pa-taf [opción-3]

7/30/2019 PA-TAF [opción-3]

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pa-taf-opcion-3 1/181

QXnuu| @jgnuycj+Wu`jylilcjny gn k` @jwlfûng`g `k on~g`klydc + Ylfkc ]]L gn Nyx`ð`+ 07*¢ nglilùj nji`ywnkk`jc+ D`gulg+ 0<=<T

QXàf* $9T

WU@JYLILCJNY GN K@ @JWLFÛNG@G @K ON^G@KLYDC

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XNUU\ @ JGNUYCJ

QXàf* $5T

Wu`g~iilùj gn

Y @JWCYBKLÀ

QXàf* $0T

ÄJGLIN

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@fu`gnildlnjwcy****************************************************7

XULDNU@ X@UWN

L* K@ @JWLFÛNG@G IKÀYLI@

0* Nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw`*******************08

5* Funil`**************************************************************599* Nk d~jgc mnknjäywlic***************************************78

7* Ucd`***************************************************************7=

LL* K@ WU@JYLILÙJ

0* Nk dùic fnudàjlic**************************************08>

5* K`y ljv`ylcjny***********************************************008

9* Mìl` k` yäjwnyly********************************************056YNF^JG@ X@UWN

L* NÛCX@ CIILGNJW@K

0* Nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj on~g`k***********************076

5* Wlxckcfä` gn k`y ocudìlcjny ycil`kny***********0>>

9* Nk knb`jc jcuwn***********************************************06>

7* K` gljàdli` on~g`k****************************************0=>

>* K` iulyly fnjnu`k********************************************580



LL* NÛCX@ CULNJW@K

0* @k nywn gnk Nke`**********************************************506

5* Nk ounjc jùd`g`********************************************550

9* Nk dcgnkc gn gnyùuckkc*********************************599

7* K` iulyly nj nk nywn*****************************************5>0

>* @k y~u gnk G`j~elc*****************************************560

Äjglin gn jcdeuny*********************************************985

QXàf* 0T

XUÙKCFC

Ycj jninyùl y ~j`y x`kèu`y xù` n}xkliù nk `ki`jin | k` ljwnjilùj gn nywn njy`|c+

icjinelgc icdc xuùkcfc gn ~j nyw~glc dày `dxklc i~|c wnd` yn ylwò`ljdngl`w`dnjwn gnyx~ìy2 Nk Nyw`gc èyck~wlyw` * @decy kleucy nywàj gluniw`dnjwnùwli~k`gcy njwun yä |+ nj òkwldc wìudljc+ xk`jwn`j ~j` yck` käjn` ùf~dnjw`k* Kùnkìlùj njwun `decy ‗@jwlfûng`g | on~g`klydc nj ~jc+ èyck~wlydc nj cwuc‗ jc nyljdngl`w`dnjwn xnuinxwlekn nj k` mèlw~`k xnuyxniwlv` gn k` d`|cu xùwn gn kcynyw~glcy* Jcud`kdnjwn+ k` mlywcul` `jwlf~` nywà ynxù`g` gn k` mlywcul` dnglnv`k xcu~j èlydc xuconylcj`k p~n d~| xci`y ceu`y icjwndxcuàjn`y xunwnjgnj ickdù2 k`ynxùìlùj njwun `de`y nywà ùu`lf`g` ljywlw~ilcj`kdnjwn w`jwc nj k` njynð`jrìcdc nj k` ljvnywlfìlùj* K` glyw`jil` icjvnjilcj`k njwun k` mlywcul` dnglnv`k | k`mlywcul` dcgnuj` ny -³j`w~u`k c xù`gùbli`dnjwn3, d~imc dnjcu+ `~jp~n nj wcgci`yc m` ylgc y~olilnjwn xù` ldxcylelklwù i~`kp~lnu `jàklyly gnk on~g`klydc | nkèyck~wlydc gnjwuc gn ~j` dlyd` xnuyxniwlv`* K` e`yn ùf~dnjw`k gn nywcy nyw~glcyljwnuicjniw`gcy ny p~n+ nj gnwnudlj`gcy `yxniwcy ldxcuw`jwny+ k`y y~inylv`y ocud`yxckäwli`y p~n icjywlw~|nj y~ cebnwc injwu`k gnenj `j`klrùyn gn nyn dcgc* Nk xunynjwnnjy`|c n}xkcu` nk d~jgc ycil`k | xckäwlic gn k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli`+ k` j`w~u`knr` gny~ wu`jylilùj mìl` nk d~jgc dnglnv`k | k` uny~kw`jwn nywu~iw~u` | nvck~ilùj gnkon~g`klydc nj N~ucx`1 ~jc gn y~y wnd`y injwu`kny ynuà nk gn k`y glvlylcjny unflcj`knygnk Dnglwnuuàjnc | gn N~ucx`* Nk kleuc ylf~lnjwn `j`klrùà nk èyck~wlydc nj icjwlj~ùnonunjil` `k on~g`klydc | ` k` @jwlfûng`g+ icdc knfäwldc mnungnuc xckäwlic gn`decy* K`y u`rcjny xù` ljlilù ~j nyw~glc icdxù`gc gnk Nyw`gc èyck~wlyw` icj ~j`lji~uylùj nj k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli` | nk on~g`klydc yn mùàj nvlgnjwny ` kc kùfc gnkynf~jgc kleuc | yn uny~dluàj nj y~y icjik~ylcjny+ p~n ljwnjwùàj ylw~ù k`nyxnilolilg`g gnk icjb~jwc gn k` n}xnulnjil n~ucxn` nj ~j dùic ljwnuj ilcj k dày`dxklc+ ` k` k~r gn kcy `jàklyly gn `decy vckòdnjny*

QXàf* 5T

Ny xunilyc+ ylj ndeùfc+ ljylywlu gnygn nk icdlnjrc nj nk iùàiwnu kldlw`gc |xucvlylcj`k gn kcy `jàklyly xunynjw`gcy nj i`g` ~jc gn nywcy kleucy* K` nu~glilùj | nkulfcu ì`gìdlic gnk mlywcul`gcu xuconylcj`k nywàj `~ynjwny gn nkkcy* Nj y~ ynjwlgcnyxniäolic+ nyiulelu mlywcul` ny ljynxùèkn gn ljvnywlfù gluniw`dnjwn kcy d`wnul`knyculflj`kny gnk x`y`gc+ |` yn`j ùp~nckùflicy+ nxlfuàolicy c gn ùimlvcy* Kcy nyw~glcyp~n ylf~nj jc `yxlu`j ` ny` glfjlg`g* Dày p~n vnug`gnucy nyiulwcy gn mlywcul`+ nywcykleucy yn e`y`j yldxkndnjwn nj k` kniw~u` gn k`y ceu`y glyxcjlekny gn kcymlywcul`gcuny dcgnujcy+ kc p~n ny ~j `y~jwc d~| glonunjwn* Xcu icjylf~lnjwn+ nk

`xù`wc gn unonunjil`y p~n ìcdx`ð` `k wn}wc ny kc icjwuùlc gn kc p~n gnjcw` ~j`ceu` gn mlywculcfuòä` ì`gìdli`* P~lnj xcynn `~wculg`g jc jninylw` ilwùk`2 k`yxucxl`y o~njwny ‗kcy d`wnul kny xuldùlcy gnk x`y`gc‗ mèk`j xcu ìk* Nk wlxc | k``dxklw~g gn k`y jcw`y p~n `xc|`j nk wn}wc gn nywcy gcy kleucy ljgli`j yldxkndnjwn nk



jlvnk yni~jgùlc nj nk p~n nywàj ylw~`gcy* J`w~u`kdnjwn+ kcy dlydcy mlywcul`gcunyxucg~inj ` vniny ceu`y icdxù`wlv`y c gn yäjwnyly ylj xcynnu ylndxun jljninyùl`dnjwn ~j icjcildlnjwc xuco~jgc gn wcg` k` f`d` gn wnywldcjlcy unk`wlvcy`k wnd` gn y~ wuè`bc+ `~jp~n nk b~lilc gn nycy mlywcul`gcuny nywùà jcud`kdnjwnd`wlr`gc xcu nk gcdljlc gn y~ nyxnil`klg`g* Nj yä dlydc+ nk nyo~nurc xù` gnyiulelu cicdxunjgnu nywu~iw~u`y c ìxci`y mlywùuli`y d~| `dxkl`y jc jninylw` n}inylv`yglyi~kx`y jl b~ywloliìlcjny1 ylj ìk+ k`y ljvnywlfìlcjny nyxniäoli`y | kci`kny ung~inj y~xucxlc `ki jin xcwnjil`k* Gn wcg`y ocud`y+ ny ilnuwc w`delìj p~n jljf~j`ljwnuxunwìlùj ny w`j o`klekn icdc k` p~n yn e`y` nj icjik~ylcjny cewnjlg`y o~nu` gny~y o~njwny eàyli`y+ x~ny ylndxun ny y~yinxwlekn gn ynu ljv`klg`g` xcu kcy j~nvcygnyi~euldlnjwcy c k`y unvlylcjny gn j~nv`y ljvnywlfìlcjny xuldùl y* Kc p~nfnjnu`kdnjwn ìnxw` ~j` fnjnuìlùj gn mlywcul`gcuny x~ngn ynu gnynim`gc xcu k`ljvnywlfìlùj gn k` ylf~lnjwn* Xcu w`jwc+ i~`kp~lnu wnjw`wlv` gn ocud~kù òludìlcjnyfnjnu`kny e`y`g`y nj k`y cxljlcjny n}lywnjwny+ xcu d~| nu~glw`y p~n ìyw`y yn`j+ wlnjnp~n ynu ljnvlwèkndnjwn xuniùl` | icjglilcj`k* Yl nywc ny `yä+ k`y kldlwìlcjny gnnywcy njy`|cy ycj nyxnil`kdnjwn fu`jgny+ gnelgc ` k` `dxklw~g gnk wlndxc p~nèùi`j* Nj noniwc+ i~`jwc dày `dxklc yn` nk wlndxc mlywùulic `j`klr`gc+ dàyicdxuldlgc wnjgnuà ` ynu nk wu`w`dlnjwc g`gc ` i`g` ~j` gn y~y o`yny* Nj nywn

ynjwlgc+ wcg` k` gloäilk icdxknblg`g gnk x`y`gc ‗p~n yùkc x~ngn `xunmnjgnuyn nj nkulic klnjrc xljw`gc xcu nk mlywcul`gcu‗ xnud`jnin nj e~nj` dnglg` o~nu` gnk `ki`jingn nywcy nyw~glcy* Kcy `jàklyly p~n nj nkkcy

QXàf* 9T

yn nji~njwu`j ycj+ xcu u`rcjny gn nyx ilc | gn icdxnwnjil + gl fu`d`yu~gldnjwùlcy1 j`g` dày* @k ynu eunvny nyecrcy xù` cwu` mlywcul`+ kc p~n xunwnjgnjny xucxcjnu `kf~jcy nkndnjwcy gn glyi~ylùj dày p~n n}xcjnu wnyly inuu`g`y cicdxunmnjylv`y*

K` glyi~ylùj ` k` p~n nywàj gnywlj`gcy yn ylwò` xuljilx`kdnjwn nj nk i`dxc gnk

d`wnul`klydc mlywùulic* Kcy cebnwlvcy gnk dìwcgc nknflgc nj k` ~wlklrìlùj gnkdù}lydc yn n}xkli`j nj nk xuùkcfc ` Nk Nyw`gc èyck~wlyw` + gcjgn yn mùàj vlyleknyicj dày ikùlg`g nj k` nywu~iw~u` ocud`k gn k` ceu`* @mcu` yùkc ny jninyùlc n}xcjnukcy xuljilxlcy p~n m`j unflgc nk ndxknc gn k`y o~njwny nj `decy nyw~glcy* Icdc njwcg` ljvnywlfìlùj nynjil`kdnjwn icdxù`wlv`+ k`y `~wculg`gny nj k`y p~n yn e`y`nywn nyw~glc ycj d~| glvnuy`y | d~| vùl`g`y+ w`jwc nj y~ iùàiwnu ljwnkniw~`k icdcnj nk xckäwlic* Jc yn m` icjinglgc jljfòj xulvlknflc nyxnil`k ` k` mlywculcfuòä`dù}lyw` icdc w`k* @ xnyù gn kcy i`delcy n}xnuldnjw`gcy nj k`y gìi`g`y unilnjwny+k` ljdnjy` d`|cu xùwn gn k`y ceu`y mlywùuli`y ulf~ucy`y gnk ylfkc ]] m`j ylgcnyiulw`y xcu mlywcul`gcuny `bnjcy `k dù}lydc* Nk d`wnul`klydc mlywùulic jc ny ~jìlnjil` ìè`g` jl wcgcy y~y `~wcuny m`j xcynägc ~j` i`wnfcuä` yldlkù* @kf~jcyi`dxcy gn k` mlywculcfuòä` nywàj gcdlj`gcy xcu k` ljvnywlfìlùj dù}lyw`1 nj cwucyd~imcy+ k`y icjwule~ilcjny jc dù}lyw`y ycj y~xnulcuny nj i`jwlg`g | nj i`klg`g ` k`ydù}lyw`y+ | m`|+ p~lrà+ dày i`dxcy nj kcy p~n jc n}lywn jljf~j` ljwnuvnjilùjdù}lyw`* Nj ~j nyw~glc icdxù`wlvc p~n gnen wnjnu nj i~njw` ceu`y xucingnjwny gnw`j glvnuycy mculrcjwny+ nk òjlic iulwnulc xnudlylekn gn glyiuldljìlùj ny y~ ycklgnr |y~ icmnunjil` ljwuäjyni`* K` dà}ld` icjylgnuìlùj | unyxnwc mìl` k` nu~glilùj gn kcymlywcul`gcuny ylw~`gcy o~nu` gn k`y oucjwnu`y gnk dù}lydc jc ny ljicdx`wlekn icj kèòyp~ng` ulf~ucy` gn ~j` ljvnywlfìlùj mlywùuli` dù}lyw`+ yljc p~n+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ny y~ icjglilùj* \ ` k` ljvnuy`+ Dù} | Njfnky j~ji` x~ngnj ynu wcd`gcy `k xln gn k`knwu`2 kcy nuucuny gn y~y nyiulwcy mlywùulicy jc x~ngnj ynu nk~glgcy jl lfjcu`gcy+ yljcp~n ny xunilyc lgnjwloliùkcy | iulwliùkcy* Mìnu nywc jc ny `knbùyn gnk d`wnul`klydcmlywùulic+ yljc vckvnu ` ìk* Nj nk icjcildlnjwc uìlcj k+ p~n ny jninyùl`dnjwn

ì~d~k`wlvc+ jc m`| jljfòj k~fù xù` jljfòj wlxc gn olgnäydc+ | k` fu`jgnr` gn kcyo~jg`gcuny gn k`y j~nv`y ilnjil`y j~ji` m` icjywlw~lgc ~j` xu~ne` icjwu` k`ynp~lvciìlcjny c kcy dlwcy+ gnk dlydc dcgc p~n j~ji` m` ylgc gnwnulcu`g` xcu nkkcy*Nj nywn ynjwlgc+ wcdùyn ¡klenuw`gny± icj nk jcdeun gn Dù} ylfjloli` yldxkndnjwn



njwuù nj k` klenuw`g gnk dù}lydc*

QXàf* 7T

@FU@GNILDLNJWCY

Gnynùä` n}xunyù dl `fu`gnildlnjwc ` @jwmcj| Eùjnw+ Ucenuw Euc jljf+ B~glwmMnuulj+ _liwcu Alnuj`j+ Wcd J`luj+ Eul`j Xnùin | Fùnwm Ywngd`j Bcjny xcu y~yicdnjwùlcy iuäwlicy ` ìywn | `k ylf~lnjwn njy`|c* G`g` k` j`w~u`knr` gn `decy+ jc ny~j` dnu` jninylg`g icjvnjilcj`k èyckvnukcy gn i~`kp~lnu unyxcjyèlklg`g xcu kcynuucuny gn mnimc c gn ljwnuxunwìlùj p~n nywcy njy`|cy icjwnjf`j*

QXàf* >T

XULDNU@ X@UWN

L* K@ @JWLFÛNG@G IKÀYLI@

QXàf* 6T

K` glvlylùj gn N~ucx` nj Nywn | Cnywn m` ylgc+ gnygn mìn wlndxc+ `kfc icjvnjilcj`knjwun kcy mlywcul`gcuny | yn undcjw`+ gn mnimc+ `k o~jg`gcu gn k` dcgnujmlywculcfuòä` xcylwlv`+ Kncxckg U`jan* K` xlngu` `jf~kù gn k` xuldnu` ceu`ldxcuw`jwn gn U`jan+ nyiulw` nj 0=57+ o~n ~j ¡Nyecrc gn k` ~jlg`g gn k`y jìlcjnyk`wlj`y | fnudàjli`y±+ nj nk p~n wu`rù ~j` käjn` p~n icuwè` nk icjwljnjwn | n}ik~ä` `kcy nyk`vcy gnk Nywn gnk icdòj gnywljc gn k`y ¡fu`jgny jìlcjny± gnk Cnywn+ p~nynuä`j nk wnd` gn y~ kleuc* ¡Jc x~ngn òludùyn p~n nycy x~nekcy xnuwnjnri`jw`delìj ` k` ~jlg`g gn j~nywu`y jìlcjny1 y~y icyw~deuny | y~ icjywlw~ilùj kcy m`jynxù`gc gnygn ylndxun gn nkk`* Nj nyw` ìxci` jc nbnuilnucj jljfòj ljok~bcljgnxnjglnjwn+ yljc p~n `xùninj icdc dnucy y~ecuglj`gcy c `jw`fcjlyw`y* @mcu` |ylndxun+ nycy x~nekcy nywàj e`ð`gcy+ xcu `yä gnilu+ xcu k`y ck`y unok~njwny gn kcydcvldlnjwcy fnjnu`kny gn k` mlywcul`± 0* Yùkc Ciilgnjwn xùwlilxù nj k`y dlfuìlcjnyeàueù`y+ k`y iu~r`g`y dnglnv`kny | k`y dcgnuj`y icjp~lyw`y ickcjl`kny p~n nu`j+xù` U`jan+ kcy gunl fucyyn @wndrûfn glnyny ~jvnufknlimklimnj _nunljy 2 ¡kcy wunyfu`jgny màklwcy y~uflgcy gn nyw` ~jlùj ljicdxùèkn± 5* Xcicy `ðcy gnyx~ìy+ Mnfnkynð`kè` p~n ¡nj ilnuw` dnglg`+ kcy nyk`vcy m`j ylgc `wu`ägcy ` k` nyonu` gn k` U`rùjciilgnjw`k±+ x~ny ¡nj ci`ylcjny+ | nj i`klg`g gn f~ùgl` `v`jr`g` ‗icdc jìlùjljwnudngl`‗+ wcdùcj xùwn nj k` k~im` njwun k` N~ucx` iulywl`j` | nk @yl` jciulywl`j`±* Xnuc nk dnckkc gn y~ vlylùj gn k` mlywcul gn k` unflùj culnjw`k gnkicjwljnjwn nu` d~| yndnb`jwn `k gn U`jan* ¡Icj wcgc+ nywn icjb~jwc gn x~nekcyp~ng` n}ik~lgc gn j~nywu` icjylgnuìlùj+ xcup~n m`yw` `mcu` jc m`j `xùnilgc icdc~j nkndnjwc ljgnxnjglnjwn nj k` ynuln gn o`yny p~n m` `y~dlgc k` U`rùj nj nk

d~jgc±9

* Ylfkc | dnglc gnyx~ìy+ kcy mlywc$0 Kncxckg vcj U`jan+ Fnyimlimwn gnu ucd`jlyimnj ~jg fnud`jlyimnj _ÿkanu vcj 07<7 ely 0>07 + Knlxrlf+0==>+ x* ]L]*5 U`jan+ cx* ilw*+ x* ]]]*9 F* V* O* Mnfnk+Wmn xmlkcycxm| co mlywcu| + Kcjguny+ 0=6=+ x* 9?9* QOlkcycoä` gn k` mlywcul` + D`gulg+Fungcy+ 0<65*T

QXàf* =T

ul`gcuny icjwndxcuàjncy nvlw`j jcud`kdnjwn nyn wcjc* K`y i`wnfcuä`y ìwjli`y m`jg`gc x`yc ` kcy wìudljcy fncfuàolicy+ xnuc k` glywljilùj njwun Nywn | Cnywn | y~g`wìlùj ` xùwlu gn k` Ng`g Cyi~u` xnud`jninj xuàiwli`dnjwn lgìjwli`y* Glimc gn

cwu` ocud`+ y~ `xkliìlùj icdlnjr` icj k` `xùlilùj gnk on~g`klydc+ nj `p~nkk` nu`mlywùuli` nj p~n icdnjrù ` ljvnuwluyn gn ocud` gnilylv` k` unkìlùj ikàyli` gn k`yunflcjny gnk Ldxnulc ucd`jc2 nk Nywn `v`jr`gc | nk Cnywn `wu`y`gc* Nywn i`delc gnylfjc x~ngn ceynuvùyn nj i`yl wcgcy kcy nyw~glcy yceun k` wu`jylilùj gn k`



@jwlfûng`g ` k` Ng`g Dngl`* @yä+ k`y n}xkliìlcjny gn k` i`äg` gnk Ldxnulc xucx~nyw`ynj nk dày unilnjwn | dcj~dnjw`k nyw~glc yceun k` gni`gnjil` gn k` @jwlfûng`g ‗ Wmn k`wnu Ucd j Ndxlun + gn Bcjny‗ flu`j icjwlj~`dnjwn nj wcdc ` k`y glonunjil`ynywu~iw~u`kny njwun nk Nywn | nk Cnywn nj nk ynjc gnk Ldxnulc* Nk Nywn+ icj y~y uli`y |j~dnucy`y il~g`gny+ y~ nicjcdä` gnyùuckk`g`+ y~ xnp~nðc i`dxnylj`gc+ y~ unk`wlv`~jlg`g iävli` | y~ knb`jä` fncfuàoli gn kcy dày g~ucy `w`p~ny eàueùcy+ yceunvlvlù1nk Cnywn+ icj y~ xcekìlùj dày glyxnuy` | y~y il~g`gny dày gìelkny+ y~ ùlywciuìl`gn d`fj`wny | y~ i`dxnylj`gc cxuldlgc xcu k`y unjw`y+ y~ `jùp~ä` xckäwli` | y~

v~kjnuèlklg`g nywu`wìfli` ounjwn ` k`y ljv`ylcjny fnudàjli`y+ y~i~delù 7* Nk olj gn k` @jwlfûng`g p~ngù ynkk`gc njwcjiny xcu k`y icjp~lyw`y àuèny p~n glvlglnucj k`y gcyculkk`y gnk Dnglwnuuàjnc* Nk Ldxnulc culnjw`k yn icjvluwlù nj Elr`jilc+ ~j ylywnd`xckäwlic | ycil`k glonunjwn `k unywc gnk icjwljnjwn n~ucxnc* Nj nywn j~nvc nyxìlcfncfuàolic p~n y~uflù nj k` Ng`g Cyi~u`+ k` xckùlg`g njwun Culnjwn | Ciilgnjwnljvluwlù y~ icjjcwìlùj* Ekcim ndlwlù nk ~wculr`gc b~lilc gn p~n ¡` xùwlu gnk ylfkc

_LLL n}lywlù ~j fu~xc ikù`dnjwn gnkldlw`gc gn ycilng`gny+ nj k` N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k |injwu`k i~|cy nkndnjwcy+ xcu d~|* glvnuycy p~n o~nynj+ nywè`j yùklg`dnjwnildnjw`gcy nj xuco~jg`y yldlklw~gny | nj unkìlcjny icjyw`jwny±* Nyw` unflùj o~n k`p~n glc culfnj ` k` N~ucx` dnglnv`k2 ¡K` nicjcdä` n~ucxn` gn k` Ng`g Dngl` ‗nj k`

dnglg` nj p~n nywn `gbnwlvc+ wcd`gc gn k` vlnb` jcdnjik`w~u` fncfuàoli` gn k`y‛iljic xùwny gnk d~jgc—+ x~ngn ~yùyn xù` gnylfjù ` ~j` vnug`gnu` un`klg`gm~d`j`‗ ny k` gnk ekcp~n k`wljc | fnud`jc+ ecugn`gc xcu ~jcy xcicy lykcwny inkw`y |xcu ~j`y i~`jw`y ou`jb`y nyk`v`y+ | icjg~ilgc fu`g~`kdnjwn mìl` ~j` i~kw~u` icdòjQ***T @yä icd$7 @* M* D* Bcjny+Wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun+ 5=5$?85 + C}ocug+ 0<?7+ vck* LL+ xàflj`y 085?$?=*

QXàf* <T

xunjglg` | `yä gnkldlw`g`+ N~ucx` ny ~j` iunìlùj gn k` @kw` Ng`g Dngl`± >* Ekcimn}ik~|ù n}xuny`dnjwn gn y~ gnoljlilùj ycil`k gnk icjwljnjwn ` k`y unflcjny p~n mc|

ocud`j k` N~ucx` culnjw`k2 ¡K` d`|cu xùwn gnk Culnjwn nyk`vc jc xnuwnjnin nj dcgc`kf~jc ` nkk` Q***T Ny ldxcylekn `j`klrù b~jw`y+ nj nk dlydc cebnwc gn ~j nyw~glcilnjwäolic+ y~y icjglilcjny nicjùdli`y | k`y gn y~y vniljcy ciilgnjw`kny* Y~nywu~iw~u` ycil`k u`gli`kdnjwn glonunjwn | y~ nyxnil`käyld` vä` gn gnyùuckkc ldxlgnjnj èyck~wc nyn wlxc gn icjo~ylùj* I`nu nj nkk` ynuä` icdc dnrikù ` N~ucx` | kcyx`äyny n~ucxnlr`gcy icj Imlj` c Xnuyl` nj ~j` mlywcul` nicjùdli` gnk ylfkc ]L]± ?*Kcy y~inycuny gn Ekcim m`j unyxnw`gc y~y ùugnjny* K` ocudìlùj gn N~ucx` | k`fnudljìlùj gnk on~g`klydc yn m`j icjolj`gc fnjnu`kdnjwn ` k` mlywcul` gn k` dlw`gciilgnjw`k gnk icjwljnjwn+ n}ik~|njgc gn nywn `jàklyly ` k` dlw`g culnjw`k* Nk`~wculr`gc nyw~glc gn G~e| yceun k` nicjcdä` on~g`k wndxu`j`+ p~n icdlnjr` nj nkylfkc L]+ yn wlw~k` |`K“ìicjcdln u~u`kn nw k` vln gny i`dx`fjny g`jy k“Ciilgnjw dìglìv`k 6* K`y ocud`y i~kw~u`kny | xckäwli`y iun`g`y xcu nk on~g`klydc nj nk dlydcxnuäcgc ‗k` ¡yniunw` unvck~ilùj gn nywcy ylfkcy± =‗ icjywlw~|nj nk jòiknc xuljilx`kgnk kleuc gn Yc~wmnujWmn dàljf co wmn Dlggkn @fny * K` `dxklw~g gnk wäw~kc ci~kw`~j` nklxyly xcu k` p~n yn lgnjwloli` ldxkäilw`dnjwn ~j wlndxc nyxniäolic icj ~jnyxìlc gnwnudlj`gc* K` xuldnu` ou`yn gnk kleuc gnikù`2 ¡Nk wnd` gn nywn kleuc ny kòcudìlùj gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k gnygn olj`kny gnk ylfkc ] m`yw` xuljilxlcy gnk ]LLL± <*

@p~ä+ nk d~jgc dnglnv`k yn icjvlnuwn nj N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k wc~w ic~uw * @yä x~ny+ k`glywljilùj njwun Culnjwn | Ciilgnjwn yn unoknb` nj k` mlywculcfuòä` dcgnuj` gnygn nkdlydc icdlnjrc gn k` nu` xcyikàyli`* Y~y cuäfnjny+ nj noniwc+ ycj icnwàjncy ` kcy gnkdlydc on~g`klydc* Xcu icjylf~lnjwn+ wcgc nyw~glc dù}lyw` gn k`y glonunjwnynvck~ilcjny mlywùuli`y gnk icjwljnjwn gnen `j`klrù `jwn wcgc k` d`wulr fnjnu`k gnkon~g`klydc n~ucxnc* Yùkc i~`jgc yn m`|` mnimc nywc ynuà xcylekn icjylgnuù m`yw`p~ì x~jwc | nj p~ì gluniilùj ny xcylekn wu`rù ~j mlywcul` glvnufnjwn gn y~yunflcjny ciilgnjw`k | culnjw`k*> Dùi Ekcim+ Dìk`jfny mlywculp~ny + Xùäy+ 0<?9+ vck* L+ xx* 059$7*



? Ekcim+cx* ilw*+ x* 057*6 Fncufny G~e|+ K“ìicjcdln u~u`kn nw k` vln gny i`dx`fjny g`jy k“Cignjw dìglìv`k + Xùäy+ 0<?51wu`g~iilùj ljfkny`+ Kcjguny+ 0<?=* Q Nicjcdä` u~u k | vlg` i`dxnylj` nj nk Ciilgnjwn dnglnv`k +Eùinkcj`+ Xnjäjy~k`+ 0<69*T= U* V* Yc~wmnuj+Wmn dàljf co wmn Dlggkn @fny + Kcjguny+ 0<>9+ x* 09*< Yc~wmnuj+cx* ilw*+ x* 00*

QXàf* 08T

0* NK DCGC GN XUCGÎILÙJ NYIK@_LYW@

K` fìjnyly gnk i`xlw`klydc m` ylgc cebnwc gn d~imcy nyw~glcy ljyxlu`gcy nj nkd`wnul`klydc mlywùulic gnygn nk dlydc dcdnjwc nj p~n Dù} kn gngliù` `kf~jcyo`dcycy i`xäw~kcy gn Nk i`xlw`k * K` fìjnyly gnk on~g`klydc+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ yn m`p~ng`gc i`yl ylj nyw~glù gnjwuc gn k` dlyd` wu`glilùj | j~ji` m` ylgc ljwnfu`g` njnk icux~y fnjnu`k gn k` wncuä` dù}lyw` icdc nyxniäolic wlxc gn wu`jylilùj mìl` ~jj~nvc dcgc gn xucg~iilùj* Ylj ndeùfc+ | icdc wnjgundcy ci`ylùj gn vnu+ y~ldxcuw`jil` xù` nk dcgnkc fkce`k gn mlywcul` p~lrà jc yn` dnjcu p~n k` gn k`wu`jylilùj `k i`xlw`klydc* Nk yckndjn b~lilc gn Fleecj yceun k` i`äg` gn Ucd` | nk oljgn k` @jwlfûng`g `xùnin mc|+ xù`gùbli`dnjwn+ p~lrà xcu vnr xuldnu` nj wcg` y~

vnug`g2 ¡^j` unvck~ilùj p~n wcg`vä` ylnjwnj | p~n ylndxun unicugùàj wcg`y k`yjìlcjny gn k` Wlnuu`± 0* @ glonunjil` gnk iùàiwnu ¡ì~d~k`wlvc± gn k` `xùlilùj gnki`xlw`klydc+ k` fìjnyly gnk on~g`klydc nj N~ucx` yn gnulvù gn ~j ick`xyc¡i`w`ywuùolic± | icjvnufnjwn gn gcy `jwnulcuny | glonunjwny dcgcy gn xucg~iilùj+i~|` unicdeljìlùj gn nkndnjwcy gnyljwnfu`gcy klenuù k` nyxniäoli` yäjwnyly on~g`k+p~n+ nj icjyni~njil`+ ylndxun unw~vc ~j iùàiwnu mäeulgc* Kcy gcy xungninycuny gnkdcgc gn xucg~iilùj on~g`k o~nucj+ j`w~u`kdnjwn+ nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw`+

|` nj wu`jin gn gnyicdxcylilùj | yceun i~|cy ildlnjwcy yn mèä` knv`jw`gc nj cwucwlndxc wcgc nk njcudn nglolilc gnk Ldxnulc ucd`jc+ | kcy glk`w`gcy | gnocud`gcydcgcy gn xucg~iilùj0 Wmn mlywcu| co wmn gnikljn `jg o`kk co wmn Ucd`j Ndxlun + vck* L+ 0=<? -nglilùj E~u|,+ x* 0* Fleecj ynunwuìwù gn nywn b~lilc nj ~j` jcw` d`j~yiulw` gnywlj`g` ` ~j` unvlylùj gn y~ kleuc nj k` p~n kldlwè` y~unonunjil` yùkc ` kcy x`äyny gn N~ucx`+ | jc ` kcy gnk d~jgc* ¡³Wlnjnj @yl` | Àouli`+ gnygn B`xùj `Dùu~nicy+ `kfòj ynjwldlnjwc c uni~nugc gnk Ldxnulc ucd`jc3±+ yn xunf~jwè` - cx* ilw*+ x* ]]]_,*Fleecj nyiulelù gnd`yl`gc xucjwc xù` vnu nj p~ì dnglg` mèuä` gn ¡ynjwlu± nk unywc gnk d~jgc nkldxìwc gn N~ucx` | gn k`y icjyni~njil`y olj`kny gn k` ¡unvck~ilùj± p~n mèä` gnyiulwc* Jl nk undcwc

B`xùj jl nk vniljc Dùu~nicy p~ngùä`j ljd~jny ` k` mlywcul` p~n ny` unvck~ilùj mèä` lj`~f~u`gc*

QXàf* 00T

xuldlwlvcy gn kcy ljv`ycuny fnud`jcy p~n yceunvlvlnucj nj y~y xucxl`y wlnuu`y wu`y k`yicjp~lyw`y eàueù`y* Nywcy gcy d~jgcy u`gli`kdnjwn glywljwcy mèä`j y~oulgc ~j`knjw` gnyljwnfuìlùj | ~j` ylknjilcy` ljwnuxnjnwuìlùj g~u`jwn kcy òkwldcy ylfkcy gn k`

@jwlfûng`g*

Xù` vnu iùdc yn xucg~bc wcgc nywc ny jninyùlc vckvnu k` dlu`g` mìl` k` d`wulrculflj ul` gn wcg` k` ilvlklrìlùj gnk d~jgc ikàylic* K` @jwlfûng`g funicuucd`j`ylndxun icjywlw~|ù ~j ~jlvnuyc injwu`gc nj k`y il~g`gny* Nk nyxknjgcu | k` ynf~ulg`ggn k` wndxu`j` xckly mnkìjli` | gn k` wùgä` unxòekli` ucd`j`+ p~n `ycdeuùcj `w`jw`y ìxci`y xcywnulcuny+ unxunynjwè`j nk injlw gn ~j ylywnd` xckäwlic | gn ~jì~kw~u` ~ue`j` p~n j~ji` m` ylgc lf~`k`gc xcu jljfòj cwuc dlknjlc* K` olkcycoä`+ kìlnjil + k` xcnyä`+ k` mlywcul`+ k` ùp~lwniw~u`+ k` nyi~kw~u`1 nk gnunimc+ k``gdljlywuìlùj+ k` dcjng`+ kcy ldx~nywcy1 nk y~ou`flc+ kcy gne`wny+ nk `klyw`dlnjwcdlklwù2 wcgc nyc y~uflù | yn gnyùuckkù m`yw` ~jcy jlvnkny gn o~nur` | gn icdxknblg`gljlf~`k`gcy* @k dlydc wlndxc+ ylj ndeùfc+ nywn oulyc gn ilvlklrìlùj il~g`g`j`

ylndxun w~vc yceun y~ xcywnulg`g ilnuwc noniwc gn oìm`g` nj wucdxn k“cnlk + xcup~nwu`y nyw` i~kw~u` | nywn ylywnd` xckäwlic ~ue`jcy jc n}lywä` jljf~j` nicjcdä` ~ue`j`p~n x~glnu` dngluyn icj nkkcy* @k icjwuùlc+ k` ulp~nr` d`wnul`k p~n ycywnjä` y~

vlw`klg`g ljwnkniw~`k | iävli` xucingä` nj y~ ljdnjy` d`|cuä` gnk i`dxc* Nk d~jgc



ikàylic o~n d`ylv` n ljvùlèkndnjwn u~u`k nj y~y eàyli`y xucxcuilcjny i~`jwlw`wlv`y*K` `fuli~kw~u` unxunynjwù g~u`jwn wcg` y~ mlywcul` nk àdelwc èyck~w`dnjwngcdlj`jwn gn xucg~iilùj | xucxcuilcjù gn ocud` ljvùlèkn k`y xuljilx`kny ocuw~j`ygn k`y il~g`gny* K`y il~g`gny funicuucd`j`y j~ji` o~nucj xungcdlj`jwndnjwnicd~jlg`gny gn d`j~oìw~unucy+ icdnuil`jwny c ùwny`jcy+ yljc p~n nj y~ culfnj |xuljilxlc icjywlw~|nucj `fu~xìlcjny ~ue`j`y gn wnuu`wnjlnjwny* Wcgcy kcy ùugnjnyd~jlilx`kny+ gnygn k` gndciuàwli` @wnj`y ` k` Nyxùw` cklfàup~li` c k` Ucd`ynj`wcul`k+ nyw~vlnucj gcdlj`gcy nyxnil`kdnjwn xcu xucxlnwùlcy `fuäick`y* Y~yljfunycy xucvnjä`j gn kcy inun`kny+ nk ìnlwn | nk vljc+ kcy wuny xucg~iwcy eàylicy gnkd~jgc `jwlf~c+ i~kwlv`gcy nj mìlnjg`y | olji`y ylw~`g`y o~nu` gnk xnuädnwuc oäylicgn k` xucxl` il~g`g* Gnjwuc gn ìyw`+ k`y d`j~oìw~u`y nu`j nyi`y`y | u~gldnjwùl`y2k` f`d` jcud`k gn dnui`jiä`y ~ue`j`y j~ji` yn n}wnjglù d~imc dày `kkà gn kcywn}wlkny+ k` inuàdli`+ kcy d~nekny | kcy ce$

QXàf* 05T

bnwcy gn iulyw`k* K` wìijli` nu` ynjilkk`+ k` gnd`jg` kldlw`g` | nk wu`jyxcuwnnjcudndnjwn iùc* Nk uny~kw`gc gn nkkc o~n p~n nj k` @jwlfûng`g k`y d`j~oìw~u`y yngnyùuckkùcj gn ocud` iùìwnuäywli` jc ` i`~y` gn ~j` iunilnjwn icjinjwuìlùj+icdc ci~uuluä` nj ìxci`y xcywnulcuny+ yljc xcu k` gnyicjwuìilùj | k` glyxnuylùj+ |`p~n k` glyw`jil`+ dày p~n k` glvlylùj gnk wuè`bc+ gliwè` kcy icywny unk`wlvcy gnxucg~iilùj* ^j` lgn` fuàoli` gnk xnyc icdxù`wlvc gn k`y nicjcdä`y u~u`k | ~ue`j`nj nk d~jgc ikàylic k` xucxcuilcj`j kcy unyxniwlvcy ljfunycy olyi`kny xucg~ilgcy xcui`g` ~j` nkk`y nj nk Ldxnulc ucd`jc gnk ylfkc L_ g* I*+ i~`jgc nk icdnuilc ~ue`jcp~ngù gnoljlwlv`dnjwn ycdnwlgc xcu vnr xuldnu` ` ~j ldx~nywc ldxnul`k icj kìckk`wlc k~ywu`kly gn Icjyw`jwljc2 kcy ljfunycy xucingnjwny gn nywn ldx~nywc nj k`yil~g`gny j~ji` y~xnuùcj nk > xcu ilnjwc gn kcy ldx~nywcy yceun k` wlnuu` 5*

J`w~u`kdnjwn+ k` glywule~ilùj nyw`gäywli` gnk xucg~iwc gn `decy yniwcuny jc e`yw`xù` unywù ldxcuw`jil` nicjùdli` ` k`y il~g`gny gn k` @jwlfûng`g+ xcup~n nj ~j

d~jgc ~jlocudndnjwn `fuäick` nk enjnolilc eu~wc gnk icdnuilc ~ue`jc w`k vnr jc yn`d~| e`bc+ xnuc k` y~xnulculg`g jnw` p~n x~ngn xucxcuilcjù ` ~j` nicjcdä` `fuùl`yceun wcg`y k`y gndày w`k vnr yn` gnilylv`* K` icjglilùj xunvl` gn nywn u`yfcglywljwlvc gn k` ilvlklr ilùj ikàyli o~n y~ iùàiwnu icywnuc 9* K` @jwlfûng`gfunicuucd`j` o~n p~ljw`nynjil`kdnjwn dnglwnuuàjn` nj y~ dày xuco~jg` nywu~iw~u`+xcup~n nk icdnuilc ljwnukci`k p~n k` ~jä` yùkc xcgä` un`klrùyn xcu dù* Nk icdnuilcdùäwldc nu` nk òjlic dnglc vlèkn gn ljwnui`delc dnui`jwlk xù` glyw`jil`y dngl`y ckùf`y* K` ldxcuw`jil` ickcy`k gnk dù xù` nk icdnuilc x~ngn `xunilùyn xcu nkyldxkn mnimc gn p~n nj k` ìxci` gn Glciknil`jc nu` dày eù`wc njvlù wulfc xcueùic gnygn Ylul` ` Nyx`ð` ‗gn ~j n}wundc ` cwuc gnk Dnglwnuuàjnc‗ p~n wu`jyxcu$5 @* M* D* Bcjny+Wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun + vck* L+ x* 7?>* Nk ldx~nywc nu` x`f`gc xcu kcyjnfcwl`wcuny + ny

gnilu+ xuàiwli`dnjwn xcu wcgcy kcy p~n yn gngliè j ` i~`kp~lnu wlxc gn xucg~iilùj icdnuil k nj k`yil~g`gny+ |` o~nynj dnui`gnuny c ùwny`jcy* @ xnyù gn y~ däjldc unjgldlnjwc+ nywn ldx~nywc yn unvnkùicdc `kfc xuco~jg`dnjwn cxunylvc n ldxcx~kù xù` k` xcekìlùj ~ue`j`1 m`yw` w`k x~jwc nu` ouàflk k`nicjcdä` gn k`y il~g`gny*9 D`} Vnenu o~n nk xuldnu ljvnywlf`gcu p~n mlrc mlji`xlì nj nywn mnimc o~jg`dnjw`k+ nj y~y gcyfu`jgny | ckvlg`gcy nyw~glcy+ ¡@fuùvnumçkwjlyyn ld @kwnuw~d± | ¡Gln Ycrl`knj Fuûjgn gny ^jwnuf`jfygnu @jwlanj A~kw~u±* _ì`ynFny`ddnkwn @~oyçwrn r~u Ycrl`k~jg Vluwyimòwyfnyimlimwn + W~eljf`+ 0<57+xx* 7 yy*+ 5<5 yy*

