 70% for adiabatic CAES



CAES systems can be used on very largescales. CAES is ready to be used with entirepower plants.

Fast start-up time – 9 min, compared to 20min for conventional combustion turbine

Helps solving peak load crisis



A flywheel is a flat disk or cylinder that spinsat very high speeds, storing kinetic energy.

When required, the flywheel then deliversrotational energy to power an electricgenerator until friction dissipates it.



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCtlfj4kMJs









• E f = (1/2) x I x ω 2

where

E f = flywheel kinetic energy (Nm (Joule), ft lb)

I = moment of inertia (kg m 2

, lb ft 2

) ω = angular velocity (rad/s)

• I = k x m x r 2

where

k = inertial constant m = mass of flywheel (kg, lb)

r = radius (m, ft)



Tensile strength - the stronger the disc, thefaster it may be spun, and the more energythe system can store.

Energy storage efficiency - 50% formechanical bearings, 85% for magneticbearings



Beacon Power - 20 MW plant in Pennsylvania Installation cost - around $1,500 per kilowatt



Little affected by temperature fluctuations, Take up relatively little space

Have lower maintenance requirements thanbatteries

Very durable.



Storage devices that convert Chemical Energyto Electrical Energy

Batteries are made up of cells, containing achemical called an electrolyte.

Each cell has two electrically conductiveelectrodes immersed into its electrolyte, onereleases electrons into the electrolyte, and theother absorbs them.

When an electrical device is connected to theelectrodes, an electrical current flows throughit and provides electric power for its operation.



Lead-Acid Lithium-ion

Lithium polymer

Nickel metal hydride Sodium sulfur

Flow Battery



Electrolyte is stored in external containers andcirculated through the battery cell stack asrequired.

Flow batteries use two liquid electrolytes that

react when pumped through a cell stack. Thebattery is broken down into a cell stack andtwo large electrolyte tanks.

As the electrolyte flows past a porousmembrane in each cell, ions and electrons flowback and forth, charging or discharging thebattery.



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Uk0GQ Ngtqg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Uk0GQNgtqg








The active materials in a NaS battery aremolten sulfur as the positive electrode andmolten sodium as the negative.

The electrodes are separated by a solidceramic, sodium - alumina, which also servesas the electrolyte.

During Charge and Discharge cycle, electrons

flow from Na to S and vice versa through anexternal circuit.



Flow Batteries◦ 250 KW installation in Castle Valley, Utah

NaS Batteries◦ 4 MW installation for Texas Power Grid

◦ 270 MW installation in Japan by Tokyo-based NGKInsulators



Parameter Zn/Br VB NaSRated Output (MW) 10 10 10

Efficiency 0.6 0.75 0.77

Unit cost for powerelectronic ($/KW)

312.5 312.5 312.5

Unit cost for storageunits ($/KWH)

350 750 400

Unit cost for balanceof plant ($/KWH)

7 7 7

Fixed O & M Cost($/KW)

6.26 6.26 6.26



Electricity storage can be deployedthroughout an electric power system—functioning as generation, transmission,distribution, or end-use assets.

Sometimes placing the right storagetechnology at a key location can alleviate asupply shortage situation, relieve

congestion, defer transmission additions orsubstation upgrades, or postpone the needfor new capacity.



http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/en/183732/rwe/innovation/projects-technologies/energy-storage/compressed-air-energy-storage/

http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2009/08/31/204578/clean-energy-storage-wind-solar/?mobile=nc

http://www.pangeaexploration.com/compressed_air_energy_storage.htm

http://www.dg.history.vt.edu/ch2/storage.html

http://www.ngpowereu.com/article/flywheel-power-and-energy-storage/

http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/beacon-powers-bankruptcy-autopsy

http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/the-smarter-grid/batteries-that-go-with-the-flow

http://www.electricitystorage.org/technology/storage_technologies/batteries/soidum_sulfur_batteries/

http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=6910#tabs_ElecStorage-1

http://www.nrel.gov/learning/eds_batteries.html

http://www.nrel.gov/learning/eds_compressed_air.html

http://www.nrel.gov/learning/eds_flywheels.html














http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=6910

































































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