overviewing comparative efficacy of different …idosi.org/aejaes/jaes15(9)15/10.pdfam-euras. j....

American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15 (9): 1790-1802, 2015ISSN 1818-6769© IDOSI Publications, 2015DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2015.15.9.12677

Corresponding Author: Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture,University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan.

1790

Overviewing Comparative Efficacy of Different GerminationEnhancement Techniques for Cereal Crops

Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Tanveer Ahmad, 1 2

Zahoor Ahmad, Abdul Manan Saleem and Bilal Ahmad1 2 2

Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture,1

University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38040, PakistanInstitute of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture,2

University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan

Abstract: Cereals belong to family Poaceae and are considered to be the most important agricultural crops,being most of the staple crops for hundreds of thousands people across the globe. Proper seedlingestablishment is a prerequisite to achieve full potential yield of cereals. Poor seed germination caused by avariety of seed, soil and environmental factors lead to suboptimal seedling stand and ultimately yield suffersa serious setback. For increasing germination and seedling growth and development, a number of seedinvigoration techniques or priming techniques have been worked out and found to be effective. Some of thesegermination enhancement techniques include on-farm priming (seed soaking in tap water), hydro priming(seed soaking in distilled water), halo priming or priming with salts, osmopriming (seed soaking in low osmoticsolutions containing usually polyethylene glycol-8000) and seed priming with plant growth regulators, vitamins,salicylic acid and other substances. Different researches have brought into light the positive effects of differentpriming techniques in increasing the germination percentage as well as obtaining a robust seedling stands ina comparatively less span of time than non-primed seeds. The significantly higher cereal yields were obtainedwith simple cost-effective and environment friendly priming techniques. However, there is a dire need toconduct research on priming techniques in relation to soil and environmental factors particularly temperatureand moisture level of soil.

Key words: Annual cereals Seed priming Hydro-priming Halo-priming Osmo-priming

INTRODUCTION germination is the first and foremost vital step in crop

Seeds constitute a major proportion of the human’s germination is characterized by events which commencediet worldwide. Cereals are grasses and members of with water imbibation (water uptake by dry seeds) andmonocot grass family namely Poaceae. Cereals like wheat, terminate with the emergence and growth of the radiclemaize, barley, sorghum, millet etc. are cultivated for their and plumule [2-5]. The penetration of structures likegrain. Botanically cereals grain is called caryopsis and radicle and plumule from seeds is the visible sign thatconsists of three major constituents including germ, ensures that germination process has been completed andendosperm and bran. The germ also called as embryo of is usually referred to as visible germination [6]. Storagethe seed is the reproductive portion which germinates to reserves mobilization which is associated with seedlingform a full fledge plant. The comparatively harder outer growth and development is the subsequent event aftercombined layers of aleurone and pericarp form the bran of visible germination. Proper seed germination holds key toseed. Cereal grains provide the major chunk of food ensure optimum plant population and ultimately to obtainenergy globally and contribute more than half of the per the full potential yield of cereals. But a variety of factorscapita energy intake all over the world [1]. Proper seed reduce seed germination and finally poor crop

production to achieve the full potential yield. Seed

Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15 (9): 1790-1802, 2015

1791

establishment causes a significant reduction in crops skyrocketing prices of farm inputs, emerging agriculturalyield. Researchers have focused their energies to increase water shortages as well as the future scenario andthe final germination percentage of cereals in the field challenges offered by climate change.particularly in the wake of skyrocketing prices of farminputs and unavoidable effects of climate change on crop On-farm Seed Priming Technique: The practice in whichproduction. A number of priming techniques to invigorate soaking of seeds is done in tap water for a durationthe seeds have been tested and found to be effective in ranging from few hours to 48 hours at maximum andincreasing crops stand in the field and hence termed as subsequently shade drying is done to regain the pre-germination enhancement techniques [6, 7, 8, 9]. soaking moisture level of seeds is referred to as on-farmImprovement in seed germination by prming techniques seed priming [20]. Pre-soaking moisture level of seeds canis affected to some extent by some factors such as plant also be achieved by putting seeds in between gunny bagsspecies and their different varieties, water potential of placed under shade. On-farm seed priming technique hasthe priming medium, duration of priming, temperature of been found and established as the most economicalsoil and climate along with storage conditions of seeds because only tap water is required, easy to practice by[10, 11]. Seed priming is a process and technique in which farmers as no technical know-how is the pre-requisite,seeds are subjected to controlled hydration and this simple and last but not least it carries minimum rick factorcontrolled hydration ensures a significant increase in in contrary to other priming techniques. It is worthmetabolic activity by providing freely available water to mentioning that this simple priming technique wasseeds and that too before the radicle emergence [12-14]. originally developed for temperate region’s horticulturalSo seed priming techniques entail a pre-sowing seed crops [21-23]. A huge number of laboratory and fieldtreatment in order to hydrate the seeds to such an extent experiments have demonstrated that on-farm seed primingthat germination process is initiated but there is no visible to a safe limit of soaking was instrumental in enhancinggermination. At the cellular level, a score of vital the final germination percentage, comparatively earlierprocesses have been found to be active during priming emergence and vigorous seedling growth and that too byincluding cell cycle activation [15] and storage proteins following a simple to practice technique [24]. The safemobilization [16]. The increase germination percentage by limit of soaking seeds refers to the upper limit of time forseed priming techniques is known to have been caused which seeds can be soaked in water with limited riskby germination related processes such as water imbibition factor. The research to find out the safer limit of soakingbefore seed sowing [17], a variety of repair processes in for different cereals continues to be the most crucial stepdamaged seeds [18] and an increase in superoxide in priming strategy because severe damage to seedlingdismutase and peroxidase production which are and pre-mature germination are some of thescavenging enzymes [16]. A variety of seed germination disadvantages associated with longer duration of seedenhancement techniques such as hydro priming, on-farm soaking. Most of the cereals like wheat and maize can bepriming, osmopriming, seed hardening, osmohardening, subjected to 12 hours on-farm priming and after dryingmatripriming, humidification, priming with plant growth under shade to regain the optimum seed moisture contentregulators such as cytokinins, ascorbic acid, polyamines, can be sown in the field. The matter of fact is that primedethanol, salicylic acid, osmolytes, different seed coating seeds will require soil with optimum moisture to germinatetechnologies and more recently developed pre-sowing dry and sub-optimal soil moisture conditions interferes withheat priming treatments have given better results in terms germination. Improper soil moisture is bound to give poorof significantly higher and comparatively earlier final germination percentage as well as weak cropgermination along with better seedling growth and cereals establishment. Harris et al. [25] described that 24 hoursgrain yield [19]. priming duration for maize was quite safe because up to

This study brings into light a critical overview of this duration because no adverse effects on germinationdifferent germination enhancement techniques in order to and seedling establishment were observed, however theyassess and analyze the comparative efficacy of different suggested that more research should be carried out onpriming techniques in increasing the final germination even lower soaking durations and similar results werepercentage in field for robust crop stand and to achieve reported by Chivasa et al. [26], who reported that on-farmthe full genetic potential of cereals and to formulate the priming of cereals like wheat, rice, sorghum and oat for 12future research lines regarding cereals germination hours was effective in increasing germination in fieldenhancement with priming techniques keeping in view the conditions. The grain yield of late sown wheat was