QXàf* 09T

wùkc 058 alkùdnwucy nj iùunw`y7* @yä+ jc ny i`y~`k p~n k` rcj` gnk Nfnc ‗kènuljwcgn lyk`y+ x~nuwcy | xucdcjwculcy‗ m`|` ylgc nk xuldnu mcfù gn k` il~g`g$Nyw`gc1 jl

p~n @wnj`y+ y~ xuljilx`k nbndxkc+ m`|` e`y`gc y~ ocuw~j icdnuil`k nj nk wu`jyxcuwndùäwldc1 jl p~n+ i~`jgc k` ickcjlrìlùj fulnf` yn n}wnjglù mìl` nk Culnjwn Xuù}ldcnj k` ìxci` mnknjäywli`+ nk x~nuwc gn @knb`jguä` yn icjvluwlnu` nj k` d`|cu il~g`g gnNflxwc | o~nu` k` xuldnu` i`xlw`k dùäwld` gn y~ mlywcul`1 jl p~n Ucd`+ olj`kdnjwn+ yn



icjvluwlnu` ` y~ vnr+ `f~`y ùule` gnk Wäenu+ nj ~j` dnwuùxckl icywnu`* Nk `f~` nu` nkdnglc ljy~ywlw~lekn gn icd~jliìlùj | icdnuilc p~n mìä` xcylekn ~j iunildlnjwc gn~j` icjinjwuìlùj | icdxknblg`g d~| y~xnulcu `k dnglc u~u`k p~n kc ycywnjä`* Nk dùo~n nk vnmäi~kc gnk ldxunvlylekn nyxknjgcu gn k` @jwlfûng`g* K` nyxniäoliìcdeljìlùj gn il~g`g | i`dxc p~n iùìwnulrù `k d~jgc ikàylic o~n cxnu`wlv`+ njòkwldc wìudljc+ gnelgc òjli`dnjwn `k k`fc ylw~`gc nj y~ injwuc* Nk Dnglwnuuàjnc nynk òjlic fu`j dù ljwnulcu nj wcg` k` ilui~jonunjil` gn k` Wlnuu`2 yùkc ìk couniä` ` ~j`ldxcuw jwn rcj` fncfuàoli` k` vnkcilg`g gnk wu`jyxcuwn dùäwldc b~jwc icj kcyuno~flcy wnuunywuny icjwu` kcy vlnjwcy | nk ckn`bn* K` xcylilùj òjli` gn k` @jwlfûng`gikàyli` nj k` mlywcul` jc x~ngn ynxùùyn gn nywn xulvlknflc oäylic*

Nj cwu`y x`kèu`y+ nk Dnglwnuuàjnc xucxcuilcjù nk jninyùlc dùic fncfuàolic ` kìlvlklrìlùj `jwlf~`+ xnuc y~ icjwnjlgc | jcvng`g mlywùuli`y u`gli`j+ ylj ndeùfc+ njk` e`yn ycil`k gn k` unkìlùj njwun il~g`g | i`dxc p~n yn nywèknilù nj y~ ljwnulcu* Nkdcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw` o~n k` ljvnjilùj gnilylv` gnk d~jgc funicuucd`jc | kcp~n xucxcuilcjù k` e`yn òkwld` w`jwc gn y~y un`klrìlcjny icdc gn y~ niklxyn* Nyxunilyc y~eu |ù k` culflj`klg`g gn nywn dcgc gn xucg~iilùj* K` nyik`vlw~g |` mèä`n}lywlgc nj ocud`y glonunjwny g~u`jwn wcg` k` @jwlfûng`g nj nk Culnjwn Xuù}ldc+

icdc mèuä` gn n}lywlu dày `gnk`jwn nj wcg` @yl`1 xnuc ylndxun mèä` ylgc ~jìcjglilùj b~uägli`dnjwn ldx~u` ‗p~n icj ouni~njil` wcdè` k`* ocud` gnynuvlg~deun xcu gn~g`y c gì wuè`bc ocur`gc‗+ njwun cwucy wlxcy dl}wcy gnynuvlg~deun+ | ocud`gc yùkc ~j` i`wnfcuä` d~| ung~ilg` nj ~j icjwlj~c `dcuoc gngnxnjgnjil` | o`kw` gn klenuw`g p~n kknfè` m`yw` d~| ùule` nj k` nyi`k` ycil`k >* K`nyik`vlw~g j~ji` o~n nk wlxc xungcdlj`jwn gn n}wuìilùj gn n}$7 Bcjny+Wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun + LL+ xx* =70$5*> D* L* Oljkn|+ ¡Enw nnj yk`vnu| `jg ounngcd±+ Icdxù`wlvn Yw~glny lj Ycilnw| `jg Mlywcu| + _L+ 0<?9+ xx*596$=*

QXàf* 07T

ingnjwn nj nyw`y+ dcjùp~ä`y xunmnkìjli`y+ yljc ~j onjùdnjc unylg~`k p~n n}lywä` `kdùfnj gn k` xuljilx`k d`jc gn ceu` u~u`k* Kcy ldxnulcy y~dnulc+ eèlkùjlic+ `ylulc |nflxilc ‗Nyw`gcy ok~vl`kny+ e`y`gcy nj ~j` `fuli~kw~u` ljwnjylv` | gn unf`gäc p~nicjwu`yw` icj nk i~kwlvc gn wlnuu`y klfnu`y | gn yni`jc gnk d~jgc dnglwnuuàjncxcywnulcu‗ jc o~nucj nicjcdä`y nyik`vlyw`y+ | y~y ylywnd`y knf`kny iùniä`j gn ~jìcjinxilùj nywuliw`dnjwn gnoljlg` gn k` xucxlng`g gn elnjny d~nekny* K`y il~g`gny$Nyw`gc fulnf`y o~nucj k`y xuldnu`y nj mìnu gn k` nyik`vlw~g `kfc èyck~wc nj y~ocud` | gcdlj jwn nj y~ n}wnjylùj+ wu`jyocudàjgck` `yä gn x~uc ljywu~dnjwcyni~jgùlc nj ~j ylywndàwlic dcgc gn xucg~iilùj* J`w~u`kdnjwn+ nk d~jgc mnkìjlicikàylic jc yn e`yù j~ji` gn ocud` n}ik~ylv` nj k` ~wlklrìlùj gnk wuè`bc gn nyik`vcy*Nj k`y glonunjwny il~g`gny$Nyw`gc gn Funil`+ kcy i`dxnyljcy kleuny+ kcy ùunjg`wùlcygnxnjglnjwny | kcy ùwny`jcy gn k`y il~g`gny ylndxun icn}lywlnucj nj glvnuy`y ocud`yicj kcy nyik`vcy* Y~ xucxlc gnyùuckkc ljwnujc c n}wnujc xcgä` i`delù jcwèkndnjwnk` xucxcuilùj gn `decy gn ~j ylfkc ` cwuc2 i`g` ocudìlùj ycil`k icjiunw` ny ylndxun~j` nyxniäoli` icdelj ilùj gn glonunjwny dcgcy gn xucg~iilùj+ | k`y gn k`

@jwlfûng`g jc icjywlw~|nucj ~j` n}inxilùj ?* Xnuc nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj gcdlj`jwn nj k` Funil` ikàyli`+ nk p~n ulflù k` ùwli~kìlùj icdxknb` gn i`g` nicjcdä` kci`k nldxuldlù y~ ynkkc ` wcg` k` ilvlklrìlùj gn k` il~g`g$Nyw`gc+ o~n nk gn k` nyik`vlw~g*Nywc dlydc mèuä` gn ci~uulu w`delìj nj Ucd`* Nk d~jgc `jwlf~c j~ji` nyw~vcdùi`gc nj y~ wcw`klg`g | gn ocud` icjwlj~` | cdjlxunynjwn xcu nk xungcdljlc gnkwuè`bc nyik`vc* Xnuc k`y fu`jgny ìxci`y ikàyli`y nj k`y p~n okcunilù k` ilvlklrìlùj gnk` @jwlfûng`g ‗Funil` nj kcy?

@ kc kùfc gn nywn kleuc fnjnu`kdnjwn yn xunonuluà nk wìudljc ¡ocudìlùj ycil`k± `k gn ¡ycilng`g±* Nj nk~yc dù}lyw`+ nk xucxùylwc gnk icjinxwc gn ocud ilùj ycil`k icjylywn xunily`dnjwn nj y~eu`|ù k`xk~u`klg`g | mnwnucfnjnlg`g gn kcy xcylekny dcgcy gn xucg~iilùj gnjwuc gn ~j` wcw`klg`g mlywùuli` |ycil`k g`g`* Xcu nk icjwuùlc+ k` unxnwlilùj ìuäwli` gnk wìudljc ¡ycilng`g± icjkknv` icj gnd`yl`g`



ouni~njil` k` xuny~jilùj gn ~j` ~jlg`g y~e|ìnjwn gn kc nicjùdlic+ kc xckäwlic | kc i~kw~u`k gnjwuc gn~j icjb~jwc mlywùulic+ i~`jgc gn mnimc nyw` yldxkn ~jlg`g n lgnjwlg`g jc n}lywnj* @ jc ynu p~n ynnyxnilolp~n kc icjwuùlc+ k`y ocudìlcjny ycil`kny ycj+ x~ny+ nj nywn kleuc icdelj ilcjny icjiunw`y gnglonunjwny dcgcy gn xucg~iilùj cuf`jlr`gcy e`bc nk xungcdljlc gn ~jc gn nkkcy* Xù` nyw` glywljilùj+

vì`yn Jlicy Xc~k`jwr`y+ Xc~vclu xcklwlp~n nw ik`yyny ycil`kny + Xùäy+ 0<?=+ xx* 08$05* QXcgnu xckäwlic | ik`yny ycil`kny nj nk Nyw`gc i`xlw`klyw` + D`gulg+ Ylfkc ]]L+ 0<65+ xx* 7$6T ^j` vnr ìkù gc nywc+ ynuä`~j` xng`jwnuä` nvlwù xcu icdxknwc nk o`dlklù wìudljc gn ¡ycilng`g± | `p~ä jc un`klrùndcy jljfòjnyo~nurc xcu nvlwùkc*

QXàf* 0>T

ylfkcy _ | L_ `* I* | Ucd` gnygn nk ylfkc LL `* I* m`yw` nk ylfkc LL g* I* ‗ o~nucj`p~nkk`y nj k`y p~n k` nyik`vlw~g o~n d`ylv` | fnjnu`k njwun kcy cwucy ylywnd`y gnwuè`bc* Nk yckywlilc gn k` i~kw~u` ~ue`j` ikàyli` ylndxun xunynjilù w`delìj nk injlwgn k` nyik`vlw~g+ | k` gni`gnjil` gn k` xuldnu`+ nj k` Funil` mnknjäywli` c nj k` Ucdìulywl`j`+ yn iùìwnulrù ljvùlèkndnjwn xcu k` ung~iilùj gn k` ynf~jg`*

@ o`kw` gn nyw`gäywli`y olèkny+ ny ldxcylekn i`ki~kù icj n}ìwlw~g k` xucxcuilùjfkce`k gn xcekìlùj nyik`v` nj k` wlnuu` culfljùl` gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw`+k` Funil` xcyùi`li`* K`y nywldìlcjny dày glfj`y gn iuìglwc vùä`j njcudndnjwn+xnuc ~j` unilnjwn v`kcuìlùj ny p~n k` xucxcuilùj gn nyik`vcy#il~g`g`jcy kleuny nj k` @wnj`y gn Xnulikny nu` `xuc}ld`g`dnjwn gn 9 ` 5 61 nj ìxci`y glvnuy`y+ nk jòdnucunk`wlvc gn nyik`vcy nj P~äcy+ Nflj` c Iculjwc o~n xuceèkndnjwn d`|cu+ dlnjwu`yp~n nj Nyxùw` k` xcekìlùj lkcw` ylndxun y~xnuù icj iuniny ` k` il~g`g`j`* Nj nkylfkc L_ `* I*+ @ulywùwnkny xcgä` nyiulelu ylj gùkn d`|cu ldxcuw`jil` p~n ¡kcy Nyw`gcynywàj ceklf`gcy ` wnjnu ~j fu`j jòdnuc gn nyik`vcy±+ dlnjwu`y p~n Bnjcocjwnnkècuè` ~j xk`j xù` unyw`~uù k` ulp~nr` gn @wnj`y nj nk p~n ¡nk Nyw`gc xcynnuä`nyik`vcy xòeklicy m`yw` p~n m~elnu` wuny xcu i`g` il~g`g`jc `wnjlnjyn± =* @yä x~ny+nj k` Funil` ikàyli` kcy nyik`vcy o~nucj ~wlklr`gcy xcu xuldnu` vnr | gn ocud` mèlw~`knj k` ùwny`jä`+ k` ljg~ywul` | k` `fuli~kw~$6 @* @jgun ny+Funna ycilnw| + Kcjguny+ 0<?6+ x* 09>+ p~lnj òlud` p~n nk wcw`k gn d`jc gn ceu` nyik`v`nu` nj nyw` rcj` gn =8 ` 088*888 mcdeuny nj nk ylfkc _* i~`jgc nk jòdnuc gn il~g`g`jcy `yinjgä` p~lrà` ~jcy 7>*888* Nywn cugnj gn d`fjlw~g n}lfn xuceèkndnjwn ~j icjynjyc dày `dxklc p~n cwu`ynywldìlcjny dày e`b`y c dày nknv`g`y* Xnuc wcg`y k`y dcgnuj`y mlywcul`y gn k` @jwlfûng`g yn unylnjwnjgn k` o`kw` gn ~j` ljocudìlùj glfj` gn iuìglwc yceun nk vck~dnj gn k`y xcekìlcjny | gn k`y ik`ynyycil`kny* Bcjny x~gc i`ki~kù k` xucxcuilùj gn nyik`vcy | il~g`g`jcy nj nk ylfkc L_+ i~`jgc |` mèä`glydlj~lgc k` xcekìlùj gn @wnj`y+ nj 020 yceun k` e`yn gn k`y ldxcuwìlcjny gn fu`jc nj k` il~g`g2

@wmnjl`j gndciuì| + C}ocug+ 0<>6+ xx* 6?$<* Oljkn|+ xcu y~ xùwn+ m` ùf~dnjw`gc p~n ny` xucxcuilùjx~gc kknfù ` ynu gn 9 ù 720 nj kcy xnuäcgcy x~jw` gn kcy ylfkcy _ | L_2 ¡V`y Funna ilvlklr`wlcj e`yng cjyk`vn kèc~u3±+Mlywcul` + _LLL+ 0<><+ xx* >=$<* K` dcjcfuòä` dcgnuj` dày n}wnjy`+ `~jp~n ljicdxknw`+yceun nk wnd` gn k` nyik`vlw~g `jwlf~` nk kleuc gn V* K* Vnywnud`jj+ Wmn yk`vn y|ywndy co Funna `jg Ucd`j `jwlp~lw| + Olk`gnkol`+ 0<>>+ x* <+ kknf` ` ~j jòdnuc fkce`k yndnb`jwn `k ìnxw`gc xcu @jgun ny |Oljkn|+ nywc ny+ njwun ?8 | =8*888 nyik`vcy ` icdlnjrcy gn k` f~nuu` gnk Xnkcxcjnyc*= @ulywùwnkny+Xcklwliy + _LL+ lv+ 7 QXckäwli` + D`gulg+ Nyx`y`$I`kxn+ 0<65T* Bnjcocjwn+V`|y `jg dn`jy + L_+06* QK` nicjcdä` | kcy dnglcy gn `~dnjwù k`y unjw`y *T

QXàf* 0?T

u` nj ~j` nyi`k` y~xnulcu ` k` gcdìywli`* @k dlydc wlndxc+ | dlnjwu`y nk ~yc gn k`nyik`vlw~g yn mìä` fnjnu`k+ y~ j`w~u`knr` yn mlrc icuunk`wlv`dnjwn èyck~w`2 |` jcicjylywä` nj ~j` ocud` unk`wlv` gn ynuvlg~deun njwun cwu`y d~im`y+ ylw~`g` ` kc kùfcgn ~j icjwlj~c fu`g~`k+ yljc nj ~j` icjglilùj n}wund` gn xìuglg` icdxknw` gnklenuw`g+ p~n yn |~}w`xcjä` ` ~j` klenuw`g j~nv` | ylj wuè`y* K` ocudìlùj gn ~j`y~excekìlùj nyik`v` jäwlg`dnjwn gnkldlw`g` o~n+ xunily`dnjwn+ kc p~n nknvù kìl~g`g`jä` gn k`y il~g`gny fulnf`y ` ild`y m`yw` njwcjiny gnyicjcilg`y gn klenuw`g

b~uägli` icjyilnjwn* K` klenuw`g | k` nyik`vlw~g mnkìjli`y nu`j ljglvlylekny2 i`g` ~j`gn nkk`y nu` k` icjglilùj nywu~iw~u`k gn k` cwu`+ nj ~j ylywnd` glàglic p~n jc w~vcxuningnjwn jl np~lv`knjwn nj k`y bnuùp~ä`y ycil`kny gn kcy ldxnulcy gnk CulnjwnXuù}ldc+ p~n jc icjcilnucj jl k` jcilùj gn il~g`g`jä` kleun jl k` gn xucxlng`gynuvlk<* Nywn xuco~jgc i`delc b~uäglic o~n nj yä dlydc nk icuunk`wc ycil`k n lgnckùflic



gnk ¡dlk`fuc± nicjùdlic xucg~ilgc xcu k` `xùlilùj gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùjnyik`vlyw`*

K` ilvlklrìlùj gn k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli` unxunynjwè`+ icdc |` mndcy ynð`k`gc+ k`y~xundìä` `jùd`k` gn k` il~g`g yceun nk i`dxc nj nk dùic gn ~j` nicjcdä`xungcdlj`jwndnjwn u~u`k2 nu` k` `jwäwnyly gnk xuldnu d~jgc on~g`k p~n kn y~inglù* @ o`kw` gn ~j` ljg~ywul` d~jlilx`k+ k` icjglilùj gn xcylelklg`g gn nyw` fu jgnr`dnwucxcklw`j` nu` k` n}lywnjil` gn wuè`bc nyik`vc nj nk i`dxc+ xcup~n yùkc kcynyik`vcy xcgä`j klenuù gn y~y e`yny u~u`kny ` kcy dlndeucy gn ~j` ik`ynwnuu`wnjlnjwn w`j u`gli`kdnjwn p~n kknfù`j ` wu`jyd~wùyn nj il~g`g`jcynynjil`kdnjwn ~ue`jcy+ xcu dày p~n ylf~lnu`j n}wu`|njgc gn k` wlnuu` y~ ulp~nrèàyli`* @ulywùwnkny n}xunyù k` uny~kw`jwn lgnckcfä` ycil`k gn k` wùgä` Funil` ikàyliìcj nyw` ci`ylcj`k xunyiulxilùj2 ¡Nj i~`jwc ` kcy p~n gnenj i~kwlvù k` wlnuu`+ yl iènnknflu+ gnenj xunonuluyn kcy nyik`vcy+ | wnjnu i~lg`gc gn p~n jc yn`j wcgcy gn k`dlyd` jìlùj+ | xuljilx`kdnjwn gn p~n jc yn`j enklicycy* Icj nyw`y gcy icjglilcjnyynuàj n}inknjwny xù` nk wuè`bc | jc xnjyùàj nj unenkùyn* Gnyx~ìy ny icjvnjlnjwndnrikù icj kcy nyik`vcy `kf~jcy eàueùcy p~n yn`j ylnuvcy | p~n wnjf`j k`y dlyd`yi~`klg`gny p~n `p~ìkkcy± k8* Nj nk i`dxc ucd`jc o~n iùìwnuäywlic gnk dcgc gn

xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw` icdxknw`dnjwn gnyùuckk`gc nk mnimc gn p~n ljik~yc k`yo~jilcjny gn< Vnywnud`jj+ Wmn yk`vn y|ywndy co Funna `jg Ucd`j `jwlp~lw| + xàflj`y 75$91 Oljkn|+ ¡Enw nnj yk`vnu|`jg ounngcd±+ xx* 59?$<*08 Xcklwliy + L_+ l}+ <* QXckäwli` + L_+ l}*T

QXàf* 06T

gluniilùj o~nu`j gnknf`g`y nj ljyxniwcuny | `gdljlywu`gcuny nyik`vcy+ p~n xcjä`j `wuè`bù nj kcy i`dxcy ` i~`gulkk`y gn nyik`vcy 00* @ glonunjil` gnk ynðcuäc on~g`k+ kòlji` icj nyik`vcy xnudlwä` ~j` xnud`jnjwn gly|~jilùj njwun k` unylgnjil` | k` unjw`1nk n}ingnjwn icj nk p~n yn `d`yè`j k`y ocuw~j`y gn k` ik`yn xcynngcu` xcgä`n}wu`nuyn ylj y~ xunynjil` nj k`y wlnuu`y* Nk väji~kc njwun nk xucg~iwcu u~u`kljdngl`wc | nk `xucxl`gcu ~ue`jc gn y~ xucg~iwc jc nu` icjy~nw~gljùlc jl nywèìcjglilcj`gc xcu k` kci`klrìlùj gn k` wlnuu`+ icdc ci~uuluä` dày wùgn icj k`ynuvlg~deun `gyiulxwlil`* @k icjwuùlc+ nyn väji~kc nu` nk ìwc icdnuil`k ~jlvnuy`k gnk` icdxu` gn dnui`jiä`y p~n yn un`klrè` nj k`y il~g`gny+ gcjgn nk icdnuilcnyik`vlyw` wnjä` y~y wäxlicy dnui`gcy* Nk wuè`bc nyik`vc gn k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli`njiùjè`+ x~ny+ gcy `wule~wcy icjwu`gliwculcy nj i~|` ~jlg`g u`gli` nk yniunwc gn k`xù`gùbli` xunicilg`g ~ue`j` gnk d~jgc funicuucd`jc* Xcu ~j` xùwn+ k` nyik`vlw~gunxunynjwè` k` dày u`gli`k gnfu`gìlùj u~u`k ld`fljèkn gnk wuè`bc+ nywc ny+ kìcjvnuylùj gn kcy mcdeuny nj dnglcy ljnuwny gn xucg~iilùj dngl`jwn y~ xulvìlùj gnwcgcy kcy gnunimcy ycil`kny | y~ `yldlkìlùj knf`k ` k`y enywl`y gn iùf`* K` wncuäùcd`j` gnoljä` `k nyik`vc `fuäick` icdc

ljywu~dnjw~d vci`kn + mnuu`dlnjw` p~n

mèk`+ | kc ylw~è` ~j fu`gc xcu njild` gnk f`j`gc+ p~n icjywlw~ä` ~j ljywu~dnjw~d yndlvci`kn + | gcy fu`gcy xcu njild` gn kcy `xnucy+ p~n nu`j nk ljywu~dnjw~d d~w~d * Xcu cwu` xùwn+ k` nyik`vlw~g nu` yld~kwàjn`dnjwn k` dày guàywliìcdnuil`klr ilùj ~ue`j` icjinelekn gnk wuè`bc+ ny gnilu+ k` ung~iilùj gn wcg` k`xnuycj` gnk wuè`b`gcu ` ~j cebnwc nyw`jgùlr`gc gn icdxu` | vnjw` nj kcy dnui`gcydnwucxcklw`jcy gn ljwnui`delc gn dnui`jiä`y* Nk gnywljc gn k` ljdnjy` d`|cuä` gnkcy nyik`vcy nj k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli` nu` nk wuè`bc `fuäick` -`~jp~n jc o~nu` `yäylndxun jl nj wcg`y xùwny+ yä kc o~n nj icjb~jwc,2 y~ icjinjwuìlùj+ unxùwc | njväcyn noniw~è` jcud`kdnjwn gnygn kcy dnui`gcy gn k`y il~g`gny+ nj k`y p~n d~imcy gnnkkcy+ j`w~u`kdnjwn+ w`delìj nywè`j ndxkn`gcy* K` nyik`$00

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m~d`jlwùlc gn k` nyik`vlw~g ikàyli`+ i~`jwc ~j` j~nv` xu~ne` gn k` èywnjilùj u`gli`k gn k` ik`ynglulfnjwn ucd`j` gn i~`kp~lnu ocud` gn wuè`bc xucg~iwlvc+ ljik~yc gn wlxc nbni~wlvc*

QXàf* 0=T

vlw~g nu`+ x~ny+ nk fcrjn nicjùdlic p~n ~jä` ` k` il~g`g | nk i`dxc+ icj ~jgnycuelw`gc enjnolilc xù` k` xckly * D`jwnjä` `p~nkk` `fuli~kw~u` i`~wlv` p~n

xnudlwä` k` glonunjilìlùj u`gli`k gn ~j` ik`yn glulfnjwn ~ue`j` gn y~y cuäfnjnyu~u`kny | ` k` vnr xucdcvä` nk icdnuilc njwun k`y il~g`gny p~n nu` nk icdxkndnjwc gnnyw` `fuli~kw~u` nj nk Dnglwnuuàjnc* Njwun cwu`y vnjw`b`y+ kcy nyik`vcy nu`j ~j`dnui`jiä` ndljnjwndnjwn dùvlk nj ~j d~jgc nj p~n kcy ceywài~kcy nj nk wu`jyxcuwnwnjä`j ~j` ldxcuw`jil` i`xlw`k xù` k` nywu~iw~u` gn wcg` k` nicjcdä` 05* Kcy nyik`vcyxcgä`j ynu njvl`gcy xcu eùic gn ~j` unflùj ` cwu` ylj jljf~j` gloli~kw`g1 xcgä`j ynu`glnywu`gcy nj j~dnucycy | glvnuycy colilcy1 `gndày+ nj k`y ìxci`y gn conuw`è~jg`jwn+ kcy nyik`vcy ljwnuvnjä`j xù` d`jwnjnu e`bcy kcy icywny `kkä gcjgnwuè`bè`j ceunucy `y`kùl`gcy c ùwny`jcy ljgnxnjglnjwny+ gnelgc `k wuè`bc`kwnuj`wlvc p~n xucxcuilcjè`j* K` ulp~nr` | nk elnjnywù gn k` ik`yn ~ue`j`xucxlnwùl` gn k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli` ‗|+ yceun wcgc+ k` gn @wnj`y | Ucd` nj nkdcdnjwc gn y~ nyxknjgcu‗ yn e`yùcj nj nk `dxklc n}ingnjwn xucg~ilgc xcu k`cdjlxunynjil` gn nywì ylywnd` gn wuè`bc+ p~n jc gnbù ljwìwc jljfòj cwuc*Nk xunilc x`f`gc xcu nywn ljywu~dnjwc eu~w`k | k~iu`wlvc o~n+ ylj ndeùfc+ d~| `kwc*Nj k` ìxci` ikàyli`+ k`y unkìlcjny nyik`vlyw`y gn xucg~iilùj olbùcj `kf~jcy kädlwnyljy~xnuèkny ` k`y o~nur y gn xucg~iilùj gn k` @jwlfûng`g* Yceun wcgc+ ny`yunkìlcjny wnjglnucj nj òkwldc wìudljc ` xù`klrù k` xucg~iwlvlg`g gn k` `fuli~kw~u`

| gn k` ljg~ywul`* Nj k` nicjcdä` gn k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli` yn xucg~bnucj w`delìj+ xcuy~x~nywc+ `kf~j`y dnbcu`y wìijli`y* Jljfòj dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nywà gnyxucvlywc gnxucfunycy d`wnul`kny nj y~ o`yn `yinjgnjwn+ | nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlywùnflywuù+ nj y~ dnbcu dcdnjwc+ `kf~jcy `v`jiny ldxcuw`jwny nj nk np~lx`dlnjwcnicjùdlic gnyùuckk`gc nj nk dùic gn y~ j~nv` glvlylùj ycil`k gnk wuè`bc* Njwunnkkcy yn x~ngn ynð`kù k` n}x`jylùj gn kcy i~kwlvcy vljäick`y | cknäick`y dày unjwèkny1k` ljwucg~iilùj gn dckljcy flu`wculcy xù` nk fu`jc | k` dnbcu` nj k` i`klg`g gnk x`j*

@gndày+ yn glynðùcj j~nv`y xunjy`y gn m~ylkkc+ yn gnyùuckkùcj dìwcgcy gnycxk`gc gn vlgulc | yn xnuoniilcjùcj kcy ylywnd`y gn i`knoìilùj* Ny xuceèkn p~n`v jrù`j w`delìj k` icdelj ilùj gn i~kwlvcy+ kcy icjcildlnjwcy ecwàjlicy | nkgunj`bn gn kcy i`dxcy 09* Nj nk d~jgc ikàylic+ xcu w`jwc+ jc yn05 Vnenu+ ¡@fuùvnumçkwjlyyn ld @kwnuw~d±+ xx* >$?*09 _ì`yn nyxnil`kdnjwn O* Alnimkn+ Yak`vnjùenlw ~jg wnimjlyimnu Ocuw$

QXàf* 0<T

xucg~bc ~j` yldxkn xù`klr ilùj olj`k gn k` wìijli`+ xnuc+ `k dlydc wlndxc+ j~ji` ynxucg~bc ~j` ldxcuw`jwn f`d` gn ljvnjilcjny p~n ndx~bù`j ` k` nicjcdä` `jwlf~`mìl` ~j`y o~nur`y gn xucg~iilùj i~`klw`wlv`dnjwn j~nv`y* Nj ~j` xnuyxniwlvìcdxù`g`+ jc m`| j`g` dày ycuxunjgnjwn p~n nk fkce`k nyw`ji`dlnjwc wnijckùflicgc k` @jwlfûng`g 07* Ynuà y~olilnjwn icdxùù nk mlywcul`k gn y~y cimc ylfkcy gnn}lywnjil`+ gnygn nk `yinjyc gn @wnj`y m`yw` k` i`äg` gn Ucd`+ icj nk np~lv`knjwnxnulcgc gn wlndxc gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj on~g`k p~n kn y~inglù+ xù` xnuilelu k`glonunjil` njwun ~j` nicjcdä` unk`wlv`dnjwn nywàwli` | cwu` gljàdli`* Dày kk`d`wlvcwcg`vä` o~n+ xcu y~x~nywc+ nk icjwu`ywn gnjwuc gnk xucxlc d~jgc ikàylic njwun y~

vlw`klg`g i~kw~u`k | y~xnunywu~iw~u`k | y~ ndecw`dlnjwc ljou`nywu~iw~u`k* K`wnijckcfä` d`j~`k gn k` @jwlfûng`g o~n n}lf~` | xuldlwlv`+ jc yùkc yl yn dlgn xcu nkx`wuùj n}wnujc gn ~j` mlywcul` xcywnulcu+ yljc+ yceun wcgc+ yl yn icdxù` icj y~xucxlc olud`dnjwc ljwnkniw~`k+ p~n nj d~imcy `yxniwcy o~jg`dnjw`kny ylndxun ynd`jw~vc xcu njild` gnk gn k` Ng`g Dngl`* Ylj g~g`+ k` nywu~iw~u` gn k` nicjcdä`nyik`vlyw` o~n+ nj kc o~jg`dnjw`k+ k` unyxcjyèkn gn nyw` n}wu`cugljùlgnyxucxcuilùj* @ulywùwnkny+ p~n xù` k`y ìxci y xcywnulcuny o~n nk xnjy`gcu dày



ldxcuw jwn | unxunynjw`wlvc gn k` @jwlfûng`g+ uny~dlù kìùjli`dnjwn nywn xuljilxlcycil`k icj k` ou`yn2 ¡Nk Nyw`gc xnuoniwc jc `gdlwluà j~ji` `k wuè`b`gcu d`j~`k njwunkcy il~g`g`jcy+ xcup~n k` d`|cu xùwn gn nkkcy ycj mc| nyik`vcy c n}wu`jbnucy± 0>* NynNyw`gc unxunynjwè` k` jcud` lgn`k gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw`+ p~n j~ji` ynun`klrù nj jljf~j` ocudìlùj ycil`k gnk d~jgc `jwlf~c* Xnuc y~ kùfli` ylndxun nyw~vcxunynjwn gn ocud` ljd`jnjwn nj k` j`w~u`knr` gn kcy ylywnd`y nicjùdlicy ikàylicy*

^j` vnr p~n nk wuè`bc d`j~`k p~ngè` xuco~jg`dnjwn `ycil`gc ` k` o`kw` gnklenuw`g+ jc n}lywä` jljfòj nyxìlc ycil`k kleun xù` k` ljvnjilùj* Kcy ycoci`jwnynoniwcy gn k` nyik`vlw~g yceun k` wìijli` jc o~nucj ~j yldxkn xucg~iwc gn k` e`b`xucg~iwlvlg`g dngl` gnk xucxlc wuè`bc nyik`vlyw` | jl ylp~lnu` gnk

yimulww ld uÿdlyimnj Unlim + Vlnye`gnj+ 0<?<+ xx* 05$0071 K* @* Dculwr+Fu`lj$dllky `jg okc~u lj ik`yyli`k @jwlp~lw| + C}ocug+ 0<>=1 A* G* Vmlwn+Ucd`j oùdljf + Kcjguny+ 0<68+ xx* 059$7+ 076$65+ 0==$<0+ 5?8$0+7>5*07 Nk xuceknd` fnjnu`k nywà xk jwn gc njìufli`dnjwn+ icdc gn icyw~deun+ xcu Oljkn|+ ¡Wnimjli kljjcv`wlcj `jg nicjcdli xucfunyy lj wmn `jilnjw cukg±+ Nicjcdli Mlywcu| Unvln + ]_LLL+ jòd* 0+ 0<>>+xx* 5<$7>* Xù k`y un`klrìlcjny nyxniäoli`y gnk Ldxnulc ucd`jc+ vì`yn O* V* V`ke`ja+ Wmn ` o~k unvck~wlcj + Klvnuxcck+ 0<?<+ xx* 78$0+ 7?$6+ 08=$08*0> Xcklwliy + LLL+ lv+ 5* QXckäwli` + LLL+ lll+ 5*T

QXàf* 58T

vck~dnj gn y~ ~wlklrìlùj+ yljc p~n òniwùcj y~wlkdnjwn ` wcg`y k`y ocud`y gnwuè`bc* Dù} ljwnjwù n}xunyù nk wlxc gn ìilùj p~n nbnuilnucj nj ~j` ou`yn o`dcy`+`~jp~n wnùuli`dnjwn iuäxwli`2 ¡Nj wcg`y k`y ocud`y gn ycilng`g n}lywn ~jgnwnudlj`g` xucg~iilùj p~n `ylfj` ` wcg`y k`y cwu`y y~ icuunyxcjglnjwn u`jfc nljok~njil` | i~|`y unkìlcjny+ xcu kc w`jwc+ `ylfj`j ` wcg`y k`y cwu`y nk u`jfc | k`ljok~njil`* Ny ~j` lk~dljìlùj fnjnu`k nj k` p~n yn e`ð`j wcgcy kcy ickcuny | p~ndcgloli` k`y xùwli~kùlg`gny gn ìywcy* Ny icdc ~j ìwnu xùwli~kù p~n gnwnudlj` nkxnyc nyxniäolic gn wcg`y k`y ocud`y gn n}lywnjil` p~n `kkä wcd`j unklnvn± 0?* Icdc nynvlgnjwn+ kcy nyik`vcy `fuäick`y wnjä`j d~| xcicy ljinjwlvcy xù` un`klrù y~y wùn`ynicjùdli`y gn ocud` icdxnwnjwn | icjilnjr~g` i~`jgc yn unk`bè` k` vlflk`jil`1 y~ndxknc ùxwldc wnjä` k~fù nj kcy vlðngcy | kcy cklvùny* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ d~imcyùwny`jcy | `kf~jcy `fuli~kwcuny nyik`vcy xcynä`j ` dnj~gc ~j` gnywunr` jcwèkn+gnjwuc gn kcy kädlwny gn k`y wìijli`y gcdlj`jwny* K` icdx~kylùj nywu~iw~u`k gn k`nyik`vlw~g yceun k` wìijli` jc unylgä` w`jwc nj ~j` i`~y`klg`g ljwu`nicjùdli`-`~jp~n ìyw` nu` ldxcuw`jwn nj yä dlyd`, i~`jwc nj k` dngl`w` lgnckcfä` ycil`k p~nucgnè` ` k` wcw`klg`g gnk wuè`bc d`j~`k nj nk d~jgc ikàylic | icjw`dljè` `kwuè`bc `y`kùl`gc n ljik~yc `k ljgnxnjglnjwn icj nk nywlfd` gn k` gnymcju` 06* Njfnjnu`k+ nk wuè`bc nyik`vc jc nu` dnjcy xucg~iwlvc p~n nk kleun n ljik~yc nj `kf~jcyi`dxcy y~ xucg~iwlvlg`g nu` y~xnulcu+ xnuc ynjwù k`y e`yny gn `decy+ gn w`k ocud`p~n njwun nkkcy j~ji` yn gnyùuckkù ~j` fu`j glvnufnjil` nj ~j nyxìlc nicjùdlic

icdòj p~n n}ik~ä` k` `xkliìlùj gn k` i~kw~u` ` k` wìijli` xù` xucg~ilu ljvnjwcy* Nkglvcuilc njwun nk wuè`bc d`wnul`k | k` nyonu` gn k` klenuw`g nu` w`j uäflgc p~n kcyfulnfcy jc wnjä`j ylp~lnu` ~j` x`kèu` nj y~ lglcd` xù` n}xunyù nk icjinxwc gnwuè`bc+ jl icdc o~jilùj ycil`k jl nj i~`jwc icjg~iw` xnuycj`k* Ìk wuè`bc `fuäick` |nk ùwny`j`k yn icjylgnuè`j nynjil`kdnjwn icdc ¡`g`xwìlcjny±0? Fu~jgulyyn gnu Aulwla gnu xcklwlyimnj ßacjcdln + Enukäj+ 0<>9+ x* 56* QNkndnjwcy o~jg`dnjw`kny xù` k` iuäwli` gn k` nicjcdä` xckäwli` + D`gulg+ Ylfkc ]]L+ 0<65+ xx* 56$=T*06 Oljkn| ynð`k` p~n nk wìudljc fulnfc xnjl` + p~n mèlw~`kdnjwn yn cxcjn ` xkc~wcy icdc ¡xceunr`± `¡ulp~nr`±+ wlnjn nj un`klg`g nk ynjwlgc xn|cu`wlvc dày `dxklc gn ¡wuè`bc xnjcyc± c gn ¡ceklfìlùj gnwuè`bù±+ | x~ngn èùiù ljik~yc ` kcy xnp~nðcy | xuùyxnucy ùunjg`wùlcy+ yceun i~|c wuè`bc ynilnujn w`delìj k` dlyd` ycdeu` i~kw~u`k2 D* L* Oljkn|+ Wmn `jilnjw nicjcd| + Kcjguny+ 0<69+ x* 70* QK` nicjcdä` gn k` @jwlfûng`g + D`gulg+ OIN+ 0<6>*T

QXàf* 50T

` k` j`w~u`knr` | jc icdc wu`jyocud ilcjny gn ìyw`1 `decy nu`j ocud`y gn ynuvlilc*



Xk`wùj w`delìj gnywnuuù ldxkäilw`dnjwn ` kcy ùwny`jcy gn k` xckly 1 xù` ìk ¡nk wuè`bcny `kfc `bnjc ` kcy v`kcuny m~d`jcy | nj `kf~jcy `yxniwcy ljik~yc xùnin ynu k``jwäwnyly gn kc p~n ny nynjil k `k mcdeun± 0=* K` wìijli`+ icjylgnu`g` icdcljywu~dnjwìlùj xundnglw`g` | xucfunylv` gnk d~jgc j`w~u`k xcu nk mcdeun+ nu`ljicdx`wlekn icj k` `yldlkìlùj fkce`k gnk mcdeun `k d~jgc j`w~u`k icdc y~¡ljywu~dnjwc xùk`jwn±* K` xucg~iwlvlg`g p~ngè` olb`g` xcu k` xnunjjn u~wlj` gnkljywu~dnjw~d vci`kly + p~n gnv`k~è` wcgc wuè`bc `k ldxnglu k` xunci~xìlùjxnud`jnjwn xcu kcy ylywnd`y gn nicjcdä`* K` vä` wäxli` gn n}x`jylùj xù` i~`kp~lnuNyw`gc gn k` @jwlfûng`g ylndxun o~n+ x~ny+ ~j vä` ¡k`wnu`k± ‗k` icjp~lyw`fncfuàoli`‗ | jc nk `v`jin nicjùdlic* Nj icjyni~njil`+ k` ilvlklrìlùj ikàyli` w~vc~j iùàiwnu ljmnunjwndnjwn ickcjl`k 2 k` il~g`g$Nyw`gc ink~kù yn unxucg~iä`ljvùlèkndnjwn ` yä dlyd`+ nj k`y o`yny gn `~fn+ xcu dnglc gnk xcek`dlnjwc | k`f~nuu`* Kcy y`p~ncy+ kcy wule~wcy | kcy nyik`vcy nu`j kcy cebnwcy o~jg`dnjw`kny gnknjfu`jgnildlnjwc+ dnglcy | ` k` vnr oljny gn k` n}x`jylùj ickcjl`k* Nk xcgnuäc dlklwùnywè` p~lrà d~imc dày klf`gc `k iunildlnjwc nicjùdlic p~n nj jljfòj cwuc dcgcgn xucg~iilùj `jwnulcu c xcywnulcu+ gnelgc ` p~n k` xuljilx`k o~njwn gnk wuè`bcnyik`vc nu` jcud`kdnjwn k` i`xw~u` gn xulylcjnucy gn f~nuu`+ dlnjwu`y p~n kòcudìlùj gn wucx`y kleuny ~ue j`y icj gnywljc ` k` f~nuu` gnxnjgä` gnk

d`jwnjldlnjwc gn k` xucg~iilùj ljwnuj` xcu kcy nyik`vcy* Kcy i`dxcy gn e`w`kk`xucxcuilcjè`j d jc gn ceu` xù` kcy i`dxcy gn inun`kny |+ vlinvnuy`+ kcywuè`b`gcuny i`~wlvcy xnudlwä`j k` iunìlùj gn0= B* X* _nuj`jw+D|wmn nw xnjyìn imnr kny Funiy + Xùäy+ 0<?>+ xx* 0<5+ 0<6$<+ 506* QDlwc | xnjy`dlnjwc nj k` Funil` `jwlf~` + Eùinkcj`+ @ulnk+ 0<67*T Kcy gcy njy`|cy gn _nuj`jw+ ¡Xucdìwmìn nw k` ocjiwlcjwnimjlp~n± | ¡Wu`v`lk nw j`w~un g`jy k` Fuíin `jilnjjn± couninj ~j `jàklyly y~wlk gn k`y glywljilcjnynjwun xclnyly | xu`}ly + | gn k`y unkìlcjny gnk `fuli~kwcu+ nk ùwny`jc | nk xunyw`dlyw` icj k` xckly *

@kn}`jgun Ac|uì ljwnjwù gndcywuù nj ~j` ci`ylùj p~n nk nyw`ji`dlnjwc wìijlic gn k` ilvlklrìlùj fulnf`jc yn gnelù ` k` xunynjil` gn k` nyik`vlw~g c ` k` gnv`k~ìlùj gnk wuè`bc+ yljc ` k` `~ynjil` gn k` oäyli`+p~n yn mlrc ldxcylekn xcu k` lji`xìlg`g gn kcy fulnfcy xù` `xkliù k`y dnglg`y d`wndàwli`y `k d~jgcwnuunywun2 ¡G~ dcjgn gn k“è xn~ xuíy è k“~jlvnuy gn k` xuìilylcj±+ Iulwlp~n + ynxwlndeun gn 0<7=+ xx* =8?$=* @k mìnu nywc+ Ac|uì ljwnjwè` n}xkäilw`dnjwn nvlwù ~j` n}xkliìlùj ycilckùfli` gnk onjùdnjc1 xnuc+icdc nk dlydc Ac|uì `gdlwlù ldxkäilw`dnjwn nj cwuc k~fù+ k` Ng`g Dngl` w`dxcic icjcilù k` oäyli` |+ylj ndeùfc+ xucg~bc ~j` wnijckcfä` gljàdli`2 jc o~n nk lwljnuùlc gn k` ilnjil`+ yljc nk i~uyc gn k`yunkìlcjny gn xucg~iilùj+ kc p~n dùiù nk gnywljc gn k` wìijli`*

QXàf* 55T

nbìuilwcy gn il~g`g`jcy* Nj k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli` x~ngnj ceynuvùyn wuny fu`jgnyilikcy gn n}x`jylùj ldxnul`k+ i~|cy u`yfcy y~inylvcy | i`del`jwny nywu~iw~uùcj nkdcgnkc fkce`k gnk d~jgc funicuucd`jc2 nk ilikc `wnjlnjyn+ nk dìngcjlc | nk ucd`jc*I`g` ~jc gn nkkcy unxunynjwù ~j` yck~ilùj nyxniäoli` ` kcy xuceknd`y xckäwlicy |cuf`jlr`wlvcy gn k` icjp~lyw` ~kwu`dùlj`+ yck~ilùj p~n p~ngù ljwnfu`g` | y~xnu`g`xcu k` ylf~lnjwn+ ylj p~n j~ji` yn wu`jyfunglnu`j k`y e`yny y~ewnuuàjn`y gn ~jìcdòj ilvlklrìlùj ~ue`j`*

QXàf* 59T

5* FUNIL@

K` `xùlilùj gn k`y il~g`gny$Nyw`gc mnknj`y nj k` rcj` gnk Nfnc ny `jwnulcu ` k`ìxci` ikàyli`+ | icj k`y o~njwny glyxcjlekny+ jc nyiulw`y+ yùkc x~ngnj `xunilùyn y~yu`yfcy fnjnu`kny* Wu`y nk ick`xyc gn k` ilvlklrìlùj dliìjli` mìl` nk `ðc 0588 `* I*+Funil` y~oulù ~j` xuckcjf`g` ¡Ng`g Cyi~u`± nj k` p~n k` nyiulw~u` gny`xùnilù | k`

vlg` nicjùdli` unwucinglù ` ~j nyw`glc gcdìywlic u~gldnjwùlc2 ny nk d~jgcxuldlwlvc | u~u`k unoknb`gc nj k` ìxli` gn Mcdnuc* O~n nj k` ylf~lnjwn ìxci` gn k`Funil` ùi`li`+ gnk =88 `k >88 `* I*+ i~`jgc iulyw`klrù xcu vnr xuldnu` | d~|knjw`dnjwn nk dcgnkc ~ue`jc gn k` ilvlklrìlùj ikàyli`* Nj `kfòj dcdnjwc `jwny gn k``xùlilùj gn kcy gci~dnjwcy mlywùulicy+ k`y dcjùp~ä`y kci`kny o~nucj gnuuci`g`y xcuk`y ùlywciuìl`y wule`kny |+ e`bc nk gcdljlc gn nyw`y jceknr`y+ yn o~jgùcj c



gnyùuckkùcj `kf~j`y il~g`gny* Nk fcelnujc ùlywciuàwlic gn k` Funil` ùi liicljilglù icj k` un`xùlilùj gnk icdnuilc gn kùf` glyw`jil` -xuljilx`kdnjwn icj Ylul`

| icj nk Culnjwn,+ icj k`y xuldnu`y ì~ðìlcjny gn dcjng` -ljvnjw`g`y nj Klgl` nj nkylfkc _LL, | icj k` nyiulw~u` `koèìwli` -gnulv`g` gn Onjlil`,* K` ~ue`jlrìlùj xucfunyùljljwnuu~dxlg`dnjwn+ n}wnjglìjgcyn ` ~kwu`dù xcu nk Dnglwnuuàjnc | nk N~}ljc+m`yw` p~n ` olj`kny gnk xnuäcgc gn k` ickcjlrìlùj+ ` dngl`gcy gnk ylfkc _L+ mèä``kungngcu gn 0>88 il~g`gny fulnf`y nj k` x`wul mnkìjli` | nj nk n}wu`jbnuc+xuàiwli`dnjwn jljf~j` gn nkk`y `knb`g` dày gn 78 alkùdnwucy gn k` icyw`* Nj kcnynjil k+ nyw`y il~g`gny nu j jòikncy unylgnjil kny gcjgn yn icjinjwuè`j kcy`fuli~kwcuny | kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny* Nj k` xnp~nð` il~g`g wäxli` gn nyw` ìxci`+ kcy`fuli~kwcuny vlvä j gnjwuc gn y~y d~u`kk`y | i`g` gä` y`kä`j ` wuè`bù ` kcy i`dxcy+

vckvlnjgc gn jcimn+ `~jp~n nk wnuulwculc gn k`y il~g`gny ylndxun ljik~ä` ~jìlui~jonunjil` `fuùl` icj ~j` xcekìlùj njwnu`dnjwn u~u`k `ynjw`g` nj nkk`* K`cuf`jlrìlùj ycil`k gn nyw`y il~g`gny wcg`vä` unoknbè` e~nj` xùwn gnk x`y`gc wule`kgnk p~n mèä`j y~uflgc2 y~ nywu~iw~u` ljwnuj` nywè` ùwli~k`g` nj ~jlg`gnymnunglwùl`y i~|` jcdnjik`w~u` gn xùnjwnyic unxunynjwè` ~j` wu`ykìlùj ~ue`j` gn

QXàf* 57T

k`y wu`glilcj`kny glvlylcjny u~u`kny* @yä+ kcy mèlw`jwny gn k`y il~g`gny nywè`jjcud`kdnjwn cuf`jlr`gcy ‗nj cugnj gnyinjgnjwn gn w`d`ðc | xnuwnjnjil`‗ nj¡wule~y±+ ¡ou`wuä`y± | ¡ik`jny±* Kcy ik`jny nu`j fu~xcy n}ik~ylv`dnjwn ùlywciuàwlicy

| k`y ¡ou`wuä`y± p~lrà o~nu`j culflj`kdnjwn y~y iklnjwnk`y xcx~kùny 0* Gn k`yicjywlw~ilcjny xckäwli`y ocud`kny gn k`y il~g`gny fulnf`y nj k` nu` ùi`li` yn icjcinxcic+ |` p~n ‗` glonunjil` gn k`y gn Ucd` nj ~j nyw`glc np~lv`knjwn gn gnyùuckkc‗jc yceunvlvlnucj nj k` ìxci` ikàyli`+ xnuc ny nvlgnjwn p~n nywè`j e`y`g`y nj nkgcdljlc xulvlknfl gc gn ~j jceknr` mnunglwùl` yceun nk unywc gn k` xcekìlùj~ue`j`+ gcdljlc p~n yn nbnuiä` jcud`kdnjwn xcu dnglc gnk fcelnujc yceun k` il~g`ggn ~j icjynbc n}ik~ylv`dnjwn ùlywciuàwlic*

K` u~xw~u` gn nywn cugnj fnjnu`k ì`nilù nj nk òkwldc ylfkc gn k` nu` ùi`li`+ icj k``xùlilùj gn kcy ¡wlu`jcy± - i`* ?>8$>08 `jwny gn Iulywc,* Nywcy `~wùiu`w`y ucdxlnucjnk gcdljlc gn k`y ùlywciuìl`y `jinywu`kny yceun k`y il~g`gny1 unxunynjwè`j ` kcyj~nvcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny | ` ~j ulp~nr` dày unilnjwn+ ì~d~k`g` g~u`jwn nk*iunildlnjwc nicjùdlic gn k` ìxci` xuningnjwn+ | e`yè`j y~ xcgnu+ nj ~j` dnglg`d~imc d`|cu+ nj k`y icjinylcjny mnim`y ` k` d`y` jc xulvlknfl`g` gn kcy mèlw`jwnygn k` il~g`g* K`y wlu`jä`y gnk ylfkc _L icjywlw~|nucj+ nj noniwc+ k` iuäwli` wu`jylilùjmìl` k` xckly ikàyli`+ xcup~n nj nywn xnuäcgc gn yì~glg`y o~n i~`jgc yn nimùcj kcyildlnjwcy nicjùdlicy | dlklwùny gn k` ilvlklrìlùj ikàyli` gn Funil`* Kcy wlu`jcyo~nucj nk xucg~iwc gn ~j gcekn xucinyc p~n w~vc k~fù nj k`y il~g`gny mnkìjli`y gnolj`kny gnk xnuäcgc ùi`lic* K` kknf`g` gn k` dcjng` | k` n}x`jylùj gn ~j` nicjcdä`dcjnwùl` o~nucj ìcdx`ð`g`y gn ~j uàxlgc `~dnjwc nj nk icdnuilc | k` xcekìlùjfkce`k gn Funil`* K` ck` gn ickcjlrìlùj ~kwu`dùlj` gn kcy ylfkcy _LLL `k _L o~n k`n}xunylùj dày cevl` gn nyw` nvck~ilùj* Dlnjwu`y w`jwc+ k` y~xnulcu xucg~iwlvlg`g gnkcy i~kwlvcy mnkìjlicy gn vljc | cklvc+ dày ljwnjylvcy p~n k` icnwàjn` `fuli~kw~uìnun`klyw`+ xucxcuilcjù p~lrà ` Funil` ~j` vnjw`b` unk`wlv` nj kcy ljwnui`delcyicdnuil`kny gnjwuc gn k` rcj` dnglwnuuàjn` 5* K`y cxcuw~jlg`gny nicjùdli`yci`ylcj`g`y xcu nywn iunildlnjwc iunùcj ~j nywu`wc gn xucxlnwùlcy `fuäick`ynjulp~nilgcy nj onim` unilnjwn+ p~n jc xucingä`j gn k`y olk`y gn k` jceknr` wu`glilcj`k

| yn enjnolilè`j xuceèkndnjwn nj `k$0 @* @jgun ny+Funna ycilnw| + Kcjguny+ 0<?6+ xx* 6?$=5*5 _ì`jyn k`y xu~ne`y nj Vlkkl`d DiJnlkk+ Wmn ulyn co wmn Vnyw + Imli`fc+ 0<?9+ xx* 580+ 569* QK` ilvlklrìlùj gn Ciilgnjwn + Eùinkcj`+ _cyfcy+ 0<69*T

QXàf* 5>T

f~jcy i`ycy gn k`y ndxuny`y icdnuil`kny `~}lklùny* K` j~nv` ulp~nr` gn nywn fu~xc



jc le` ndxùnb`g` ` ~j xcgnu np~lv`knjwn nj k` il~g`g* @k dlydc wlndxc+ nk `~dnjwcgn k` xcekìlùj | k` n}x`jylùj | glykciìlùj gn k` nicjcdä` ùi`li` xucvciùcjxuco~jg`y wnjylcjny ycil`kny njwun k` ik`yn u~u`k dày xceun+ p~n nu` ylndxun k` dàyy~yinxwlekn gn vnuyn gnfu`g`g`

c ycdnwlg` ` kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny jcekny | p~n `mcu` nywè` n}x~nyw` ` j~nv`yxunylcjny n ljinuwlg~deuny 9* K` xunylùj icdelj`g` gnk gnyicjwnjwc u~u`k xcu è`bc |gn k`y j~nv`y ocuw~j y xcu ùule` p~neuùcj nk nywunimc iäui~kc gnk gcdljlcùlywciuàwlic nj k`y il~g`gny* Nk uny~kw`gc iùìwnuäywlic gn kcy knv`jw`dlnjwcyxckäwlicy p~n w~vlnucj k~fù nj k`y il~g`gny o~n k` `xùlilùj gn k`y o~fìny wlu`jä`y gnolj`kny gnk ylfkc _LL | gnk _L* Kcy wlu`jcy nu`j jcud`kdnjwn ~jcy ùulelyw`y gnicjylgnuèkn ulp~nr`+ i~|c xcgnu xnuycj`k yldecklrè` nk ìinyc gnk fu~xc ycil`k gnkp~n xucingä`j ` kcy mcjcuny | k`y xcylilcjny nknv`g`y gnjwuc gn k` il~g`g* Y~

vliwcul`+ ylj ndeùfc+ o~n xcylekn fnjnu`kdnjwn yùkc xcu k` ~wlklrìlùj p~n mlilnucj gnk`y unlvljgliìlcjny u`gli`kny gn kcy xceuny+ | y~y un`klrìlcjny dày g~u`gnu`y o~nucjk`y unocud`y nicjùdli`y nj o`vcu gn k`y ik`yny xcx~kùny p~n w~vlnucj p~n icjingnuc wcknuù xù` `ynf~uù y~ xcgnu* Nj icjokliwc icj k` jceknr` wu`glilcj`k+ kcy wlu`jcyekcp~nùcj cebnwlv`dnjwn k` dcjcxcklrìlùj gn k` xucxlng`g `fuùl`+ p~n nu` k`

wnjgnjil` olj`k gnk gcdljlc lkldlw`gc gn `p~ìkk` | p~n `dnj`rè` icj i`~yùwnjylcjny ycil`kny iunilnjwny nj k` Funil` ùi`li`* Icj k` òjli` n}inxilùj gn k`kk`j~u` ljwnulcu gn Wny`kl`+ k`y xnp~nð`y xucxlng`gny `fuùl`y o~nucj icjynuv`g`y |icjycklg`g`y g~u`jwn nyw` ìxci` nj wcg` Funil`* G`g` k` iùnjil` gn wnywldcjlcygci~dnjw`kny gnk xnuäcgc xunikàylic+ k`y glonunjwny ocud`y nj k`y p~n w~vc k~fù nywnxucinyc wlnjnj p~n ynu unicjywu~lg`y ` xùwlu gn y~y noniwcy xcywnulcuny* K` xuldnuùnenklùj ldxcuw`jwn icjwu` nk gcdljlc ùlywciuàwlic p~n gnyndeciù nj k`ldxk`jwìlùj gn ~j` wlu`jä`+ `xc|`g` nj k`y ik`yny e`b`y+ w~vc k~fù ` dngl`gcy gnkylfkc _LL nj Iculjwc+ gcjgn k` o`dlkl gn kcy E`p~ä`g`y o~n gnuuci g` gn y~wu`glilcj`k icjwuck yceun k` il~g`g+ ~jc gn kcy xuldnucy injwucy icdnuil`kny p~nokcunilù nj Funil`* Xnuc ycj k`y unocud`y yckùjli`y gn @wnj`y k`y p~n couninj nknbndxkc9 V* F* Ocuunyw+Wmn ndnufnjin co Funna gndciuì| + Kcjguny+ 0<??+ xàflj`y >>+ 0>8$? QK` gndciuìl` fulnf` + D`gulg+ F~`gùu`d`+ 0<?6T+ p~n ljylywn nj nk j~nvc iunildlnjwc nicjùdlic gnk i`dxc1 @*

@jgun ny+Wmn Funna w|u`jwy + Kcjguny 0<>?+ xx* =8$0+ p~n ìnjwò` k` gnxunylùj ycil`k gn k` ik`yn gn kcyxnp~nðcy fuli~kwcuny*

QXàf* 5?T

dày ikùc | dnbcu gci~dnjw`gc gn kc p~n xuceèkndnjwn o~n nk dcgnkc fnjnu`k gn k`ìxci`* Yckùj+ p~n jc nu` ~j wlu`jc+ o~n ljvnywlgc gnk xcgnu y~xundc xù` p~n yluvlnu`gn dngl`gcu nj k`y njiùjlr`g`y k~im`y ycil`kny njwun ulicy | xceuny p~n nyw`kkùcjnj nk Àwli` ` icdlnjrcy gnk ylfkc _L* Y~ dnglg` dày gnilylv` icjylywlù nj ècklu k``gyiulxilùj xcu gn~g`y ` k` wlnuu`+ dni`jlydc wäxlic xcu nk p~n kcy xnp~nðcyxucxlnwùlcy nu`j väiwld`y gn kcy fu`jgny wnuu`wnjlnjwny | yn icjvnuwä`j nj y~yùunjg`wùlcy gnxnjglnjwny+ c kcy ùunjg`wùlcy yn icjvnuwä`j nj i`~wlvcy gn kcyxucxlnwùlcy ùlywùiu`w`y7* Nk uny~kw`gc o~n ldxnglu nk iunildlnjwc gn k`y olji`yjcelklùl`y | nywèlklrù nk dcgnkc gn k`y xnp~nð`y | dngl`j`y xucxlng`gny+ p~n `xùwlu gn njwcjiny iùìwnulrùcj `k i`dxc gnk Àwli`*

Nywn cugnj nicjùdlic o~n ìcdx`ð`gc gn ~j` j~nv` `gdljlywuìlùj xckäwli`* Yckùjxulvù ` k` jceknr` gn y~ dcjcxcklc gn kcy iùfcy `k glvlglu ` k` xcekìlùj gn @wnj`y nji~`wuc ik`yny gn unjw`y* @ k`y gcy ik`yny y~xnulcuny kny icjinglù nk gnunimc ` k`yy~xund`y d`flywu`w~u`y1 ` k` wnuinu`+ nk ìinyc ` kcy iùfcy `gdljlywu`wlvcyljonulcuny+ | ` k` i~ùw` | òkwld`+ ~j vcwc nj k` `y`dekn` gn il~g`g`jcy+ p~n ` xùwlu

gn njwcjiny yn icjvluwlù nj ~j ljywlw~ilùj unf~kù gn k` il~g`g* Xnuc nyw`yglyxcylilcjny jc nywè`j gnywlj`g`y ` g~uù* Nj kcy wunljw` `ðcy ylf~lnjwny+ @wnj`yn}xnuldnjwù ~j uàxlgc iunildlnjwc icdnuil`k icj k` iunìlùj gn ~j` dcjng` gn kìl~g`g | k` d~kwlxkliìlùj gnk icdnuilc kci`k* Kcy icjokliwcy ycil`kny njwun kcy



il~g`g`jcy yn unjcvùcj | `fu`vùcj uàxlg`dnjwn+ i~kdlj`jgc nj k` wcd` gnk xcgnuxcu nk wlu`jc Xlyäywu`wc* E`bc y~ gcdljlc+ k` ocudìlùj ycil`k `wnjlnjyn `gcxwù y~icjolf~uìlùj gnoljlwlv`* Xlyäywu`wc x`wuciljù ~j xucfu`d` gn icjywu~iilcjny p~nxucxcuilcjù wuè`bc ` kcy ùwny`jcy | wuè`b`gcuny ~ue`jcy | xunylglù nk okcunilnjwngnyùuckkc gnk wuàolic dùäwldc dày `kkà gnk Xlunc* Xnuc+ yceun wcgc+ Xlyäywu`wc counilù~j` `ylywnjil` olj`jilnu` gluniw` `k i`dxnylj`gc `wnjlnjyn nj ocud` gn iuìglwcyxòeklicy p~n òl`jrùcj y~ `~wcjcdä` | ynf~ulg`g > nj väy$7 Jc yn yèn icj inuwnr` yl kcy i`dxnyljcy xceuny gnk Àwli` nu`j ùunjg`wùlcy c xucxlnwùlcy gn y~ywlnuu`y `jwny gn k`y unocud`y gn Yckùj* @jgun ny òlud` p~n p~lrà o~nu`j kc xuldnuc - Funna ycilnw| +xàflj`y 08?$6,+ xnuc k`y fnjnuìlcjny xcywnulcuny jc icjynuv`j jljfòj uni~nugc gn ~j` glywule~ilùj gnwlnuu`y noniw~`g` xcu Yckùj* K` wnyly gn @jgun ny xùnin+ x~ny+ ldxuceèkn*> D* L* Oljkn|+Wmn `jilnjw Funnay + Kcjguny+ 0<?9+ x* 99 QKcy fulnfcy gn k` @jwlfûng`g + Eùinkcj`+ Kècu+0<69T icjylgnu` k` xckäwli` gn Xlyäywu wc dày ldxcuw`jwn xù` k` ljgnxnjgnjil nicjùdli` gnki`dxnylj`gc àwlic p~n k`y unocud`y gn Yckùj*

QXàf* 56T

xnu`y gn k` xckly ikàyli`* K` y~xnuvlvnjil` ljicjglilcj`k gn kcy xnp~nðcy | dngl`jcy`fuli~kwcuny nywè` fù`jwlr`g`* Nywn xucinyc nicjùdlic ‗i~|` ljvnuy` `~ynjil`mèuä` gn gnoljlu dày wùgn k` mlywcul` ycil`k gn Ucd`‗ xùnin p~n o~n yldlkù njwcg` Funil`+ `~jp~n kcy mnimcy nj p~n yn `xc|ù jc nywàj nj xùwn `kf~j` w`jgci~dnjw`gcy icdc nj @wnj`y* Nj nk unywc gn Funil`+ nk w`d`ðc dnglc gn k`yxucxlng`gny u~u`kny xcylekndnjwn nu` d`|cu+ xnuc yùkc nj Wny`kl` xungcdljè`j k`yfu`jgny olji`y gn k` ùlywciuìl`* K` e`yn nicjùdli` gn k` il~g`g`jä` mnknj` mèuä`gn ynu k` dcgnyw` xucxlng`g `fuäick`* @xuc}ld`g`dnjwn `k dlydc wlndxc nj p~n ynkknfè` ` nywn `b~ywn ycil`k+ nj k` nu` gn k`y wlu`jä`y+ w~vc k~fù ~j i`delcylfjloli`wlvc nj k` cuf`jlrìlùj dlklwù gn k`y il~g`gny* @ xùwlu gn njwcjiny+ kcynbìuilwcy yn icdx~ylnucj nynjil`kdnjwn gn mcxklw`y+ ljo`jwnuä` xny`g` p~n icjywlw~|ù~j` ljjcvìlùj fulnf` nj nk d~jgc dnglwnuuàjnc* I`g` mcxklw` yn np~lxè`+ ` y~yn}xnjy`y+ icj ùd`y | ùd`g~u`2 ~j` yckg`gnyi` gn nywn wlxc xuny~xcjä` ~ju`rcjèkn jlvnk nicjùdlic |+ gn mnimc+ kcy yckg`gcy mcxklw`y ylndxun xucingä`j gn kìk`yn dngl` `fuùl` gn k`y il~g`gny* Y~ noliìl` dlklwù mèuä` gn dcywuùyn nj k`yycuxunjgnjwny vliwcul`y fulnf`y yceun kcy xnuy`y nj nk ylfkc ylf~lnjwn+ xnuc kc dàyldxcuw`jwn o~n+ nj gnoljlwlv`+ y~ xcylilùj injwu`k gnjwuc gn k` nywu~iw~u` xckäwli` gnk`y il~g`gny$Nyw`gc* K` icjglilùj xunvl` gn k` xcywnulcu ¡gndciuìl`± fulnf` c gn k`n}wnjglg` ¡cklfùp~ä`± o~n ~j` ljo`jwnuä` gn il~g`g`jcy p~n yn ùdè`j ` yä dlydcy*

Nyxùw` o~n k` xuldnu` il~g`g$Nyw`gc p~n njiùjù kcy uny~kw`gcy ycil`kny gnk ylywnd`dlklwù mcxklw`* Y~ nvck~ilùj nj k` ìxci` xunikàyli` icjywlw~|n ~j i~ulcyc icjwu`xnycgn k` gn @wnj`y* Nyxùw`+ nj noniwc+ jc icjcilù jljf~j` wlu`jä`+ | k` o`kw` gn nywnmèlw~`k nxlycglc wu`jylilcj`k xunywù ~j iùàiwnu xni~klù ` y~y ljywlw~ilcjnynicjùdli`y | xckäwli`y+ dnrik`jgc nj ~j dckgn y~l fnjnuly u`yfcy `v`jr`gcy |

ùi`licy* K` il~g`g gn Nyxùw` icjp~lywù gnygn onim` wndxu`j` ~j mljwnuk`jg unk`wlv`dnjwn `dxklc nj nk Xnkcxcjnyc+ xuldnuc mìl` nk nywn+ nj Kìcjl + | gnyx~ìymìl` nk cnywn+ nj Dnynjl`+ | nyik`vlrù ` k` d`|cu xùwn gn kcy mèlw`jwny gn `de`yunflcjny+ p~n yn icjvluwlnucj nj ¡lkcw`y± gnk Nyw`gc* Nywn njfu`jgnildlnjwcfncfuàolic | nywn ycdnwldlnjwc ycil k gn k` xcekìlùj gn kcy `kungngcuny ynicjylf~lnucj e`bc nk gcdljlc dcjàup~lic* Nj nk wu`jyi~uyc gnk ylfkc _LL+ ylj ndeùfc+

| wu`y k` icjp~lyw` ljlil`k gn Dnynjl` c k` xcywnulcu unxunylùj gn ~j` unenklùjdnynjl`+ | icdc icjyni~njil` gn nkk`+ w~vlnucj k~fù nj k` ycilng`g nyxù$

QXàf* 5=T

w`j` `kf~jcy i`delcy u`gli`kny+ `wule~lgcy wu`glilcj`kdnjwn ` k` olf~u` däwli` gnkunocud`gcu Kli~ufc* Gn ì~nugc icj k` kn|njg` fulnf`+ k` wlnuu` yn glvlglù nj xùwnylf~`kny p~n yn glywule~|nucj njwun kcy nyxùw`jcy nj aknucl c xùink`y+ i~kwlv`g`y xcukcy lkcw`y+ p~n nu`j xucxlng`g ickniwlv` gnk Nyw`gc* Dày wùgn+ ny`y xucxlng`gny



¡`jwlf~`y± yn icjylgnuùcj lj`klnjèkny+ dlnjwu`y p~n kcy wnuunjcy dày unilnjwny ynicjylgnuè`j xucxlng`g xulv`g` p~n xcgä` vnjgnuyn | icdxuùyn ?* Wcgcy kcyil~g`g`jcy wnjä`j p~n ècjù i`jwlg`gny olb`y nj nyxniln ` k` y|yylwl` c dny` icdòjynuvlg` xcu iciljnucy | i`dùnucy lkcw`y1 p~lnjny o~nu`j lji`xìny gn i~dxklu ny`ceklfìlùj xnugä`j `~wcdàwli`dnjwn k` il~g`g`jä` | yn icjvnuwä`j nj ¡ljonulcuny±+gnyfu il` icjwu` k` p~n xcylekndnjwn o~n nywèknilg` k` xcynylùj gn kcwnylj`klnjèkny* Nk uny~kw`gc olj`k gn nywn ylywnd` o~n k` iunìlùj gn ~j` ljwnjy` ~jlg`gickniwlv` njwun kcy nyxùw`jcy+ p~n yn kk`dè`j ` yä dlydcy icj wcgc cuf~kkc mcl mcdclcl + kcy ¡lf~`kny±+ `~jp~n k` icdxknw` lf~`kg`g nicjùdli` jc o~n nj jljfòjdcdnjwc ~j vnug`gnuc u`yfc gn k` il~g`g`jä` nyxùw`j` 6*

Nk ylywnd` xckäwlic p~n y~uflù yceun k` e`yn gn kcy aknucl o~n icuunk`wlv`dnjwn j~nvcxù` y~ wlndxc* K` dcjùp~ä` j~ji` gny`xùnilù xcu icdxknwc+ icdc y~inglù nj k`ycwu`y il~g`gny fulnf`y+ xnuc p~ngù ung~ilg` ` ~j fnjnu`k`wc mnunglwùlc | kldlw`g`xcu ~j` gcekn wlw~kùlg`g+ ljvnywlg` nj gcy o`dlkl`y un`kny =* Nj kcy gndày `yxniwcy+kcy ¡un|ny± nyxùw`jcy nu`j yldxkndnjwn dlndeucy gn k` ùlywciuìl` | xùwlilxè`jylj xulvlknflcy nyxnil`kny nj nk icjynbc gn kcy wunljw` `jil`jcy c fnuc~yl` p~nfcenujè` culfljùl`dnjwn ` k` il~g`g* Nk icjokliwc wäxlic njwun dcjùp~ä` | jceknr`

nj k` xuldnu` ìxci` ùi li yn unyckvlù `p~ä xcu dnglc gn ~j icdxucdlycljywlw~ilcj`k njwun `decy* Ylj ndeùfc+ g~u jwn nk ylfkc _LL k` d`y` gn kcyil~g`g`jcy kknfù ` icjywlw~lu ~j` `y`dekn` xknjùl` gn k` il~g`g+ icj gnunimc `gnilglu yceun k` xckäwli` p~n kn xunynjwè` nk icjynbc gn `jil`jcy+ p~n+ ` y~ vnr+ ynicjvluwlù nj ~j i~nuxc? Yn m` x~nywc nj g~g` k` un`klg`g gn ~j` culfljùl` glvlylùj gn wlnuu`y n ljik~yc gn ~j` xcywnulculj`klnjèlklg`g gn kcy aknucl 1 vì`yn+ xcu nbndxkc @* M* D* Bcjny+Yxùw` + C}ocug+ 0<?6+ xx* 78$9*

@jgun ny+ `~jp~n icj xuni`~ilùj+ icjingn dày iuìglwc ` k`y iunnjil`y fulnf`y2 Funna ycilnw| + xx* <7$>*6 K` n}wnjylùj gn kcy aknucl p~n `x~jw`kè`j k` ycklgùlg`g ycil`k gn Nyxùw` m` ylgc d~| gne`wlg`+ icjnywldìlcjny p~n vùä`j gnygn = 9? mniwàun`y gn wlnuu` i~kwlvèkn1 vì`yn X* Cklv`+ Yxùw` `jg mnu ycil`k

xucekndy + Àdywnug`d$Xu`f`+ 0<60+ xx* >0$5*= Xù` k` nywu~iw~u` gn k` icjywlw~ilùj+ vì`yn Bcjny+ Yxùw` + xx* 09$79*

QXàf* 5<T

nkniwlvc+ dlnjwu`y p~n kcy iljic d`flywu`gcy `j~`kny c ìocucy w~vlnucj nj `gnk`jwn k`y~xund` `~wculg`g nbni~wlv` xcu nkniilùj gluniw` gn wcgcy kcy il~g`g jcy* K`ygnilylcjny gn k` `y`dekn` xcgä`j ynu unim`r`g`y xcu nk vnwc gn k` fnuc~yl` + | kcyìocucy glyxcjä`j gn ~j` n}inxilcj`k icjinjwuìlùj gn xcgnu ùelwuùlc+ xnuc ` xnyùgn nkkc k` icjywlw~ilùj nyxùw`j` p~n iulyw`klrù nj k` ìxci` xunikàyli` nu` nj kc ycil`kk` dày `v`jr`g` gn y~ wlndxc* Ny` icjywlw~ilùj unxunynjwè`+ nj noniwc+ nk xuldnugnunimc gn vcwc mcxklw` p~n yn icjp~lywù nj Funil` <+ | y~ ljwucg~iilùj yn ylwò` `dnj~gc nj nk x`xnk gnyndxnð`gc xcu k` j~nv` ljo`jwnuä` xny`g` nj k` icjp~lyw` c nk`xk`yw`dlnjwc gn k` xcekìlùj ycdnwlg` gn Dnynjl`* @ xùwlu gn njwcjiny+ Nyxùw`

ylndxun o~n o`dcy` xcu k` ljlf~`k`g` glyilxklj` | nk v`kcu gn y~y yckg`gcy mcxklw`y*K`y yljf~kùny i~`klg`gny dlklwùny gn kcy nyxùw`jcy o~nucj icjyni~njil`+ ` y~ vnr+gn k` fnjnu`klrìlùj gnk wuè`bc gn kcy lkcw`y+ p~n klenuù ` kcy il~g`g`jcy gn wcgò~jilùj xucg~iwlv` gluniw` | kny xnudlwlù njwunjùyn xuconylcj`kdnjwn xù` k` f~nuuìcj ~j` gngliìlùj xknj`* Nk uny~kw`gc o~n k` iunìlùj gn ~j i~nuxc gn ~jcy cimc cj~nvn dlk il~g`g`jcy gn Nyxùw`+ nicjùdli`dnjwn `~wcy~olilnjwny | xckäwli`dnjwnkleuny+ d~imc dày `dxklc n lf~`klwùlc p~n i~`kp~lnu cwu` ùlywciuìl` icnwàjn` ci~`kp~lnu cwu` cklfùp~ä` xcywnulcu nj Funil`* Nk n}wundc icjynuv`g~ulydc gn kòcudìlùj ycil`k | nk ylywnd` xckäwlic nyxùw`jcy nj k` ìxci` ikàyli`+ p~n kny mìnxùninu ceycknwcy | `wu`y`gcy nj nk ylfkc _+ o~n nj un`klg`g nk xucg~iwc gn kcyjcwèkny ì}lwcy gn y~y wu`jyocudìlcjny ljjcv`gcu`y gnk ylfkc _LL* O~n nk xuldnuNyw`gc fulnfc p~n `ki`jrù ~j` icjywlw~ilùj mcxklw` | nk òkwldc p~n k` dcgloliù2 nkdcgnkc xuldlfnjlc gn k` nu` ùi`li` yceunvlvlù m`yw` k` dlyd` väyxnu` gn k` gnoljlwlv`n}wljilùj gn Nyxùw`+ dnglc dlknjlc gnyx~ìy*



Nj nk unywc gn Funil`+ icdc |` mndcy vlywc+ k`y il~g`gny$Nyw`gc nvck~ilcjùcj dàyknjw`dnjwn mìl y~ ocud` ikàyli`* Jcud`kdnjwn+ k`y wlu`jä`y o~nucj k`y jninyùl`yo`yny ljwnudngl`y gn gnyùuckkc* Y~ knflykìlùj `fuùl` c y~y ljjcvìlcjny dlklwùnyxunxùùcj k` xckly mnkìjli` gnk ylfkc _* Xnuc wcg`vä` o~n jninyùl` ~j` j~nv` |icdxknw`dnjwn gnilylv` ljjcvìlùj xù` k` kknf`g` gn k` ilvlklrìlùj fulnf` ikàyli`*Yn wu`w`+ j`w~u`kdnjwn+ gn k` ljwucg~iilùj nj fu`j nyi`k` gn k` nyik`vlw~g* Kìcjynuvìlùj gn k` xnp~nð` | dngl`j` xucxlng`g gn k` wlnuu` mèä` uny~nkwc nj nk

Àwli` | nj wcg` Funil` ~j` iunilnjwn< @jgun ny+Wmn Funna w|u`jwy + xx* 6>$?*

QXàf* 98T

iulyly ycil`k+ xnuc xcu yä dlyd` mèuä` icjg~ilgc ` k` xù`klrìlùj gnk gnyùuckkcxckäwlic | i~kw~u`k gn k` ilvlklrìlùj fulnf` nj ~j jlvnk ¡encilc± `k ldxnglu k``xùlilùj gn ~j` glvlylùj ycil`k gnk wuè`bc | gn ~j` y~xnunywu~iw~u` ~ue`j` dàyicdxknb`y* K`y icd~jlg`gny unk`wlv`dnjwn lf~`klwùl`y gn i`dxnyljcy x~ngnjicjfunfùyn oäyli`dnjwn nj il~g`gny+ xnuc kc p~n jc x~ngnj iunù+ nj k` yldxklilg`ggn y~ nyw`gc+ ny ~j` eulkk`jwn ilvlklrìlùj il~g`g`j` gnk wlxc p~n k` @jwlfûng`g le` `xunynjilù `mcu` xcu vnr xuldnu`* Xù` nyc yn unp~nuä` k` fnjnu`klrìlùj gn ~jò~nur` gn wuè`bc n}ingnjwn | i`~wlv` p~n nd`jilxù` `k nywu`wc glulfnjwn | knxnudlwlnu` icjywu~lu ~j j~nvc d~jgc ilvlk n ljwnkniw~`k* ¡Nj fnjnu`k+ k` nyik`vlw~go~n o~jg`dnjw`k xù` k` ilvlklrìlùj fulnf` nj nk ynjwlgc gn p~n y~ ècklilùj |y~ywlw~ilùj xcu wuè`bc kleun ‗yl ` `kf~lnj yn kn m~elnu` ci~uulgc ljwnjwùkc‗ mèuä`glykci`gc wcg` k` ycilng`g | ìè`gc icj nk cilc gn k`y ik`yny `kw`y gn @wnj`y |Nyxùw`±08*

@yä x~ny+ jc o~n `kfc x~u`dnjwn ocuw~lwc p~n k` y`kvìlùj gnk i`dxnylj`gcljgnxnjglnjwn | k` i`jinkìlùj gn k` ynuvlg~deun xcu gn~g`y o~nu`j uàxlg`dnjwnynf~lg`y+ nj k`y il~g`gny | nj nk i`dxc gn k` Funil` ikàyli`+ gn ~j j~nvc |n}wu`cugljùlc `~dnjwc nj nk ~yc gnk wuè`bc gn nyik`vcy* Nj noniwc+ i~`jgc kcyn}wundcy gn k` xckùlrìlùj ycil`k p~ngùcj ekcp~n`gcy gnjwuc gn k`y icd~jlg`gnymnknj`y+ k` ik`yn gcdlj`jwn uni~uulù kùfli`dnjwn ` k` ldxcuwìlùj gn nyik`vcy xùùnyckvnu k` nyi`ynr gn d`jc gn ceu`* Nk xunilc gn kcy nyik`vcy ‗nj y~ d`|cuä`wu ilcy+ oulflcy | ylulcy‗ nu` e`bäyldc+ jc d~| y~xnulcu `k icywc gn ~j `ðc gnd`jwnjldlnjwc 001 kc p~n xnudlwlù p~n y~ ndxknc yn fnjnu`klr`yn nj wcg` k` ycilng`gfulnf` m`yw` nk x~jwc gn p~n ljik~yc kcy dày m~dlkgny ùwny`jcy c kcy xnp~nðcy`fuli~kwcuny icj ouni~njil` xcgä`j xcynnukcy* Nyw` nvck~ilùj nicjùdli` w`delìj ynmèä` `jwlilx`gc nj Nyxùw`+ xcup~n k` xunvl` iunìlùj gn ~j` d`y` u~u`k gn lkcw`y njKìcjl | Dnynjl o~n kc p~n xnudlwlù k` `xùlilùj gn k` ou`wnujlg`g gn kcynyxùw`jcy+ k` xuldnu` xcekìlùj nyik`v` j~dnucy` gn k` Funil` xunikàyli | k`xuldnu` ik`yn kleun gn mcxklw`y* Xnuc nj nywn i`yc+ icdc nj wcgcy kcy gndày+ k`

xulculg`g nyxùw j` ekcp~nù k` xcywnulcu nvck~ilùj2 k` icjglilùj gn kcy lkcw`y yngnw~vc nj ~j` ¡ocud` y~egnyùuckk`g`± gn nyik`vlw~g 05+ xcup~n kcy08 @jgun ny+Funna ycilnw| + x* 099* Icdxàunyn icj _* Nmunje~uf+ Wmn Funna yw`wn + Kcjguny+ 0<?<+ x* <?2¡Ylj dnwnicy c nyik`vcy+ gloäilkdnjwn mèuä` n}lywlgc k` xckly *±00 @jgun ny+Funna ycilnw| + x* 09>*05 Cklv`+Yxùw` `jg mnu ycil`k xucekndy + xx* 79$7* Kcy lkcw`y xcynä`j

QXàf* 90T

lkcw`y jc xcgä`j ynu icdxu`gcy+ jl vnjglgcy+ jl d`j~dlwlgcy+ | nu`j xucxlng`gickniwlv` nj vnr gn xulv`g`* K` nyik`vlw~g xknj`dnjwn dnui`jwlk+ unflg` xcu k`y kn|nygnk dnui`gc+ o~n ljwucg~ilg` nj Funil` nj k`y il~g`gny$Nyw`gc p~n mèuä`j gn ynu kcyulv`kny gn Nyxùw`* Nj nk ylfkc _+ g~u`jwn nk `xcfnc gn k` xckly ikàyli`+ @wnj`y+Iculjwc+ Nflj` | xuàiwli`dnjwn wcg`y k`y il~g`gny gn `kf~j` ldxcuw`jil` wnjä`j ~j`j~dnucy` xcekìlùj nyik`v` p~n icj ouni~njil y~xnuè` ` k` gn il~g`g`jcy kleuny*