1792

increased to an extent of 12% when wheat was subjected the association between temperature and primingto on-farm priming. Harris et al. [27, 28] reported that technique, priming can result in a positive or negative andwhen seeds of rice were primed with tap water then there in some cases neutral effects on maize final germinationwas an early seed germination and seedling emergence in percentage in field conditions. Another fact was broughtcomparison with the non-primed seeds as it was also to light by them that any negative effect on cerealsreported that on-farm seed priming of rice not only germination was might be due to lack of proper seedincreased the final germination rate but also significantly soaking time which resulted in hypoxia (deficiency ofeffected other yield components such as plant height, oxygen) in combination with suboptimal moist soil alongpanicle length and number of panicles plant . Clark et al. with high soil and environmental temperatures. In an-1

[29] reported that growth rate of different crops was investigation on seed injury caused by flooding inincreased to an extent of 8-24% as a result of on-farm moisture sensitive lines of maize, soaking of seeds inpriming. Murungu et al. [30-32] reported that final water for as little as 24 hours decreased germination [44].germination percentage of cereals was improved It is therefore concluded that germination rate of any seedsignificantly as a result of on-farm seed priming lot of cereals will be affected by soaking time shorter thantechnique and similar results were also demonstrated by 24 hours. The negative effects of soaking beyond safeRashid et al. [33], Harris et al. [34, 35] and Arin and Kiyak limit differed between seed lots and different lines of[36]. In another field research, Harris et al. [37] found that cereals and adverse effects were increased aton-farm seed priming with tap water containing small comparatively higher and lower temperatures. As longeramounts of zinc sulphate (ZnSo ) gave higher grain yield than optimum soaking time exacerbated the severity of4

of open pollinated maize. They concluded that maize grain negative effects on crops germination, it is also possibleyield was doubled by zinc sulphate priming but also that sowing of primed seeds into soils with variedindicated that this increased grain yield was might be the moisture contents, heavy rainfall immediately after sowingoutcome of severe zinc deficiency in soil where this field might increase negative effects associated with on-farmtrial was carried out. Arif et al. [38] and Miraj [39] reported priming of 12 hours. An exhaustive research on On-farmthat when different cereals and horticultural crops seeds seed priming needs to be executed keeping in view allwere subjected to on-farm seed priming technique, higher relevant aspects associated with seeds germinationseed germination as well as seedling stand establishment physiology as well as site specific soil and climatic factorswas obtained as compared to seeds that were not particularly temperature and rainfall. Studies to determinesubjected to any priming technique. Seed priming with tap the optimum soaking time in relation to prevailing soilwater not only improved the final germination percentage temperature and moisture conditions is the need of hourbut also higher grain yield was obtained that was to get full benefit of this simple seed invigorationsignificantly higher than control and it was concluded by technique in increasing the cereal grain yield to feed thethem that germination as well as maturity of crops was teeming millions all over the world.hastened with on-farm priming technique as concluded byRamamurthy et al. [40]. Rashid et al. [41] recorded that Hydro Priming: Hydro priming is a technique in whichgrain yield of barley was increased to the extent of 55% by distilled water is used for seed soaking for varyingon-farm priming in comparison with control when intervals ranging from 6 to 48 hours and shade driedexperiments were executed on a variety of salt-affected before sowing is done to restore the original moisturesoils such as saline soil, sodic soil and saline-sodic soil level of seeds [20]. Seed soaking can be done withand similar results were also observed by Abro et al. [42] aeration or even without aeration. Instead of shade dryingand Harris et al. [34, 37], who found on-farm seed priming which is a time consuming process, dry air can be pumpedeffective in increasing the final germination percentage. into the seed lot after seed soaking to obtain the moistureFinch-Savage et al. [43] executed a field trial and reached level to a suitable percentage of 8-10% for most of theto the conclusion that there was a strong and complex cereals. The matter of fact is that hydro priming involvesrelation between priming and prevailing temperature as no addition of chemical substances to water which makesthere was a linear increment in maize germination and this priming technique an economical and cost-effective,grain yield at a temperature range of 28-35 °C and beyond simple to perform and an environmental and ecologicalthis temperature range, a significant reduction in friendly germination enhancement technique [45].germination percentage and grain yield of maize was Uneven seed germination and ultimately uneven croprecorded. It was suggested by them that keeping in view stand in the field caused by uneven hydration of seeds is


1793

the only disadvantage associated with this simple to establishment as well as to increase the yield of rice underperform technique [46]. It was reported that hydro priming adverse soil conditions such as saline and water loggedwas more effective to achieve the desired level of conditions. Ashrafi and Razmjoo [63] concluded thatgermination percentage in field, to obtain optimum plant hydro priming significantly improved the germination,population and ultimately to get full potential yield of germination uniformity and shoot-root ratio of safflowercrops as compared to halo priming done with a wide range (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and decreased the time to 50%of salts. Moreover, hydro priming was significantly more germination in comparison with the seeds that were noteconomical than halo priming and other priming subjected to any priming technique. The maximum roottechniques such as on-farm priming and also gave higher and shoot lengths were recorded in hydro primed seeds.yields of cereals and other vegetables as compared to Farooq et al. [64-66] reported that hydro priming wasseeds that were subjected to halo priming technique [47]. successful in increasing the germination percentage,It was also reported that hydro priming was instrumental uniform crop establishment and yield of aromatic fine ricein reducing time to 50% germination and it was also and similar results were also recorded by Huang et al.,concluded that final germination percentage was [67], Singh et al., [68], Eniseh and Khourshid [69], Basrasignificantly higher along with better robust crop et al. [70] and Xiaoying et al. [71], who found hydroestablishment and grain yield [48] and similar results were priming effective in increasing germination and seedlingobtained by Golezani et al. [49], who found that hydro establishment of a variety of cereals such as wheat, rice,priming was effective because germination percentage sorghum, maize, oat and barley. Experiments on hydrowas improved along with better crop stand in the field. priming duration in relation with soil and climaticLee and Kim [50] reported that hydro priming resulted in temperatures need to be executed to achieve the fullhigher germination and grain yield of different cereals. potential yield of local varieties of cereals because lessAmooaghaie [51] found that hydro priming resulted in than optimum and over duration of hydro priming canhigher germination of different cereals such as maize, negatively affect the germination, crop establishment assorghum, oat and barley in contrast to non-primed seeds. well as the economic yield of different cereals.Kaur et al. [52] and Yu-Jie et al. [53] concluded that thissimple priming technique has the potential to give higher Osmopriming (Osmoconditioning),Osmohardening andyield because they concluded after their laboratory and Thermal Hardening: Osmopriming simply refers tofield trials that it gave 30-40% higher yields of different soaking of seeds in osmotic solutions for duration of 12-crops as compared to control treatment and Srivastava 48 hours. It is most widely and commonly used seedet al. [54] also gave similar findings and conclusion. priming technique in which seeds soaking is done inKant et al. [55, 56] observed a positive effect on bread aerated solutions with different chemical substances likewheat germination as well as grain yield by seed soaking polyethylene glycol (PEG). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) duetreatment in distilled water for 12 to 24 hours. Basra et al. to having more molecular weight is unable to pass[57-59] reported that that fine rice hydro priming resulted thorough the cell wall of seeds and so it can be used as anin better germination in contrast to control treatment. agent to maintain and adjust water potential in differentKahlon et al. [60] concluded that there was a significant germination trials [72]. Chojnowski et al. [73] reported thatincrease in the grain yield of bread wheat when seeds longer duration of osmopriming resulted in higher rate ofwere subjected to hydro priming for 24 hours as compared germination but a severe disadvantage associated withto untreated bread wheat seeds. Nagar et al. [61] longer duration of osmopriming was accelerated agingconducted a research trial and found that maize process of seeds. Priming enhanced the respiratorygermination and grain yield was increased to a great activity of seeds as observed by many researchers afterextent only because maize seeds were subjected to conducting germination trials. Singh et al. [68] concludedhydro priming for 12 hours. Shahbaz et al. [62] and after conducting a field trial that osmopriming resulted inHussain et al. [10] concluded that germination and and increased the crops germination, as well as all yieldrobust crop stand of sunflower hybrids was achieved components and finally more yield was recorded aswhen hydro priming was employed for 12 hours. Lee et al. compared to non-primed seeds. Rahman et al. [74][50] reported that final seed germination percentage was concluded that osmpriming of wheat with 20% PEG for 24increased and time taken to 50% germination of primed hours was effective in increasing bread wheat germinationseeds was reduced. They suggested that hydro priming as well as grain yield was increased to a great extent asof rice seeds was a useful way for better seedling compared to wheat seeds that were not subjected to