O~n k` ldxk`jwìlùj gn nyw` nicjcdä` nyik`vlyw` ‗nj k`y dlj`y+ k` `fuli~kw~u` | k`ùwny`jä`‗ kc p~n xnudlwlù nk unxnjwljc okcunildlnjwc gn k` ilvlklrìlùj ~ue`j` gnFunil`* J`w~u`kdnjwn+ y~ ldxìwc ‗icdc |` mndcy ljgli`gc `jwny‗ jc yn kldlwù ` kcnicjùdlic* ¡K` nyik`vlw~g jc nu`+ xcu y~x~nywc+ ~j` dnu` jninylg`g nicjùdli`+ yljcp~n nu` vlw`k xù` nk icjb~jwc gn k` vlg` ycil`k | xckäwli` gn kcy il~g`g`jcy± 09* K xckly ikàyli` nywè` e`y`g` nj nk j~nvc gnyi~euldlnjwc icjinxw~`k gn k` klenuw`g+xcylelklw`gc xcu k` ljywlw~ilùj ylywndàwli` gn k` nyik`vlw~g2 ounjwn ` kcy wuè`b`gcunynyik`vcy+ nk il~g`g`jc kleun `xùniä` `mcu` nj wcgc y~ nyxknjgcu* K`y xuldnu`yljywlw~ilcjny ¡gndciuàwli`y± gn k` Funil` ikàyli` `xùnilnucj nj P~äcy ` dngl`gcygnk ylfkc _L1 k` wu`glilùj òlud` w`delìj p~n P~äcy o~n k` xuldnu` il~g`g fulnf` p~nldxcuwù nj fu`j nyi`k` nyik`vcy xucingnjwny gnk eàueùc Culnjwn 07* Nj @wnj`y+ k`yunocud`y gn Yckùj o~nucj ynf~lg`y xcu ~j vnuwlfljcyc `~dnjwc gn k` xcekìlùjnyik`v` nj k` ìxci` gn k` wlu`jä`+ ` k` p~n ylf~lù+ ` y~ vnr+ ~j` j~nv` icjywlw~ilùjnkècu`g` xcu Ikäywnjny p~n ècklù k`y wu`glilcj`kny glvlylcjny wule`kny gn k`xcekìlùj+ icj y~y cxcuw~jlg`gny xù` nk iklnjwnklydc ùlywciuàwlic+ uncuf`jlrù ` kcyil~g`g`jcy nj ¡gndcy± kci`kny | wnuulwcul`kny n ljywlw~|ù k` nkniilùj xcu ycuwnc xù`~j `dxkl`gc Icjynbc gn kcy P~ljlnjwcy+ p~n glulfluä` kcy `y~jwcy gn k` il~g`g njicdeljìlùj icj k` `y`dekn` xcx~kù* G~u`jwn nk ylfkc _ w~vc k~fù k` fnjnu`klrìlùj

gn nyw` oùud~k` xckäwli` ¡xuce~kì~wli`± nj k`y il~g`gny$Nyw`gc gn Funil`2 ~j icjynbcung~ilgc xucxcjä` k`y gnilylcjny xòekli`y ` ~j` `y`dekn` dày `dxkl` p~n k`y vcwè`+xnuc p~n iùniä` gn gnunimc gn ljlil`wlv` -`~jp~n nj kcy Nyw`gcy dày xcx~kùny k``y`dekn` icjp~lywùä` dày `gnk`jwn nyn gnunimc,* K`y vùlìlcjny nj k` icdxcylilùjgnk icjynbc | k` `y`dekn`+ | nj k` nkniilùj gn kcy d`flywu`gcy gnk Nyw`gc p~n glulfä`jy~ `gdl$

w`delìj y~y xucxl`y o`dlkl`y | nj ci`ylcjny o~nucj ~wlklr`gcy xù` un`klrù wùn`ydlklwùny*09 _liwcu Nmunje~uf+ Wmn Funna yw`wn + x* <6*07 Oljkn|+ Wmn `jilnjw Funnay + x* 9?*

QXàf* 95T

jlywuìlùj+ gnoljä`j nk fu`gc unk`wlvc gn ¡gndciuìl`± c gn ¡cklfùp~ä`± gnjwuc gni`g` xckly * Nk ylywnd` nyxùw`jc+ gcdlj`gc xcu ~j nocu`gc `~wculwùlc+ o~n nk nvlgnjwn`jwäxcg` gnk `wnjlnjyn+ p~n kknfù ` nywù injwu`gc nj k` `y`dekn` xknjùl` gnil~g`g`jcy* Xnuc k` käjn` nynjil k gn gndùiìlùj jc x`yè` xcu k` il~g`g`jäìcjywlw~|njwn gn k` xckly + xcu dày p~n ìyw` nyw~vlnu` cuf`jlr`g` | nywu`wloli`g`+ yljcp~n ynxùè` ` kcy il~g`g jcy ‗| o~nynj kcy =*888 nyxùw`jcy c kcy 7>*888`wnjlnjyny‗ gn kcy jc il~g`g`jcy | gn kcy jc kleuny* K` icd~jlg`g gn k` xckly ikàyli`+ljgnxnjglnjwndnjwn gn y~y glvlylcjny gn ik`yn ljwnuj`y+ nywè` nulflg` yceun ~j`d`jc gn ceu` nyik`vlr`g` gn k` p~n unileä` wcg` y~ ocud` | wcg` y~ y~yw`jil`*

Nyw`y il~g`gny$Nyw`gc gn k` Funil` ikàyli` yn njrùrùcj nj icjyw`jwny ulv`klg`gny |`funylcjny d~w~`y* Gnyx~ìy gn p~n nk xucinyc gn ickcjlrìlùj m~elnyn kknf`gc ` y~olj `k wnudljù nk ylfkc _L+ k` vä` wäxli` gn n}x`jylùj o~n k` icjp~lyw` | nk wule~wcdlklwù* Icj k` n}x~kylùj gn k`y o~nur`y xnuy`y gn Funil` ` xuljilxlcy gnk ylfkc _+

@wnj`y icjp~lywù gn ocud` fu`g~`k nk xcgnu xunndljnjwn njwun k`y il~g`gny ulv`knygnk dù Nfnc* Nk Ldxnulc `wnjlnjyn knv`jw`gc nj k` fnjnuìlùj p~n v` gn Wndäywcikny` Xnulikny xùniä` icjwnjnu k` xucdny`+ c k` `dnj`r`+ gn k` ~jloliìlùj xckäwli` gnFunil` e`bc nk fcelnujc gn ~j` yck` xckly * Y~ e`yn d`wnul`k yn `ynjwè` nj k`ylw~ìlùj | kcy u`yfcy xni~klùny gn k` xucxl` @wnj`y+ p~n wnuulwcul`k |gndcfuàoli dnjwn nu` k` d`|cu il~g`g$Nyw`gc mnknj`+ `~jp~n yùkc w~vlnyn ~jcy5*>88 alkùdnwucy i~`gu`gcy gn n}wnjylùj | ~jcy 5>8*888 mèlw`jwny* Nk ylywnd``fuùlc gnk Àwli` nbndxkloliè` nk dcgnkc fnjnu`k gn k` ìxci`+ `~jp~n p~lrà gn ~jòcud` nyxnil`kdnjwn xucj~jil`g`* Ynfòj k`y dnglg`y mnknj`y+ k` fu`j xucxlng`g`fuùl` nu` k` olji` gn 78 ` =8 mniwàun`y 0>* Nj nk Àwli` mèä` d~| xci`y olji`y



fu`jgny+ n ljik~yc kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny ulicy xcynä`j ilnuwc jòdnuc gn olji`y xnp~nð`ydày p~n k`wlo~jglcy icjinjwu`gcy* K`y xucxlng`gny gn 98 n ljik~yc 58 mniwàun`y ynylw~è`j xcu njild` gn k` dngl`+ dlnjwu`y p~n k`y xùink`y dày xnp~nð`y jcy~xnuè`j xuceèkndnjwn k`y gcy mniwàun`y* M`yw` olj`kny gnk ylfkc _+ k`y wuny i~ùw`yxùwny gn kcy il~g`g`jcy kleuny xcynä`j `kf~j` xucxlng`g u~u`k 0?* Kcy nyik`vcy`ynf~uè`j nk ynuvlilc gcdìywlic+ nk wuè`bc gnk i`dxc ‗gcjgn i~kwlvè`jjcud`kdnjwn k`y mìlnjg`y gn kcy ulicy‗ | nk wuè`bc ùwny`jc* Xuceèkndnjwn y~jòdnuc nu` ljonulcu `k0> Ocuunyw+Wmn ndnufnjin co Funna gndciuì| + x* 7?*0? D* L* Oljkn|+Yw~glny lj k`jg `jg iunglw lj `jilnjw @wmnjy+ >88$588 e*I* + Jn Eu~jy lia+ xx* >=$<*

QXàf* 99T

gn kcy wuè`b`gcuny kleuny nj k` `fuli~kw~u` | p~lrà nj k` ùwny`jä`+ xnuc ocudè`j ~jfu~xc d~imc d`|cu p~n nk wcw`k gn kcy il~g`g`jcy* Nj nk ylfkc _ p~lrà m~elnu` nj

@wnj`y gn =8*888 ` 088*888 nyik`vcy xcu ~jcy 98*888 ` 78*888 il~g`g`jcy 06* ^jwnuilc gn k` xcekìlùj kleun vlvä` nj k` dlyd` il~g`g | k` d`|cu xùwn gn kcy unyw`jwnynj k`y `kgn`y gn kcy ljdngl`wcy `kungngcuny* K` ljdnjy` d`|cuä` gn kcy il~g`g`jcynywè` ocud`g` xcu k`y ik`yny gn kcy ¡mcxklw`y± | kcy ¡ wmnwny ±+ p~lrà nj ~j`xucxcuilùj unyxniwlv` gn 0 ` 5* Nywcy òkwldcy icjywlw~ä`j nk yniwcu dày xceun gn k`xcekìlùj+ ylnjgc lji`xìny gn np~lxùyn ` yä dlydcy xù` kcy gnenuny gn k`ljo`jwnuä` xny`g`* Knf`kdnjwn+ k` glvlylùj njwun mcxklw`y | wmnwny yn mìä` xcu kcyljfunycy+ xnuc jc xcu k` ci~xìlùj c k` unylgnjil`2 kcy mcxklw`y nu`j xcylekndnjwnùwny`jcy ~ue`jcy+ dlnjwu`y p~n p~lrà k` dlw`g gn kcy wmnwny nu`j i`dxnyljcyxceuny* Xcu njild` gn nyw`y gcy il`yny ljonulcuny mèä` gcy ùugnjny d~imc dàyung~ilgcy gn il~g`g`jcy ìcdcg`gcy+ i~|` ìklwn ocudè` ~j jòiknc gn ~j`y 988o`dlkl`y uli`y+ ylw~`g`y nj k` ild` gn k` ycilng`g `wnjlnjyn 0=* Nyw` nywu~iw~u` ycil`k+icj y~ unicjcilg` nywu`wloliìlùj+ xnuc w`delìj icj y~ o`kw` gn èlydcy u`gli`knygnjwuc gnk i~nuxc gn kcy il~g`g`jcy+ ynjwù k`y e`yny gn k` gndciuìl` xckäwli` gn

@wnj`y*

@ dngl`gcy gnk ylfkc _+ nk Icjynbc gn kcy P~ljlnjwcy+ p~n y~xnuvlyè` k``gdljlywuìlùj gn @wnj`y+ yn ynkniilcjè` xcu ycuwnc gnk icjb~jwc gn il~g`g`jcy+xù` nvlwù kcy xnklfucy gnk xungcdljlc | nk iklnjwnklydc `~wciuàwlicy+ `ycil`gcy icjk`y nkniilcjny* Gn kcy x~nywcy ldxcuw`jwny gnk Nyw`gc+ kcy òjlicy nkniwlvcy nu`j kcyglnr fnjnu`k`wcy dlklwùny p~n+ kùfli`dnjwn+ uni`ä`j ylndxun nj nk nywu`wc y~xnulcugn k` il~g`g* Nk icjynbc gnbù gn xunynjwù unyck~ilcjny icjwucvnuwlg`y ` k` `y`dekn`gn il~g`g`jcy ‗p~n `mcu` icjinjwuè` |` k` xknj` ycenu`jä` | k` ljlil`wlv` xckäwli`‗

| yn kldlwè` ` xunxùù nk cugnj gnk gä` | ` ycdnwnukn kcy wnd`y gnilylvcy xù` y~`xuceìlùj* K` `y`dekn` inkneuè` ~j däjldc gn 78 ynylcjny `j~`kny+ ` k`y p~nxcylekndnjwn `ylywä`j xcu wìudljc dnglc dày gn >*888 il~g`g jcy+ |` p~n yn

jninylwè` ~j p~cu~d gn ?*888 xù` k` klenuìlùj gn d~imcy wnd`y u~wljùlcy* K``y`dekn` gne`wä` | gnwnudljè` gluniw`dnjwn wcg`y k`y i~nywlcjny xckäwli`yldxcuw`jwny* Nk ylywnd` b~glil`k p~n ok`jp~nè` `k jòiknc knflyk`wlvc gn k` xckly nywèìcdx~nywc xcu b~u`gcy+ ynkniilcj`gcy xcu ycuwnc njwun06 Vnywnud`jj+ Wmn yk`vn y|ywndy co Funna `jg Ucd`j @jwlp~lw| + xàflj` <*0= @* M* D* Bcjny+ @wmnjl`j gndciuì| + C}ocug+ 0<>6+ xx* 6<$<0*

QXàf* 97T

kcy il~g`g`jcy+ p~n unileä`j ~j` x`f` xcu y~y ceklf ilcjny xù` xnudlwlu nk ynuvlilcgn kcy xceuny+ icdc nj nk i`yc gn kcy icjynbnucy* Nywn xuljilxlc yn n}wnjglù g~u`jwnnk ylfkc L_ ` k` `ylywnjil` ` k` dlyd` `y`dekn`* X~ngn gniluyn p~n jc n}lywä` jljfòjo~jilcjùl`gc xnud`jnjwn+ |` p~n kcy iùfcy `gdljlywu`wlvcy yn glywule~ä j xcuycuwnc njwun kcy icjynbnucy+ | k` gldlj~w` o~nur` gn xckliä` nywè` icdx~nyw` xcunyik`vcy nyilw`y* J`w~u`kdnjwn+ k` gndciuìl` xcx~kù gluniw` gn k` icjywlw~ilùj



`wnjlnjyn yn glk~ä` nj k` xuàiwli` xcu nk xungcdljlc ljocud`k yceun k` `y`dekn` gn kcyxckäwlicy xuconylcj`kny+ xucingnjwny gn k`y o`dlkl`y gn k` il~g`g wu`glilcj`kdnjwnuli`y | gn `kw` i~j` -c dày wùgn gn kcy j~nvcy ulicy,* Xnuc nywn xungcdljlc ycil`kj~ji` yn òl`jrù c ycklgloliù knf`kdnjwn | ylndxun nyw~vc n}x~nywc ` wu`ywcujcy |njounjw`dlnjwcy ` i`~y` gn k` j`w~u`knr` gndùwli` gnk ylywnd` xckäwlic nj nk p~nwnjä` p~n nbnuinuyn* K` icjwu`gliilùj njwun `decy o~n o~jg`dnjw`k xù` k` nywu~iw~u`gn k` xckly wnjlnjyn | njicjwuù ~j ycuxunjgnjwn unoknbc nj k` icjgnj` ~jàjldn gn k`ljyùklw` gndciuìl` gn k` il~g`g+ noniw~`g` xcu kcy xnjy`gcuny p~n njiùjùcj y~ljlf~`k`g` i~kw~u`2 W~iäglgny+ Yùiu`wny+ Xk`wùj+ @ulywùwnkny+ Lyciu`wny c Bnjcocjwn*

@wnj`y j~ji` xucg~bc ~j`* wncuä` xckäwli` gndciuàwli`2 xuàiwli`dnjwn wcgcy kcyolkùycocy n mlywcul`gcuny àwlicy gn `kf~j` ldxcuw jil` w~vlnucj icjvliilcjnycklfàup~li`y 0<* @ulywùwnkny icjgnjyù k` p~ljw`nynjil` gn y~y cxljlcjny nj y~ eunvn |ylfjloli`wlv` xucyiulxilùj gn kcy wuè`b`gcuny d`j~`kny gn k` il~g`g`jä` gnk Nyw`gclgn`k58* Nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw` p~n y~e|ìä` ` k` ilvlklrìlùj `wnjlnjynnjicjwuù jninyùl`dnjwn y~ n}xunylùj lgnckùfli` dày xuäywlj` nj nk nywu`wc ycil`kxulvlknfl`gc gn k` il~g`g+ i~|`y ild`y ljwnkniw~`kny o~nucj xcylekny fuìl`y `kxk~ywuè`bc un`klr`gc nj kcy èlydcy ylknjilcycy gn k` xckly *

K` nywu~iw~u` gn k` ocudìlùj ycil`k `wnjlnjyn+ `yä icjywlw~lg`+ jc o~n xcu yä dlyd`y~olilnjwn xù` fnjnuù y~ y~xundìä` ldxnul`k nj Funil`* Xù` icjynf~lu nywc o~nucjjninyùlcy cwucy gcy u`yfcy nyxniäolicy gn k` nicjcdä` | k` ycilng`g `wnjlnjyny+ p~nk` ylw~ùcj `xùwn gn i~`kp~lnu cwu` il~g`g$Nyw`gc mnknj` gnk ylfkc _* Nj xuldnu k~fù+nk Àwli` wnjä` nj K`~ulùj k`y dlj`y gn xk`w` dày uli`y gn Funil`* N}wu`ägcxuljilx`kdnj$0< Bcjny+ @wmnjl`j gndciuì| + xx* 70$65+ gci~dnjw` nyw` glvnufnjil`+ xnuc jc yn xnui`w` gn y~yldxkliìlcjny xù` k` nywu~iw~u` gnk icjb~jwc gn k` ilvlklrìlùj `wnjlnjyn+ icjwnjwàjgcyn icj gnonjgnu k`gndciuìl` gn k` xckly icjwu` kcy xnjy`gcuny gn k` il~g`g*58 Xcklwliy + LLL+ lv+ 5+ `jwny ilw`gc*

QXàf* 9>T

wn xcu fu`jgny fu~xcy gn nyik`vcy ‗`kungngcu gn 98*888‗+ nk dljnu`k gn nyw`y dlj`yolj`jilù k` icjywu~iilùj gn k` okcw` `wnjlnjyn p~n vnjilù nj Y`k`dlj` ` kcy eùicyxnuy`y* K` xk`w` `wnjlnjyn o~n gnygn nk xuljilxlc k` icjglilùj gnk xcgnuäc j`v`k gn

@wnj`y* @gndày+ mlrc xcylekn k` `xùlilùj gn ~j` dcjng` àwli` p~n+ i`yc n}inxilcj`knjwun k`y dcjng`y fulnf`y gn k` ìxci`+ o~n `dxkl`dnjwn ìnxw`g` nj nk n}wu`jbnucicdc ljywu~dnjwc gnk icdnuilc ljwnukci`k+ icjwule~|njgc `yä gnilylv`dnjwn ` k`xucyxnulg`g icdnuil`k gn k` il~g`g* Nyw` xucyxnulg`g yn vlc o`vcunilg` wcg`vä` dàyxcu k` n}inxilcj`k icjinjwuìlùj nj @wnj`y gn n}wu`jbnucy ¡dnwnicy±+ ` p~lnjnynywè` xucmlelg` k` xucxlng`g gn k` wlnuu`+ xnuc p~n kknfùcj ` gcdljù k` ìwlvlg`gicdnuil`k n ljg~ywul`k gn k` il~g`g+ ` k` p~n icjvluwlnucj nj x~jwc injwu`k gnk Nfnc*K` mnfndcjä` dùäwld` p~n `yä yn ì~d~kù nj @wnj`y nywè` unkìlcj`gò~jilcj`kdnjwn icj k` cuf`jlrìlùj xckäwli` gn k` il~g`g* K` ik`yn mcxklw` gn`fuli~kwcuny dngl`jcy+ p~n xucxcuilcjè` k` ljo`jwnuä` gn k` xckly + `yinjgä` ` ~jcy09*888+ ny gnilu+ ~j wnuilc gn wcgcy kcy il~g`g`jcy* K` okcw` `wnjlnjyn+ ylj ndeùfc+nywè` wulx~k`g` xcu dùljnucy xucingnjwny gn k` ik`yn dày xceun gn kcy wmnwny 1 ` kcyundnucy yn kny x`fè` ~j y`kùlc | nywè`j gn ynuvlilc cimc dnyny `k `ðc* Y~ jòdnucnu` xuàiwli`dnjwn lf~`k `k gn kcy yckg`gcy gn ` xln -05*888,+ | y~ xunynjilicjwule~|ù ` `ynf~uù k` `dxkl` e`yn gndciuàwli` gnk ylywnd` xckäwlic `wnjlnjyn+ `glonunjil` gn k`y cwu`y il~g`gny$Nyw`gc gn Funil` nj k`y p~n yùkc k` i`wnfcuä` mcxklw`xucxcuilcjè` k` e`yn ycil`k gn k` xckly 50* K` y~xnulculg`g dcjnwùl` | j`v`k gn

@wnj`y o~n kc p~n glc o~nur` ` y~ ldxnul`klydc+ gnk dlydc dcgc p~n o`vcunilù y~gndciuìl`* Kcy il~g`g`jcy gn @wnj`y nywè`j n}njwcy i`yl xcu icdxknwc gn wcg`

ocud` gn ldx~nywcy gluniwcy* Nj nyxnil`k+ k` xucxlng`g gn k` wlnuu` ‗p~n nywè`knf`kdnjwn kldlw`g` ` kcy il~g`g`jcy‗ jc ycxcuwè` jljf~j` iùf` olyi`k+ kc p~nicjywlw~ä` ~j` icjglilùj eàyli` xù` k` `~wcjcdä` i`dxnylj` gnjwuc gn k` xckly * Kcyljfunycy xòeklicy ljwnulcuny gn @wnj`y xucingä`j gn k`y xucxlng`gny nyw`w`kny+ gn kcy



ldx~nywcy ljgluniwcy -w`kny icdc kcy gnunimcy xcuw~ùlcy, | gn k`y ceklf`wcul y¡klw~ufl`y± olj`jilnu`y counilg`y ` k` il~g`g xcu kcy ulicy* Nyw` enjlfj` olyi`klg`g ynicdxkndnjwè` icj k` x`f`50 K` wu`glilùj òlud` p~n k` vliwcul` gn kcy dùljcy nj Y`k`dlj` mlrc p~n k`y gnd`jg`y gn gnunimcyxckäwlicy xcu kcywmnwny o~nynj luunylywlekny+ gnk dlydc dcgc p~n k`y i`dx`ð`y gn kcy yckg`gcy icjwu`Dnynjl` xuceèkndnjwn mèä`j icjp~lyw`gc xù` kcy mcxklw`y nyxùw`jcy y~ il~g`g`jä`*

QXàf* 9?T

xòekli` xcu kcy ynuvlilcy gn kcy b~u`gcy | icj ~j `dxklc ndxknc j`v`k+ icdeljìlùjp~n `|~gù ` fù`jwlrù nk jcwèkn fu`gc gn x`r xòekli` p~n iùìwnulrù ` k` vlg`xckäwli` gn @wnj`y55* Kcy icywny nicjùdlicy gn nyw` ùdcjä` xcx~kù yn gnyxk`rùcjmìl` k` n}x`jylùj n}wnulcu gn @wnj`y*

Nk Ldxnulc `wnjlnjyn p~n y~uflù ` u`är gn k`y f~nuu`y xnuy`y o~n ~j ylywnd`nynjil`kdnjwn dùäwldc+ gnywlj`gc ` y~e|~fù icnuilwlv`dnjwn ` k`y il~g`gny$Nyw`gcfulnf`y gnk Nfnc* K` ickcjlrìlùj xucxl`dnjwn glim` gnyndxnðù nj y~ nywu~iw~u` ~jx`xnk yni~jgùlc+ `~jp~n nj dcgc `kf~jc gnygnðèkn* Ny ylfjloli`wlvc p~n @wnj`y

o~nyn nk òjlic Nyw`gc fulnfc p~n iunù ~j` ik`yn nyxnil`k gn il~g`g`jcy nj nkn}wu`jbnuc c ¡iknu~icy±+ ` p~lnjny yn glnucj wlnuu`y ickcjl`kny icjolyi`g`y ` kcyunenkgny `kl`gcy n}wu`jbnucy | p~n ‗` glonunjil` gnk unywc gn kcy ickcjcy mnknjcy‗icjynuvè`j wcgcy kcy gnunimcy b~uäglicy nj k` dnwuùxckl* Nk icjwlj~c nywèknildlnjwcgn iknu~p~ä`y | ickcjl`y ~kwu`dùlj`y g~u`jwn wcgc nk ylfkc _ xnudlwlù ` k` il~g`g k`xucdcilùj gn dày gn 08*888 `wnjlnjyny gn k` icjglilùj gn wmnwny ` k` gn mcxklw`y xcudnglc gn k` icjinylùj gn wlnuu`y nj nk n}wnulcu+ icj kc p~n `k dlydc wlndxc unocurùnjcudndnjwn y~ xcgnuäc dlklwù* Ylj ndeùfc+ k` e`yn o~jg`dnjw`k gnk ldxnul`klydc`wnjlnjyn jc u`gliè` nj nyw`y ickcjl`y* Nk `~fn gnk xcgnuäc gn @wnj`y nj nk Nfnciunù ~j cugnj xckäwlic i~|` vnug`gnu` o~jilùj icjylywlù nj iccugljù | n}xkcwù k`yicyw`y n lyk`y |` ~ue`jlr`g`y xcu dnglc gn ~j ylywnd` gn wule~wcy dcjnwùlcyuni`~g`gcy xù` nk d`jwnjldlnjwc gn ~j` okcw` xnud`jnjwn+ p~n nu` jcdlj`kdnjwn nkicdòj gnonjycu gn k`y klenuw`gny fulnf`y ounjwn ` k`y `dnj`r`y culnjw`kny+ xnuc p~ngn mnimc nu` nk ljywu~dnjwc injwu`k gn k` cxunylùj ldxnul`klyw` gn @wnj`y yceun y~y¡`kl`gcy±* Nj nk `ðc 7>7+ nk wnycuc injwu`k gn k` Klf` gn Gnkcy+ iun`g` nj xuljilxlcxù` k~imù icjwu` Xnuyl`+ o~n wu`jyonulgc ` @wnj`y1 nj nk 7>8+ k` jnf`wlv` gn @wnj`y `xnudlwlu k` glyck~ilùj gn k` klf` wu`y k` x`r icj Xnuyl` icjvluwlù ` `p~ìkk` nj ~jldxnulc gn oìwc * Nj nk dcdnjwc gn y~ nyxknjgcu+ g~u`jwn k` gìi`g` gn 778+ nkylywnd` ldxnul`k `wnjlnjyn èùiè` ` ~j`y 0>8 il~g`gny+ xuljilx`kdnjwn bùjli`y+p~n x`fè`j ~j` y~d` `j~`k nj gljnuc `k wnycuc injwu`k gn @wnj`y | jc xcgä jd`jwnjnu okcw`y xucxl`y* Nk wule~wc wcw`k xucingnjwn gnk ldxnulc nu`+ ynfòj kcyiàki~kcy+ ~j >8 xcu ilnjwc y~xnulcu ` kcy ljfunycy ljwnulcuny gnk Àwli`+ nljg~gèkndnjwn55 D* L* Oljkn|+Gndciu i| `jilnjw `jg dcgnuj + Kcjguny+ 0<69+ xx* 7>+ 7=$<1 vì jyn w`delìj y~yceynuvìlcjny nj Wmn `jilnjw nicjcd| + xàflj`y <?+ 069*

QXàf* 96T

olj`jilù k` y~xnuè~jg`jil` ilvlk | i~kw~u`k gn k` xckly gn Xnulikny59* Nj @wnj`y+ k`ùd`g` p~n x`fè` nk ldxnulc xucxcuilcjè` ndxkncy nywèkny ` k` ik`yn dàyj~dnucy` | dnjcy xulvlknfl`g` gn kcy il~g`g`jcy+ | k`y ceu`y xòekli`y p~n olj`jilè`‗njwun nkk`y nk Xùwnjùj‗ icjywlw~|nucj kcy dày ljylfjny ndenkknildlnjwcy gn kìl~g`g* Nj nk n}wnulcu+ kcy nyi~`gucjny `wnjlnjyny vlflkè`j k`y `f~`y gnk Nfnc+dlnjwu`y p~n kcy gnknf`gcy xckäwlicy+ kcy icd`jg`jwny dlklwùny | kcy icdlyùlcy

vck`jwny fù`jwlrè`j k` gcilklg`g gn k`y d`flywu`w~u`y nj kcy Nyw`gcy ycdnwlgcy* Kcywule~j`kny `wnjlnjyny nbnuiä`j kcy xcgnuny gn k` unxunylùj b~glil`k yceun kcyil~g`g`jcy gn k`y il~g`gny `kl`g`y ycyxnimcycy gn gnykn`kw`g 57*



Xnuc kcy kädlwny gnk xcgnuäc n}wnulcu gn @wnj`y yn `ki`jr ucj d~| xucjwc*Xuceèkndnjwn+ nyn xcgnuäc nywld~kù nk icdnuilc | k`y d`j~oìw~u`y nj nk Nfnc ‗gcjgn yn n}wnjglù xcu gniunwc nk ~yc gn k` dcjng` àwli` | yn y~xuldlù k` xlu`wnuä`‗+`~jp~n kcy d |cuny enjnolilcy gnk iunildlnjwc icdnuil`k yn ì~d~kùcj nj kìcd~jlg`g dnwni` gn k` xucxl` @wnj`y* Nk ylywnd` ldxnul`k fcrè` w`delìj gn k`yyldx`wä`y gn k`y ik`yny dày xceuny gn k`y il~g`gny `kl`g`y+ xcup~n k` w~wnk` `wnjlnjynylfjloliè` xcu kc fnjnu`k k` ljyw`kìlùj kci`k gn unfädnjny gndciuàwlicy+ ìcugnyicj kcy gn k` xucxl` il~g`g ldxnul`k+ | k` iùf` olj`jilnu` gn kcy wule~wcy uni`ä` yceunk`y ik`yny `kw`y5>* Xnuc @wnj`y o~n lji`x`r gn icjynf~lu ~j` ljwnfuìlùj ljywlw~ilcj`kgn nywcy `kl`gcy nj ~j ylywnd` xckäwlic ~jloli`gc* K` il~g`g`jä` `wnjlnjyn nu` w`j`dxkl` nj nk ljwnulcu p~n jl ylp~lnu` o~n xcylekn n}wnjgnuk` nj nk n}wnulcu ` kcy jc`wnjlnjyny+ |` p~n nywc mèuä` ylgc o~jilcj`kdnjwn icjwuùlc ` k` gndciuìlùnylgnjil`k gluniw` gn k` `y`dekn` gn d`y`y+ un`klrèkn òjli`dnjwn gnjwuc gn ~jnyxìlc fncfuàolic d~| xnp~nðc* @yä x~ny+ | ` xnyù gn kcy ìnjwcy xcx~kùny gnkfcelnujc `wnjlnjyn+ kcy o~jg`dnjwcy ¡gndciuàwlicy± ljwnulcuny gnk ldxnul`klydc gnXnulikny fnjnuùcj jninyùl`dnjwn k` n}xkcwìlùj ¡gliw`wcul`k± gn y~y `kl`gcy bùjlicy+p~n wnjglnucj ljnvlwèkndnjwn ` ynu ùucb`gcy icj u`xìlg`g mìl` k` ynuvlg~deunickcjl`k1 | nywc o~n59 U* Dnlffy+ Wmn @wmnjl`j Ndxlun + C}ocug+ 0<65+ xx* 0>5+ 5>=$?8*57 Dnlffy+ lelg *+ xx* 060$7+ 58>$6+ 50>$?+ 558$99*5> F* N* D* gn Ywn* Iucl} gnd~nywu` gn ocud` icjvljinjwn nyw` yldx`wä`2 ¡Wmn imùìwnu co wmn @wmnjl`jNdxlun±+ Mlywcul` + vck* _LLL+ 0<>7$0<>>+ xx* 0$70* Nj k` Klf` gn Gnkcy mèä` `kf~jcy `kl`gcy cklfàup~licy‗Dlwlknjn+ P~äcy c Y`dcy‗ | @wnj`y jc ljwnuvljc ylywndàwli`dnjwn nj k` icjywlw~ilùj gn y~y il~g`gny+xnuc kcy icjokliwcy kci`kny yn `xucvnimùcj jcud`kdnjwn icdc cxcuw~jlg`gny xù` nk nywèknildlnjwcocurcyc gn ylywnd`y xcx~kùny*

QXàf* 9=T

`yä xcup~n jc mèä` jljf~j` e`yn xù` k` lf~`kg`g c k` ongnuìlùj+ p~n p~lrà mèuä`xnudlwlgc ~j` icjywlw~ilùj dày cklfàup~li`* @k dlydc wlndxc+ ylj ndeùfc+ k`j`w~u`knr` gndciuàwli gn k`

xckly `wnjlnjyn ‗i~|c xuljilxlc jc nu` k`

unxunynjwìlùj+ yljc k` xùwlilxìlùj gluniw`‗ ldxcylelklwè` k` iunìlùj gn ~j`d`p~ljùl` e~uciuàwli` i`x`r gn ycdnwnu xcu dnglc gn k` icnuilùj `gdljlywu`wlv` `~j n}wnjyc ldxnulc wnuulwcul`k* @xnj y n}lywä` ~j `xù`wc gn Nyw`gc ynxù`gc cxuconylcj`k nj k` il~g`g+ i~|` nywu~iw~u` xckäwli` yn gnoljä` nynjil`kdnjwn xcu y~unim`rc gn i~nuxcy nyxnil`klr`gcy gn o~jilcjùlcy ‗ilvlkny

c dlklwùny‗ ylw~`gcy `xùwn gn kcy il~g`g`jcy cugljùlcy2 k` gndciuìl` `wnjlnjynylfjloliè`+ xunily`dnjwn+ nk unim`rc gn yndnb`jwn glvlylùj njwun ¡Nyw`gc± |¡ycilng`g± 5?* Xcu w`jwc+ w`dxcic n}lywä` jljf~j` e`yn xù` ~j` e~uciuìl` ldxnul`k*Nk n}x`jylcjlydc `wnjlnjyn+ nj icjyni~njil`+ yn gnuu~deù unk`wlv`dnjwn xucjwcgnelgc w`jwc ` k`y icjwu`gliilcjny gn y~ xucxl` nywu~iw~u` icdc ` k` unylywnjil` ‗

p~n y~ nywu~iw~u` oìlklwè`‗ gn k`y il~g`gny dày cklfàup~li`y gn k` Funil` ljwnulcu+njiènr`g`y xcu Nyxùw`* K` klf` nyxùw`j` xcynä` k`y vnjw`b`y icjwuùl`y gn k`ygnelklg`gny `wnjlnjyny2 ~j` icjongnuìlùj gn cklfùp~ä`y+ i~| o~nur` yn e`yè`gluniw`dnjwn nj kcy xucxlnwùlcy mcxklw`y dày p~n nj ~j` dnrik` icj kcy dùljnucygndùwlicy | i~|` ~jlg`g jc njwu`ðè`+ xcu w`jwc+ jl wule~wcy dcjnwùlcy jl nkdcjcxcklc dlklwù gn k` dlyd` il~g`g mnfndùjli` gn Nyxùw`+ i~|c xcgnu ylndxuno~n ljwuäjyni`dnjwn dnjcy `dnj`r`gcu xù` k`y cwu`y il~g`gny fulnf`y p~n nk gn

@wnj`y* K` o`kw` gn ~j ldxcuw`jwn mljwnuk`jg mìä` p~n nk xcgnuäc dlklwù gn @wnj`y ‗w`jwc nj unik~w`dlnjwc icdc nj uni~uycy‗ o~nyn gnd`yl`gc gìelk xù` unylywlu ~jìc`klilùj gn ulv`kny wnuunywuny56* K` f~nuu` gnk Xnkcxcjnyc ~jlù nk `w`p~n gn y~y x`$5? Xù` Nmunje~uf+ ìyw` nu` y~ fu`j gnelklg`g* K` lgnjwlg`g njwun Nyw`gc | ycilng`g nu` jninyùl`dnjwn

~j` icjwu`gliilùj+ xcup~n nk Nyw`gc wnjä` p~n ynu òjlic dlnjwu`y p~n k` ycilng`g ylndxun nu` xk~u`k ì`~y` gn y~ glvlylùj nj ik`yny* Gn `mä p~n c elnj nk Nyw`gc unxucg~iä` ny`y glvlylcjny ycil`kny-cklfùp~ä`, c elnj k` ycilng`g èycueä` `k Nyw`gc -gndciuìl`,2 jljf~j` gn nyw`y yck~ilcjny unyxnwè`~j` glywljilùj ljywlw~ilcj`k+ p~n xù` Nmunje~uf nu` ljd~wèkn+ | gn `mä p~n `de`y kknvù`j nj yä



dlyd`y nk fnudnj gn y~ xucxl` gnywu~iilùj2 Wmn Funna yw`wn + x* =<* J`w~u`kdnjwn+ xù` Dù} | Njfnkyk` fu`jgnr` gn k` gndciuìl` wnjlnjyn unylgä` xunily`dnjwn nj nywn unim`rc nywu~iw~u`k*56 Nj fnjnu`k+ k`y käjn`y glvlycul`y njwun ¡cklf up~ä`± | ¡gndciuìl ± icuunyxcjgä`j icj e`yw jwnn}ìwlw~g nj k` Funil` ikàyli` ` k`y glyiunx`jil`y njwun k`y culnjwìlcjny mìl` nk dù | k`y culnjwìlcjnymìl` wlnuu` oludn* Kcy dlydcy oìwcuny dùäwldcy p~n xunv`kniä`j nj @wnj`y w`delìj nywè`j xunynjwnynj y~ rcj` gn ljok~njil` bùjli`+ dlnjwu`y p~n

QXàf* 9<T

uny ` k` unenklùj gn y~y yòeglwcy+ i~|`y ik`yny xucxlnwùl y yn ~jlnucj ` k`ycklfùp~ä`y icjwljnjw`kny ~j` vnr icdnjr`g` k` f~nuu`* Ylj ndeùfc+ | ` xnyù gnwcgc+ o~n jninyùlc nk cuc gn Xnuyl` xù` olj`jilù ~j` okcw` nyxùw`j` i`x`r gnìèù icj nk gcdljlc `wnjlnjyn gnk dù `jwny gn p~n nk Ldxnulc `wnjlnjyn o~nyngnuucw`gc gnoljlwlv`dnjwn nj wlnuu` xcu Kly`jguc* @ xùwlu gn njwcjiny+ jc n}lywlùjljf~j` xcylelklg`g gn p~n k`y il~g`gny mnknj`y fnjnu`ynj ~j Nyw`gc ldxnul`k~jloli gc gnygn y~ injwuc+ ` xnyù gn k` unk`wlv`dnjwn uàxlg` uni~xnu ilùjnicjùdli` gn kcy noniwcy gn k` kùf` f~nuu` gnk Xnkcxcjnyc2 k` dlyd` xùlg`g |d~kwlxklilg`g gn kcy injwucy ~ue`jcy gn Funil kcy jn~wu`klrè` ickniwlv`dnjwn xù`~j` n}x`jylùj n}wnulcu* K`y il~g`gny fulnf`y gnk ylfkc L_ yn m~jglnucj nj nk`fcw`dlnjwc ` dnglg` p~n k` xckly ikàyli` n}xnuldnjwè` iunilnjwny gloli~kw`gny njk`y olj`jr`y | nj nk unik~w`dlnjwc dlklwù+ yäjwcd`y gn ~j ljdljnjwn `jìucjlydc*

k` d`|cu xùwn gn kcy `kl`gcy gn Nyxùw` nj nk Xnkcxcjnyc | nj Encil` nywè`j dày xuco~jg`dnjwnòlji`gcy nj k` wlnuu`* K` xuljilx`k n}inxilùj o~n+ j`w~u`kdnjwn+ Iculjwc+ nk injwuc icdnuil`kwu`glilcj`kdnjwn ulv`k gn @wnj`y*

QXàf* 78T

9* NK D^JGC MNKNJLYWLIC

Nk ynf~jgc fu`j ilikc gn k` icjp~lyw` ickcjl`k w~vc y~ culfnj nj k` xnulonul` u~u`kynxwnjwulcj`k gn k` ilvlklrìlùj fulnf`+ p~n xcynä` ~j` y~xnulcu unynuv` gndcfuàoli` |

i`dxnylj`* Nj ~j xuldnu dcdnjwc+ nk Ldxnulc dìngcjlc o~n ~j` dcjùp~ä` wule`kgn k`y dcjw`ð`y gnk ljwnulcu+ rcj` `wu`y`g` p~n mèä` icjynuv`gc d~im`y gn k`yunkìlcjny ycil`kny gn k` Funil` xcydliìjli`* Nk Nyw`gc dcjàup~lic gn Dìngcjl`+gnelgc ` p~n dcuockùfli`dnjwn nu` d~imc dày xuldlwlvc p~n k`y il~g`gny$Nyw`gc gnky~u+ jc yn mèä` dnwlgc icj nkk`y nj ~j i`kknbùj ylj y`klg` | yn dcywuù i`x`r gny~xnuù y~y kädlwny nj k` j~nv` ìxci` gn gni`gnjil` gn `p~ìkk`y* K` e`yn wnuulwcul`k |xckäwli` gn Dìngcjl` kn xnudlwlù ~j` icmnunjwn n}x`jylùj ljwnujìlcj`k+ ~j` vnrp~n yn m~ec `kl`gc ` k` ilvlklrìlùj d~imc dày gnyùuckk`g` gn Funil`* K` dcjùp~ä`dìngcjl` nu` mnunglwùl`+ `~jp~n nywè` y~bnw` ` k` icjoludìlùj gn ~j` `y`dekn`dlklwù gn kcy f~nuunucy gnk unljc* Knf`kdnjwn+ wcg` k` wlnuu` nu` xucxlng`g gnkdcjùi`+ xnuc nj k` xuàiwli` ~j` jceknr` wule`k p~n òludè` wnjnu xùnjwnyic icj nkun| xcynä` olji`y gn ìywn+ ocud`jgc ~j icuwnbc gn ¡icdx`ðnucy± un`kny gnk p~nxucingä`j y~y icjynbnucy | fcenuj`gcuny* K` d`|cuä` gn k` xcekìlùj nywè` ocud`g`xcu i`dxnyljcy ùunjg`wùlcy kleuny | mèä` xcicy nyik`vcy 0* K` ~ue`jlrìlùj nu`nyi`y` | k` xucxl` i`xlw`k+ Xnkk`+ nu` d~| xnp~nð` | gn unilnjwn iunìlùj* Nk `~fn gnkxcgnuäc gn Dìngcjl` nj kcy E`ki`jny g~u`jwn nk unlj`gc gn Olklxc LL unilelù ~jwndxu`jc | gnilylvc ldx~kyc icj k` `jn}lùj gn k`y dlj`y `~uäonu`y gn Wuìl` ‗np~lv`knjwny ` k`y dlj`y gn xk`w` gnk Àwli` nj nk ylfkc `jwnulcu‗+ p~n xucxcuilcjùcj` Dìngcjl` k` olj jilìlùj ljglyxnjyèkn xù` k` `funylùj n}wnulcu 5* Nk ì}lwc gn kcynbìuilwcy gn Olklxc `k vnjinu ` k`y il~$0 J* F* K* M`ddcjg+ @ mlywcu| co Funnin wc 955 e*I*+ C}ocug+ 0<><+ xàflj`y >9>$?*5 Kcy ljfunycy xucingnjwny gn k`y dlj`y gn cuc gn Wuìl` o~nucj y~xnulcuny ` kcy gn k`y dlj`y gn xk`w` gnK`~ulùj+ nj nk Àwli`1 @uj`kgc Dcdlfkl`jc+ Olklxxc lk Dìngcjn + Okcunjil`+ 0<97+ xx* 7<$>9+ Mìn nk ny$

QXàf* 70T

g`gny$Nyw`gc gn Funil` | `k ~jloliù k` xnjäjy~k` mnkìjli` o~n gnelgc nynjil`kdnjwn `



y~y ljjcvìlcjny dlklwùny+ p~n unoknbè`j k` glonunjwn icdxcylilùj ycil`k gnk ljwnulcuwule`k gn k` Funil` gnk jcuwn* K` iè`kknuä` ‗ùd` ùlywciuàwli` p~n nj Funil`ylndxun nyw~vc y~ecuglj`g` ` kcy mcxklw`y‗ o~n unjcv`g` | vlji~k`g` nkàywli`dnjwn `k` ljo`jwnuä`+ p~n+ ` y~ vnr+ è`jgcjù xùwn gn k` xny`g` ùd`g~u` mcxklw` ` i`delcgn ~j` d`|cu dcvlklg`g | gnk ~yc d`ylvc gn k` k`jr` nj nk i`dxc gn e`w`kk`* Nkuny~kw`gc o~n k` o`dcy` o`k`jfn dìngcjl`+ ok`jp~n`g` xcu k` iè`kknuä`+ | vliwculcy`gnygn Wne`y ` Aè~k* K` n}x`jylùj gn Dìngcjl` jc yn gnelù òjli`dnjwn+ icdc nykùflic+ ` k` gnywunr` gn y~y icd`jg`jwny | yckg`gcy c ` y~ glyxcjlelklg`g ljlil`k gndnw`kny xunilcycy* K` xuldnu` icjglilùj gn y~ luu~xilùj nj @yl` o~n k` xunvl`èycuilùj gn k` xucxl` Funil`* K` dcjùp~ä` dìngcjl icjycklgù y~y `v`jiny nj k`xnjäjy~k` iun`jgc j~nvcy il~g`g`jcy+ fulnfcy c jc+ nj k`y unflcjny icjp~lyw`g`y |~ue`jlr`jgc y~ xucxlc mljwnuk`jg u~u`k+ icj kc p~n gndcywuù y~ i`xìlg`g xù` k``gdljlywuìlùj gn n}wnjycy wnuulwculcy* Nk ldx~kyc i~kw~u`k | xckäwlic p~n unilelù gn k`ljwnfuìlùj gn kcy injwucy ~ue`jcy dày `v`jr`gcy gn k` ìxci` kn xnudlwlù un`klrù nj~jcy xcicy `ðcy+ e`bc nk unlj`gc gn @knb`jguc+ k` `ycdeucy` icjp~lyw` gn wcgc nkCulnjwn Xuù}ldc* Yldeùkli`dnjwn+ k` okcw` ljy~ywlw~lekn p~n wu`jyxcuwù | `vlw~`kkù `k`y ljvnjilekny wucx`y gn @yl` ylndxun o~n fulnf`* Nk Ldxnulc dìngcjlc ~jlwùlc p~ny~uflù wu`y F`~f`dnk` | p~n yn n}wnjgä` gnygn nk @gulàwlic m`yw` nk ciì`jc Ljglic jc

yceunvlvlù `k xucxlc @knb`jguc+ p~n d~ulù `jwny gn xcgnu gùkn ~j dùic ljywlw~ilcj`kicmnunjwn* Kcy xuceknd`y ycil`kny | `gdljlywu`wlvcy p~n xk`jwnè` nk ldxnulc x~ngnj vlyk~deuùyn nj kcy ljwnjwcy gn @knb`jguc xù` o~ylcjù ` k`y jceknr`y dìngùjli` |xnuy` xcu dnglc gn d`wuldcjlcy colil`kny1 xnuc nk m`kk`rfc gn yck~ilcjny ` `p~nkkcyxuceknd`y p~ngù xù` y~y y~inycuny* K`y k~im`y ljwnywlj`y njwun kcy fnjnu`knydìngcjlcy ‗kcy glàgcicy‗ wnudljùcj icj nk unxùwc gnk ldxnulc nj i~`wuc rcj`yxuljilx`kny2 Dnycxcw`dl`+ Nflxwc+ @yl` Dnjcu | Funil`* @ xùwlu gn njwcjiny+ k`y wunyxuldnu`y `vnjw`bùcj jnw`dnjwn ` k` òkwld` nj ldxcuw`jil` xckäwli` | nicjùdli`* K`glj`ywä` ynkì~ilg` fcenujù Ylul` | Dnycxcw`dl`1 Wckcdnc o~jgù nk unljc kàflg` njNflxwc1 dnglc ylfkc gnyx~ìy+ nk unljc `wàklg` gn Xìuf`dc yn icjvluwlù nj k` xcwnjil`gcdlj`jwn gnk @yl` Dnjcu ciilgnjw`k* K` ilvlklrìlùj

w~glc dày kòilgc gn k` xuldnu` o`yn gn k` n}x`jylùj dìngcjl`+ p~n nj fnjnu`k m` `wu`ägc unk`wlv`dnjwnxcic ` k` dcgnuj` ljvnywlfìlùj*

QXàf* 75T

Kcy Nyw`gcy mnknjäywlicy nu`j iunìlcjny mäeulg`y p~n glnucj ocud`+ ylj ndeùfc+ `kdcgnkc mlywùulic fkce`k gnk Dnglwnuuàjnc culnjw`k g~u`jwn kcy ylfkcy ylf~lnjwny* Xcu~j` xùwn+ xunylglnucj nk dày ldxunylcj`jwn `~fn gn o~jgìlcjny ~ue`j`y j~ji`

vlywc nj k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli`2 xcu ljlil wlv` nyxcjwàjn`

c xcu x`wuciljlc un`k eucwùcj fu`jgny il~g`gny fulnf`y xcu wcgc nk Culnjwn Xuù}ldc+iijvluwlìjgckc nj k` unflùj dày gnjy`dnjwn ~ue`jlr`g` gnk d~jgc `jwlf~c |

mnknjlr`jgc gn ocud` xnug~uèkn ` wcg`y k`y ik`yny glulfnjwny kci`kny gn k`y rcj`y njp~n yn iunùcj 9* Yl nk jòdnuc gn nyw`y o~jgìlcjny o~n ljonulcu `k gn k` ickcjlrìlùjgn k` Funil` ùi`li`+ y~ w`d`ðc o~n ljoljlw`dnjwn y~xnulcu* K` d`|cu il~g`g gn k`Funil` ikàyli` o~n @wnj`y+ icj ~j` xcekìlùj wcw`k gn ~jcy =8*888 mèlw`jwny nj nkylfkc _ `* I* Kcy wuny injwucy ~ue`jcy d`|cuny gnk d~jgc mnknjäywlic ‗@knb`jguä`+

@jwlcp~ä` | Ynkn~il`‗ p~lrà kknfù`j ` kcy >88*888 mèlw`jwny* K` glywule~ilùj gnnyw`y j~nv`y o~jgìlcjny o~n gnylf~`k+ |` p~n nk injwu`klr`gc Nyw`gc kàflg` gn Nflxwcuninkè` gn k` `~wcjcdä` gn k` xckly | jc x`wuciljù d~im`y j~nv`y il~g`gny+dlnjwu`y p~n nk Nyw`gc ynkì~ilg` k`y d~kwlxkliù ìwlv`dnjwn | nj @yl` Dnjcu k`jceknr` iunù y~y xucxl`y il~g`gny ldlw`jgc nk nbndxkc mnkìjlic 7* Nyw`y j~nv`yo~jgìlcjny ~ue`j`y o~nucj xcek`g`y xcu gcp~lnu icj yckg`gcy+ `gdljlywu`gcuny |icdnuil`jwny fulnfcy | dìngcjlcy p~n xucxcuilcjùcj nk nywu`wc ycil`k gcdlj`jwnnj k`y dcjùp~ä`y nxlfcj`kny gn kcy glàgcicy* K` xucklonuìlùj gn il~g`gny fulnf`ynj Culnjwn nyw~vc ìcdx`ð`g` xcu ~j `kr` jcwèkn gnk icdnuilc ljwnujìlcj`k | gn k`xucyxnulg`g icdnuil k* @knb`jguc mèä` gny`wnycu`gc k`y ùi`y un`kny xnuy`y+



lj|niw`jgc nj nk ylywnd` gn i`delcy gnk Culnjwn Xuù}ldc kcy wnycucy `p~ndìjlg`yì~d~k`gcy | olj`jil`jgc `yä ~j uàxlgc ljiundnjwc nj nk vck~dnj gn wu`jyìilcjnydnui`jwlkny nj nk Dnglwnuuàjnc* Nk ylywnd` dcjnwùlc gnk Àwli` yn fnjnu`klrù xcuwcgc nk d~jgc mnknjäywlic9 K` d`|cuä` gn k`y j~nv`y il~g`gny o~nucj iun`g`y gnygn è`bc xcu kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny kci`kny1 xnuc k`yd`|cuny | dày ldxcuw`jwny o~nucj+ j`w~u`kdnjwn+ o~jgìlcjny colil`kny gn kcy j~nvcy ycenu jcy

dìngcjlcy* @* M* D* Bcjny+ Wmn Funna ilw| oucd @kn}`jgnu wc B~ywljl`j + C}ocug+ 0<78+ xàflj`y 56$>8*7 Xù` k`y glonunjil`y njwun k` xckäwli` gn kcy Kàflg`y | kcy Ynkì~ilg`y+ vì`yn D* Ucywcvwynv+ Wmn ycil`k `jg nicjcdli mlywcu| co wmn Mnkknjlywli cukg + C}ocug+ 0<70+ vck* L+ xx* 76? yy* QMlywcul` ycil`k | nicjùdli` gnk d~jgc mnknjäywlic + D`gulg+ Nyx`y`+ 0<69*T

QXàf* 79T

‗icj k` n}inxilùj gnk Nflxwc wcknd`lic‗+ oìlklw`jgc nk icdnuilc | k` j`vnfìlùjdùäwld` ljwnuj ilcj kny >* K` u~w` dùäwld` wul`jf~kù njwun Ucg`y+ @jwlcp~ä` |

@knb`jguä` yn icjvluwlù nj nk nbn gnk j~nvc nyxìlc dnui`jwlk iun`gc xcu nk Culnjwnmnknjäywlic* K` `gdljlywuìlùj kàflg` gn Nflxwc gnyùuckkù k` ìwlvlg`g e`jiùl` m`yw`~jcy jlvnkny gn icdxknblg`g j~ji` y~xnu`gcy nj k`y ìxci`y xcywnulcuny gn k`

@jwlfûng`g* K` ndlfuìlùj | nk nbndxkc fulnfcy ldxk`jwùcj icj wcgc ì}lwc+ x~ny+ nkdcgnkc ~ue`jc gnk Dnglwnuuàjnc culnjw`k*

@k dlydc wlndxc+ ylj ndeùfc+ k`y `jwnulcuny ocudìlcjny ycil`kny gnk CulnjwnXuù}ldc ‗icj y~y wu`glilcjny nicjùdli`y | xckäwli`y d~| glonunjwny‗ counilnucj ~j`ldxnudnèkn unylywnjil` ` kcy dcgnkcy fulnfcy nj nk i`dxc* @yä+ nk wuè`bc nyik`vc jcx~gc n}wnjgnuyn xcu k`y rcj`y u~u`kny gnk ljwnulcu gnk Culnjwn mnknjäywlic*Icjwuùl`dnjwn ` k` kn|njg` xcx~kù+ k`y i`dx`ð`y gn @knb`jguc jc o~nucjìcdx`ð`g`y xcu ~j` nyik`vlw~g nj d`y`+ | k` xucxcuilùj gn nyik`vcy jc xùninmènu `~dnjw`gc gn ocud` `xunilèkn `k icdxày gn k`y icjp~lyw`y dìngcjl`y ?* Njicjyni~njil`+ k`y unkìlcjny `fuùl y gn xucg~iilùj p~ngùcj unk`wlv`dnjwn `kdùfnj gnk gcdljlc fulnfc* Kcy ylywnd`y `fuäick`y wu`glilcj kny gn k`y fu`jgny

i~kw~u`y ok~vl`kny gnk Culnjwn Xuù}ldc icdeljè`j k` n}lywnjil` gn wnuu`wnjlnjwny+ùunjg`wùlcy gnxnjglnjwny | i`dxnyljcy xucxlnwùlcy icj ~j xucxlng`gdcjàup~li` òkwld` c ljdngl`w` gn k` wlnuu`* K` nyik`vlw~g u~u`k j~ji` mèä` wnjlgcd~im` ldxcuw`jil` nicjùdli`* K`y xunwnjylcjny unfl`y `k dcjcxcklc gn k` wlnuu`g`wè`j gn mìä` ylfkcy* Kcy j~nvcy Nyw`gcy mnknjäywlicy mnungùcj nywn dcgnkc+icdxknw`dnjwn n}wu`ðc `k gn k` x`wul` fulnf`+ | kc icjynuvùcj icj xcicy i`delcy*K`y xuljilx`kny glvnufnjil`y njwun nkkcy yn unolulnucj `k fu`gc nj p~n k`y glj`ywä`y gni`g` unljc ldx~ylnucj k` xucxlng`g unfl` gn k` wlnuu`* Nk Nyw`gc kàflg` gn Nflxwc ‗k`dày uli | dày uäflg`dnjwn injwu`klr`g` gn k`y j~nv`y dcj up~ä`y‗ n}lflù ~jdcjcxcklc knf`k èyck~wc gn k` wlnuu` ylw~`g` o~nu` gn k`y oucjwnu`y gn k`y xci`y

xcknly * Kcy dcjùi`y kàflg`y ùunjgùcj xuàiwli`dnjwn wcg` k` wlnuu`+ glvlglg` njxnp~nð`y xùink`y | icj ùunjg`dlnjwcy ` icuwc xk`rc+ ` ~j i`dxnylj`gc dlynuèkn+n}xkcw`gc gluniw`dnjwn xcu nk Nyw`gc+ ylj jljf~j` ynf~ulg`g nj k` wlw~kùlg`g gn y~wlnuu` | ceklf`gc `k wuè`bc ocur`gc nj k`y> O* D* Mnlimnkmnld+ @j `jilnjw nicjcdli mlywcu| + vck* LLL+ Kn|gnj+ 0<68+ x* 08*? Vnywnud`jj+ Wmn yk`vn y|ywndy co Funna `jg Ucd`j @jwlp~lw| + xàflj`y 5=$90*

QXàf* 77T

ceu`y gn unf`gäc 6* K` glj ywä` ynkì~ilg` gn Dnycxcw`dl` | Ylul`+ p~n unfä` ~jicdxknbc wnuulwcul`k d~imc dày n}wnjyc | njdù`ð`gc+ j~ji` ljwnjwù ~j icjwuck w`juäflgc gn k` n}xkcwìlùj `fuùl`* K`y wlnuu`y un`kny gn k`y xucvljil`y yn icjinglnucj `jcekny c `gdljlywu`gcuny | yn wcknuùcj k`y `kgn`y `~wùjcd`y gn i`dxnyljcy

xucxlnwùlcy b~jwc icj kcy k`cl + ùunjg`wùlcy gnxnjglnjwny p~n icjywlw~ä`j nk fu~nycgn k` xcekìlùj u~u`k* Ylfjloli`wlv`dnjwn+ yùkc nk Xìuf`dc `wàklg`+ nk dày ciilgnjw`kgn kcy j~nvcy Nyw`gcy mnknjäywlicy+ ylw~`gc `k cwuc k`gc gnk Nfnc nj k` dlyd` Funil`+~wlklrù nk wuè`bc `fuäick` gn nyik`vcy nj k`y olji`y gn kcy un|ny | kcy ùlywùiu`w`y =* Kcy



kädlwny fncfuàolicy gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj ljvnjw`gc nj k` Funil` ikàyli` o~nucj kcygn k`y unflcjny `g|ìnjwny gnk @yl` Dnjcu*

Yl k`y il~g`gny w~vlnucj ~j dcgnkc fulnfc dlnjwu`y nk i`dxc icjynuvè` nk culnjw`k+k` nywu~iw~u` gn kcy Nyw`gcy p~n ljwnfuè`j ` `decy o~n ljnvlwèkndnjwn yljiuìwli +icj ~j` dnrik` gn ocud`y mnkìjli`y | `ylàwli`y nj k`y p~n nk knf`gc yni~kù gn k`yòkwld`y w~vc ~j xungcdljlc ljjnfèkn* Kcy dcjùi y mnknjäywlicy mnungùcj k`ywu`glilcjny èu~d`gcu`dnjwn `~wciuàwli`y gn k`y ilvlklrìlcjny ok~vl`kny gnk CulnjwnXuù}ldc* Kcy dcjùi`y glàgcicy fcrùcj gn ~j xcgnu xnuycj`k lkldlw`gc+ icdc nk p~nw~vlnucj y~y ljdngl`wcy xungninycuny culnjw`kny* K`y j~nv`y glj ywä`y fulnf`y`ð`glnucj+ `gndày+ ~j` yceuniùf` lgnckùfli` `k xnyc p~n |` wnjä` k` `~wculg`g un`knj k` rcj`+ icj nk nywèknildlnjwc gn k` `gcuìlùj ` kcy fcenuj`jwny+ gniunw`g` gnocud` colil`k* K` glvljlg`g gn kcy un|ny j~ji` mèä` ylgc ~j` gciwulj` gnk Ldxnulcxnuy` gnuucw`gc xcu @knb`jguc+ yljc p~n o~n ~j` ljjcvìlùj dìngùjli`+ ljywlw~lg`xcu vnr xuldnu` xcu Wckcdnc nj Nflxwc+ gcjgn mèä` n}lywlgc ~j `jwlf~c i~kwc ` kcyoù`cjny `jwny gn k` èycuilùj xnuy` | p~n couniä` gn ocud` j`w~u`k ~j y~nkc oni~jgcxù` nk i~kwc ` kcy dcjùi`y* K` glvljlrìlùj gn kcy un|ny yn icjvluwlù nj ~j` jcud`lgnckùfli` fnjnu`k nj wcgc nk d~jgc mnknjäywlic* Nk dckgn `gdljlywu`wlvc wäxlic gn kcy

j~n$6 Xù` `kf~j`y gnyiulxilcjny gn nywn ylywnd`+ vì`yn Ucywcvwynv+ Wmn ycil`k `jg nicjcdli mlywcu| co wmn Mnkknjlywli cukg + vck* L+ xx* 567$9881 m`| w`delìj ~j nyw~glc `j`käwlic gn k`y glvnuy`y ocud`y gn~wlklrìlùj gnk wuè`bc nj nk Nflxwc kàflg`+ nj A* A* Rnk“lj | D* A* Wucoldcv`+ Ocudl R`vlyldcywl v _cywcimjcd Yunglrndjcdcu“n Nkknjlywlimnyacvc Xnulcg` + Dcyiò+ 0<?<+ xx* >6$085*= Ucywcvwynv+Wmn ycil`k `jg nicjcdli mlywcu| co wmn Mnkknjlywli cukg + vck~dnj LL+ xx* =8?+ 008?+ 00>=+00?0* Kcy nyik`vcy w`delìj o~nucj d~| ndxkn`gcy nj k`y dlj y n ljg~ywul`y un`kny gn Xìuf`dc*Ucywcvwynv xlnjy` p~n ynf~ä` mèlnjgc fu`j è~jg`jil` gn nyik`vcy nj k`y wlnuu`y fulnf`y g~u`jwn k`ìxci` mnknjäywli` - cx* ilw*+ xx* ?5>$?+ 0056,*

QXàf* 7>T

vcy nyw`gcy dcjàup~licy n}xnuldnjwù ~j` nvck~ilùj yldlkù2 ~j` nywu~iw~uò~jg`dnjw`kdnjwn culnjw`k+ unolj`g` icj `kf~j`y dnbcu`y fulnf`y* Nk `kwc xnuycj`kilvlk | dlklwù gnk Nyw`gc xucingä` gn kcy ljdlfu`jwny dìngcjlcy c fulnfcy | gn y~ygnyinjglnjwny* Jc m~ec jljfòj ljwnjwc gn icjynf~lu k` o~ylùj ìwjli` icj k`yùlywciuìl`y ljgäfnj`y w`k icdc @knb`jguc mèä` xunwnjglgc g~u`jwn `kfòj wlndxc <*Yn iunù ~j` e~uciuìl` icjylgnuèkn ‗ljywu~dnjwc ldxnul`k gnk p~n iùnilù xcuicdxknwc k` Funil` ikàyli`‗+ ` k` p~n yn `ylfjùcj icj ouni~njil` `delilcy`y wùn`y`gdljlywu`wlv`y+ yceun wcgc nj nk Nflxwc kàflg`+ gcjgn uni`|ù yceun nkk` k` gluniilùjgn k` d`|cu xùwn gn k` nicjcdä` u~u`k | ~ue`j`* K` ljwnfuìlùj gnk unljc ynkì~ilg`ylndxun o~n dày gìelk | y~ `gdljlywuìlùj icdxunjglù ~j` xucxcuilùj gn jc fulnfcyy~xnulcu ` k` gn k`y e~uciuìl`y `wàklg` | kàflg` 081 y~ iùàiwnu ylndxun o~n w`delìjdày dlklwù+ icdc icuunyxcjgä` ` y~ d`|cu n}wnjylùj+ ` glonunjil` gn kcy o~jilcjùlcy

nyiule`y gì Xìuf`dc | gn Nflxwc* Xnuc nj wcgcy nywcy Nyw`gcy+ k` n}lywnjil` gn k`ye~uciuìl y un`kny injwu`klr g`y o~n ìcdx`ð`g` gn ~j` `~ynjil` gn ylywnd`yknf`kny gnyùuckk`gcy p~n nywèlklrù`j c ~jlvnuy`klrù`j y~y o~jilcjny* Gcjgn k`

vck~jw`g ùelwuùl` gnk ycenu`jc nu` k` òjli` o~njwn gn wcg`y k`y gnilylcjny xòekli`y+jc xcgä` y~uflu ~j gnunimc ldxnuycj`k* K` `gdljlywuìlùj mnknjäywli` gnk CulnjwnXuù}ldc j~ji` xucg~bc ~jcy iùglfcy knf`kny ~jloli`gcy | yn kldlwù ` ldxucvlyù yceunkcy ylywnd`y icn}lywnjwny gn culfnj fulnfc c kci`k+ wcgcy nkkcy y~bnwcy ` k`ljwnuvnjilùj xnuycj`k gnk dcjùi` 00* K` d`p~ljùl` e~uciuàwli` gnk Nyw`gc nywèìcjgnj g`+ xcu ny` dlyd` u`rùj+ ` wnudlj u nj ~j` iòyxlgn ljocud`k | `kn`wcul` gn¡`dlfcy gnk un|±+ fu~xc ok~lgc gn icuwny`jcy | icd`jg`jwny p~n ocudè` nk yìp~lwcljdngl`wc gnk ycenu`jc* K` icjywlw~ilùj `dcuo` gn kcy ylywnd`y gn Nyw`gcmnknjäywlicy yn unoknbè` nj y~ iùnjil` gn gnjcdljìlcjny wnuulwcul`kny2 nu jyldxkndnjwn k`y wlnuu`y gn k` glj`ywä` p~n k`y n}xkcwè` | p~n xucxcuilcjè` y~ òjli`gnylfjìlùj*



Nj nyw`y icjglilcjny jc xcgä` xk`jwnùyn nk xuceknd` gn ~j`< Icj d~im` ouni~njil` yn m` n}`fnu`gc nk icydcxcklwlydc gn @knb`jguc+ e`yàjgckc nj xu~ne`y gìelkny1xù` ~j` iuäwli` noli`r gn kcy ùf~dnjwcy nj y~ o`vcu+ vì`yn N* E`gl`j+ ¡@kn}`jgnu wmn Fun`w `jg wmn~jlw| co d`jaljg±+ nj F* W* Fuloolwm+ @kn}`jgnu wmn Fun`w1 wmn d`lj xucekndy + I`deulgfn+ 0<??+ xx* 5=6$98?*08 Gn mnimc+ kcy lu`jlcy p~lrà y~xnuù`j ` kcy fulnfcy | kcy dìngcjlcy nj k`y ljywlw~ilcjny gnk Nyw`gcynkì~ilg`1 I* Eu`gocug Vnkkny+ @kn}`jgnu `jg wmn Mnkknjlywli cukg + Wcucjwc+ 0<68+ x* =6*00 X* Xnwlw+K` ilvlkly`wlcj mnkkìjlywlp~n + Xùäy+ 0<?5+ x* <1 _* Nmunje~uf+Wmn Funna Yw`wn + xx* 507$6*

QXàf* 7?T

fnj~lj` ljgnxnjgnjil` xckäwli` gn k`y il~g`gny gnk Culnjwn mnknjäywlic2 kcy gä`y gn k` xckly ikàyli` p~ngè`j d~| knbcy* K`y klenuw`gny d~jlilx`kny gn k`y il~g`gny fulnf`ygn Culnjwn jc nu`j gnygnðèkny yl yn icdxù`j icj nk gnyxùwlic dùic n}wnulcu nj nkp~n nywè`j ljynuw`y* Xnuc nyw`y j~nv`y o~jgìlcjny yn ylw~è`j nj ~j dnglc d~|glonunjwn `k gn y~ d`gun x`wul` |+ xcu icjylf~lnjwn+ j~ji` `gp~lulnucj k` `~wcjcdä`jl k` vlw`klg`g gn y~y `jwninycu`y* Nk i`dxc+ xcu è`bc+ | nk Nyw`gc+ xcu ùule`+ocudè`j ~j dnglc p~n ekcp~nè` y~ glj`dlydc | k`y `g`xwè` ` kcy u~decyyni~kùny gn k` unflùj* P~lrà dnbcu p~n nj jljfòj cwuc i`yc+ y~ gnywljc nywànbndxkloli`gc xcu @knb`jguä`+ p~n yn icjvluwlù nj k` j~nv` i`xlw`k dùäwld` gnk Nflxwckàflg` | kknfù ` ynu nj nk nyxìlc gn ~j`y xci`y fnjnuìlcjny k` d`|cu | dàyokcunilnjwn il~g`g fulnf` gnk d~jgc `jwlf~c+ nk nbn nicjùdlic n ljwnkniw~`k gnkDnglwnuuàjnc culnjw`k* Xnuc k` ulp~nr` | k` i~kw~u` gn @knb`jguä` e`bc nk gcdljlc gnkcy Wckcdncy yn cew~vc ` ~j icywn d~| nknv`gc* Nj ~j i`dxc xcek`gc xcui`dxnyljcy gnxnjglnjwny - k`cl , | nj ~j unljc gcdlj`gc xcu ~j cdjlxunynjwne~uciuìl` un`k jc xcgä`j y~uflu il~g`g`jcy kleuny* Ljik~yc nj k` dlyd` il~g`g+ k`yìwlvlg`gny olj`jilnu`y n ljg~ywul`kny ‗p~n nj k` @wnj`y ikàyli` o~nucj icdxnwnjil`gn kcy dnwnicy‗ jc yn vlnucj o`vcunilg`y xcu k` gny`xùlilùj gn k` `jwlf~`nywu~iw~u` gn k xckly + xcup~n k` d`|cuä` gn k`y xuljilx`kny d`j~oìw~u`y ~ue`j`y ‗ìnlwn+ wn}wlkny+ x`xlucy c inuvnr`‗ nu`j dcjcxcklcy un`kny* Kcy ldx~nywcy nu`jùunjg`gcy ` ndxunyùlcy xulv`gcy+ xnuc e`bc ~j icjwuck nywuliwc gnk Nyw`gc* Kìùìwnuäywli` xckùlrìlùj icjinxw~`k njwun klenuw`g | nyik`vlw~g+ p~n mèä` gnoljlgc` k`y il~g`gny gn Funil` nj k` ìxci` ikàyli`+ nywè` o~jg`dnjw`kdnjwn `~ynjwn gn

@knb`jguä`* Gn ocud` y~fnunjwn+ k` i`xlw`k kàflg` o~n `k dlydc wlndxc nk nyinjùlc gnknxlycglc dày oni~jgc nj k` mlywcul` gn k` wnijckcfä` `jwlf~`2 nk D~ync `knb`jguljc o~nnk xucfnjlwcu gn i`yl wcg`y k`y xci`y ljjcvìlcjny ylfjloli`wlv`y gnk d~jgc ikàylic+ |y~ xnjylcjlyw` Iwnylelc o~n ~jc gn kcy nyi`ycy ljvnjwcuny jcwèkny gn k` @jwlfûng`g*Xnuc ljik~yc nj nywn i`yc nk xuljilx`k dcwlvc gn k` dcjùp~ä` `k o~jgù nk D~ync |xucdcvnu y~y ljvnywlfìlcjny o~n k` eòyp~ng` gn dnbcu`y dlklwùny | dniàjli`y | jcgn ljywu~dnjwcy nicjùdlicy c p~n yluvlnu`j xù` `mcuuù wuè`bc+ | k` d`|cu xùwn gnk`y ìwlvlg`gny gnk D~ync unoknbè`j nywn njocp~n yljf~kù* Kcy ldxnulcy mnknjäywlicy‗dnrik`y nikìiwli`y gn ocud`y fulnf`y | culnjw`kny‗ n}wnjglnucj nk nyxìlc gn kìlvlklrìlùj ~ue`j` gn k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli glk~|njgc y~ y~yw`jil`+ xnuc o~nucjlji`xìny+ xcu ny` dlyd` u`rùj+ gn y~$

QXàf* 76T

xnuù y~y kldlwìlcjny `~wùiwcj`y 05* @ xùwlu gnk `ðc 588 `* I*+ nk xcgnuäc ldxnul`k gnUcd` `v`jrè` ` y~y n}xnjy`y mìl` nk nywn+ | ` dngl`gcy gnk ylfkc LL y~y knflcjnymèä`j gnuule`gc wcg`y k`y eùunu`y gn unylywnjil` nj nk Culnjwn* Yldeùkli`dnjwn+Xìuf`dc o~n nk xuldnu unljc mnknjäywlic p~n yn ljicuxcuù `k j~nvc Ldxnulc ucd`jci~`jgc y~ òkwldc ycenu`jc `wàklg` glyx~yc gn ìk+ ynfòj y~ vck~jw`g+ icdc counjg` `k` Il~g`g Nwnuj`*05

Nk yljiunwlydc gn kcy Nyw`gcy mnknjäywlicyjc b~ywloli` kcy glwlu`decy gn Mnlimnkmnld+ xù` p~lnjunxunynjw`j ¡dlk`fucy gn cuf`jlrìlùj nicjùdli` | `gdljlywu`wlv`±+ i~|` èy~ug` gnywu~iilùj xcu ~jÙcd` eàueù` gnw~vc k` mlywcul` g~u`jwn kcy xuù}ldcy dlk p~ljlnjwcy `ðcy* _ì`yn @j `jilnjw nicjcdli mlywcu| + vck* LLL+ xx* 0=>$?+ 58?$6* Ucywcvwynv ny `kfc dày icdnglgc+ xnuc w`delìj `vnjw~u` nk b~lilc gn



p~n k` icjp~lyw` ucd`j` gnk Dnglwnuuàjnc culnjw`k o~n ~j k`dnjwèkn gny`ywun p~n kc gnyljwnfuù | kc¡gnymnknjlrù±+ icdxucdnwlnjgc ¡`jwlj`w~u`kdnjwn± k` ljwnfulg`g gn k` dlyd` ilvlklrìlùj ucd`j`2 Wmn ycil`k `jg nicjcdli mlywcu| co wmn Mnkknjlywli cukg + vck* LL+ xx* 68$9* Kcy `jwnx`y`gcy knb`jcy gn nyw`yìwlw~gny yn undcjw`j+ gnygn k~nfc+ ` Vljiankd`jj | `k i~kwc ` Funil` gn k` Lk~ywuìlùj `knd`j`+ i~`jgcwnjä`j kf~j` ldxcuw`jil` ljwnkniw~`k*

QXàf* 7=T

7* UCD@ Nk `~fn gn Ucd` unxunynjwù ~j j~nvc ilikc gn k` n}x`jylùj ~ue`jc$ldxnul`k+ p~nylfjloliù jc yùkc ~j gnyxk`r`dlnjwc fncfuàolic gnk injwuc gn fu`vng`g gnk d~jgc`jwlf~c mìl` Lw`kl`+ yljc ~j gnyùuckkc ycilcnicjùdlic gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùjljlil`gc nj Funil` p~n mlrc xcylekn ~j glj`dlydc d~imc d`|cu | dày g~u`gnuc p~nnk xucg~ilgc nj k` ìxci` mnknjäywli`* Kcy xuldnucy x`ycy gn k` Unxòekli` ucd`j`ylf~lnucj nk i~uyc jcud`k gn i~`kp~lnu il~g`g$Nyw`gc ikàyli` nj y~ o`yn gn `yinjylùj2f~nuu`y kci`kny icj k`y il~g`gny ulv`kny+ `jn}lùj gn wlnuu`y+ ycdnwldlnjwc gn kcy¡`kl`gcy±+ o~jgìlùj gn ickcjl`y* Ylj ndeùfc+ nj ~j `yxniwc o~jg`dnjw`k+ nkn}x`jylcjlydc ucd`jc yn glywljf~lù gnygn nk icdlnjrc gn k` n}xnulnjil` fulnf`* K`nvck~ilùj icjywlw~ilcj`k gn k` il~g`g icjynuvù nk xcgnu xckäwlic ùlywciuàwlic m`yw` k`dlyd` o`yn ikàyli` gn y~ ilvlklrìlùj ~ue`j`* K` dcjùp~ä` ùi`li` o~n gnuuci`g` xcu~j` jceknr` nj k` xuldnuäyld` o`yn gn y~ n}lywnjil`+ ` olj`kny gnk ylfkc _L `* I*+ nj ~ji`delc nywuliw`dnjwn icdxùèkn `k dcgnkc mnkìjlic* Xnuc ` xùwlu gn njwcjiny+ | `glonunjil` gn k`y il~g`gny fulnf`y+ Ucd` j~ji` icjcilù k`y yì~glg`y gnk fcelnujcgn kcy wlu`jcy p~n ucdxlnu`j nk xungcdljlc gn k` ùlywciuìl` | icjg~bnu`j ` ~j`xcywnulcu gndciu`wlrìlùj gn k` il~g`g+ e`y`g` nj ~j` oludn `fuli~kw~u` gn xnp~nðcy

| dngl`jcy xucxlnwùlcy* Nj k~fù gn nkkc+ ~j` jceknr` mnunglwùl` d`jw~vc ljwìwc y~xcgnu xcu dnglc gn ~j` icjywlw~ilùj ilvlk n}wund`g`dnjwn icdxknb`+ p~n y~oulùldxcuw`jwny dcgloliìlcjny xcx~kùny nj nk wu`jyi~uyc gn ~j` xuckcjf`g` | onucrk~im` ycil`k gnjwuc gn k` il~g`g+ xnuc p~n j~ji` o~n èucf`g` jl y~ywlw~lg`* KÙnxòekli` nyw~vc gcdlj`g` xcu nk Ynj`gc+ p~n+ ` y~ vnr+ nyw~vc icjwuck`gc g~u`jwn

kcy gcy xuldnucy ylfkcy gn y~ n}lywnjil` xcu ~j xnp~nðc fu~xc gn* ik`jny x`wulilcy* K`xnuwnjnjil` `k Ynj`gc+ `k p~n yn ìingä` xcu iccxwìlùj+ nu` vlw`klil * Kcyd`flywu`gcy `j~`kny+ ` i~|` iènr` nywè`j kcy gcy iùjy~kny+ nu`j nknflgcy xcu k`y¡`y`dekn`y gnk x~nekc±+ p~n icdxunjgä`j ` wcgcy kcy il~g`g`jcy gn Ucd`+ `~jp~ncuf`jlr`gcy nj ~jlg`gny ¡injw~$

QXàf* 7<T

ul`g`y± gn xnyc gnylf~`k xù` fù`jwlrù ~j` d`|cuä` gn k`y ik`yny xcynngcu`y* Kcyicjy~k`gcy nu`j kcy iùfcy nbni~wlvcy y~xundcy gnk Nyw`gc | nyw~vlnucj knf`kdnjwndcjcxcklr`gcy m`yw` nk `ðc 9?? `* I* xcu nk cugnj inuu`gc gn kcy x`wulilcy*

Nyw` nywu~iw~u` xuldlfnjl` njiùjè` nk gcdljlc xckäwlic gn k` x~u` | yldxknùlywciu il` wu`glilcj`k* Xcywnulcudnjwn o~n dcgloli g` | wu`jyocud`g` nj gcy`yxniwcy ldxcuw`jwny+ wu`y k`y y~inylv`y k~im`y p~n culfljùcj nk np~lv`knjwn ucd`jcdày inui`jc ` k`y o`yny fulnf`y gn ¡wlu`jä`± | ¡gndciuìl`±+ xnuc p~n nj i`g`ci`ylùj yn p~ngùcj u`gli`kdnjwn icuw`y unyxniwc `k gnynjkìn olj`k gn Funil`* @jwnwcgc+ kcy ¡xknen|cy± unilìj njulp~nilgcy ceklfùcj ` k` jceknr` ¡x`wulil`± ìcjingnukny nk ìinyc ` ~jc gn kcy gcy icjy~k`gcy `j~`kny ` xùwlu gnk `ðc 9?? `* I*+`~jp~n yùkc inui` gn gcyilnjwcy `ðcy gnyx~ìy+ nj nk 065 `* I*+ `decy iùjy~knyo~nucj xknen|cy xcu vnr xuldnu`* Nywn i`delc knjwc icjg~bc ` ~j` `dxklìlùj nj kìcdxcylilùj gnk dlydc Ynj gc+ xcup~n kcy `jwlf~cy iùjy~kny x`yè`j ` ynu`~wcdàwli`dnjwn ynj`gcuny* Nk uny~kw`gc gn nkkc o~n k` ocudìlùj ycil`k gn ~j``dxkl` jceknr`+ p~n ljik~ä` w`jwc ` o`dlkl`y ¡x`wulil`y± icdc ` ¡xknen|`y±+ | jc nkgnuuci`dlnjwc xckäwlic gnk ylywnd` gn fcelnujc ùlywciuàwlic+ icdc mèä` ci~uulgc njFunil` g~u`jwn k` ìxci` gn kcy wlu`jcy* Iucjckùfli` | ycilckùfli`dnjwn y~xnux~nyw` `nyw` x~fj` njwun kcy nywu`wcy dày ulicy gn k` Unxòekli` w~vc k~fù ~j` k~im` gn k`y



ik`yny dày xceuny xù` icjynf~lu d`|cuny gnunimcy gnjwuc gn nkk`* K` xunylùj gnnyw`y ik`yny gnyndeciù d~| xucjwc nj k` iunìlùj gnk wule~j`gc gn k` xknen+unxunynjwìlùj icuxcu`wlv` gn k`y d`y`y xcx~kùny gn il~g`g`jcy* Kcy wule~jcy nu`jnknflgcy wcgcy kcy `ðcy xcu ~j` `y`dekn` gn ¡wule~y± p~n+ ` glonunjil gn k``y`dekn` ¡injw~ul`g`±+ o~n nj xuljilxlc fnj~lj`dnjwn lf~`klwùl`* K`y ¡wule~y± nu`jun`kdnjwn wnuulwcul`kny+ icdc nj k` Funil` ùi`li`+ | jc glvlylcjny gn k` xcekìlùj nju`rùj gnk xùnjwnyic1 mèä` i~`wuc nj k` xucxl` il~g`g | 06 o~nu` gn nkk` -kc p~n ny~j äjglin gnk fu`gc gn ~ue`jlrìlùj gn k` ìxci`,* Nk wule~j`gc ocudè` ~j cuf`jlydcnbni~wlvc yni~jgùlc | xù`knkc+ gnywlj`gc ` xucwnfnu ` kcy xceuny icjwu` k` cxunylùjgn kcy ulicy* Olj`kdnjwn+ ` xuljilxlcy gnk ylfkc LLL+ k`y `y`dekn`y wule`kny p~n nknfä`j` kcy wule~jcy cew~vlnucj gnunimcy knflyk`wlvcy+ | kcy dlydcy wule~jcy icjylf~lnucj nkgnunimc jcdlj`k gn vnwc yceun kcy ìwcy gn kcy iùjy~kny | kcy gniunwcy gnk Ynj`gc*

Nk ynjwlgc gn nyw` nvck~ilùj icuunyxcjgä` `k xucinyc p~n |` mèä` icjg~ilgc ` k` xckly gndciuàwli` gn Funil`* Xnuc nk xucinyc yn gnw~vc+ w`delìj nj nyw` ci`ylùj+`jwny gn p~n kknfù`