1794

osmopriming. Garcia et al. [75] described that an osmotic establishment was much better and uniform than non-potential of–1.7 MPa decreased seed germination of maize priming seeds and similar results were also demonstratedand seed germination was inhibited to a great extent while by Koehler et al. [82], who concluded that osmoprimingosmopriming for 21 days showed an improved increased the germination and seedling stand. It wasgermination but this increased germination was witnessed recorded that seeds that were subjected to osmoprimingwhen potential regulating agent was removed from the with polyethylene glycol (PEG-8000) contain higher oilpriming solution. Ghiyasi et al. [76] reported that contents as well as amylase enzyme along with moreosmopriming was a potential seed invigoration treatment sugar contents in comparison with other primingbecause they concluded that osmopriming resulted in techniques. Seed hardening is also a germination10% higher grain yield of cultivated wheat as compared to enhancement technique and holds potential to increaseseeds that were not subjected to any osmopriming the crop establishment and grain yield of cerealstreatment. In another experiment, Ghiyasi et al. [77] especially of transplanted rice as well as directed seededrecorded more germination and seedling growth of maize fine and coarse rice. Seed hardening also referred to asby subjecting maize seeds to osopriming with wetting and drying or hydration dehydration technique ispolyethelene glycol (PEG-8000). Bailly et al. [78] found performed by repeated soaking and drying of seeds inthat priming solution with PEG-8000 increased sunflower water for different duration depending upon the crop [83,germination and final germination percentage given by 84, 85]. In an earlier study executed by Farooq et al., [86]osmopriming treatment was much higher as compared to on japonica and indica rice in which seeds were exposednon-primed seeds. Ghazi and Karaki [79] evaluated water to dry heat treatment at 40°C for 72 hours and at 60 °C foruptake and germination performance of durum wheat and 24 hours and chilling treatment for 72 hours at –19 °C. Inbarley when these were subjected to water potential levels indica rice, dry heat treatment at 40 °C for 72 hoursof 0, –0.4, –0.8 and –1.2 MPa. The water potential was resulted in increased germination as well as seed vigor,created and regulated by using polyethylene glycol (PEG- whereas japonica rice was non-responsive to all priming8000). Seeds were subjected to osmopriming in aerated techniques as there were no effects on seed germination.solutions for 12 hours and then rinsed and shade dried. It Basra and Farooq [87] were successful in introducing awas observed that rate of water uptake by seeds was new technique by combining seed hardening andhigher that were osmoprimed than un-primed seeds of osmoconditioning for rice seed invigoration and thisboth wheat and barley crops, while all the levels of integration of both priming technique resulted in greaterosmatic potential had significant effect on water efficacy of priming treatment. They conducted anabsorption by wheat and barley seeds. It was observed experiment in which seeds of both types of rice (indica asthat osmopriming increased germination percentage and well as japunica) were hardened in various salt solutionsdecreased time to 50% germination at higher water of different concentrations instead of tap or distilledpotentials which means that low stress increased the water. It was concluded that osmohardening in CaCl

solution having an osmotic potential of –1.5 MPa waswater potentials (more stress) was not affected by proved to be the best for germination and vigorosmopriming treatments. It was also suggested by them enhancement as compared to priming with other saltsthat the wheat was more responsive to osmopriming in solutions and simple hardening. It was then suggestedterms of better rate of water uptake, improved final that alternate low and high temperature treatments maygermination rate and reduced time taken to 50% prove to be effective for vigor enhancement in both typesgermination in comparison with barley seeds. Ashraf et al. of rice as this treatment of alternate low and high[80] concluded that pearl millet germination and seedling temperature exposure is referred to as thermal hardening.growth were improved with osmopriming. It was also Another laboratory experiment was conducted toobserved that pearl millets that were osmoprimed gave investigate the response of coarse and fine rice varietiessignificantly higher yield as compared to control to seed hardening treatments using different salttreatment. Chiu et al., [81] observed improved germination solutions on the germination and seedling vigor alongof sweet corn when osmoprimed using polyethylene with seedling growth and development. Seeds of fineglycol, while the grain yield of sweet corn was also aromatic and coarse rice varieties were hardened by usingincreased significantly than non-primed seeds. Zheng tap water that is referred to as hardening and with saltset al. [71] reported that osmopriming reduced the time such as CaCl , KNO , KCl and NaCl solutions which istaken to 50% germination in canola and successive crop termed as osmohardening, in such way that osmotic

2

water uptake by seeds, whereas the germination at low

2 3


1795

potential of all the solutions was maintained at – 1.25 a positive effect on radicle and plumule length. Afzal et al.MPa. Both coarse and fine rice treated with [92, 93] conducted experiments on wheat and maize andosmohardening with CaCl performed the best as concluded that halo priming was instrumental in2

compared to all other treatments. Afzal et al. [88] increasing germination as well as growth and seedlingconducted an experiment and stated that osmopriming establishment of both crops. Bakht et al. [94] reportedand matriconditioning with jute mat proved to be the best that maize priming with KNO was beneficial as itin reducing the time to 50% germination and mean increased grain yield as well as biological yield asgermination time of canola varieties among all priming compared to non-primed seeds. Nawaz et al. [95] reportedtreatments and suggested osmopriming and that when tomato seed were subjected to differentmatriconditioning with jute mat more beneficial as concentrations of KNO halo priming, it was observedcompared to other priming techniques because during that tomato seeds were quite responsive to primingemergence test, both osmopriming and matriconditioning treatment because final germination percentage waswith jute mat for 24 hours significantly reduced the time to increased and time taken to 50% germination was50% emergence and mean emergence time. significantly reduced and similar findings were also

Halo Priming: Halo priming entails seeds treatment in had the potential to improve crops germination rate andsalts solutions of different concentrations. Shahzad et al. reducing time taken to emergence. Rehman et al. [97][89] conducted an experiment and concluded that halo concluded that when rice seeds were treated with calciumpriming with 1% KNO and 1% CaCl solutions chloride (CaCl ), there was more yield as compared to3 2

significantly affected seed emergence and seedling non-primed seeds. They found that significantly highergrowth, vigor index, time to start emergence, time to 50% yield of rice was due to greater number of normal andemergence, energy of emergence, the fresh weight of both productive kernels while priming reduced the number ofroot and shoot, root and shoot length and number of abortive and sterile kernels. Mohseni et al. [98] observedroots of three sorghum genotypes (Hegari, JS-263 and maize germination and seedling establishment wasJS-2002), but halo priming with KNO salt was negatively and adversely affected by halo priming.3

comparatively better than other salts. Jamal et al. [90] They reported that maize root and shoot length werestated that When 6 bread wheat varieties were primed significantly retarded by potassium nitrate and potassiumwith 30 mM NaCl, the germination of all wheat varieties chloride in comparison with control treatment. As halowas improved as compared to control treatment and there priming involves seed treatment with salt solutions ofwas more root and shoot length and more root and shoot different concentrations, so there is a dire need toweight of wheat were recorded in seed primed with NaCl investigate different salts as priming agents andsolution. Yari et al. [91] conducted an experiment to experiments should be conducted to adjust theevaluate the effect of temperature, seed priming concentration of different salts for different crops as welltechniques and priming duration on germination and early as different varieties of the same crop because higher thangrowth of three rice cultivars. seeds were primed by optimum concentrations of salts have the potential tosoaking in CaCl solutions of 0.5% and 1% concentrations disrupt not only germination process but economic yield2

and distilled water for 12, 24 and 36 hours at three as well adversely and negatively. So it can be safelytemperatures 20, 25 and 30°C. The maximum seed suggested that in contradiction to hydro priming andgermination percentage was recorded for the seeds that on-farm priming in which only the priming duration holdswere primed in 1% CaCl solution. It was observed that all the central position in whole priming technique, halo2

seed priming treatments resulted in lower mean priming needs adjustment of not only the priming durationgermination time and higher final germination percentage but concentrations of different salts that are used as athan that of control. It was suggested that seed priming priming agent are more important and critical and slightduration of 24 hours was suitable for all cultivars in over than optimum concentration of any salt can reverseincreasing final germination percentage as compared to 48 the germination promoting effects of halo priming. hours of seed soaking. The most suitable temperature wasalso determined and it was concluded that priming at 25°C Other Seed Invigoration Techniques: Seeds are alsotemperature was the best as compared to other primed with different concentrations of plant growthtemperatures. Furthermore, the essence of distilled water regulators particularly of cytokinin class or plant water orin increasing germination rate was also reported as it had leaf extracts having plant growth regulators that trigger

3

3

reported by Tzortzakis [96], who suggested that KNO3

2


1796

the seed germination process. Iqbal et al. [99, 100, 101, metals toxicities in barley crop were greatly reduced by102] conducted experiments in which seeds were treated priming with salicylic acid similar findings were reportedwith moringa leaf extract (MLE) and result showed that all by Krantev et al. [113], who concluded that salicylic acidyield components of crops were positively affected by priming reduced cadmium toxicity in maize becausepriming with moringa leaf extract and foliar application of Salicylate (SA) is an endogenous growth regulator,moringa leaf extract. Similarly, in another laboratory phenolic in nature and participates in the regulation ofexperiment, Iqbal et al. [103] subjected the seeds of various physiological processes of plants. Afzal et al.Chinese sorghum to different priming techniques such as [114] conducted a field experiment in which hybrid maizehalo priming (KNO and CaCl for 12 hours), hydro priming was subjected to seed priming with different sources of3 2

for 12 hours and with moringa leaf extract of 5, 10 and 15% zinc and results revealed that priming with zinc wasconcentrations. The results revealed that all priming effective in increasing the growth as well as grain yield oftechniques increased the germination of Chinese sweet hybrid maize. Khan et al. [115] and Kang et al. [116] alsosorghum, but 5% moringa leaf extract was outstanding in reported a positive correlation between priming withincreasing the final germination percentage. Imran et al. salicylic acid and yield of maize, while Carvalho et al. [117][104] reported that maize seeds were responsive to concluded that different priming techniques had no effectdifferent concentrations of moringa leaf extract as it in invigorating the seeds of different crops and alsoenhanced final germination percentage, reduced time reported that priming treatment failed to neutralize thetaken to 50% germination, while there was a positive induced oxidative stress in maize in complete contrastinfluence on seedling establishment. Basra et al. [57] with results demonstrated by Iqbal [118-120]. There is direconducted an experiment and found that ascorbic acid need to conduct extensive research in order to optimizewas effective in increasing rice germination as compared the concentration as well as duration of priming withto control treatment. Seeds were also treated with different different priming agents such as growth regulators, plantvitamins to increase germination and growth of plants as water extracts, vitamins and other nutrients such as zincAsghari et al. [105] conducted an experiment on wheat to effectively utilize priming technique for seedthat was primed with pyridoxine (Vitamin B) solution and invigoration and ultimately to increase the economic yieldresults revealed that pyridoxine was effective in of all cereals to feed the skyrocketing population.increasing germination and growth of wheat as comparedto control treatment. They reported that germination CONCLUSIONpercentage, coleoptiles and radical length, seedling drymatter accumulation, mean germination time, germination Different priming techniques such as hydro priming,index, vigor index and time to 50% germination (T50) of osmopriming, on-farm priming, halo priming and primingwheat was significantly improved by pyridoxine. Habibi with different growth regulators have the potential toand Abdoli [106] reported that salicylic acid was effective invigorate the seeds of different crops. It was alsoin increasing germination and growth of cereal crops. concluded that priming techniques are effective inFarooq et al. [107] concluded that a variety of polyamines increasing the crops growth and yield by ensuring earlysuch as spermidine, putrescine and spermine had the germination and optimum crop stand. Other advantagespotential to increase shoot and root length, fresh and dry associated with priming techniques include simple toweight of seedling. Iqbal and Ashraf [108] and Hartz and apply by farming community, economical andCaprile [109] found that maize final germination rate and environment friendly having no adverse effects. Howevergrain yield was improved when maize seeds were there is a dire need to conduct research on primingsubjected to solid matrix priming. Wahid et al. [110] techniques in relation to soil and environmental factorsreported salt tolerance of bread wheat genotypes was particularly temperature and moisture level of soil toimproved when those were treated with H O and achieve the full potential yield of cereals particularly in the2 2

reasonable higher grain yield of wheat was obtained in wake of rising prices of farm inputs and skyrocketingsalt affected soils such as saline, sodic and saline-sodic population.soils. Wahid and Shabbir [111] found that barley seedspriming with glycinebetaine had the potential to increase REFERENCESthe heat resistance in plants which was necessary to copewith severe heat in tropical and some subtropical regions. 1. Bewley, J.D., 1997. Seed Germination and Dormancy.Metwally et al. [112] found that cadmium and other heavy Plant Cell., 9: 1055-1066.