QXàf* >8T

` `dnj`rù icj ~j` j~nv` icjywlw~ilùj xckäwli` xù` k` il~g`g* Nk wule~j`gc | k``y`dekn` wule`k yn `ð`glnucj yldxkndnjwn ` k`y ljywlw~ilcjny injwu`kny |` n}lywnjwnygnk Ynj gc+ kcy icjy~k`gcy | k` `y`dekn` injw~ul`g`* @yä+ jc njwu`ðùcj ~j`ècklilùj ljwnuj` gnk icdxknbc cklfàup~lic gn xcgnu p~n glulfä` ` k` Unxòekli`+ yljc~jcy `ð`glgcy n}wnulcuny i~|` ldxcuw`jil` xuàiwli` o~n icj ouni~njil` d~imc dnjcup~n y~ xcwnjil`k ocud`k* Nj noniwc+ k` k~im` gn k`y ik`yny dày xceuny o~n glulflg`fnjnu`kdnjwn xcu xknen|cy ulicy+ p~n yn mìä`j i`dxncjny gn k` i`~y` xcx~kù xù`gnonjgnu y~y xucxlcy ljwnunyny gn ùulelyw`y+ | nywc icjwlj~ù ylnjgc vnug`g ljik~ycgnyx~ìy gn p~n kcy j~nvcy ulicy m~elnu`j icjynf~lgc nk ìinyc `k xucxlc cugnjynj`wcul`k* Kcy wule~jcy+ p~n jcud`kdnjwn nu`j mcdeuny gn icjylgnuèkn ocuw~j`+ ynicjvnuwä`j `yä g~u`jwn kùfcy xnuäcgcy nj ljywu~dnjwcy gùilkny gnk Ynj`gc 0* K`

y~xundìä` ùlywciuàwli` gnjwuc gn k` Unxòekli` jc unilelù jljf~j` o~nuwn yì~glg`1yldxkndnjwn+ ~j` xk~wciuìl` gn ulicy njfucyù k`y olk`y gn ~j` jceknr` gn jìldlnjwc+~wlklr`jgc `de`y ~jcy `dxklcy ylywnd`y gn ¡iklnjwnklydc± xù` `ynf~uùyn nkicdxkìlnjwn ynf~lglydc gn k`y d`y`y ~ue`j`y | xucglf`jgc nk ycecujc mèlw~`k xù`fù`jwlrù k` nkniilùj ` k`y d`flywu`w~u`y `j~`kny ` wu`vìy gn k` `y`dekn` injw~ul`g`*K` Unxòekli` ucd`j` d`jw~vc+ x~ny+ nk gcdljlc cklfàup~lic wu`glilcj`k+ xcu dnglc gn~j` icdxknb` icjywlw~ilùj+ m`yw` k` ìxci` ikàyli` gn y~ mlywcul`*

K` uny~kw`jwn nywu~iw~u` ycil k gn kcy il~g`g`jcy ucd`jcy o~n+ xcu w`jwc+ljnvlwèkndnjwn glywljw` gn k` p~n mèä` iùìwnulr`gc ` k` Funil` ikàyli`* K` jceknr`x`wulil`* mèä` k~im`gc gnygn d~| xucjwc xù` icjinjwuù nj y~y d`jcy k` xucxlng`ggn k` wlnuu`+ ung~ilnjgc ` kcy i`dxnyljcy kleuny dày xceuny ` k` ynuvlg~deun xcugn~g`y -icdc nj Funil`, | `xucxlàjgcyn nk `fnu x~ekli~y c wlnuu`y icd~j`kny p~nìywcy ~wlklrè`j xù` x`ywcy | i~kwlvcy* K` wnjgnjil` ` ung~ilu `k i`dxnylj`gc+ xcudnglc gn k` ynuvlg~deun xcu gn~g`y+ ` k` icjglilùj gn ùunjg`wùlcy gnxnjglnjwnyo~n gnwnjlg`+ `~jp~n xnuylywlnu` nk xuceknd` gn k`y gn~g`y 5+ xnuc jc kc o~n k`n}xucxlìlùj gnk `fnu 0 X* @* Eu~jw+Ycil`k icjokliwy lj wmn Ucd`j Unx~ekli + Kcjguny+ 0<60+ xàflj`y >=+ ??$6* Nywn kleulwc ny ~j`jàklyly d`flywu`k gn k`y k~im`y gn ik`yny g~u`jwn k` Unxòekli` ` k` k~r gn k` dcgnuj` ljvnywlfìlùjmlywùuli`*5 Eu~jw+Ycil`k icjokliwy lj wmn Ucd`j Unx~ekli + xx* >>$6* K` ljywlw~ilùj knf`k gn k` ynuvlg~deun xcugn~g`y ‗nk jn}~d ‗ o~n ècklg` nj nk `ðc 95? `* I* Eu~jw p~lrà dljldlr` ~j xcic k`y icjyni~njil`y gnnyw` ècklilùj `k ljylywlu nj nk mnimc gn p~n nk jn}~d x~gc uny~ilwù gnyx~ìy nj cwu`y vnuylcjny gniùàiwnu ljocud`k* K` mlywcul` gn k` ocudìlùj ycil`k ucd`j` mèuä` ylgc ilnuw`dnjwn d~| glywljw` ylg~u`jwn k` Unxò$

QXàf* >0T



x~ekli~y jl k` gnxunylùj gn kcy xnp~nðcy | dngl`jcy `fuli~kwcuny* Xù` nywèlklrù k`xucxlng`g u~u`k gn kcy il~g`g`jcy cugljùlcy gn Ucd` jc yn xucg~bc jljf~j`ljy~uuniilùj nicjùdli` c xckäwli` icdxùèkn ` k` p~n mèä` ci~uulgc nj @wnj`y c+ gnocud` glonunjwn+ nj Nyxùw`* I~`jgc+ olj`kdnjwn+ kcy Fuìcy ljwnjwùcj ynf~lu nki`dljc gn Yckùj | Xlyäywu`wc nu` |` gnd`yl`gc wùgn* Xcu njwcjiny ‗ylfkc LL `* I*‗ ynjninylwè`j dnglg`y* d~imc dày u`gli`kny p~n k`y `gcxw`g`y nj @wnj`y xù` y`kvùk` ylw~ìlùj gn kcy xceuny ‗j`g` dnjcy p~n ~j` unglywule~ilùj gn k` wlnuu`+ n}lflg`xcu kcy mnud`jcy Fuìc‗ icj k` xcylelklg`g w`jwc dnjcu gn p~n x~glnu`j kknvùyn ìèc icjwu` k` cxcylilùj ùlywciuàwli`* Gn mnimc+ nj k` Unxòekli` ucd`j` j~ji` w~vck~fù ~j` unocud` `fuùl` g~u`gnu` c y~yw`jil`k+ ` xnyù gn k` icjyw`jwn `flwìlùj |w~ue~knjil` nj wcujc ` nyw` i~nywlùj g~u`jwn k` ìxci` olj`k gn y~ n}lywnjil`* Nkgcdljlc xckäwlic gn k` jceknr` ekcp~nù wcgcy kcy nyo~nurcy p~n yn mlilnucj xù`ljvnuwlu k` ljiny`jwn xckùlrìlùj ycil`k gn k` xucxlng`g gn k` wlnuu`* Nk uny~kw`gc o~nk` icjwlj~` nucylùj gn k` ik`yn gn `fuli~kwcuny dcgnywcy p~n mèä` icjywlw~lgc nknyp~nknwc gn k xckly fulnf`* Nk np~lv`knjwn ucd`jc gn k` i`wnfcuä` gn kcy mcxklw`y ‗mcdeuny p~n xcgä`j np~lxùyn ` yä dlydcy icj k`y ùd`g~u`y | ùd`y jninyùl`yxù` nk ynuvlilc gn ljo`jwnuä` nj k`y knflcjny‗ nu`j kcy `yylg~l + ny gnilu+ ¡kcy`ynjw`gcy nj k` wlnuu`±+ p~n xcynä`j kcy jninyùlcy unp~lylwcy gn xucxlng`g xù`

xcuwù y~y xucxl`y ùd`y* Xcu gne`bc gn nkkcy nywè`j kcy xucknwùll + il~g`g`jcy yljxucxlng`gny+ i~|c òjlic ynuvlilc `k Nyw`gc icjylywä` yldxkndnjwn nj wnjnu mlbcy- xuckny ,* K` iunilnjwn dcjcxcklrìlùj gn k` wlnuu` xcu k` ùlywciuìl` yn wu`g~bc+ x~ny+nj ~j icjwlj~c gnyinjyc gnk jòdnuc gn `yylg~l | nj ~j ljn}cuèkn `~dnjwc nj k`n}wnjylùj gn k` ik`yn gn kcy xucknwùll * Xcu cwu` xùwn+ nk n}x`jylcjlydc dlklwù gnUcd` w`delìj wnjglù ` ung~ilu k`y olk`y gn kcy `yylg~l + gn k`y p~n xucingä`j kcyyckg`gcy | k`y e`b`y nj kcy nbìuilwcy p~n kc kknvè`j ` ièc* @ icjyni~njil` gn wcgcnywc+ mìl` olj`kny gnk ylfkc LLL `* I*+ kcy xucknwùll |` icjywlw~ä`j xuceèkndnjwn k`d`|cuä` èyck~w` gn kcy il~g`g`jcy | o~n xunilyc kk`dùkcy xù` icjwnjnu k` `dnj`r`gn k` ljv`ylùj gn Lw`kl` xcu

ekli` yn m~elnu` icjycklg`gc ~j i`dxnylj`gc b~uägli`dnjwn gnxnjglnjwn e`bc ~j` ik`yn ycil`k gn

wnuu`wnjlnjwny* Gn mnimc+ nk njgn~g`dlnjwc u~u`k icjg~bc ` k` icjinjwuìlùj gn k` xucxlng`g `fuäick` njd`jcy gn k` jceknr`+ xnuc jc ` ~j` o~nur` kècu`k `gyiulw` `k y~nkc | x~nyw` ` y~ glyxcylilùj* K`nyik`vlw~g mèuä` gn xucxcuilcjù k` d`jc gn ceu` xù` y~y olji`y+ xucg~ilnjgc ~j` icjolf~uìlùj ycil`kd~| glonunjwn*

QXàf* >5T

@jäe`k1 dlnjwu`y kcy unp~lylwcy gn xucxlng`g gn kcy `yylg~l yn ung~iä`j ` k` dlw`g+m`yw` p~n nj nk ylfkc ylf~lnjwn `p~ìkkcy gnyinjglnucj xcu gne`bc gnk däjldc gny~eylywnjil` 9*

Kcy xnp~nðcy xucxlnwùlcy j~ji` gny`xùnilnucj xcu icdxknwc nj Lw`kl`+ xnuc o~nucj`knb`gcy xucfunylv`dnjwn mìl` kcy uljicjny dày undcwcy | xuniùlcy gnk x`äy+ mìl`k`y unflcjny x`jw`jcy`y c dcjw`ðcy`y p~n jc `wu`ä`j ` kcy fu`jgny xucxlnwùlcy* @yä+k` nywu~iw~u` gnk ylywnd` xckäwlic ucd`jc nj k` ìxci unx~ekli j ì eùglonunjilàjgcyn xuco~jg`dnjwn gn wcgc xuningnjwn fulnfc+ xcup~n dlnjwu`y nki`dxc yn kknjè` gn fu`jgny gcdljlcy jcelklùlcy+ k` il~g`g yn xcekè` gn ~j` d`y`xucknwùlr`g`+ gnyxucvlyw` gn wlnuu`y c gn i~`kp~lnu cwu` xucxlng`g* Nyw` `dxkl` |gnynyxnu`g` y~eik`yn+ ~j` vnr icdxknw`dnjwn ~ue`jlr`g`+ xnuglù wcg` vck~jw`g gnunwcuj u ` k` icjglilùj gnk xnp~nðc xucxlnwùlc | x~gc ynu d jlx~k`g` icjouni~njil` xcu k`y i`dùlkk`y ùlywciuàwli`y icjwu` kcy xuc|niwcy gn unocud` `fuùl``xc|`gcy xcu kcy `fuli~kwcuny `yylg~l 7* Y~ xcylilùj nywu`wìfli` nj k` i`xlw`k gn ~jldxnulc nj n}x`jylùj ceklfù+ nj òkwldc wìudljc+ ` k` ik`yn glulfnjwn ucd`j` `xìloliù y~y ljdngl`wcy ljwnunyny d`wnul`kny xcu dnglc gn glywule~ilcjny xòekli`y gn

fu`jc* Nycy unxùwcy o~nucj+ nj un`klg`g+ nk dnrp~ljc y~ywlw~wc gn k` glywule~ilùj gnk` wlnuu`+ p~n j~ji` w~vc k~fù* Xù` k` cklfùp~ä` ynj wcul`k p~n icjwuckè` kÙnxòekli` nu` xunonulekn ~j xucknwùl`gc x`ylvc | icjy~dlyw` ` ~j i`dxnyljcuni`kilwu`jwn | xucg~iwlvc*



@mcu` |` ny xcylekn `j`klrù k`y unxnui~ylcjny p~n nyw` icjolf~uìlùj ycil`k w~vcyceun nk i~uyc nyxniäolic gnk n}x`jylcjlydc ucd`jc* Nk gnyùuckkc gnk xcgnuäc ilvlkucd`jc yn glywljf~lù gn kcy nbndxkcy fulnfcy nj gcy `yxniwcy o~jg`dnjw`kny+gluniw`dnjwn unkìlcj`gcy `decy icj k` nywu~iw~u` ljwnuj` gn k` il~g`g* Nj xuldnuk~fù+ Ucd` yn dcywuù i`x`r gn `dxklù9 Eu~jw+Ycil`k icjokliwy lj wmn Ucd`j Unx~ekli + xx* 09$7* Ljik~yc gnyx~ìy gn p~n Dùlc ècklnu` kcyunp~lylwcy gn xucxlng`g xù` k` icjyiulxilùj+ k`y knflcjny icjwlj~ùcj wnjlnjgc ~j` icdxcylilùjd`|culwùl`dnjwn u~u`k* Eu~jw2 ¡Wmn ùd| `jg wmn k`jg lj wmn Ucd`j Unvck~wlcj±+ Wmn Bc~uj`k co Ucd`j Yw~glny + 0<?5+ x* 67*7 Wlenulc Fuìc+ wule~jc gnonjycu gn ~j` Kn} @fuùl` + gnj~jilù nk ndxceunildlnjwc gn kcy xnp~nðcyxucxlnwùlcy2 ¡Kcy mcdeuny p~n k~im`j | d~nunj xcu Lw`kl` icdxùwnj y~ `lun | y~ k~r+ xnuc j`g` dàyQ***T K~im`j | d~nunj xù` d`jwnjnu k` ulp~nr` | kcy k~bcy gn cwucy+ | `~jp~n unilenj nk wäw~kc gn g~nðcygnk d~jgc+ jc wlnjnj jl ~j yldxkn xng`rc gn wlnuu` p~n yn` y~|c±* -Xk~wùic+ Wlenul~y `jg I`l~y Fuìim~y + L]+ >,* Wlenulc Fuìc+ ägckc gnk xnp~nðc i`dxnylj`gc+ o~n kljim`gc xcu ~j` d~kwlw~g ~ue`j`ljok`d`g` icjwu` ìk xcu kcy x`wucjcy ynj`wcul`kny*

QXàf* >9T

y~ xucxlc ylywnd` xckäwlic xù` ljik~lu ` k`y il~g`gny lw`kl`j`y p~n y~e|~fù nj nk

wu`jyi~uyc gn y~ n}x`jylùj xnjljy~kù* @ glonunjil` gn @wnj`y+ Ucd` n}lflù ` y~y`kl`gcy+ gnygn nk xuljilxlc+ yckg`gcy xù` y~y nbìuilwcy | jc gljnuc xù` y~ wnycuc+ icjkc p~n `klvlè` nk xnyc gn y~ gcdljlc nj wlndxcy gn x`r | kcy `wè` oludndnjwn ` nkk`nj wlndxcy gn f~nuu`* Nj nywc+ Ucd` ylf~lù nk nbndxkc gn Nyxùw`+ `~jp~n y~ icjwuckdlklwù injwu`klr`gc yceun k`y wucx`y `kl`g`y o~n ylndxun d~imc d`|cu* Xnuc+ `gndày+Ucd` o~n i`x`r gn icjynf~lu p~n nywcy `kl`gcy yn ljwnfuù`j nj y~ xucxlc ylywnd`xckäwlic gn ~j` ocud` ` k` p~n j~ji` x~gc `yxluù jljf~j` il~g`g fulnf`* Kc p~nxnudlwlù nywn mnimc o~n k` xni~klù nywu~iw~u` ycil`k gn Ucd`* Ljik~yc k` dàycklfàup~li` gn k`y xcknly fulnf`y gn k` ìxci` ikàyli` nywè` e`y`g` o~jg`dnjw`kdnjwnnj ~j` ik`yn dngl` gn il~g`g`jcy xucxlnwùlcy p~n mìä` ldxcylekny k`y n}wund`yglyxùlg`gny nicjùdli`y njwun ulicy | xceuny gnjwuc gn k` il~g`g* Nk `~wculwùlydcxckäwlic gn Nyxùw` ‗i`yc nbndxkù gn k` cklfùp~ä` mnkìjli`‗ jc ylfjloliù ~j`xckùlrìlùj gn ik`yny njwun kcy il~g`g`jcy+ yljc p~n+ icdc |` mndcy vlywc+ o~nìcdx`ð`gc nj k` ìxci` ikàyli` gn ~j ynð`k`gc lf~`klwùlydc nicjùdlic+ p~nxuceèkndnjwn ljik~ä` k` icjinylùj ` wcgcy kcy nyxùw`jcy gn xucxlng`gny nyw`w`knylj`klnjèkny+ xunily`dnjwn xù` y`kvù ` kcy mcxklw`y gnk wlxc gn ¡xucknwùlrìlùj± p~ny~oulnucj nj Ucd` >* K xckly ikàyli` gn Funil` icjynuvù+ i~`kp~lnu` p~n> K` gni`gnjil` gn Nyxùw` wu`y k` f~nuu` gnk Xnkcxcjnyc o~n ìcdx`ð`g`+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ gn ~jnjcudn èlydc nicjùdlic njwun kcy il~g`g`jcy ulicy | kcy ndxceunilgcy+ nj nk dùic gn ~jìcjwuìilùj gndcfuàoli` | ~j` gnydcu`klrìlùj xckäwli`* Xnuc k`y wu`glilcjny gn lf~`kg`g dùil`k ynd`jw~vlnucj w`j ljwnjy` | xuco~jg`dnjwn p~n nj nk ylfkc LL `jwny gn Iulywc+ nj nk dlydc x~jwc olj`k gny~ mlywcul`+ Nyxùw` xunynjilù kcy ycuxunjgnjwny nxlycglcy gn kcy un|ny u`gli`kny @fly LL+ Iknùdnjny LLL |+yceun wcgc+ Jèly* Nk xucfu`d` ycil`k gn Jèly xù` k` unìwlvìlùj gn Nyxùw` ljik~ä` nk n}lklc gn kcyjcekny+ k` ècklilùj gnk nocu`gc+ k` icjinylùj gn il~g`g`jä` ` kcy yòeglwcy kci`kny+ k` nd`jilxìlùj gn kcy

nyik`vcy | k` glywule~ilùj ` kcy xceuny gn k`y wlnuu`y icjolyi`g`y* Nu` xuceèkndnjwn nk icjb~jwc gndnglg`y unvck~ilcjùl`y dày icmnunjwn | gn dày `dxklc `ki`jin b`dày ocud~k`gc nj k` @jwlfûng`g*Nyw` òkwld` n}xkcylùj gn k` vlw`klg`g xckäwli` mnkìjli` yn ci~kw` icj gnd`yl`g` ouni~njil` icdc yl ynwu`wù` gn ~j` xcyg`w` ènuu`jwn c dùflj`k ` k` Funil` ikàyli`* Nj un`klg`g+ ùucb` ~j` unvnk`gcu` |unwucyxniwlv` k~r yceun k` j`w~u`knr` gnk ylywnd` xckäwlic nyxùw`jc nj nk dcdnjwc gn y~ nyxknjgcu* Nj~j` gn k`y icjoucjwìlcjny dày gu`dàwli`y gn k` @jwlfûng`g+ nj nk x~jwc n}ìwc gn k` ljwnuyniilùj njwunnk niklxyn gn Funil` | k` `yinjylùj gn Ucd`+ Jèly yn njounjwù ` P~ljwc Ok`dljlc ‗bnon gn kcy nbìuilwcynjvl gcy xù` n}wluxù nk nbndxkc gn k` y~evnuylùj nyxùw j`‗ icj nyw`y ylfjloli wlv`y x`kèu`y2 ¡Jcn}lbàly p~n Nyxùw` yn xklnf~n v~nywu`y xucxl`y kn|ny n ljywlw~ilcjny Q***T _cycwucy nyicfìly v~ny$

QXàf* >7T

o~nyn y~ fu`gc unk`wlvc gn gndciuìl` | cklfùp~ä`+ ~j` ~jlg`g iävli` nju`lr`g` nj k`

xucxlng`g u~u`k gn y~ ljdngl`w` vniljg`g1 xcu nyw` dlyd` u`rùj+ k` xckly fulnf` nu`wnuulwcul`kdnjwn ljnkàywli` n lji`x`r gn n}wnjgnuyn ylj xnugnu y~ xucxl` lgnjwlg`g* Kìcjywlw~ilùj ucd`j`+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ jc nu` yùkc ocud`kdnjwn cklfàup~li`+ yljc p~ny~ icjwnjlgc nu` d~imc dày xuco~jg`dnjwn ùlywciuàwlic+ xcup~n yn e`yè` nj ~j`



nywu`wloliìlùj nicjùdli` gn k` ycilng`g ucd`j` gn ~j cugnj icdxknw`dnjwn glywljwc*Nywc mlrc xcylekn k` `dxkl ilùj gn k` il~g`g`jä` ucd`j` ` k`y ik`yny glulfnjwnyyldlkùny gn k`y il~g`gny `kl`g`y gn Lw`kl`+ p~n nu`j ycil`kdnjwn `jàkcf`y ` k` dlyd`jceknr` ucd`j` | yn mèä`j enjnolil`gc gn k`y icjp~lyw`y ~kwu`dùlj`y gn Ucd`* K`yil~g`gny lw`kl`j`y yn unenkùcj olj`kdnjwn icjwu` Ucd` nj nk `ðc <0 `* I*+ i~`jgc o~nunim`r g` y~ xnwlilùj gn il~g`g`jä` ucd`j + `kfc p~n jljfòj `kl`gc gn @wnj`y c gnNyxùw` mèä` xnglgc b`dày* Xnuc ljik~yc nj nyw` ci`ylùj+ nk cebnwlvc gn y~ f~nuu` o~n~j Nyw`gc xnjljy~kù lw`kl`jc icj ~j` i`xlw`k | ~j Ynj`gc+ nj icjyilnjwn ldlwìlùjgnk cugnj ~jlwùlc ucd jc+ | jc ~j v~nkw` ` k`y glyxnuy`y ljgnxnjgnjil`yd~jlilx`kny ?* K` unenklùj lw`kl`j` o~n ycoci`g` dlklwùdnjwn nj k` kùf` | njiùjlr`g`k~im` gn k` kk`d`g` f~nuu` ycil`k* Xnuc nj dnglc gnk xcywnulcu wcuenkkljc gn k`yf~nuu`y ilvlkny gnjwuc gn k` Unxòekli`+ njwun k`y oìilcjny gn Dùlc | Ylk`+ nk Ynj`gcx~gc icjingnu k`y unlvljgliìlcjny xckäwli`y eàyli`y gn kcy `kl`gcy+ xcup~n nk iùàiwnugn k` ik`yn glulfnjwn ucd`j` | gn y~ Icjywlw~ilùj oìlklwè`j ~j` `dxklìlùj vlèkn gnk` il~g`g`jä` ` k`y cwu`y il~g`gny lw`kl`j`y+ fcenuj`g`y xcu ~j x`wulil`gc ~ue`jc gniùàiwnu yldlkù `k gn k` ik`yn ynj`wcul`k+ icj k` ulp~nr` | nk cilù jninyùlcy xù`xùwlilxù+ ljik~yc gnygn knbcy+ nj nk ylywnd` xckäwlic gn k` Unxòekli`* K` jceknr`lw`kl`j` jc y`wlyolrc gn ocud` ljdngl`w` wcg`y y~y `yxluìlcjny xckäwli`y gn iùfcy

injwu`kny nj nk Nyw`gc ucd`jc |+wu` iè`kknuä` n ljo`jwnuä` gn ì~nugc icj y~y unp~lylwcy gn xucxlng`g | gnynàly p~n ~jcy xcicyyceuny`kf`j nj ulp~nr` | p~n k`y fnjwny gnk icdòj nywìj ycdnwlg`y ` nkkcy* J~nywuc knflyk`gcu jc p~lycp~n nk Nyw`gc nyw~vlnu` nj d`jcy gn ~jcy xcicy+ ` p~lnjny vcycwucy kk`dàly Ynj`gc+ jl p~n jljf~jìk`yn w~vlnu` y~xundìä` nj nk Nyw`gc* J~nywuc knflyk`gcu iunä` p~n xcu k` lf~`kg`g gn ocuw~j` | gnglfjlg`g mèuä` d~imcy p~n ndx~ðùä`j k`y ùd`y xcu y~ x`äy± -Klvlc+ Mlywculny + ]]]L_+ }}}l+ 06$0=,*? X* @* Eu~jw+ ¡Lwàkl`j `ldy `w wmn wldn co wmn Ycil`k Vù±+Wmn Bc~uj`k co Ucd`j Yw~glny + 0<?>+ xx* <8$08<* Eu~jw iunn p~n nk ylfkc gn x`r nj Lw`kl` wu`y k` gnuucw` gn @jäe`k o~n ~j` gn k`y u`rcjny p~nicjvnjilnucj ` kcy `kl`gcy gn k`y vnjw`b`y gn k` ~jlg`g xckäwli`*

QXàf* >>T

wu`y k` icjinylùj gn k` il~g`g`jä`+ y~y ~kwnulcuny `delilcjny mèuä`j gn icjywlw~lu~j` xcgnucy` o~nur` xù` k`y wu`jyocudìlcjny ycil`kny gn ~j` ìxci` xcywnulcu* Xnucy~ ljwnfuìlùj xckäwli` unxunynjwù+ ` xnyù gn wcgc+ ~j x`yc gnilylvc nj k` o~w~u`nywu~iw~u` gn wcgc nk Ldxnulc ucd`jc* K` unk`wlv` okn}lelklg`g ljywlw~ilcj`k p~n ny`ljwnfuìlùj gndcywuè` glc ` Ucd` ~j` vnjw`b` jcwèkn nj y~ `yinjylùj ldxnul`k+xcup~n icj nkk` yn nvlwùcj kcy gcy xckcy njwun kcy p~n yn mèä` glvlglgc | m~jglgc k`n}x`jylùj fulnf`2 nk ilnuun xund`w~uc n ldxcwnjwn gn k` il~g`g$Nyw`gc c nk dnwnùulicwul~jo`klydc dcjàup~lic noniw~`gc ` icyw` gn nkk`* K` oùud~k` xckäwli` gn kÙnxòekli` gn Ucd` unxunynjwù ~j `v`jin jcwèkn nj noliìl` unk`wlv`*

Icj wcgc+ k` ljjcvìlùj gnilylv` gn k` n}x`jylùj gn Ucd` o~n nj òkwldc wìudljcnicjùdli`+ | icjylywlù nj k` ljwucg~iilùj+ xcu vnr xuldnu` nj k` @jwlfûng`g+ gn kcy

fu`jgny k`wlo~jglcy nyik`vlyw`y* Icdc |` mndcy ynð`k`gc+ k` `fuli~kw~u` fulnf` ~wlklrù`dxkl`dnjwn ` kcy nyik`vcy+ xnuc nyw~vc kldlw`g` ` rcj`y xnp~nð`y+ icj ~j`xcekìlùj nyi`y`+ gnelgc ` p~n k` ilvlklrìlùj fulnf` ylndxun w~vc ~j iùàiwnuxuniùl`dnjwn icywnuc n ljy~kù* @gndày+ | yceun wcgc+ k`y olji`y gnk Àwli` c Dnynjlì~kwlv`g`y xcu nyik`vcy ylndxun w~vlnucj ~j` n}wnjylùj d~| dcgnyw`+ p~lrà gn ~j`dngl` ylw~`g` njwun 05 | 57 mniwàun`y+ icdc d~imc* Nywn dcgnkc u~u`k nywè` klf`gc+j`w~u`kdnjwn+ ` k` nywu~iw~u` ycil`k gn k` xckly fulnf`+ p~n iùniä` gn fu`jgnyicjinjwu ilcjny gn ulp~nr`* K` ilvlklrìlùj mnknjäywli` mèä` icjcilgc+ xcu nkicjwuùlc+ njcudny icjinjwuìlcjny gn wlnuu`y nj d`jcy gn k`y glj`ywä`y | gn k`jceknr`+ xnuc jc ~j` nyik`vlw~g `fuäick` fnjnu`klr`g`* K` Unxòekli` ucd`j` o~n k`xuldnu` p~n ~jlù ` k` fu`j xucxlng`g `fuùl` nk wuè`bc gn nyik`vcy nj nk i`dxc `fu`j nyi`k`* K` `xùlilùj gn k` nyik`vlw~g icdc dcgc cuf`jlr`gc gn xucg~iilùjlj`~f~uù+ icdc |` mèä` y~inglgc nj Funil`+ k` ìxci` ikàyli` xucxl`dnjwn glim` gnk` ilvlklrìlùj ucd`j`+ nk `xcfnc gn y~ xcgnuäc | gn y~ i~kw~u`* Xnuc yl elnj nj Funil`mèä` icljilglgc icj k` nywèlklrìlùj gn k`y xnp~nð`y olji`y | gn ~j i~nuxc



icdxìwc gn il~g`g`jcy+ nj Ucd` p~ngù ylywnd`wlr`g` xcu ~j` ùlywciuìl` ~ue`j`p~n fcrè` |` gnk gcdljlc ycil`k | nicjùdlic gn k` il~g`g* Nk uny~kw`gc gn nkkc o~n k`j~nv` ljywlw~ilùj u~u`k gnk fu`j k`wlo~jglc nyik`vlyw`* K` d`jc gn ceu` ~wlklr`g` njnyw`y njcudny xucxlng`gny+ p~n y~uflnucj ` xùwlu gn olj`kny gnk ylfkc LLL+ o~ny~dljlywu`g` xcu k` nyxniwì~kù ynuln gn i`dx`ð`y p~n glnucj ` Ucd` nk gcdljlcgnk d~jgc dnglwnuuàjnc2 k`y f~nuu`y xòjli`y | dìngùjli`y+ k`y f~nuu`y icjwu`

\~f~uw` |

QXàf* >?T

Dlwuäg`wny | k` f~nuu` gn k`y F`kl`y+ p~n ickdùcj ` Lw`kl` gn dlklwùny i`~wlvcy njenjnolilc gn k` ik`yn glulfnjwn* @k dlydc wlndxc+ k`y onuciny | y~inylv`y e`w`kk`y p~nw~vlnucj k~fù nj nk dlydc y~nkc gn k` xnjäjy~k` ‗k`y f~nuu`y gn @jäe`k | k`y f~nuu`yycil`k | ilvlk‗ x~ylnucj e`bc nk icjwuck gn k` cklfùp~ä` ynj`wcul`k c gn y~y oìilcjny

vliwculcy`y fu`jgny wnuulwculcy n}xucxl`gcy ` k`y väiwld`y gnuucw`g`y nj cwucyicjokliwcy+ gn ocud` nyxnil`k nj nk y~u gn Lw`kl` 6* Xcu cwu` xùwn* ny`y dlyd`y f~nuu`ynj nk n}wnulcu | nj nk ljwnulcu ìnjw~ùcj gu`dàwli`dnjwn k` gni`gnjil` gnki`dxnylj`gc ucd`jc+ p~n nj cwucy wlndxcy mèä` icjywlw~lgc k` yùklg` e`yn gnxnp~nðcy xucxlnwùlcy gn k` xluàdlgn ycil`k gn k` il~g`g* K` icjwlj~` ylw~ìlùj gnf~nuu` njwu`ðè` ~j` dcvlklrìlùj ylj olj* Kcy il~g`g`jcy `yylg~l + kk`d`gcy `ðcy wu`y`ðc ` k` knflùj+ i`ä`j ` dlkkùny e`bc y~y e`jgnu`y+ dlnjwu`y p~n kcy y~xnuvlvlnjwnynu`j lji`xìny gn icjynuvù y~y wlnuu`y+ èycuelg`y gn ocud` iunilnjwn xcu k`jceknr`* Gnygn nk `ðc 588 `k 0?6 `* I*+ nk 08 xcu ilnjwc c dày gn wcgcy kcy mcdeunykleuny | `g~kwcy gn Ucd` nyw~vlnucj `klyw`gcy xnud`jnjwndnjwn nj nk nbìuilwc* Nywnflf`jwnyic nyo~nurc dlklwù yùkc nu` xcylekn xcup~n k` nicjcdä` ilvlk nj k` p~n yn`xc|è` xcgä` o~jilcjù m`yw` nyn x~jwc fuìl`y `k wuè`bc gn kcy nyik`vcy+ p~nklenuè` k`y icuunyxcjglnjwny unynuv`y gn d`jc gn ceu` xù` kcy nbìuilwcy gn kÙnxòekli` =* @ y~ vnr+ k`y f~nuu`y vliwculcy`y xucxcuilcjè`j dày i`~wlvcy$nyik`vcyxù` njvlù ` k`y il~g`gny | k`y olji`y gn Lw`kl`*

Nk uny~kw`gc olj`k gn wcgc nkkc o~n k` `xùlilùj gn ~j`y xucxlng`gny `fuùl`y+ gn ~j`ljdnjylg`g m`yw` njwcjiny gnyicjcilg`+ i~kwlv`g`y xcu nyik`vcy* Nj nk ylfkc L `* I*+kcy jcekny dày xcgnucycy+ icdc K~ilc Gcdlilc @mnjceùec+ xcgä`j xcynnu dày gn=8*888 mniwàun`y* Nywcy k`wlo~jglcy unxunynjwè`j ~j j~nvc onjùdnjc ycil`k p~nwu`jyocudù nk i`dxc lw`kl`jc* Icdc ny j`w~u`k+ kcy k`wlo~jglcy jc ocudè`j jninyùl`n ljvùlèkndnjwn ekcp~ny icdxìwcy gn wlnuu`+ i~kwlv`gcy icdc ~jlg`gnyyljf~kùny <* Nk i`yc iùìwnuäywlic nu` p~n kcy k`wlo~jgly$6 Gcjgn nywè`j icjinjwu`gcy kcy gcy njndlfcy dày luunicjilklèkny gn Ucd` g~u`jwn k`y f~nuu`yicjwu` @jäe`k | k` f~nuu` ycil`k2 kcy y`djlw`y | kcy k~i`jcy*= X* @* Eu~jw+Lw`kl`j d`jxc nu+ 55> e*I*$`*G* 07 + C}ocug+ 0<60+ x* 75?*< Nywc w`delìj y~ingä` nj wcgc nk Ldxnulc+ ljik~yc gnyx~ìy gn p~n yn mlilnu`j dày ouni~njwny kcyekcp~ny icjinjwu`gcy gn wlnuu`y+ `fu~x`gcy nj d`yy`n * K` lji`xìlg`g xù` icdxunjgnu nywn `yxniwco~jg`dnjw`k gnk k`wlo~jglydc ucd`jc m` ylgc unk`wlv`dnjwn icdòj* ^j nbndxkc unilnjwn ny nk xuljilx`knyw~glc u~yc yceun nk Ldxnulc wùgäc2 N* D* Ymw`nu$

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vlflk`jil` ùxwld`* Xnuc ljik~yc nyw`y xucxlng`gny glyxnuy`y nu`j d~imc dày n}wnjy`yp~n y~y xungninycu`y fulnf`y | icj ouni~njil` y~xnuè`j k`y 058 mniwàun`y ->88l~fnu` , gn n}wnjylùj+ dlnjwu`y p~n k`y olji`y icjinjwu`g`y+ icdc k` yngn gn Xkljlc nk

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lw`kl`j` gnxnjgä` gn ìk+ yljc p~n mèä` ljv`glgc w`delìj k` d`|cu xùwn gnk icdnuilc | k` ljg~ywul` m`yw` nk x~jwc gn p~n p~lrà nk <8 xcu ilnjwc gn kcy ùwny`jcy gn Ucd`nu`j gn culfnj nyik`vc 00* K` j`w~u`knr` gn k` flf`jwnyi` yì~glg` ycil`k p~n njwu`ðùk` n}x`jylùj ldxnul`k gn Ucd` | k` eàyli` o~nur` dcwulr p~n k` ycyw~vc x~ngnj`xunilùyn ` xùwlu gn k` xuco~jg` wu`jyocudìlùj gndcfuàoli` p~n ìùunù* Eu~jwi`ki~k` p~n nj nk `ðc 55> `* I* mèä` nj Lw`kl` ~jcy 7* 788*888 xnuycj`y kleuny ounjwn` ?88*888 nyik`vcy1 nj nk `ðc 79 `* I* mèä` p~lrà `kungngcu gn 7*>88*888 mèlw`jwnykleuny ounjwn ` 9*888*888 gn nyik`vcy+ n ljik~yc ny xcylekn p~n yn n}xnuldnjwù` ~jgny$

d`j+ Aulrly Uècvk`gnk“imnyacvc Ywucl` v Rx`gjlb Xucvljwyl`b Uldyacl Ldxnull + Dcyiò+ 0<>6* Wcgc nk`jàklyly gn Ymw`nud`j yceun k` mlywcul` ycil`k gnk ylfkc LLL yn e`y` nj ~ð` icjwu`xcylilùj luun`k njwun k`vlkk` gn dngl`j` n}wnjylùj | nk fu`j k`wlo~jgl~d 1 ` k` xuldnu k` gnjcdlj` ¡k` ocud` gn xucxlng`g`jwlf~`± | k` lgnjwloli` icj k`y cklfùp~ä`y d~jlilx`kny gn k` ìxci`+ | `k ynf~jgc kc icjvlnuwn nj ~jonjùdnjc ¡xucwcon~g`k±+ iù iwnuäywlic gn ~j` ùlywciuìl` n}wu`d~jlilx`k* _ì`yn Aulrly Uècvk`gnk“imnyacvc Ywucl` + xx* 97$7>+ 00?$6* Nj un`klg`g+ kcyk`wlo~jgl` ylndxun nyw~vlnucj icdx~nywcyxuljilx`kdnjwn gn vlkk`n + | k`y kldlwìlcjny ¡d~jlilx`kny± yceun k` xucxlng`g gn k` wlnuu` j~ji` w~vlnucjfu`j ldxcuw`jil`1 xcu nk icjwuùlc+ kcy y`kw~y c olji`y n}wu`wnuulwcul`kny+ ylw~`g`y o~nu` gn kcy kädlwnyd~jlilx`kny+ unxunynjwùcj ylndxun+ xuceèkndnjwn+ ~j` xucxcuilùj ljylfjloli`jwn gn wcgc nk wnuulwculcldxnul`k* -Xù` nywc òkwldc+ nj kc p~n Ymw`nud`j xcjn ~j ìjo`yly n}`fnu`gc+ vì`yn Bcjny+ Wmn k`wnu

Ucd`j Ndxlun + LL+ xx* 605$9*,08 _ì`yn A* G* Vmlwn+ ¡K`wlo~jgl`±+E~kknwlj co wmn Ljywlw~wn co Ik`yyli`k Yw~glny + 0<?6+ jòd* 07+ xx* 6?$6*Vmlwn ljylywn nj p~n kcy k`wlo~jglcy xcgä`j ynu c elnj olji`y dl}w`y nj fu`j nyi`k`+ icdc k` gn Xkljlc njWcyi`j`+ c u`jimcy xù` k` f`j`gnuä`* Nyw`y òkwld`y o~nucj dày ouni~njwny nj nk y~u gn Lw`kl`+ dlnjwu`yk`y xuldnu`y kc o~nucj nj k`y wlnuu`y dày oìuwlkny gnk injwuc | nk jcuwn*00 Eu~jw+Ycil`k icjokliwy lj wmn Ucd`j Unx~ekli + xx* 97$>*

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injyc jnwc nj k` xcekìlùj kleun dlnjwu`y yn p~ljw~xkliè` k` xcekìlùj nyik`v` 05* Njnk d~jgc `jwlf~c j~ji` yn mèä` vlywc j`g` yndnb`jwn* Nk xcwnjil`k xknjc gnk dcgcgn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw` yn gnyxknfù xcu vnr xuldnu` nj Ucd`+ p~n kc cuf`jlrù | kckknvù ` k` icjik~ylùj kùfli` p~n Funil` j~ji` mèä` n}xnuldnjw`gc* Nk dlklwùlydc

gnxung`gcu gn k` Unxòekli` ucd`j` o~n y~ xuljilx`k x`k`ji` gn ì~d~kìlùjnicjùdli`* K` f~nuu` `xcuwù wlnuu`y+ wule~wcy | nyik`vcy1 kcy nyik`vcy+ kcy wule~wcy |k`y wlnuu`y xucxcuilcjùcj nk d`wnul`k xù` k` f~nuu`*

Xnuc k` wu`yinjgnjil` mlywùuli` gn k`y icjp~lyw`y ucd`j`y nj k` i~nji` dnglwnuuàjn`jc x~ngn ung~iluyn nj dcgc `kf~jc ` k`y ocuw~j`y nyxniwì~kùny gn k` cklfùp~ä`ynj`wcul`k* Nk `v`jin gn k`y knflcjny un`klrù nj nk icjb~jwc gn k` mlywcul` gn k`

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vlywc+ `gcxwù k` ocud` gn ~j` xucklonuìlùj gn o~jgìlcjny ~ue`j`y+ iun`g`y njxuldnu k~fù gnygn ùule` xcu kcy dlydcy ycenu`jcy gn Dìngcjl` n ldlw`gcynjynf~lg` gnygn è`bc xcu kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny kci`kny gn k` rcj`+ | wcgc nywc ì`niä`nj ~j` rcj` icj ~j` xunvl` mlywcul`+ n}wu`cugljùl dnjwn kùf`+ gn ilvlklrìlùjgnyùuckk`g`+ p~n yn undcjwè` d~imc dày `kkà p~n k` gn k` dlyd` Funil`* K`n}x`jylùj ickcjl`k ucd`j` nj nk Dnglwnuuàjnc ciilgnjw`k w~vc ~j icjwn}wc | ~jiùàiwnu eàyli`dnjwn glywljwc* Mlyx`jl` | k` F`kl` ‗| dày wùgn nk Jùulic+ k` Unil` |Eulw`jl`‗ nu j wlnuu`y undcw`y | xuldlwlv`y+ xcek`g`y xcu icd~jlg`gny wule`knyinkw`y | d~im`y gn nkk`y ylj jljfòj icjwìwc mlywùulic icj nk d~jgc ikàylic* Y~ljwnfuìlùj nj ìk xk`jwnè` xuceknd`y gn ~j cugnj icdxknw`dnjwn glywljwc `k gn k`mnknjlrìlùj gnk Culnjwn Xuù}ldc+ xcup~n nyw`y wlnuu`y jc yùkc nywè`j `wu`y`g`y