1797

2. Arif, M., S. Ali, A. Shah, N. Javed and A. Rashid, 15. De Castro, R.D., A.A. van Lammeren, S.P. Groot,2005. Seed priming maize for improving emergence R.J. Bino and H.W. Hilhorst, 2000. Cell division andand seedling growth. Sarhad J. Agric., 21: 17-20. subsequent radicle protrusion in tomato seeds are

3. Bewley, J.D. and M. Black, 1994. In Seeds: inhibited by osmotic stress but DNA synthesis andPhysiology of Development and Germination. Plenum formation of microtubular cytoskeleton are not. PlantPress, New York. Physiol., 122: 327-336.

4. Bewley, J.D. and A. Marcus, 1990. Gene expression in 16. Gallardo, K., C. Job, S.P.C. Groot, M. Puype,seed development and germination. Nucleic Acid H. Demol, J. Vandekerckhove and D. Job, 2001.Res. Mol. Biol., 38: 165-193. Proteomic analysis of Arabidopsis seed germination

5. Du, L.V. and T.P. Tuong, 2002. Enhancing the and priming. Plant Physiol., 126: 835-848.performance of dry-seeded rice: effects of seed 17. Soeda, Y., M.C.J.M. Konings, O. Vorst,priming, seedling rate and time of seedling. In S. A.M.M.L. Houwelingen, G.M. Stoopen,Pandey, M. Mortimer, L. Wade, T.P. Tuong, K. Lopes C.A. Maliepaard, J. Kodde, R.J. Bino, S.P.C. Grootand B. Hardy (eds.), Direct seeding: Research and A.H.M. Geest, 2005. Gene expressionStrategies and Opportunities. International Research programs during Brassica oleracea seedInstitute, Manila, Philippines, pp: 241-256. maturation, osmopriming and germination are

6. Chory, J., 1997. Light modulation of vegetative indicators of progression of the germinationdevelopment. Plant Cell., 9: 1225-1234. process and the stress tolerance level. Plant Physiol.,

7. Sedghi, M., A. Nemati and B. Esmaielpour, 2010. 137: 354-368.Effect of seed priming on germination and seedling 18. Sivritepe, H.O. and A.M. Dourado, 1995. The effect ofgrowth of two medicinal plants under salinity. Emir. priming treatments on the viability and accumulationJ. Food Agric., 22(2): 130-139. of chromosomal damage in aged pea seeds. Ann.

8. Donaldson, E., W.F. Schillinger and M.D. Stephen, Bot., 75: 165-171.2001. Straw production and grain yield relationships 19. Farooq, M., S.M.A. Basra and A. Wahid, 2006.in winter wheat. Crop Sci., 41: 100 106. Priming of field-sown rice seed enhances

9. Dell Aquila, A. and V. Tritto, 1991. Germination and germination, seedling establishment, allometry andbiochemical activities in wheat seeds following yield. Plant Growth Regul., 49: 285-294.delayed harvesting, ageing and osmotic priming. 20. Eskandari, H., 2013. Effects of Priming Technique onSeed Sci. Technol., 19: 73-82. Seed Germination Properties, Emergence and Field

10. Hussain, M., M. Farooq, S.M.A. Basra and Performance of Crops: A review. Int.J. Agron. PlantN. Ahmad, 2006. Influence of seed priming Prod., 4(3): 454-458.techniques on the seedling establishment, yield 21. Harris D., A. Joshi, P.A. Khan, P. Gothkar andand quality of hybrid sunflower. Int. J. Agric. Biol., P.S. Sodhi, 1999. On-farm seed priming in semi-arid8(1): 14-18. agriculture: Development and evaluation in maize,

11. Kaya, M.D., G. Okcu, Atak, Y. Cikili and O. Kolsarici, rice and chickpea in India using participatory2006. Seed treatments to overcome salt and drought methods. Exp. Agric., 35: 15-29. stress during germination in sunflower (Helianthus 22. Harris D., R.S. Tripathi and A. Joshi, 2000. On-farmannuus L.). Eur. J. Agron., 24: 291-295. seed priming to improve crop establishment and yield

12. Ashraf, M. and M.R. Foolad, 2005. Pre-sowing seed in dry direct-seeded rice. Proc. Int. Workshop ontreatment a shotgun approach to improve Dry-seeded Rice Technol. 25-28 January, Bangkok,germination, plant growth and crop yield under saline Thailand.and non-saline conditions. Adv. Agron., 88: 223-271. 23. Musa A.M., C. Johansen, J. Kumar and D. Harris,

13. Bradford, K.J., J.J. Steiner, S.E. Trawatha, 1990. Seed 1999. Response of chickpea to seed priming in thepriming influence on germination and emergence of high barid tract of Bangladesh, Inter. Chickpeapepper seed lots. Crop Sci., 30: 718-721. Newsletter, 6: 20-22.

14. Giri, G.S. and W.F. Schilinger, 2003. Seed priming 24. Harris, D. and M. Jones, 1997. On-farm seed primingwinter wheat for germination, emergence and yield. to accelerate germination in rainfed, dry-seeded rice,Crop Sci., 43: 2135-2141. Inter. Rice Res. Notes., 22: 30.


1798

25. Harris, D., 2006. Development and testing of on-farm 35. Harris, D., W.A. Breese and J.V.D.K. Rao, 2005. Theseed priming, Adv. Agron., 90: 129-178. improvement of crop yield in marginal environments

26. Chivasa, W., D. Harris, C. Chiduza and P. Nyamudeza, using ‘on farm’ seed priming. Aus. J. Agric. Res.,1998. Agronomic practices, major crops and 56: 1211-1218.farmers’ perceptions of the importance of good 36. Arin, L. and Y. Kiyak, 2003. The effects of pre-sowingstand establishment in Musikavanhu treatment on emergence and seedling growth ofCommunal Area, Zimbabwe. J. Applied Sci. S. Afr., tomato seed (Lycopersicum esculatum mill.)4(2): 109-125. under several stress conditions. Pak. J. Biol. Sci.,

27. Harris, D., A. Rashid, G. Miraj, M. Arif and H. Shah, 6 (11): 990-994.2007. On-farm’ seed priming with zinc sulphate 37. Harris, D., R.S. Tripathi and A. Joshi, 2002. On-farmsolution-A cost-effective way to increase the seed priming to improve crop establishment and yieldmaize yields of resource-poor farmers. Field Crop in dry direct-seeded rice. In: Pandey S., Mortimer M.,Res., 102: 119-127. Wade L., Tuong T.P., Lopes K., Hardy B., (Eds.),

28. Harris, D., A. Rashid, G. Miraj, M. Arif and M. Yunus, Direct seeding: Research strategies and2007. On-farm seed priming with zinc in chickpea and opportunities. International Research Institute,wheat in Pakistan. Plant Soil, 306: 3-10. Manila, Philippines, pp: 231-240.

29. Clark, L.J., W.R. Whalley, J. Ellis-Jones, K. Dent, 38. Arif, M., M.T. Jan, K.B. Marwat and M.A. Khan,H.R. Rowse, W.E. Finch-Savage, T. Gatsai, L. Jasi, 2008. Seed priming improves emergence and yield ofN.E. Kaseke, F.S. Murungu, C.R. Riches and soybean. Pak. J. Bot., 40(3): 1169-1177.C. Chiduza, 2001. On farm seed priming in maize: A 39. Miraj, G., H.U. Shah and M. Arif, 2013. Priming maizephysiological evaluation. Eastern and Southern (Zea mays) seed with phosphate solutionsAfrica Regional Maize Conference, pp: 268-273. improves seedling growth and yield. J. Anim. Plant

30. Murungu, F.S., C. Chiduza, P. Nyamugafata, L.J. Clark Sci., 23(3): 893-899.and W.R. Whalley, 2004. Effect of on farm seed 40. Ramamurthy, V., K.S. Gajbhiye, M.V. Venugopalan,priming on emergence, growth and yield of cotton V.N. Parhad, 2005. On-farm evaluation of seedand maize in a semi- arid area of Zimbabwe. Exp. priming technology in sorghum (Sorghum bicolorAgric., 40: 23-26 L.). Agric. Trop. Subtrop., 38(1): 34-41.

31. Murungu, F.S., C. Chiduza, P. Nyamugafata, 41. Rashid, A., P.A. Hollington, D. Harris and P. Khan,L.J. Clark, W.R. Whalley and W.E. Finch Savage, 2006. On farm seed priming for barley on normal,2004. Effects of on farm seed priming on saline and saline sodic soils in North West Frontierconsecutive daily sowing occasions on the Province, Pakistan. Eur. J. Agron., 24: 276-281.emergence and growth of maize in semi-arid 42. Abro A.A., A.R. Mahar and A.A. Mirbahar, 2009.Zimbabwe. Field Crops Res., 89: 49-57. Improving yield performance of landrace wheat under

32. Murungu, F.S., P. Nyamugafata, C. Chiduza, L.J. Clark salinity stress using on-farm seed priming. Pak. J.and W.R. Whalley, 2005. Effects of seed priming and Bot., 41: 2209-2216.water potential on germination of cotton (Gossypium 43. Finch-Savage, W.E., K.C. Dent and L.J. Clark, 2004.hirsutum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in laboratory Soak conditions and temperature following sowingassays. S. Afr. J. Plant Soil, 22: 64-70. influence the response of maize (Zea mays L.) seeds

33. Rashid, A., D. Harris, P.A. Hollington and to on farm priming (pre sowing seed soak). FieldR.A. Khattak, 2002. On-farm seed priming: a key Crops Res., 90: 361-374.technology for improving the livelihood of resource 44. Martin, B.A., S.F. Cerwick and L.D. Reding, 1991.poor farmers on saline lands. Centre for Arid Zone Physiological basis for imbibition of maize seedStudies, University of Wales, UK. germination by flooding. Crop Sci., 31: 1052-1057.

34. Harris, D., N. Khanal, K.D. Joshi, A.M. Musa, 45. Coolbear, P., A. Francis and D. Grierson, 1984. TheC. Johansen, J.V.D.K.K. Rao, M. Kankal and effect of low temperature pre-sowing treatment underA. Rashid, 2005. Impacts of replacing rice fallows the germination performance and membranewith productive crops in Bangladesh, Nepal and integrity of artificially aged tomato seeds. J. Exp. Bot.,eastern India. Asp. Appl. Biol., 75: 61-63. 35: 1609-1617.


1799

46. Pill, W.G. and A.D. Necker, 2001. The effects of seed 59. Basra, S.M.A., M. Farooq, R. Tabassum andtreatments on germination and establishment of N. Ahmed, 2005. Physiological and biochemicalKentucky bluegrass (Poapratense L.). Seed Sci. aspects of seed vigor enhancement treatmentsTechnol., 29: 65-72. in fine rice (Oryza sativa L.). Seed Sci. Technol.,

47. Soon K.J., C.Y. Whan, S.B. Gu, A.C. Kil and C.J. Lai, 33: 623-628.2000. Effect of hydro priming to enhance the 60. Kahlon, P.S., H.S. Dhaliwal, S.K. Sharma andgermination of gourd seeds. J. Kor. Soc. Hort. Sci., A.S. Randawa, 1992. Effect of pre-sowing seed41: 559-564. soaking on yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under

48. Bush, E.W., D. Wilson, D.P. Shepard and late sown irrigated conditions. Ind. J. Agric. Sci.,G.M. Cleansc, 2000. Enhancement in seed in 62: 276-277.germination common carpet grass and centipede 61. Nagar, R.P., M. Dadlani and S.P. Sharma, 1998. Effectgrass. Hort. Sci., 35: 769-770. of hydropriming on field emergence and crop growth

49. Golezani, G.K., A.A. Aliloo, M. Valizadeh, of maize genotypes. Seed Sci. Technol., 26: 1-5.M. Moghaddam, 2008. Effects of different priming 62. Shahbaz, A., M. Anwar and H. Ullah, 1998. Wheattechniques on seed invigoration and seedling seed pre-soaking for improved germination. J. Agron.establishment of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). J. Crop Sci., 181: 125-127.Food Agric. Environ., 6: 222-226. 63. Ashrafi, E. and K. Razmjoo, 2010. Effects of priming

50. Lee, S.S., J.H. Kim, S.B. Hong, S.H. Yun, E.H. Park, on seed germination and field emergence of1998. Priming effect of rice seeds on seedling safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Seed Sci.establishment under adverse soil condition. Korean Technol., 38: 675-681.J. Crop Sci., 43: 194-198. 64. Farooq, M, S.M.A. Basra, H. Rehman and

51. Amooaghaie, R., K. Nikzad and B. Shareghi, 2010. T. Mehmood, 2006. Germination and early seedlingThe effect of priming on emergence and biochemical growth as affected by pre-sowing ethanol seedchanges of tomato seeds under suboptimal treatments in fine rice. Intl. J. Agric. Biol., 8: 19-22. temperatures. Seed Sci. Technol., 38: 508-512. 65. Farooq, M., S.M.A. Basra, A. Wahid, A. Khaliq and

52. Kaur, S., A.K. Gupta, N. Kaur, 2005. Seed priming N. Kobayashi, 2010. Rice Seed Invigoration: Aincreases crop yield possibly by modulating enzymes Review. Sus. Agric. Rev., 1: 137-175.of sucrose metabolism in chickpea. J. Agron. Crop 66. Farooq, M., S.M.A. Basra, K. Hafeez andSci., 191: 81-87. E.A. Warriach, 2004. The influence of high and low

53. Yu-jie, L., H. Dorna, G. Su-juan and Z. Ming-pu, temperature treatments on the seed germination and2009. Effects of osmopriming and hydropriming on seedling vigor of coarse and fine rice. Intl. Rice Res.vigour and germination of China aster Notes, 29: 69-71.(Callistephus hinensis (L.) Nees.) seeds. For. Stud. 67. Huang, R., S. Sukprakarn, L. Phavaphutanon,China, 11(2): 111-117. S. Juntakool and C. Chaikul, 2006. A comparison of

54. Srivastava, L.M., 2002 Plant Growth and electric field treatments to hydro priming onDevelopment: Hormones and Environment. Academic cucumber seed germination enhancement. KasetsartPress, London. J. (Nat. Sci.), 40: 559-565.