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jùdli`dnjwn* K` d`wulr xuldlfnjl` gn k` il~g`g$Nyw`gc o~n k` nywunim` ou`jb` gnk

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@knb`jguä`,* Xnuc nk gnylnuwc icdnjrè` ljdngl`w`dnjwn gnwuày gn wcg` k` käjnìcywnu` gnk y~u | nk nywn gnk Dnglwnuuàjnc+ gn w`k ocud` p~n k` xuco~jglg`g gn kìckcjlrìlùj j~ji` o~n d~| fu`jgn nj Àouli` gnk Jcuwn jl nj nk Culnjwn* NkDnglwnuuàjnc ciilgnjw`k jc couniä`+ ylj ndeùfc+ jl ~j klwcu`k jl ~j ylywnd` gnunf`gäcy ` k`y j~nv`y oucjwnu`y gn Ucd`* @p~ä+ xcu vnr xuldnu`+ k` @jwlfûng`gikàyli` yn njounjwè` ` fu`jgny n}wnjylcjny gnk ljwnulcu+ gnyxucvlyw`y gn ~j` xunvlìlvlklrìlùj ~ue`j`* K` il~g`g$Nyw`gc ucd`j`+ p~n mèä` gnyùuckk`gc nk k`wlo~jglcu~u`k nyik`vlyw`+ o~n k` p~n yn dcywuù i`x`r gn gcdljù ny`y wlnuu`y* K`y u~w`yok~vl`kny gn Mlyx`jl` | k` F`kl` o~nucj wnywlfcy gn nyw` xnjnwuìlùj* Xnuc nk ädxnw~luunylywlekn p~n kknvù ` k`y knflcjny m`yw` nk W`bc+ nk Kclu`+ nk Wàdnyly | nk Ulj o~n nkgnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw` xknj`dnjwn ldxk`jw`gc nj nk i`dxc+ ylj jljfòjkädlwn jl ldxngldnjwc* Nj nyw` ìxci` o~n i~`jgc yn unflywuù xuceèkndnjwn nk d`|cu`v`jin gn k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli nj nk àdelwc gn k` wnijckcfä` `fuùl`2 nkgnyi~euldlnjwc gnk dckljc flu`wculc xù` dcknu nk fu`jc i~|cy xuldnucy wnywldcjlcy+nj y~y gcy ocud`y xuljilx`kny+ yn nji~njwu`j nj Lw`kl` | Nyx`ð` ` dngl`gcy gnk ylfkcLL `* I* 09+ icnwàjncy gn k` n}x`jylùj ucd`j` nj nk Dnglwnuuàjnc ciilgnjw`k |yädeckcy gn y~ glj`dlydc u~u`k* Nk ì}lwc nj k` cuf`jlrìlùj gn k` xucg~iilùj `fuäick`` fu`j nyi`k` xcu d`jc gn ceu` nyik`v` o~n k` icjglilùj xunvl` gn k` icjp~lyw` | kìckcjlrìlùj xnud`jnjwny gn kcy fu`jgny mljwnuk`jgy gnk cnywn | nk jcuwn* Mlyx`jl |k` F`kl` o~nucj+ b~jwc ` Lw`kl + k`y xucvljil`y ucd`j`y dày xuco~jg`dnjwn dùi`g`yxcu k` nyik`vlw~g m`yw` nk gnoljlwlvc olj`k gnk Ldxnulc07* Nk icdnuilc fulnfc mèä`xnjnwu`gc nj Culnjwn1 k`09 K* @* Dculwr+Fu`lj$dlkky `jg okc~u lj ik`yyli`k @jwlp~lw| + C}ocug+ 0<>=+ xx* 67+ 08>+ 00>$?*07 Bcjny+ ¡Yk`vnu| lj wmn @jilnjw cukg±+ xx* 0<?+ 0<=* Xcywnulcudnjwn+ Bcjny wnjglù ` y~xuldlu k` F`kl` |` kldlwù k`y rcj`y gn `kw` gnjylg`g gn nyik`vlw~g ` Mlyx`jl` n Lw`kl 2 Wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun + LL+ xx*6<9$7* Xnuc nj un`klg`g n}lywnj e~nj`y u`rcjny xù` d`jwnjnu y~ òludìlùj culflj`k* @ xùwlu gnkxuldnu xnuäcgc ldxnul`k+ k` F`kl` gnk y~u nyw~vc iùìwnulr`g` xcu y~ inui`jä` ` Lw`kl` nj k` nywu~iw~u`nicjùdli` | ycil`k2 Xkljlc k` icjylgnuè` i`yl icdc ~j` n}wnjylùj gn k` xnjäjy~k`+ Lw`$

QXàf* ?8T

`fuli~kw~u` k`wlj` ¡èulù± Ciilgnjwn* J`w~u`kdnjwn+ kcy ucd`jcy w`delìj o~jgùcjil~g`gny nj nk Dnglwnuuàjnc ciilgnjw`k |+ ylfjloli`wlv`dnjwn+ k`y icjywu~|nucj `culkk`y gn kcy uäcy j`vnfèkny* K` dlyd` iunìlùj gn ~j` nicjcdä` u~u`k nyik`vlyw`gnxnjgä` gn k` ldxk`jwìlùj gn ~j` xuùyxnu` ung gn il~g`gny p~n unxunynjwù`j kcyx~jwcy wnudlj`kny gn y~y n}ingnjwny | y~ xuljilxlc nywu~iw~u`k gn ùwli~kìlùj |icjwuck* Nj nyw` ìxci` yn icjywu~|nucj Iùugce`+ K|cj+ @dlnjy+ Wuìvnuly | ilnjwcy gnil~g`gny dày* Y~ jòdnuc j~ji` lf~`kù `k gn k` ycilng`g gnk Dnglwnuuàjnc culnjw`k+d~imc dày vlnb` | dày gnjy`dnjwn xcek`g`+ xnuc o~n d~| y~xnulcu `k gn k`yil~g`gny o~jg`g`y xcu Ucd` nj Culnjwn*

Noniwlv`dnjwn+ k` n}x`jylùj ucd`j` nj k` rcj mnknjäywli` ylf~lù ~j i~uyc d~|glonunjwn `k gn y~ dcgnkc nj k`y wlnuu`y inkw`y gn Ciilgnjwn* G~u`jwn d~imc wlndxc

o~n dày g~elw`wlv` n ljilnuw` | yn glulflù ` ekcp~nù k`y ljwnuvnjilcjny p~n x~glnu`ji`~yù ldxcuw`jwny gnynp~lkleulcy nj nk ylywnd` gn Nyw`gcy vlfnjwn -Olklxc _+ @jwäcicLLL, | ` iunù unljcy iklnjwny dày p~n xucvljil`y icjp~lyw`g`y 0>* @yä+ o~n d~|ylfjloli`wlvc p~n ljik~yc gnyx~ìy gn k` gnuucw` gnk òkwldc fu`j nbìuilwc ynkì~ilg` nj



D`fjnyl`+ nj nk `ðc 0<=+ g~u`jwn kcy ilji~njw` `ðcy ylf~lnjwny jc yn `jn}lcjù`jljfòj wnuulwculc culnjw`k | p~n Xìuf`dc jc x`yù` xìäoli`dnjwn ` k` `gdljlywuìlùjucd`j` m`yw` nk `ðc 05< `* I*+ fuìl`y `k wnyw`dnjwc gn y~ kn`k dcjùi` dày p~n `~j` gnilylùj ynj`wcul`k | yn icjvluwlnu` `yä nj k` xuldnu` xucvljil `ylàwli` gnkLdxnulc* @ xùwlu gn njwcjiny+ i~`jgc Ucd` yn xnui`wù gn k`y njcudny ulp~nr`y p~nnywè`j glyxcjlekny nj Culnjwn | kcy bnony dlklwùny icjylf~lnucj d`|cuny xcgnunyldxnul`kny nj nk n}wu`jbnuc ‗nj nk ylfkc L `* I* ‗+ k` `funylùj yn mlrc dày uàxlg` |ylywndàwli`* Xnuc kcy unfädnjny unx~ekli jcy `gdljlywuùcj fnjnu`kdnjwn k`yunjwèkny xucvljil`y `ylàwli`y+ p~n y~y fnjnu`kny ùune`wè`j `mcu` ` y~y yc$

kl` vnul~y p~`d xucvljil + ¡dày Lw`kl` p~n xucvljil`±* K` wnyly gn kcy k`wlo~jglcy nyik`vlyw`y nj k`Jùecjnjyn xùnin+ xcu w`jwc+ p~n jc xunynjw` xuceknd`y* K` F`kl` gnk jcuwn+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ wnjä` ~jiùàiwnu d~imc dày xuldlwlvc | nywè` dnjcy ~ue`jlr`g`* Xnuc o~n `p~ä xunily`dnjwn ‗nj k` unflùj gnkKclu`‗ gcjgn nyw`kkùä`j g~u`jwn nk Ldxnulc wùgäc k`y fu`jgny unenklcjny gn kcy e`f`~gny + gnyiulw`yn}xuny`dnjwn xcu y~y icjwndxcuàjncy icdc knv`jw`dlnjwcy gn nyik`vcy u~u`kny -vì`yn xàflj` 085+ j*=7,* Xùnin kùflic+ xcu w`jwc+ `kljnù wcg` k` F`kl`+ icj Nyx`ð` n Lw`kl`+ icdc ~j` ldxcuw`jwn unflùj gn`fuli~kw~u` nyik`vlyw`*0> N* E`gl j+ Ucd`j ldxnul`klyd lj wmn k`wn Unx~ekli + C}ocug+ 0<?=+ xàflj`y 5$05+ icdxù` icj fu`jxnjnwuìlùj k` xckäwli` ucd`j` nj Culnjwn | Ciilgnjwn*

QXàf* ?0Tenu`jcy mnknjäywlicy+ icj ~j däjldc gn i`delc ycil`k c ljwnuonunjil` xckäwli`+gnikù`jgc mènuk`y ¡klenu`gc± gn y~y gìyxcw`y | icjwnjwàjgcyn icj kcy n}~enu`jwnyljfunycy olyi`kny gn k` unflùj* Nj nk Dnglwnuuàjnc culnjw`k jc yn ljwucg~bc k`nyik`vlw~g `fuùl ` fu`j nyi k` | kcy j~dnucycy xulylcjnucy gn f~nuu` mnimcynyik`vcy nu`j ndeùi`gcy mìl` Ciilgnjwn xù` ynu ndxkn`gcy nj k` dlyd` Lw`kl`*Kcy `gdljlywu`gcuny | `vnjw~unucy ucd`jcy yn `xucxlùcj gn k`y olji`y gn k`dcjùp~ä`+ xnuc gnbùcj ljwìwcy y~y ylywnd`y gn wuè`bc* K` xuljilx`k ljjcvìlùj gnkgcdljlc ucd`jc nj Culnjwn w~vc k~fù nj k`y il~g`gny fulnf`y gn k` rcj`+ nj k`y p~nyn ldx~ylnucj gnwnudlj`gcy unp~lylwcy gn xucxlng`g xù` ìingnu ` kcy iùfcyd~jlilx`kny+ icj cebnwc gn vlji~kùk`y dày nywunim`dnjwn ` k`y jcud`y cklfàup~li`ygn k` Il~g`g Nwnuj`* Nj k` xuàiwli`+ nywn mnimc yùkc glc ~j` icgloliìlùj b~uägli` `kxcgnu gn oìwc gn kcy jcwèkny kci`kny p~n |` gcdljè`j ny`y il~g`gny 0?* Iìyù |

@~f~ywc iunùcj nj Culnjwn ~j`y xci`y ickcjl`y ~ue`j`y+ nyxniäoli`dnjwn ucd`j`y+xù` `ynjwù ` xucknwùlcy | vnwnu`jcy k`wljcy nj @yl`* Xnuc nyw`y ickcjl`y gnbùcjd~| xcic u`ywuc* Ylfjloli wlv`dnjwn+ i~`jgc yn icjywu~|ù ~j` j~nv` ynuln gnil~g`gny g~u`jwn nk xuljilx`gc -yceun wcgc nj k` ìxci` gn kcy @jwcjljcy, o~nucjnynjil`kdnjwn o~jgìlcjny fulnf`y+ icmnunjwny icj nk xunvlc iùàiwnu i~kw~u`k gnunflùj* J~ji` m~ec jljfòj ljwnjwc gn ucd`jlrù k`y xucvljil`y culnjw`kny1 p~lnjy~oulù wcg` k` iùf` gn k` k`wljlrìlùj o~n Ciilgnjwn* K` oucjwnu` kljfûäywli` ‗p~n le`gnygn Lklul` ` k` Ilunj li`‗ gnkldlwè` k`y gcy rcj`y eàyli`y gnk j~nvc cugnjldxnul`k*

K` icjp~lyw` ucd`j` gnk Dnglwnuuàjnc nj kcy gcy òkwldcy ylfkcy gn k` Unxòekli`+ | k`wundnjg` n}x`jylùj gn k` nicjcdä` ynj`wcul`k p~n xucdcvlù+ o~n ìcdx`ð`g` nj nkljwnulcu gn ~j gnyùuckkc y~xnunywu~iw~u`k ylj xuningnjwny nj nk d~jgc `jwlf~c* O~nnj nywn xnuäcgc+ noniwlv`dnjwn+ i~`jgc nk gnunimc ilvlk ucd`jc `xùnilù nj wcg` y~~jlg`g | yljf~kùlg`g* Gnyùuckk`gc fu`g~`kdnjwn gnygn nk `ðc 988 `* I*+ nk ylywnd`knf`k ucd`jc yn xunci~xù nynjil`kdnjwn gn unf~kù k`y unkìlcjny ljocud`kny gnicjwu`wc n ljwnui`delc njwun il~g`g`jcy xulv`gcy* Y~ culnjwìlùj o~jg`dnjw`k yne`yè` nj k`y wu`jyìilcjny nicjùdli`y ‗icdxu`+ vnjw`+ `kp~lknu+ ùunjg`dlnjwc+mnunjil`+ ol`jr`‗ | nj y~y icjicdlw`jwny gn wlxc o`dlkl u+ d`wuldcjl`kny cwnyw`dnjwùlcy* K`y unkìlcjny xòekli`y gnk il~g`g`jc icj nk Nyw`gc | k` unkìlùjx`wulùi`k gnk iènr` gn o`dl$0? Bcjny+Wmn Funna ilwlny oucd @kn}`jgnu wc B~ywljl`j + xx* >0$=+ 0?8*

QXàf* ?5T



kl` icj y~y y~ecuglj`gcy wnjä`j ~j` ldxcuw`jil` yni~jgùl` unyxniwc `k gnyùuckkcinjwu`k gn k` wncuä` | k` xuàiwli` knf`k1 k`y xuldnu`y yn icjylgnuè`j gnd`yl`gcd~gèkny xù` ynu cebnwc gn ~j` b~ulyxu~gnjil` ylywndàwli`+ dlnjwu`y p~n k` ynf~jg`èùiè` k` d`|cu xùwn gnk àdelwc ljonulcu gnk iuldnj 06* K` vnug`gnu` ldxcuw`jil`gn k` b~ulyxu~gnjil` unx~ekli`j` jc u`gli e` nj jljf~j` gn nkk`y* Kc p~n icjywlw~|ùnk wnuunjc xni~klù gn y~ jcwèkn `v`jin jc o~n nk gnunimc xòeklic c iuldlj`k+ yljc nkgnunimc ilvlk p~n unfä` kcy xknlwcy yceun k` xucxlng`g njwun k`y xùwny nj klwlflc* Nkgnyùuckkc gn ~j` wncuä` knf`k gn iùàiwnu fnjnu`k nu` icdxknw`dnjwn j~nvc nj k`

@jwlfûng`g* Nyn gnyùuckkc jc o~n ~j` iunìlùj gn o~jilcjùlcy nyw`w`kny c gnècf`gcy nj nbnuililc+ yljc gn b~ulyw`y nyxnil`klr`gcy | ùlywciuàwlicy p~nxnud`jniä`j `k dùfnj gnk xucinyc gn klwlfìlùj | `xcuwè`j cxljlcjny yceuni~nywlcjny gn xuljilxlc knf`k dày p~n gn `y~jwcy gn mnimc ` k` b~gli`w~u` p~n vnä`kcy i`ycy un`kny* Kcy b~ulyw`y gn k` Unxòekli`+ p~n iùniä`j gn nyw`w~y colil`k+gnyùuckkùcj ~j` ynuln gn ¡olf~u`y icjwuìw~`kny± èywuìw`y+ `xklièkny `k `jàklylygn ìwcy xùwli~kùny gn k`y unkìlcjny icdnuil`kny | ycil`kny* Y~ ljikljìlùjljwnkniw~`k nu` dày `j`käwli` p~n ylywndàwli`+ xnuc nk uny~kw`gc ì~d~k`wlvc gn y~wuè`bc o~n k` `xùlilùj+ xcu vnr xuldnu` nj k` mlywcul`+ gn ~j i~nuxc cuf`jlr`gc gn

b~ulyxu~gnjil` ilvlk icdc w`k* Nk gnyùuckkc nicjùdlic gnk ljwnui`delc dnui`jwlk p~n

ìcdx`ðù nj Lw`kl` ` k` icjywu~iilùj gnk ylywnd` ldxnul`k ucd`jc+ e`y`gc nj k`~wlklrìlùj fnjnu`klr`g` gn k` nyik`vlw~g+ njicjwuù `yä y~ unoknbc b~uäglic ` olj`kny gnk` Unxòekli` nj k` iunìlùj gn ~j gnunimc icdnuil`k ylj xuningnjwny* K` gnilylv` |fu`j m`r`ð` gnk j~nvc gnunimc ucd`jc o~n+ x~ny+ icdc nu` kùflic+ y~ gnyi~euldlnjwcgnk icjinxwc gn ¡xucxlng`g èyck~w`± c gcdljl~d n} l~un P~lulwl~d 0=* Jljfòjylywnd` knf`k `jwnulcu mèä` icjcilgc j~ji` k` jcilùj gn ~j` xucxlng`g xulv`g` yljunywuliilcjny* Nj Funil`+ nj Xnuyl` c nj Nflxwc+ k` xucxlng`g ylndxun o~n ¡unk`wlv`± c+glimc gn cwu` ocud`+ ylndxun nyw~vc icjglilcj`g` xcu kcy gnunimcy y~xnulcuny cick`wn$06 Xù` ~j nyw~glc ikùc yceun k` `xùlilùj | k` j`w~u`knr` gn k` b~ulyxu~gnjil` gn nywn xnuäcgc+ vì`yn O*M K` ycj+ ¡Ucd`j K` ±+ nj B* X* E`kygcj -icdx*,+ Wmn Ucd`jy + Kcjguny+ 0<?>+ xx* 085$08 yy*0= Nk dnbcu nyw~glc dcgnujc yceun nk gnunimc ucd`jc g` k` gnelg` ldxcuw`jil` ` nywn m`kk`rfc2 M* O*

Bckc lir+ Mlywculi`k ljwucg~iwlcj wc wmn yw~g| co Ucd`j K` + I`deulgfn+ 0<>5+ xx* 075$9+ 75?* K` xknj`xucxlng`g xulv`g` nu` ¡p~ljwùl`± xcup~n nu` ~j `wule~wc gn k` il~g`g`jä` ucd`j` nj i~`jwc w`k2 ynwu`wè` gn ~j` xucxlng`g eyck~w`+ xnuc jc ~jlvnuy`k*

QXàf* ?9T

u`kny gn cwu`y `~wculg`gny c xùwny+ c elnj xcu k`y ceklfìlcjny unyxniwc ` nkk`y* K` b~ulyxu~gnjil` ucd`j` o~n k` xuldnu` p~n nd`jilxù ` k` xucxlng`g xulv`g` gn wcg`kldlwìlùj n}wuäjyni`+ gnyùuckk`jgc k` j~nv` glywljilùj njwun k` dnu` ¡xcynylùj± cicjwuck oàiwlic gn kcy elnjny | k` ¡xucxlng`g± c wäw~kc knf`k èyck~wc yceun nkkcy* Nkgnunimc ucd`jc gn xucxlng`g ‗nj nk p~n ~j yniwcu d~| y~yw`jil`k nywè` gnywlj`gckùfli`dnjwn ` k` xucxlng`g gn nyik`vcy‗ unxunynjwù k` xuäywlj` gnywlkìlùjicjinxw~`k gn k` xucg~iilùj icdnuil`klr`g` | gnk ljwnui`delc gn dnui`jiä`y nj nkdùic gn ~j `dxklc ylywnd` gn Nyw`gcy p~n mèä` mnimc xcylekn nk ldxnul`klydcunx~ekli`jc* Gnk dlydc dcgc p~n k` ilvlklrìlùj fulnf` o~n k` xuldnu` nj gnyxunjgnunk xckc èyck~wc gn k` ¡klenuw`g± gnk icjwlj~c xckäwlic gn icjglilcjny | gnunimcyunk`wlvcy p~n ylndxun mèä` xungcdlj`gc `jwny gn nkk`+ `yä w`delìj k` ilvlklrìlùjucd`j` o~n k` xuldnu` nj ynxùù nk ickcu x~uc gn k` ¡xucxlng`g± gnk nyxniwucnicjùdlic gn k` xcynylùj cxì` n ljgnwnudlj`g` p~n k` mèä` xuninglgc* K`xucxlng`g p~lulwùl`+ k` icjy~dìlùj knf`k gn k` n}wnjylv` nicjcdä` nyik`vlyw` gnUcd`+ ylfjloliù ~j x~jwc gn kknf`g` wu`yinjgnjw`k+ gnywlj`gc ` xnug~uù dày `kkà gnkd~jgc | k` nu` p~n kc mèä`j njfnjgu`gc*

K` Unxòekli` mèä` icjp~lyw`gc xù` Ucd` ~j ldxnulc+ xnuc y~y xucxl`y vliwcul`y k`mlilnucj `jìuùjli`* K` cklfùp~ä` gn ~j` yck` il~g`g jc xcgä` d`jwnjnu ~jlgc `kDnglwnuuàjnc nj ~j yckc ylywnd` xckäwlic2 k` dlyd` d`fjlw~g gn y~ ì}lwc k` mèä`gnb`gc xnp~nð`* Nk òkwldc ylfkc gn icjp~lyw`y unx~ekli`j y+ p~n kknvùcj ` k`y



knflcjny m`yw` nk Ì~ou`wny | nk i`j`k gn k` D`jim`+ o~n ìcdx`ð`gc gn vnuwlfljcy`ywnjylcjny ycil`kny gnjwuc gn k` xucxl` ycilng`g ucd`j`+ uny~kw`gc gluniwc gn kcydlydcy wul~jocy cewnjlgcy icj unf~kùlg`g nj nk n}wu`jbnuc* K` `flwìlùj i`dxnylj`nj gnd`jg` gn wlnuu`y mèä` ylgc `mcf`g` icj k` y~xunylùj gn kcy Fuìc+ xnucun`xùniä` `mcu`+ gnjwuc gnk xucxlc nbìuilwc+ `gcxw jgc ocud`y j~nv`y |`dnj r gcu`y* K` icjwlj~` kk`d`g` ` olk`y mèä` gnelklw`gc | ung~ilgcljljwnuu~dxlg`dnjwn `k icjb~jwc gn k` ik`yn gn xnp~nðcy xucxlnwùlcy+ xnuc y~y`yxluìlcjny nicjùdli`y yn d`jw~vlnucj | njicjwuùcj `mcu` y~ n}xunylùj nj k`yiunilnjwny xunylcjny un`klr`g`y ` xùwlu gn k` ìxci` gn Dùlc nj gnd`jg` gnicjinylcjny gn wlnuu` xù` kcy vnwnu`jcy klinjil`gcy+ `dùf`gcy y~xnuvlvlnjwny gn kcygnenuny dlklwùny p~n uni`ä`j icj w`jw` o~nur` yceun nk i`dxnylj`gc ucd`jc* K`ùlywciuìl` ynj`wcul`k yn mèä` enjnolil`gc njcudndnjwn gnk y`p~nc olj`jilnuc gnkDnglwnuuàjnc p~n ylf~lù ` k`y xucfunylv`y `jn}lcjny un`klr`g`y xcu

QXàf* ?7T

Ucd`+ mìlnjgc ocuw~j`y ljdnjy`y nj wule~wcy+ n}wcuylcjny+ wlnuu`y | nyik`vcy+ xnucjc w~vc jljf~j` xunci~x ilùj xcu xucxcuilcj u jl ylp~lnu` ~j` dùgliìcdxnjyìlùj ` k` wucx`+ i~|`y e`w`kk`y kn mèä`j xuci~u`gc ny`y lj`~glw`y ulp~nr`y*Kcy knflcjùlcy unileä`j ~j` m~dlkgn x`f` | nu`j klinjil`gcy ylj icjwndxkìlcjny |ylj jljf~j` unicdxnjy` xcu kcy kùfcy xnuäcgcy gn ynuvlilc nj kcy p~n jc yùkcùulnyfè`j y~y vlg`y+ yljc p~n xnugä`j w`delìj icj ouni~njil` y~y xucxlng`gny*Mènukny x`f`gc ~j` xuld` `k klinjilùkcy mèuä` ylfjloli`gc nywèkninu ~j ldx~nywc‗xcu d~| klfnuc p~n o~nyn‗ yceun k`y ik`yny xcynngcu`y+ icy` p~n k` ùlywciuìl`glulfnjwn yn jnfù ` icjylgnuù* Nk uny~kw`gc o~n k` iunìlùj gn ~j` wnjgnjil`ljmnunjwn ` kcy nbìuilwcy gnk òkwldc xnuäcgc gn k` Unxòekli` ` unwluù y~ kn`kw`g dlklwùgnk Nyw`gc | glulfluk` mìl` kcy fnjnu`kny vliwculcycy p~n xcgä`j fù`jwlrù ` y~yyckg`gcy+ xcu y~ xcgnu xnuycj`k+ ecwljny c gcj`wlvcy* Nk väji~kc njwun nk knflcjùlc |nk bnon dlklwù yn mlrc i`g` vnr dày xùnilgc `k p~n n}lywä` njwun x`wuùj | iklnjwn nj k`

vlg` ilvlk* @ xùwlu gn k` ìxci` gn Dùlc | Ylk`+ kcy yckg`gcy dluè`j ` y~y fnjnu`kny

nj e~yi` gn unicdxnjy`y nicjùdli`y | kcy fnjnu`kny ~wlklrè`j ` y~y yckg`gcy xù`y~ nyi`k`g` xckäwli`* Kcy nbìuilwcy yn icjvluwlnucj nj ljywu~dnjwcy gn kcyicd`jg`jwny xcx~kùny | k`y f~nuu`y ndxnrùcj ` wu`jyocudùyn nj `vnjw~u`yxulv`g`y gn kcy iùjy~kny `delilcycy* Xcdxn|c+ Iu`yc | Iìyù gnwnudljùcj y~yxucxlcy xk`jny nywu`wìflicy gn icjp~lyw` | `funylùj nj Elwljl`+ Xùwl` | F`kl` 0<* K`yulv`klg`gny oìilcj`kny p~n wu`glilcj`kdnjwn mèä`j glvlglgc k` xckäwli` d~jlilx`k ynwu`jyolulnucj+ xcu icjylf~lnjwn+ `k wn`wuc dlklwù+ d~imc dày v`ywc p~n kcy nywunimcykädlwny gn Ucd`* K` icjyni~njil` ljnvlwèkn mèuä` gn ynu k` `xùlilùj gn k`y fu`jgnyf~nuu`y ilvlkny*

@k dlydc wlndxc+ yl k` dlynul` i`dxnylj` o~n nk y~ey~nkc gnk gnycugnj | gn k`w~ue~knjil` dlklwù ` olj`kny gn k` Unxòekli`+ k` gloäilk ylw~ìlùj gn k`y d`y`y ~ue`j`y`f~glrù njcudndnjwn k` iulyly gnk xcgnu ynj`wcul`k* Icj k` n}wnjylùj gnk Ldxnulc+ kì`xlw`k gn Ucd` `~dnjwù y~ w`d`ðc gn ocud` ljicjwuckèkn* Nk iunilnjwn ì}cgc u~u`kyn icdeljù icj k`y d`ylv`y ldxcuwìlcjny gn nyik`vcy | xucg~bnucj njwun `decy ~j`

v`yw` dnwuùxckl* Nj wlndxcy gn Iìyù+ Ucd` wnjä` xuceèkndnjwn ~j` xcekìlùj gn~jcy 6>8*888 mèlw`jwny+ icj kc p~n y~xnuè` ljik~yc ` k`y d`|cuny il~g`gny gnkd~jgc mnknjäywlic* Nk m`d$0< E`gl`j y~eu`|` k` jcvng`g gn nyw` nvck~ilùj nj Ucd`j ldxnul`klyd lj wmn k`wn Unx~ekli + xx* 66$<8*

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eun+ k` njonudng`g | k` xceunr yn ineè`j nj kcy `wnyw`gcy y~e~uelcy gn k` i`xlw`k+nj kcy p~n x~k~kè`j kcy ùwny`jcy+ wuè`b`gcuny | xnp~nðcy wnjgnucy+ |` o~nynjnyik`vcy+ d`j~dlwlgcy c kleuny 58* K`y d~kwlw~gny ~ue`j`y mèä`j ylgc dcvlklr`g`y`yw~w`dnjwn xcu kcy d`jlceunucy gn k` jceknr` icjwu` kcy unocud`gcuny `fuùlcy nj nk



ylfkc LL+ cxnuìlùj p~n yn unxlwlù ~j` vnr dày icj nk è`jgcjc gn I`wlklj` xcu k`xknen ucd`j`+ p~n y~i~delù nj k` ocud` ikàyli` ` k` xucx`f`jg` cklfàup~li` icjwu`~j njndlfc ¡ljinjglùlc± gnk Nyw`gc+ ` p~lnj yùkc xnud`jnilnucj olnkny m`yw` nk olj`kkcy xnp~nðcy xucxlnwùlcy gn Nwu~ul`* Xnuc ìywn o~n nk òkwldc gn yndnb`jwny nxlycglcy*

@ xùwlu gn njwcjiny+ nk xucknwùl`gc ucd`jc xùnin mènuyn klenu`gc gnoljlwlv`dnjwngn k` w~wnk` ynj`wcul`k* Nj kcy òkwldcy `ðcy gn k` Unxòekli`+ y~ glyxcylilùj gn àjldcyn mlrc i`g` vnr dày `dnj`r`gcu` | mcywlk mìl` nk cugnj xckäwlic wu`glilcj`k* Gnelgc` k` `~ynjil` vluw~`k gn ~j` o~nur` gn xckliä` yùklg` | noli`r nj ~j` il~g`g unecy`jwngn wuny i~ùwcy gn dlkkùj gn mèlw`jwny+ k` ljdngl`w` xunylùj d`ylv` p~n* k`yljy~uuniilcjny ~ue`j y xcgä`j xucvci u nj k`y iulyly gn k` Unxòekli` nuìcjylgnuèkn* Cup~nyw`gc xcu nk wule~jc Ikcglc+ p~n ùdù ` `kf~jcy yniwcuny gn kcyxceuny gn Ucd` nj kcy `ðcy >8+ nk xucknwùl`gc ~ue`jc cew~vc xcu vnr xuldnu` ~junxùwc kleun gn wulfc nj nk `ðc >9 `* I*+ p~n ` xùwlu gn njwcjiny yn icjvluwlù nj ~jmnimc xnud`jnjwn gn k` vlg` xckäwli` ucd`j`2 nk jòdnuc gn y~y enjnolilùlcy yn mèä`nknv`gc ` 958*888 nj nk `ðc 7? `* I* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ nk ik`dcu xcx~kù o~n kc p~n glc `Xcdxn|c nk d`jgc n}wu`cugljùlc gnk nbìuilwc p~n x~yc nj dùim` k` gnyljwnfuìlùjdlklwù gnoljlwlv` gnk cugnj ynj`wcul`k1 nk njw~yl`ydc xcx~kù+ kc p~n mlrc ` Iìyù w`jxnklfucyc xù` k` ùlywciuìl` ~j` gìi`g` dày wùgn+ | nk unileldlnjwc xcx~kù kc p~n

kn fù`jwlrù y~ uninxilùj wul~jo`k nj Ucd` gnyx~ìy gn x`yù nk U~eliùj* Wu`y k`d~nuwn gn Iìyù+ o~n ~j` vnr dày nk w~d~kwc xcx~kù nj k`y i`kkny gn Ucd` `jwn k``~ynjil` gn y~ mnungnuc kc p~n ceklfù `k Ynj`gc ` xnglu ` @~f~ywc p~n ìnxwù` kùnjcvìlùj gn kcy xcgnuny icjy~kùny | gliw`wcul`kny nj kcy `ðcy 55$0< `* I*+ ìxci`gnk gnoljlwlvc njwlnuuc gn k` Unxòekli`*

Olj`kdnjwn+ `~jp~n p~lrà yn` kc dày ldxcuw`jwn gn wcgc+ nk ljdcvlklydc`~wcxucwniwcu | nk `rùcyc gnyfcelnujc gn k` jceknr` ucd`j` nj k` gluniilùj gn k`yxucvljil`y k` mlrc i`g` vnr dày ljicdxnwnjwn xù` glulflu ~j ldxnulc icydcxcklw`*Y~y58 X* @* Eu~jw+ ¡Wmn Ucd`j dce±+X`yw jg Xunynjw + 0<??+ xx* <$0?*

QXàf* ??T

xulvlknflcy n}ik~ylvcy nu`j ljicdx`wlekny icj k` xucfunylv` ~jloliìlùj gn y~yicjp~lyw`y ~kwu`dùlj`y* K`y xucvljil`y icdc w`kny nu`j wcg`vä` ldxcwnjwny xù`cxcjnu ~j` yùklg` unylywnjil` ` y~ nfcäydc u`x`r* Xnuc k` xucxl` Lw`kl` ‗k` xuldnu`xucvljil` p~n icjylf~lù k` xùlg`g ocud`k gn gnunimcy ilvlkny nj k` fnjnu ilùj`jwnulcu+ gnyx~ìy gn ~j` unenklùj vlcknjw`‗ jc kc nu`* Kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny lw`kl`jcymèä`j icjp~lyw`gc k` ljwnfuìlùj b~uägli` nj k` icd~jlg`g ucd`j`+ xnuc wcg`vä` jcmèä`j xnjnwu`gc nj nk jòiknc injwu`k gnk xcgnu | gn kcy iùfcy ynj`wcul`kny* Y~cxcuw~jlg`g xù` ljwnuvnjlu gnilylv`dnjwn nj k` xckäwli` kknfù icj nk nyw`kklgc gn kùcjg` olj`k gn f~nuu`y ilvlkny njwun kcy wul~jvlucy* Kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny gn k`y xucvljil`y

lw`kl`j`y ì~glnucj nj wucxnk nj `xc|c gn @~f~ywc+ gnonjycu gnikù`gc gn y~ywu`glilcjny | xunuucf`wlv`y icjwu` nk cdljcyc | n}wu`v`f`jwn culnjw`klydc gn Dùic @jwcjlc | y~ xùwlgc 50* Y~ `gmnylùj ` k` i`~y` gn @~f~ywc+ icj nk o`dcyc b~u`dnjwcgn olgnklg`g xunyw`gc xcu ¡ wcw` Lw`kl` ± nj nk `ðc 95+ kn `ynf~uù k` vliwcul` gn @iilc* Nyylfjloli`wlvc p~n i`g` ~j` gn k`y wuny f~nuu`y ilvlkny p~n gnwnudljùcj nk gnywljc gnk` Unxòekli` ylf~lnu`j k` dlyd` x`~w` fncfuàoli`2 wcg`y o~nucj f`j`g`y xcu nk e`jgcp~n icjwuckè` Ciilgnjwn | xnuglg`y xcu nk xùwlgc `ynjw`gc nj Culnjwn+ ` xnyù gny~ y~xnulcu ulp~nr` | uni~uycy* K`y e`w`kk`y gn Oùy`kl`+ Olklxcy | @iilc yn kleuùcj njFunil`+ `v`jr`g` gnk mndlyonulc gnuucw`gc* ^j` vnr dày yn x~yc gn d`jlolnywc p~n nkinjwuc gljàdlic gnk ylywnd` ldxnul`k ucd`jc nywè` nj nk Dnglwnuuàjnc ciilgnjw`k*Xnuc dlnjwu`y k` xuldlfnjl` e`yn wnuulwcul`k gn Iìyù nyw~vc nj k`y xucvljil`yeàueù`y gn k` F`kl`+ Ciw`vl`jc ocubù y~ ekcp~n xckäwlic nj k` dlyd` Lw`kl` |+ njicjyni~njil`+ y~ vliwcul` o~n dnjcy xunwcul`j` | dày g~u`gnu`*

Nk j~nvc @~f~ywc unicflù nk xcgnu y~xundc ~jlnjgc wu`y gn yä ` k`y dòkwlxkny o~nur`y



gnk gnyicjwnjwc | k` gnyljwnfuìlùj n}lywnjwny nj k` Unxòekli` gn k` òkwld` ìxci`* @~f~ywc o~n i`x`r gn un~jlu ` ~j` xknen ~ue`j` gnynyxnu`g` | ` ~j`y m`ywl`g`ywucx`y i`dxnylj`y icjwu` ~j` xnp~nð` | cgl`g` ìklwn fcenuj`jwn+ i~|c cx~knjwcicjynuv`g~ulydc k` n}xcjä` ` ~j` icjw~dnkl` xcx~kù i`g` vnr d`|cu1 xnuc+ yceunwcgc+ @~f~ywc yn `xc|ù nj kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny gn k` xucvljil` lw`kl`j` p~n e~yiè`j`mcu` y~ xùwlilxìlùj nj kcy iùfcy | kcy mc$

50 Nk x`xnk gn k` ik`yn wnuu`wnjlnjwn lw`kl`j` nj k` y~elg` gn @~f~ywc `k xcgnu ny ~jc gn kcy wnd`yinjwu`kny gnk dày o`dcyc nyw~glc yceun nywn xnuäcgc2 U* Y|dn+ Wmn Ucd`j unvck~wlcj + C}ocug+ 0<?8+ xx*=+ 5=?$<8+ 9><$?>+ 9=7+ 7>9*

QXàf* ?6T

jcuny gnk ylywnd` p~n mèä`j `|~g`gc ` icjywu~lu* Gn @iilc y~uflù ~j` dcjùp~ä`nywèkn | ~jlvnuy`k+ xcup~n yùkc nkk` xcgä` y~xnuù nk nywunimc d~jlilx`klydc gn k`cklfùp~ä` ynj`wcul`k gn Ucd`* K` dcjùp~ä` dìngùjli` yn mèä` y~xnux~nywcunxnjwlj`dnjwn ` ~j v`ywc | n}wu`ðc icjwljnjwn | o~n lji`x`r gn xucg~ilu ~j` ik`ynglulfnjwn ~jloli`g` p~n x~glnu` fcenujùkc xcyw oìwc + ` xnyù gn p~n xcylekndnjwn

@knb`jguc yn xnui`wù` gn p~n ìyn nu` nk xuceknd` nywu~iw~u`k eàylic icj nk p~n yn

njounjwè`* K` dcjùp~ä` ucd`j` gn @~f~ywc+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ kknfù x~jw~`kdnjwni~`jgc ycjù y~ mcu`+ jl gnd`yl`gc xucjwc jl gnd`yl`gc wùgn2 nk gloäilk x`yc gn kìl~g`g$Nyw`gc `k ldxnulc ~jlvnuy`k ‗o`dlklù wu`jylilùj iäikli gn k` @jwlfûng`gikàyli`‗ yn un`klrù icj ~j ì}lwc jcwèkn e`bc nk xuljilx`gc*

K`y wnjybcjny dày xnklfucy`y gnk òkwldc xnuäcgc unx~ekli`jc o~nucj ung~ilg`y fuìl`y` ~j` ynuln gn dnglg`y xckäwli`y `yw~w`y+ gnywlj`g`y ` nywèlklrù gn j~nvc nk cugnjycil`k ucd`jc* @jwn wcgc+ @~f~ywc icjinglù xùink`y gn wlnuu` ` kcy dlkny gn yckg`gcygnydcvlklr`gcy gnyx~ìy gn k`y f~nuu`y ilvlkny+ x`f`jgc ` d~imcy gn nkkcy icj y~ocuw~j` xnuycj`k* Nyw`y icjinylcjny ‗icdc k`y p~n Ylk` mèä` mnimc `jwny‗xuceèkndnjwn yn mlilnucj nj y~ d`|cuä` ` icyw` gn cwucy xnp~nðcy xucxlnwùlcy+ p~no~nucj gny`kcb`gcy xù` gnbù ylwlc ` kcy vnwnu`jcy p~n vckvä`j ` y~y i`y`y+ |+ xcuw`jwc+ jc yluvlnucj xù` dnbcuù d~imc k` ylw~ìlùj ycil k gnk icjb~jwc gnki`dxnylj`gc jl xù` wu`jyocudù nk dcgnkc fnjnu`k gì k` xucxlng`g `fuäick` njLw`kl551 xnuc yä yluvlnucj xù` i`kdù k`y gnd`jg`y gn k`55 Nk xuceknd` gn k`y wlnuu`y icjinglg`y ` kcy vnwnu`jcy gn f~nuu` xcu Iìyù+ nk wul~jvlu`wc | @~f~ywc m`g`gc k~fù ` vùl`y ljwnuxunwìlcjny glonunjwny* Bcjny iunn p~n ny`y icjinylcjny unglywule~|nucj gnmnimc k` xucxlng`g `fuùl` njwun kcy yckg`gcy$i`dxnyljcy nj ~j` dnglg` y~olilnjwn xù` `xìlf~ù nkgnyicjwnjwc u~u`k nj Lw`kl` ` xùwlu gn njwcjiny+ | gn `mä k` unk`wlv` x`r ycil`k gnk xuljilx`gc gnyx~ìy gnk`y wcudnjw`y gn k` òkwld` o`yn gn k` Unxòekli`2 @* M* D* Bcjny+ @~f~yw~y + Kcjguny+ 0<68+ xx* 070$5*Eu~jw ycywlnjn+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ gn ocud` xnuy~`ylv`+ p~n k`y icjinylcjny gn wlnuu`y o~nucj ` dnj~gcdnu`y icjolyiìlcjny gn xnp~nð`y xùink`y gn yckg`gcy c xùwlgùlcy gn kcy nbìuilwcy gnuucw`gcy nj k`yf~nuu`y ilvlkny+ wu`jyonulg`y ` k`y wucx`y gn kcy nbìuilwcy vliwculcycy+ ylj glvlglu xcu nkkc k`y fu`jgnyolji`y ‗ì`xù`g`y xcu kcy colil`kny wnuu`wnjlnjwny‗ jl i`delù y~yw`jil`kdnjwn nk dcgnkc fkce`k gn k`

xucxlng`g nj nk i`dxc* ¡Xuceèkndnjwn+ k` unvck~ilùj ucd`j` jc xucg~bc jljfòj i`delc xnud`jnjwnnj k` ycilng`g `fuùl` gn Lw`kl`*± _ì`yn ¡Wmn ùd| `jg wmn k`jg lj wmn Ucd`j unvck~wlcj±+ x* =71 Ycil`k icjokliwy lj wmn Ucd`j Unx~ekli + xx* 07<$>8*