55. Kant, S., P. Verma and S.S. Pahuja, 2003: Growth and 68. Singh, A., R. Dahiru, M. Musa and B.S. Haliru, 2014.yield maintenance in bread wheat by seed priming Effect of osmopriming duration on germination,under late-sown conditions. Acta Agron. Hung., emergence and early growth of cowpea (Vigna51: 445-453. unguiculata (L.) walp.) in the sudan savanna of

56. Kant, S., S.S. Pahuja and R.K. Pannu, 2006. Effect of Nigeria. Int. J. Agron., 2014: 31-34.seed priming on growth and phenology of wheat 69. Eniseh, A. and R. Khourshid, 2010. Effect ofunder late-sown conditions. Trop. Sci., 44: 9-150. hydropriming onsome physiological and biochemical

57. Basra, S.M.A., E.A. Waraich and A. Khaliq, 2006. parameters of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)Optimization of hydropriming techniques for rice cultivars under drought stress. J. Crop. Eco. Physiol.,seed Invigoration. Seed Sci. Technol., 34: 529-534. 1: 34-43.

58. Basra, S.M.A., M. Farooq and A. Khaliq, 2003. 70. Basra, S.M.A., M.N. Zia, T. Mahmood, I. Afzal andComparative study of pre-sowing seed enhancement A. Khaliq, 2002. Comparison of different invigorationtreatments in indica rice (Oryza sativa L.). Pak. J. Life techniques in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds.Soc. Sci., 1: 5-9. Pak. J. Arid. Agric., 5: 11-16.


1800

71. Xiaoying, Z., L. Xiuqing and X. Yong, 2005. 83. Lee, S.S. and J.H. Kim. 2000. Total sugars, amylaseGermination barriers and hydropriming treatmentof triploid watermelon seeds. Sci. Agric. Sin.,38: 1238-1243.

72. Saeidi, M.R., A. Abdolghaium, M. Hassanzadeh,A. Rouhi and P. Nikzad, 2008. Investigation of seedpriming on some germination aspects of differentcanola cultivars. J. Food Agric. Environ., 6: 188-191.

73. Chojnowski, M., F. Corbineau and D. Come, 1997.Physiological and biochemical changes inducedin sunflower seeds by osmopriming andsubsequent drying, storage and aging. Seed Sci.Res., 7(4): 323-332.

74. Rehman, S., S.K. Khalil, A.Z. Khan, F. Subhan,M. Younis, F. Mohammad and N. Jan, 2010.Polyethylene glycol (PEG) osmopriming affectsphenology, plant height and biomass yield of rainfedwheat. Sarhad J. Agric., 26(3): 337-348.

75. Garcia, F.C., F.J. Luis and J.M. Vazquez-Ramos, 1995.Biochemical and cytological studies on osmoprimedmaize seeds. Seed Sci. Res., 5(1): 15-23.

76. Ghiyasi, M., M.P. Miyandoab, M. Tajbaksh,H. Salehzadi and M.P. Meshket, 2008. Influence ofdifferent osmopriming treatments on emergencyand yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Res. J. Biol. Sci.,3(12): 1452-1455.

77. Ghiyasi, M., A.A. Sehajani, M. Tajbaksh, R. Amirniaand H. Salehzadi, 2008. Effect of osmopriming withpolyethylene glycol (8000) on germination andseedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)seeds under salt stress. Res. J. Biol. Sci.,3(10): 1249-1251.

78. Bailly, C., A. Benamar, F. Corbineau and D. Come,2000. Antioxidant systems in sunflower (Helianthusannuus L.) seeds as affected by priming. Seed Sci.Res., 10: 35-42.

79. Ghazi, N. and Al-Karaki, 1995. Response of wheat andbarley during germination to seed osmopriming atdifferent water potential. Seed Sci. Res., 5(1): 15-23.

80. Ashraf M., A. Kausar and M.Y. Ashraf, 2003.Alleviation of salt stress in pearl millet [Pennisetumglaucum (L.) R. Br.] through seed treatments.Agron.J., 23: 227-234.

81. Chiu, K.Y., C.L. Chen and J.M. Sung. 2002. Effect ofpriming temperature on storability of primed sh-2sweet corn seed. Crop Sci., 42(6): 1996-2003.

82. Koehler, K.H., B.Voigt, H. Spittler and M. Schelenz,1997. Biochemical events after priming and priming ofseeds. In Ellis, R. H., Black, M., Murdoch, A. J. andHong, T. D. (Eds). Basic and Applied Aspects ofseed Biology. Proc. 5 Int. Workshop on Seeds,th

Reading, pp: 531-536.

activity and germination after priming of normal andaged rice seeds. Kor. J. Crop Sci., 45: 108-111.

84. Lee, S.S., J.H. Kim, S.B. Hong and S.H. Yun, 1998.Effect of humidification and hardening treatment onseed germination of rice. Kor. J. Crop Sci., 43: 157-160.

85. Basra, S.M.A., M. Farooq, K. Hafeez and N. Ahmed,2004. Osmohardening: a new technique for rice seedinvigoration. Intl. Rice Res. Notes, 29: 80-81.

86. Farooq, M., S. M. A. Basra., K. Hafeez and N. Ahmad,2005. Thermal hardening: a new seed vigorenhancement tool in rice. Acta Bot. Sin., 47: 187-193.

87. Farooq, M., S.M.A. Basra, K. Hafeez and N. Ahmad,2005. Thermal hardening: A new seed vigorenhancement tool in rice. J. Integ. Plant Biol.,47: 187-193.

88. Afzal, I., A.A. Butt, H. Rehman, S.M.A. Basra andA. Afzal, 2012. Alleviation of salt stress in finearomatic rice by seed priming. Aust. J. Crop Sci.,6: 1401-1407.

89. Shehzad, M., M. Ayub, A.U.H. Ahmad and M.Yaseen, 2012. Influence of priming techniques onemergence and seedling growth of foragesorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). J. Animal Plant Sci.,22(1): 154-158.

90. Jamal, Y., M. Shafi, J. Bakht and M. Arif, 2011. Seedpriming improves salinity tolerance of wheatvarieties. Pak. J. Bot., 43(6): 2683-2686.

91. Yari, L., M. Aghaalikani and F. Khazaei, 2010. Effectof seed priming duration and temperature on seedgermination on behavior of bread wheat (Triticumaestivum L.). ARPN J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 5: 1- 6.

92. Afzal, I., S. Rauf, S.M.A. Basraand and G. Murtaza,2008. Halopriming improves vigor, metabolism ofreserves and ionic contents in wheat seedlings undersalt stress. Plant Soil Environ., 54: 382-388.

93. Afzal, I., S.M.A. Basra, M. Shahid and M. Saleem,2008. Priming enhances germination of spring maize(Zea mays L.) under cool conditions. Seed Sci.Technol., 36: 497-503.

94. Bakht, J., R. Shah, M. Shafi and M.A. Khan, 2010.Effect of various priming sources on yield andyield components of maize cultivars. Pak. J. Bot.,42(6): 4123-4131.

95. Nawaz, A., M. Amjad, M. A. Pervez and I. Afzal, 2011.Effect of halopriming on germination and seedlingvigor of tomato. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 6(15): 3551-3559.

96. Tzortzakis, N.G., 2009. Effect of pre-sowing treatmenton seed germination and seedling vigor in endive andchicory. Hort. Sci., 36(3): 117-125.


1801

97. Rehman, S., P.J.C. Harris, W.F. Bourne. 1998. Effect of 107. Farooq, M., T. Aziz, S.M.A. Basra, M.A. Cheema andpre-sowing treatment with calcium salts, potassium H. Rehamn, 2008. Chilling tolerance in hybrid maizesalts or water on germination and salt tolerance of induced by seed priming with salicylic acid. J. Agron.Acacia seeds. J. Plant Nut., 21: 277-285. Crop Sci., 194: 161-168.

98. Mohseni A., R. Soukhtabandani, M. Ramazani and 108. Iqbal, M. and M. Ashraf, 2007. Seed treatment withH.D. Mobasser. 2010. The effect of osmo-priming on auxins modulates growth and ion partitioning inthe germination features of two corn hybrids, the salt-stressed wheat plants. J. Integ. Plant Biol.,Scientific and Research Quarterly of Crop Plant 49: 1003-1015.Physiology, Islamic Azad University, The Ahvaz 109. Hartz, T.K. and J. Caprile, 1995. Germination of sh2branch, 2(2): 25-44. sweet corn following seed disinfestations, solid-

99. Iqbal, M.A., 2014. Role of moringa, brassica and matrix priming and microbial seed treatment. Hort.sorghum water extracts in increasing crops growth Sci., 30: 1400-1402.and yield: a review. American-Eurasian J. Agric. 110. Wahid, A., M. Parveen, S. Gelani and S.M.A. Basra,Environ. Sci., 14(11): 1150-1158. 2007. Pretreatment of seeds with H O improves salt

100. Iqbal, M.A., A. Iqbal, N. Akbar, R.N. Abbas, tolerance of wheat seedling by alleviation ofH.Z. Khan and Q. Maqsood. 2014. Response of oxidative damage and expression of stress proteins.canola to foliar application of moringa J. Plant Physiol., 164: 283-294.(Moringa oleifera L.) and brassica (Brassica 111. Wahid, A. and A. Shabbir, 2005. Induction of heatnapus L.) water extracts. Intl. J. Agric. Crop Sci., stress tolerance in barley seedlings by pre-sowing7(14): 1431-1433. seed treatment with glycinebetaine. Plant Growth

101. Iqbal, M.A., M. Hussain, M.W. Rehman, M. Ali, Regul., 46: 133-141.M. Rizwan and M.I. Fareed, 2013. Allelopathy of 112. Metwally, A., I. Finkmemeier, M. Georgi andMoringa. A review. Sci. Agric., 3(1): 9-12. K.J. Dietz, 2003. Salicylic acid alleviates the

102. Iqbal, M.A., 2014. Improving the growth and yield of cadmium toxicity in barley seedlings. Plant Physiol.,canola (Brassica napus L.) with seed treatment and 132: 272-281.foliar sprays of brassica (Brassica naups L.) and 113. Krantev, A., R. Yordanova, T. Janda, G. Szalai andmoringa (Moringa oleifera L.) leaf extracts. L. Popova, 2008. Treatment with salicylic acidAmerican-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci., decreases the effect of cadmium on14(10): 1067-1073. photosynthesis in maize plants. J. Plant Physiol.,

103. Iqbal, M.A., A.M. Saleem, B. Ahmad, 2014. Effect of 165(9): 920-931.seed invigoration techniques on germination and 114. Afzal, S., N. Akbar, Z. Ahmad, Q. Maqsood,seedling growth of Chinese sweet sorghum. J. Adv. M.A. Iqbal and M.R. Aslam, 2013. Role of seedBot. Zool., 2(2): 1-4. priming with zinc in improving the hybrid maize

104. Imran, S., I. Afzal, S.M.A. Basra and M. Saqib, 2013. (Zea mays L.) yield. American-Eurasian J. Agric.Integrated seed priming with growth promoting Environ. Sci., 13(3): 301-306.substances enhances germination and seedling vigor 115. Khan, W., B. Prithiviraj and D.L. Smith, 2003.of spring maize at low temperature. Intl. J. Agric. Photosynthetic responses of corn and soybeanBiol., 15(6): 1251-1257. to foliar application of salicylates. J. Plant Physiol.,

105. Asghari, M., D.E. Asli, M.Y. Rad and M.G. Zanjan, 160: 485-492.2013. The effect of pyridoxine and its duration 116. Kang, H.M. and M.E. Saltveit, 2002. Chillingapplication on bioactive compounds and tolerance of maize, cucumber and rice seedlingsbiochemical activities of germinated wheat. Ann. leaves and roots are differently affected by salicylicBiol. Res., 4(3): 31-36. acid. Physiol. Plantarum., 115: 571-576.

106. Habibi A. and M. Abdoli, 2013. Influence of salicylic 117. Carvalho, R.F., F.A. Piotto, D. Schmid, L.P. Peters,acid pre-treatment on germination, vigor and growth C.C. Monteiro and R.A. Azevedo, 2011. Seed primingparameters of garden cress (Lepidium sativum) with hormones does not alleviate induced oxidativeseedling under water potential loss at salinity stress. stress in maize seedlings subjected to salt stress. Sci.Int. Res. J. Appl. Basic Sci., 4(6): 1393-1399. Agri., 68: 598-602.

2 2


1802

118. Iqbal, M.A., 2015. Cluster bean (Cyamopsis 120. Iqbal, M.A., 2015. Improving germination andtetragonoloba L.) germination and seedling seedling vigour of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)growth as influenced by seed invigoration by seed priming techniques. American-Eurasian J.techniques. American-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Agric. Environ. Sci., 15(2): 265-270.Sci., 15(2): 197-204.

119. Iqbal, M.A., 2014. Managing sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.) nutrition with foliarapplication of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leafextract. American-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci.,14(12): 1339-1345.

overviewing comparative efficacy of different …idosi.org/aejaes/jaes15(9)15/10.pdfam-euras. j....

Documents