QXàf* ?=T

ldxcuw`jwn dljcuä` gnk i`dxnylj`gc nj ùd`y+ p~n icjywlw~ä` nk yniwcu ik`vn gn k`xcekìlùj u~u`k* Iìyù |` mèä` g~xkli`gc k` x`f` gn p~lnjny nywè`j nj ynuvlilcìwlvc+ | nyn `~dnjwc yn d`jw~vc e`bc nk xuljilx`gc* Dày ldxcuw`jwn wcg`vä` o~n p~n+` xùwlu gnk `ðc ? g* I*+ kcy vnwnu`jcy unilelnucj ~j` xuld` nj dnwàklic `k klinjilùyn+p~n np~lv`kä` `k y`kùlc gn wunin `ðcy | yn x`fè` icj iùfc ` ~j` wnycunuä` dlklwùiun`g` nyxnil`kdnjwn xù` nkkc | olj`jil`g` xcu xnp~nðcy ldx~nywcy yceun k`y vnjw`y

| k` mnunjil` icj p~n yn fu`vù ` k`y ik`yny xcynngcu`y gn Lw`kl`* K` cklfùp~ä`ynj`wcul`k yn cx~yc nji`dlr`g`dnjwn+ xù` y~ xucxl` xnuglilùj+ ` k` ldxk`jwìlùj gnnyw`y dnglg`y+ x~ny icj k` lj`~f~uìlùj gnk j~nvc ylywnd` k` glyilxklj` | k` kn`kw`g

vckvlnucj `k nbìuilwc+ p~n o~n ung~ilgc gn >8 ` 5= knflcjny | icjvnuwlgc nj ~j` o~nur`



xnud`jnjwn | xuconylcj`k 59* Wcgc nywc mlrc xcylekn nk i`delc dày ldxcuw`jwn gnwcgcy2 nj k` ìxci` gn Wlenulc yn ung~bc k` kk`d`g` ` olk`y | yn klenuù `yä ` kcy xnp~nðcyxucxlnwùlcy gn Lw`kl` gn k` iùf` yni~kù p~n mèä` xucvci`gc ~jcy y~ouldlnjwcy w`jn}wnjglgcy g~u`jwn k` Unxòekli`+ kc p~n xuceèkndnjwn icjywlw~|ù ~j enjnolilc dàyw`jflekn p~n wcgcy kcy xk`jny gn unxùwc gn wlnuu`y*

Nj k` i`xlw`k+ nk xucknwùl`gc ~ue`jc o~n `xkì`gc icj glywule~ilcjny gn wulfc p~ny~xnuùcj kcy jlvnkny `ki`jr`gcy nj wlndxcy gn Iìyù | p~n xcgä`j fù`jwlrùyndnbcu icj k` ljicuxcuìlùj `k Ldxnulc gnk fu`jnuc gn Nflxwc* @gndày+ yn x~yc njxuàiwli` ~j `delilcyc xucfu`d` gn icjywu~iilcjny+ p~n counilù ` kcy xknen|cyicjylgnuèkny cxcuw~jlg`gny gn ndxknc+ | yn dnbcuùcj jcwèkndnjwn kcy ynuvlilcyd~jlilx`kny gn k` il~g`g icj k` iunìlùj gn ~j noli`r i~nuxc gn ecdenucy |è`ywnildlnjwc gn `f~`* @k dlydc wlndxc+ k`y icmcuwny xunwcul j`y | k` xckliä`~ue`j` yn nywìlcjùcj xnud`jnjwndnjwn nj Ucd` xù` ycociù kcy w~d~kwcy* Nj k`yxucvljil`y+ dlnjwu`y w`jwc+ yn è`jgcjùcj k`y `kn`wcul`y n ljicjwuck`g`y n}wcuylcjnyun`klr`g`y xcu kcy ùunjg`gcuny gn ldx~nywcy g~u`jwn k` Unxòekli` ‗~jc gn kcyxncuny è~ycy gnk vlnbc uìfldnj‗ | yn nywèknilù ~j ylywnd` olyi`k ~jlocudn+ p~n ynicdxcjä` gn ~j ldx~nywc yceun k` wlnuu` | ~j` i`xlwìlùj | nywè` e`y`gc nj injycy

d~| n}ìwcy* @ icjyni~njil` gn nkkc `~dnjwùcj kcy ljfunycy gnk Nyw`gc injwu`kdlnjwu`y p~n k`y unflcjny xnuloìuli`y gnbùcj gn y~oulu nk xlkk`bn gn kcy x~ekli`jcy*Kcy fcenuj gcuny xucvljil kny unilelnucj ` xùwlu gn njwcjiny y`kùlcy unf~kùny* Nkylywnd` b~glil`k o~n unnywu~iw~u`gc icj cebnwc gn59 Bcjny+ @~f~yw~y + xx* 008$00 yy*

QXàf* ?<T

`dxklù jcwèkndnjwn ‗w`jwc xù` kcy lw`kl`jcy icdc xù` kcy mèlw`jwny gn k`yxucvljil`y‗ k`y xcylelklg`gny gn uni~uulu icjwu` k`y gnilylcjny ùelwuùl`y* W`delìjyn iunù ~j ynuvlilc xcyw`k ldxnul`k p~n njk`rù xcu vnr xuldnu` ` wu`vìy gn ~j ylywndùnf~kù gn icd~jliìlcjny ` wcg`y k`y glyxnuy`y xucvljil`y gnk Ldxnulc 57* Nj k`yrcj`y dày undcw`y yn nywèknilnucj ickcjl`y | d~jlilxlcy ucd`jcy | icd~jlg`gnyk`wlj`y+ icj ~j` o~nuwn icjinjwuìlùj nj k`y xucvljil`y ciilgnjw`kny* Wu`y ~j`fnjnuìlùj gn gnywu~iwcu`y k~im`y ilvlkny yn unywèknilù k` x`r ljwnulcu | icj nkk` k`xucyxnulg`g gn k`y xucvljil`y* Xcu kc p~n unyxniw` ` k`y oucjwnu`y+ k` vliwculcyìcjp~lyw` n ljwnfuìlùj gn kcy ldxcuw`jwny icuungcuny ylw~`gcy njwun nk nywn | nkcnywn ‗k` Unil`+ nk Jùulic+ X`jcjl` n Lklul`‗ kcfuùcj k` gnoljlwlv` ljwnfuìlùjfncnywu`wìfli` gnk Ldxnulc* Lklul`+ nj xùwli~kù+ o~n ` xùwlu gn njwcjiny nk j~gcdlklwù dày ldxcuw`jwn gnk ylywnd` ldxnul`k nj nk Dnglwnuuàjnc 5>*

Gnjwuc gn k`y j~nv`y oucjwnu`y+ k` kknf`g` gnk xuljilx`gc ylfjloliù k` xucdcilùj gn k`yo`dlkl y d~jlilx`kny lw`kl`j y ` k`y olk`y gnk cugnj ynj wcul`k | ` k` `kw`

`gdljlywuìlùj+ gcjgn icjywlw~|nucj `mcu` ~jc gn kcy e`ywlcjny gnk xcgnu gn @~f~ywc* Nk Ynj`gc gnbù gn ynu k` `~wculg`g injwu`k gnk Nyw`gc ucd`jc+ jc xcup~no~nu` xulv`gc gn xcgnu c gn xunywlflc+ yljc xcup~n ` xùwlu gn njwcjiny yn icjvluwlùnj ljywu~dnjwc cenglnjwn | y~ecuglj`gc gn kcy y~inylvcy ndxnu`gcuny+ vckvlnjgc ` k`

vlg` xckäwli` òjli`dnjwn g~u`jwn kcy ljwnuunfjcy c k`y glyx~w`y gljàywli`y* Xnucdlnjwu`y k` ljywlw~ilùj gnk Ynj`gc yn icjvnuwä` nj ~j ldxcjnjwn i`yiùùj gn y~`jwnulcu lgnjwlg`g+ nk cugnj ynj`wcul`k ‗x~uf`gc | unjcv`gc xcu k`y unocud`y gnkxuljilx`gc‗ icjwlj~ù ylnjgc k` ik`yn glulfnjwn gnk Ldxnulc | gcdlj jgc k`d`p~ljùl` ldxnul`k gnk Nyw`gc ljik~yc gnyx~ìy gn p~n yn mlilnu`j jcud`kny kcyjcdeu`dlnjwcy gn np~lwny xù` ~j jòdnuc d`|cu gn iùfcy gnjwuc gn nkk`* Y~i`xìlg`g xù` `yldlkù ` y~y olk`y i~kw~u`k n lgnckùfli`dnjwn ` kcy unilìj kknf`gcyo~n jcwèkn2 jljfòj unxunynjw`jwn gn k` vlnb` jceknr`57 Bcjny+ @~f~yw~y + xx* <>$?+ 006$58+ 05<$98+ 078$0*5> Y|dn+ Wmn Ucd`j unvck~wlcj + x* 9<8* K` wnjw`wlv` gn @~f~ywc gn icjp~lywù Fnud`jl` nj ~j` ìxci` njk` p~n nywè`j kknf`jgc `k x`äy k`y fu`jgny dlfuìlcjny wn~wùjli`y xucingnjwny gnk Eàkwlic+ o~n nk òjlic



ouì`yc n}wnulcu ldxcuw`jwn gnk unlj`gc1 icjwuùl`dnjwn ` k`y n}xniw`wlv`y colil`kny gn k` ìxci`+ kòucjwnu` gnk Ulj o~n gnoljlwlv`* Xù` ~j` unilnjwn unnv`k~ìlùj gn kcy cebnwlvcy nywu`wìflicy ucd`jcy gnnywn wlndxc+ vì`yn I* D* Vnkky+Wmn Fnud`j xckli| co @~f~yw + C}ocug+ 0<65+ xx* 0$09+ 07<$?0+ 57?$>8*

QXàf* 68T

x`wulil` gn k` Unxòekli` glc j~ji` ~j` n}xunylùj w`j xcgnucy` ` y~ vlylùj gnk d~jgc

icdc Wàilwc+ p~n o~n ~j dcgnywc xucvljil`jc gn k` F`kl` gnk Y~u nj k` ìxci` gnWu`b`jc* K` cxcylilùj ynj`wcul`k yceunvlvlù g~u`jwn ylfkcy gnyx~ìy gn k` iunìlùj gnkLdxnulc+ nj ljìwlv` unynuv` c unim`rc gn k` `~wciuìl` ldxk`jw`g` xcu nk xuljilx`gc*

@wnj`y+ p~n mèä` icjcilgc k` gndciuìl` dày kleun gnk d~jgc `jwlf~c+ jc xucg~bcjljfòj wnùulic jl gnonjycu ldxcuw`jwn gn nkk`* Xù`gùbli` `~jp~n kùfli`dnjwn+ Ucd`+p~n yùkc mèä` icjcilgc ~j` nywunim` | cxunycu` cklfùp~ä`+ glc culfnj ` kcy i`jwcyxcu k` klenuw`g dày nkci~njwny gn k` @jwlfûng`g* J~ji` n}lywlù jljfòj np~lv`knjwnfulnfc gnk i~kwc k`wljc ` k` Klenuw`y + ljwnjyc c luùjlic nj k`y xàflj`y gn Ilinuùj cWàilwc5?* K` u`rùj ny nvlgnjwn yl yn icjylgnu` k` glvnuy` nywu~iw~u` gn k`y gcyycilng`gny xucxlnwùl`y gn nyik`vcy* Nj Ucd` jc n}lywlù jljfòj icjokliwc ycil`k njwunk` klwnu`w~u` | k` xckäwli`2 nk xcgnu | k` i~kw~u` nywè`j icjinjwu`gcy+ e`bc kÙnxòekli` | nk Ldxnulc+ nj ~j` ùlywciuìl` d~| yùklg`* I~`jwc dày ung~ilgc o~n nkiäui~kc p~n fcrè` gn k` iùìwnuäywli` klenuw`g d~jlilx`k gn k` @jwlfûng`g+ dày x~uò~n k` gnonjy` gn k` klenuw`g p~n knfù ` k` xcywnulg`g+ wcg`vä` dndcuèkn nldxunylcj`jwn gnyx~ìy gn dlk p~ljlnjwcy `ðcy*

J`w~u`kdnjwn+ nk lgn`k ynj`wcul`k gn klenuw`y o~n unxuldlgc | jnf`gc xcu k` `~wciuìl`ldxnul`k gnk xuljilx`gc+ | k` unylfj`g` `p~lnyinjil` gn k`y ik`yny xcynngcu`y gn Lw`kl``jwn k` j~nv` `gdljlywuìlùj jc o~n dày p~n nk n}wu`ðc ucywuc p~n `gcxwù y~ xucxlcgcdljlc nj k` ìxci` vnjlgnu`* Xnuc nyn lgn`k j~ji` o~n `j~k`gc xcu icdxknwc+ |` p~nk` nywu~iw~u` xckäwli` gn k` dcjùp~ä` ucd`j` p~n `mcu` èùiè` ` wcgc nk d~jgcdnglwnuuàjnc j~ji` o~n k` gn k`y dcjùp~ä`y mnknjäywli`y gnk Culnjwn fulnfc p~n knxuninglnucj* Nk Nyw`gc ldxnul`k ucd`jc yn e`yè` nj ~j ylywnd` gn kn|ny ilvlkny+ | jcnj nk dnuc i`xulimc un`k+ | y~ `gdljlywuìlùj xòekli` j~ji` ljwnuolulù fu`vndnjwn njnk dùic knf`k eàylic nywèknilgc xcu k` Unxòekl$5? Xù` k`y i`del`jwny icjjcwìlcjny gn nywn icjinxwc vì`yn Im* Vluyr~eyal+ Klenuw`y `y ` xcklwli`k lgn` `w Ucdn g~uljf wmn k`wn Unx~ekli `jg nùk| Ndxlun + I`deulgfn+ 0<>8+ p~n wu`r` k` nvck~ilùj gn k`klenuw`y gnygn Ilinuùj+ i~`jgc wcg`vä` nu` ~j lgn`k vlvc+ xòeklic+ m`yw` y~ d~nuwn olj`k nj k` ìwli`y~ebnwlv` | p~lnwlyw` gn Wàilwc* Vluyr~eyal ynð`k` k`y glvnufnjwny icjjcwìlcjny gn klenuw`y | nkn~wmnul` +xx* 09$07* Nyw` òkwld` nywè` ljolilcj`g` xcu k` lgn` gn fcelnujc xcx~kù | j~ji` o~n icdx`wlekn icj k`glfjlg`g ùlywciuàwli`+ p~n nu` ljynxùèkn gn k` xuldnu`1 nj icjyni~njil`+ j~ji` unilelù ~j mcjcuyldlkù nj nk xnjy`dlnjwc xckäwlic fulnfc*

QXàf* 60T

i`* Nj un`klg`g+ nk xuljilx`gc nknvù xcu vnr xuldnu` ` kcy b~ulyw`y ucd`jcy `xcylilcjny colil`kny gnjwuc gnk Nyw`gc+ i~`jgc @~f~ywc nklflù nj i`klg`g gnicjynbnucy ` `kf~jcy xucdljnjwny b~ulyicjy~kwcy | icjolulù `~wculg`g ldxnul`k ` y~yljwnuxunwìlcjny gn k` kn|* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ kcy dlydcy ndxnu`gcuny w~vlnucj p~nknflykù ` xùwlu gn njwcjiny xcu dnglc gn ngliwcy+ `gb~gliìlcjny | unyiulxwcy xùùnyxcjgnu ` k`y i~nywlcjny c ` k`y xnwlilcjny gn y~y yòeglwcy* Nk gnyùuckkc gn ~jgnunimc xòeklic `~wciuàwlic ` wu`vìy gn kcy gniunwcy ldxnul`kny mlrc ` k` knf`klg`gucd`j` d~imc dày icdxknb` | icdxkli`g` gn kc p~n mèä` ylgc g~u`jwn k` Unxòekli`*K` glyw`jil` xckäwli` unicuulg` gnygn nk knf~d ynuvl y~d~y ~w klenul nyyn xcyyld~y -¡ycdcy ylnuvcy gn k` kn| xù` xcgnu ynu kleuny±, gn Ilinuùj m`yw` nk p~cg xuljilxl

xkì~lw knfly mènw vlind -¡k` vck~jw`g gnk xuäjilxn wlnjn o~nur` gn kn|±, gn ^kxl`jcmèk` xcu yä yck`56* Xnuc kcy xuljilxlcy o~jg`dnjw`kny gnk gnunimc ilvlk ‗yceun wcgckcy p~n unfä`j k`y wu`jyìilcjny nicjùdli`y‗ p~ngùcj y~yw`jil`kdnjwn ljwìwcywu`y nyw` nvck~ilùj `~wculwùl` gnk gnunimc xòeklic+ p~n nj dcgc `kf~jc ljv`glù nkàdelwc ljwnuil~g`g`jc* Kcy xuninxwcy nywèknilgcy g~u`jwn k` Unxòekli` icjwlj~ùcjxucwnflnjgc b~uägli`dnjwn k` xucxlng`g gn k`y ik`yny xcynngcu`y* Nj ~j xk`jc



ljonulcu+ nk gnunimc iuldlj`k+ nynjil`kdnjwn gnywlj`gc ` k`y ik`yny e`b`y+ ylf~lù ylnjgcw`j ùelwuùlc | unxunycu icdc ylndxun kc mèä` ylgc+ nywc ny+ ylf~lù ylnjgc ~j`y`kv`f~ùgl` ycil`k xù` wcgc nk cugnj gcdlj`jwn* Nk xuljilx`gc icjynuvù+ x~ny+ nkikàylic ylywnd` knf`k gn Ucd`+ `~jp~n kn y~xnux~yc kcy j~nvcy xcgnuny ljjcv`gcunygnk ndxnu`gcu nj nk àdelwc gnk gnunimc xòeklic* ^kxl`jc ocud~kùä` dày wùgn+ icjy~ iùìwnuäywli` ikùlg`g+ k` glywljilùj p~n ùwli~kè` e`bc nk Ldxnulc ` wcgc nkicux~y b~uäglic2 nk gnunimc xulv`gc+p~cg `g yljf~kcu~d ~wlklw`wnd xnuwljnw + nywè`ynxù`gc nyxniäoli`dnjwn gnk gnunimc xòeklic+ p~cg `g yw`w~d unl ucd`j`n yxniw`w *Nk xuldnuc jc y~oulù jljfòj niklxyn xcu k` n}wnjylùj gnk ynf~jgc 5=* @jwny elnj+ o~n nkLdxnulc nk p~n xuc$56 Ny ldxcuw`jwn jc `gnk`jwù k`y o`yny y~inylv`y gn nyw` nvck~ilùj* K` dà}ld` icjywlw~ilcj`k gn p~n nkndxnu`gcu nywè` knfle~y yck~w~y jc ylfjloliè` p~n nyw~vlnu` xcu njild` gn wcg`y k`y kn|ny g~u`jwn nkxuljilx`gc+ yljc p~n xcgä` x`yù xcu `kwc `p~nkk`y unywuliilcjny i~|` glyxnjy` nu` knf`kdnjwn xcylekn*K` ou`yn yùkc `gp~lulù ~j ylfjloli`gc dày `dxklc e`bc nk gcdlj`gc* _ì`yn Bckc lir+ Mlywculi`k ljwucg~iwlcj wc wmn yw~g| co Ucd`j K` + x* 996*5= Xcu y~x~nywc+ `kf~jcy ndxnu`gcuny ljglvlg~`kny+ icdc Jnuùj+ icjolyiùcj ùelwuùl`dnjwn ocuw~j`yynj`wcul`kny* Ny`y n}ìilcjny icjywlw~ä`j k` dùi` gn kcy ycenu`jcy dày gnwnyw`gcy xcu k` ùlywciuìl`+xnuc

QXàf* 65Tg~bc nj nk ylfkc LLL k`y fu`jgny ylywnd`wlrìlcjny gn k` b~ulyxu~gnjil` ilvlk nj k` ceu`gn X`xljl`jc+ ^kxl`jc | X`~kc+ xunoniwcy gn kcy Ynvnucy+ p~n wu`jydlwlnucj ` k`yìxci`y xcywnulcuny nk gnunimc ucd`jc icdc ~j i~nuxc icgloli`gc* K` ycklgnr | k`nywèlklg`g gnk Nyw`gc ldxnul`k ucd`jc+ w`j glonunjwn gn wcgc kc p~n mèä` xucg~ilgcnk d~jgc mnknjäywlic+ wnjä` y~y u`äiny nj nywn knf`gc*

K` mlywcul` xcywnulcu gnk xuljilx`gc o~n+ nj e~nj` dnglg`+ k` gn ~j iunilnjwn¡xucvljil`jlrìlùj± gnk xcgnu injwu`k gnjwuc gnk Ldxnulc* ^j` vnr ucwc nk dcjcxcklcgn kcy iùfcy xckäwlicy injwu`kny+ xcynägc m`yw` njwcjiny xcu k` ùlywciuìl` ucd`j`+~j xucinyc fu`g~`k gn glo~ylùj ljwnfuù nj nk ylywnd` ldxnul`k ` ~j yniwcu i`g` vnrdày `dxklc gn k`y ik`yny wnuu`wnjlnjwny ciilgnjw`kny unylgnjwny o~nu` gn Lw`kl` 5<* Nkculfnj gn k`y y~inylv`y glj`ywä`y gnk xuljilx`gc ny ~j wnywldcjlc gluniwc gn nyw`nvck~ilùj* K` i`y` x`wulil` ucd`j` B~klc$Ik`~gl` -gn @~f~ywc ` Jnuùj, o~n ynf~lg`xcu k` glj`ywä` d~jlilx`k lw`kl`j` gn kcy Ok`vlcy -gn _nyx`yl`jc ` Gcdlil`jc,+ ` k` p~ny~inglù ~j` ynuln gn ndxnu`gcuny icj `jwningnjwny xucvljil`jcy+ gn Mlyx`jl` c k`F`kl` dnulglcj`k -gn Wu`b jc ` Dùic @~unklc,* Mlyx`jl | k` F`kl` jùecjnjyn nu`jk`y dày `jwlf~`y icjp~lyw`y ucd`j`y nj Ciilgnjwn |+ xcu w`jwc+ y~y nywu~iw~u`yycil`kny nu`j k`y dày inui`j`y ` k`y gn Lw`kl`* K` icdxcylilùj gnk Ynj`gc unoknbè`w`delìj k`y dlyd`y x`~w`y+ icj ~j` iunilnjwn `gdlylùj gn glfj`wùlcy u~u`knyxucingnjwny gn k` Lw`kl` wu`jyx`g`j`+ k` F`kl` dnulglcj`k | k` Mlyx`jl` dnglwnuuàjn`*K` ~jloli ilùj ldxnul`k icj p~n mèä` ycð`gc @knb`jguc xùniä` yldeùkli`dnjwn

un`klr`g` nj k` ìxci` gn @gul`jc+ xuldnu ndxnu`gcu p~n unicuulù xnuycj`kdnjwn y~yljdnjycy gcdljlcy gn ~jc ` cwuc icjoäj* Ocud`kdnjwn o~n icjy~d`g` icj nk gniunwcgn Iùì`kk` gnk `ðc 505 g* I* xcu nk p~n yn icjingä` k` il~g`g`jä` ucd`j` ` i`ylwcgcy kcy mèlw`jwny kleuny gnk Ldxnulc* K` ~jloliìlùj xckäwli` | `gdljlywu`wlv` o~nìcdx`ð`g` gn k` ynf~ulg`g n}wnulcu | k` xucyxnulg`g nicjùdli`* Nk unljc gn Gìlò~n icjp~lyw`gc | `jn}lcj`g`y y~y dlj`y gn cuc1 yn n}wnjglnucj | icjycklgùcj k`youcjwnu`y `ylàwli`y* K`y wìijli y `fuäick`y | ùwny`j`kny dnbcuùcj ~j xcic2 k`yxunjy`y gn m~ylkkc ocdnjwùcj k` xucg~iilùj gn ìnlwn1 k`y dàp~lj`y `d`y`gcu`yoìlklwùcj k` d`j~oìw~u` gnk x`j | yn mlrc fnjnu`k nk

j~ji` w~vlnucj ~j` ocud` icjwlj~` c ljywlw~ilcj`k | jc òniwùcj y~yw`jil`kdnjwn ` k` j`w~u`knrìckniwlv` gn k` ik`yn wnuu`wnjlnjwn*5< U* Y|dn+ Wìlw~y + LL+ C}ocug+ 0<>=+ xx* >=>$?8?+ gci~dnjw` nj nk xuldnu ylfkc gnk Ldxnulc ¡nk `~fn gnkcy xucvljil`jcy±*

QXàf* 69T



dìwcgc gn ycxk`gc gnk vlgulc 98* K` j~nv` x`} ucd`j` o~n ìcdx`ð`g`+ yceun wcgc+ gn~j` nyxkìjglg` ckn`g` gn ulv`klg`g d~jlilx`k | gn icjywu~iilcjny ~ue`j`y nj i`ylwcg`y k`y xucvljil`y gnk Ldxnulc+ p~n n}xkcwùcj nk gnyi~euldlnjwc ùp~lwniwùjlicucd`jc gnk ùic | k` eùvng`* K` ìxci` `jwcjlj` o~n p~lrà nk xnuäcgc i~kdlj`jwn gnk`y icjywu~iilcjny ~ue j`y nj k` @jwlfûng`g* Nk gnyùuckkc nicjùdlic o~nìcdx`ð`gc gnk okcunildlnjwc gn k` i~kw~u` k`wlj` nj nk xuljilx`gc+ i~`jgc k` xcnyä`+k` mlywcul` | k` olkcycoä` mlilnucj nikcylùj gnyx~ìy gn k` unk`wlv` `~ywnulg`g ljwnkniw~`k

| nywìwli` gn k` Unxòekli`* Nyw` o~n+ xù` k` Lk~ywuìlùj+ k` Ng`g gn Cuc+ ¡nk xnuäcgcgn k` mlywcul` gnk d~jgc nj nk p~n o~n dày onklr | xuùyxnu` k` icjglilùj gn k` u`r`m~d`j`±+ ynfòj k`y x`kèu`y gn Fleecj 90*

G~u`jwn inui` gn gcy ylfkcy+ k` ycynf`g` d`fjlolinjil` gn k` ilvlklrìlùj ~ue`j` gnkLdxnulc ucd`jc ci~kwù kcy kädlwny | k`y wnjylcjny y~e|ìnjwny ` k` e`yn xucg~iwlv`yceun k` p~n yn `ynjwè`* Nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw` gn k` @jwlfûng`g+ `glonunjil` gnk ylywnd` nicjùdlic on~g`k p~n kn y~inglù+ jc glyxcjä` gn jljfòjdni`jlydc j`w~u`k n ljwnujc gn `~wcuunxucg~iilùj+ xcup~n y~ o~nur` gn wuè`bcj~ji` xcgä` nywèlklrùyn mcdncywàwli`dnjwn gnjwuc gnk ylywnd`* Wu`glilcj`kdnjwn+k` conuw` gn nyik`vcy gnxnjgä` nj e~nj` dnglg` gn k`y icjp~lyw`y n}wu`jbnu`y+ |` p~n

xuceèkndnjwn kcy xulylcjnucy gn f~nuu` ylndxun unxunynjwùcj k` xuljilx`k o~njwngn wuè`bc ynuvlk nj k` @jwlfûng`g* K` Unxòekli` mèä` y`p~n`gc wcgc nkDnglwnuuàjnc nj e~yi` gn d`jc gn ceu` xù` ljyw`kù nk ylywnd` ldxnul`k ucd`jc* Nkxuljilx`gc gnw~vc k` n}x`jylùj nj kcy wuny yniwcuny p~n p~ngè`j xù` ~j xcylekn`v`jin2 Fnud`jl`+ Gìl` | Dnycxcw`dl`* Icj nk ilnuun olj`k gn k`y oucjwnu`yldxnul`kny+ gnyx~ìy gn Wu`b`jc+ nk d`j`jwl`k gn kcy i`~wlvcy gn f~nuu` yn yniù gnocud` ljnvlwèkn* Nk icdnuilc gn nyik`vcy jc x~gc y~xklu k` nyi ynr uny~kw`jwn+xcup~n y~y xucxl`y unynuv`y ylndxun mèä`j gnxnjglgc gn k`y cxnuìlcjny dlklwùny*K` xnulonul` eàueù` p~n ucgnè` ` wcgc nk Ldxnulc icjwlj~ù y~dljlywu`jgc nyik`vcy+icdxu`gcy nj k` oucjwnu`xcu kcy dnui`gnuny+ xnuc jc nj i`jwlg`gny y~olilnjwny xùùnyckvnu nk xuceknd` gn k` conuw` nj ylw~ìlcjny gn x`r* Nj icjyni~njil`+ kcy xunilcy98

O* Alnimkn+Yak`vnjùenlw ~jg wnimjlyimnu Ocuwyimulww + xx* 58$?8+ 08908>* Nk kleuc gn Alnimkn ljwnjwùno~wù k`y wncuä`y dù}lyw`y yceun k` nyik`vlw~g nj k` @jwlfûng`g+ xnuc+ nj un`klg`g+ k`y xu~ne`yun~jlg`y | kfc n}`fnu`g`y xcu ìk njwu`j xnuoniw`dnjwn nj kcy iàjcjny gnk d`wnul`klydc mlywùulic*90 Wmn mlywcu| co wmn gnikljn `jg o`kk co wmn Ucd`j Ndxlun + L+ x* 6=*

QXàf* 67T

icdnjrùcj `* y~elu guàywli`dnjwn2 nj kcy ylfkcy L | LL g* I* nu`j gn cimc ` glnr vninydày `kwcy p~n nj kcy ylfkcy LL | L `jwny gn Iulywc95* Nyw` `kr` u`gli`k nj kcy icywny x~yci`g` vnr dày gn d`jlolnywc k`y icjwu`gliilcjny | kcy ulnyfcy gnk wuè`bc nyik`vlyw`xù` y~y xucxlnwùlcy* Nj noniwc+ i`g` nyik`vc `g~kwc unxunynjwè` ~j` ljvnuylùjxnuningnu` gn i`xlw`k xù` nk xucxlnwùlc gn nyik`vcy+ p~n wnjä` p~n xnugnuyn lj wcwc ` y~ d~nuwn+ gn w`k ocud` p~n k` unjcvìlùj gn k` d`jc gn ceu` ynuvlk -` glonunjil` gnk` d`jc gn ceu` `y`kùl`g`, n}lfä` ~j` o~nuwn ljvnuylùj xunvl` nj ~j dnui`gc p~n ynmèä` mnimc i`g` vnr dày uäflgc* Xcup~n+ icdc Dù} |` mèä` ynð`k`gc+ ¡nk i`xlw`kècj`gc nj k` icdxu` gnk nyik`vc jc xnuwnjnin `k i`xlw`k dngl`jwn nk i~`k yn n}wu`ngnk nyik`vc k` f`j`jil`+ nk xk~ywuè`bc* Xcu nk icjwuùlc* Ny i`xlw`k p~n nk xcynngcu gnnyik`vcy m` nj`bnj gc+ gng~iilùj gnk i`xlw`k gnk p~n glyxcjn nj k` xucg~iilùjun`k±99* @gndày+ ikùc nywà+ nk d`jwnjldlnjwc gn k` xuckn gn kcy nyik`vcy nu` ~jìùf` olj jilnu` ldxucg~iwlv` xù` nk xucxlnwùlc p~n ljnvlwèkndnjwn wnjgä` `dljldlrù c ` gnyi~lgù* Kcy nyik`vcy `fuäick`y vlvä`j nj nuf`yw~k` yndnb`jwny èùuìcjny+ nj icjglilcjny d~| inui`j`y ` k`y gn k`y xulylcjny u~u`kny* K`y d~bnunynyik`v`y nu`j d~| xci`y+ |` p~n fnjnu`kdnjwn uny~kwè`j ldxucg~iwlv`y xù` kcyxucxlnwùlcy gnelgc ` k` o`kw` gn ndxkncy glyxcjlekny xù` nkk`y+ `xùwn gn k`y wùn`y

gcdìywli`y97

* Gn `mä p~n k` icdxcylilùj yn}~`k gn k` xcekìlùj nyik`v` u~u`k ylndxunnyw~vlnu` u`gli`kdnjwn gnynp~lkleu`g` | yn iùìwnulrù` xcu k` `~ynjil` vluw~`k gnicj|~f`klg`g* Nk uny~kw`gc p~lrà m |` ylgc ~j äjglin mèlw~`kdnjwn e`bc gnunxucg~iilùj p~n x~ngn mènu glydlj~lgc nk vck~dnj gn k` d`jc gn ceu` gn



fnjnuìlùj nj fnjnu ilùj 9>* Xù` icjwuùunywù nywn gnyinjyc+ xùnin p~n kcywnuu`wnjlnjwny xuìwliùcj k` iul`j$95 Bcjny+ ¡Yk`vnu| lj wmn `jilnjw cukg±+ xx* 0<0$7*09 Dù}+ I`xlw`k + Dcyiò+ 0<?5+ LLL+ xx* 6==$<* QNk i`xlw`k + D`gulg+ Ylfkc ]]L+ 0<6<+ kleuc LLL+ vck* =+ xx*085=$<*T Dù} yn unonuä` `k ~yc gn k` nyik`vlw~g nj nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj i`xlw`klyw` gnk ylfkc ]L]+ |+icdc glundcy dày `gnk`jwn+ ny xnklfucyc n}wu`xckù y~y ceynuvìlcjny ` k` @jwlfûng`g ylj dày* Xnuc+ njnywn i`yc+ k` y~yw`jil` gn y~ icdnjwùlc yn x~ngn `xkliù d~w`wly d~w`jgly `k dcgc gn xucg~iilùjnyik`vlyw` nj i~`jwc w`k* Dày `gnk`jwn+ Vnenu òludùä` kc dlydc nj ¡@fuùvnumçkwjlyyn ld @kwnuw~d±+xx* 0= yy*97 Eu~jw+Lw`kl`j d`jxc nv + xx* 079$7+ 686$=*9> Vnenu ljylywlù icj o~nur` nj nywn x~jwc2 ¡Gln ycrl`knj Fuûjgn gny jwnuf`jfy gnu jwlanj A~kw~u±+ xx*5<6$<1 ¡@fuùvnumçkwjlyyn ld @kwnuw~d± x* 0<* ¡Nk icywn gn d`jwnjnu d~bnuny | iulù jlðcy mèuäùnxunynjw`gc ~j k`ywun xù` n! i`xlw`k gnywlj`gc k` ljvnuylùj gnk xucxlnwùlc*±

QXàf* 6>T

r` gn nyik`vcy gn ocud` iunilnjwn `k olj`k gnk xuljilx`gc+ icjinglnjgc xundlcy ` k`ynyik`v`y xcu wnjnu mlbcy9?* @~jp~n n}lywnj xcicy wnywldcjlcy yceun nk vck~dnj gn kìul`jr` gn nyik`vcy nj nk Ldxnulc+ nywn uni~uyc gnelù gn dlwlfù g~u`jwn ilnuwcwlndxc k` iulyly n}xnuldnjw`g` xcu wcgc nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj gnyx~ìy gnk ilnuun gnk`y oucjwnu`y+ xnuc jc x~gc `xcuwùkn ~j` yck~ilùj ` kùfc xk`rc* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ k`xcekìlùj u~u`k kleun jc iunilù kc y~olilnjwn xù` icdxnjyù k`y xìuglg`y gnk yniwcunyik`vlyw`* K` xunci~xìlùj ldxnul`k xcu k` ylw~ìlùj gndcfuàoli` nj nk i`dxc k`x~yc gn d`jlolnywc Wu`b`jc nj ìxci` d~| wndxu`j` icj k` ljywlw~ilùj gn iuìglwcyxòeklicy ` kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny xù` `wnjgnu `k d`jwnjldlnjwc gn kcy m~ìuo`jcy kci`kny+xuny`flc gn k` ljdljnjwn nyi`ynr*

Nk gniunilnjwn vck~dnj gn k` d`jc gn ceu` jc xcgä` ynu icdxnjy`gc w`dxcic icjkcy `~dnjwcy nj y~ xucg~iwlvlg`g* K` `fuli~kw~u` nyik`vlyw` gn olj`kny gn k` Unxòekli`

| xuljilxlcy gnk Ldxnulc o~n dày uìlcj`k | unjwèkn xù` kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny p~ni~`kp~lnu cwu` ocud` gn n}xkcwìlùj gn k` wlnuu`+ gnelgc nj xùwn ` p~n kcy nyik`vcy

xcgä`j ynu ~wlklr gcy wcgc nk wlndxc dlnjwu`y p~n kcy ùunjg`wùlcy nu`jldxucg~iwlvcy g~u`jwn9? Ick~dnk` unicdnjgè` gù xundlcy gn d`wnujlg`g ` k`y nyik`v`y nj nk ylfkc L g* I*+ xnuc m`| xcicyi`ycy gci~dnjw`gcy gn ~j` iul`jr` ylywndàwli` gn nyik`vcy* Oljkn| m` ùf~dnjw`gc p~n gnk dlydcdcgc p~n kcy xk`jw`gcuny gnk y~u gn kcy Nyw`gcy ^jlgcy xuìwliùcj icj ì}lwc k` iul`jr` gn nyik`vcyg~u`jwn nk ylfkc ]L]+ gcjgn k` xcekìlùj nyik`v` `~dnjwù gnyx~ìy gn k` ècklilùj gnk icdnuilc gnnyik`vcy+ jc m`| jljf~j` u`rùj xù` p~n ny` dlyd` icjvnuylùj jc m`|` wnjlgc k~fù nj nk Ldxnulcucd`jc gnyx~ìy gnk ilnuun gn k`y oucjwnu`y2 vì`yn Wmn Bc~uj`k co Ucd`j Yw~glny + ]K_LLL+ 0<>=+ x* 0>=*Xnuc k` icdxùìlùj jc ny xnuwljnjwn* Kcy xk`jw`gcuny y~unðcy gn `kfcgùj y~dljlywuè`j k` d`wnul`xuld` ` k` xuljilx`k ljg~ywul` d`j~oìw~unu` gn ~j` nicjcdä` i`xlw`klyw` d~jgl`k2 y~y icywny gn wuè`bcxcgä`j nknvùyn m`yw` kcy jlvnkny ljwnujìlcj`kny gn enjnolilc+ gn ~j`y gldnjylcjny ylj xuningnjwny+un`klr`gcy xcu nywn dcgc gn xucg~iilùj i`xlw`klyw` gnyx~ìy gn k` unvck~ilùj ljg~ywul`k gn xuljilxlcy gnkylfkc ]L]* @~j `yä+ k` icjglilùj gn k` iul`jr` gn nyik`vcy o~n xuceèkndnjwn k` ljwnfuìlùj jìlcj`k gnk

y~u nj k` dày `dxkl` nicjcdä` `y`kùl`g` gnk icjb~jwc gn kcy Nyw`gcy ^jlgcy* Nj @dìuli` K`wlj`+ gcjgnk` dcuw`klg`g gn kcy nyik`vcy o~n èyck~w`dnjwn i`w`ywuùoli`+ jc yn `ki`jrù ~j äjglin yndnb`jwn gnunxucg~iilùj* Nj nk i`yc gnk Eu`ylk+ k` xcekìlùj mèä` gnyinjglgc ` ~j p~ljwc gn y~ jlvnk gn 0=>8 nj k`ìxci` nj p~n k` nyik`vlw~g o~n ocud`kdnjwn ècklg`* _ì`yn nk ljywu~iwlvc njy`|c gn I* v`j Vccg ùg+¡Nd`jilx`wlcj `jg unicjywu~iwlcj* @ icdxù`wlvn yw~g|±+ 09wm Ljwnuj`wlcj`k Icjfunyy co Mlywculi`k Yilnjiny + Dcyiò+ 0<68+ xx* ?$=* K` nyik`vlw~g nj k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli o~n+ xcu y~x~nywc+ d~imc dàyxuldlwlv` p~n k` gn @dìuli` gnk Y~u* Jc n}lywn jljf~j` xcylelklg`g cebnwlv` gn p~n m`|` xuningnjwny gnk` n}xnulnjil` gnk y~u gn Nyw`gcy ^jlgcy*

QXàf* 6?T

icjylgnuèkny xnuäcgcy gnk `ðc 96* I`wùj | Ick~dnk` nj~dnuùcj i~lg`gcy`dnjwnwcg`y k`y glvnuy`y wùn`y ` k`y p~n xcgä`j gngliùyn e`bc wnimc | o~nu` gn nywìlùj

i~`jgc jc mèä` i`dxcy p~n i~kwlvù jl icynim`y p~n unickniwù* Kcy ùwny`jcynyik`vcy nu`j w`j mèlklgcycy icdc kcy kleuny+ |` p~n nkkcy nu`j p~lnjny wnjgä`j `gnwnudljù nk jlvnk fnjnu`k gn gnywunr` gn wcgcy kcy colilcy xcu y~ ndxknc nj nkkcy*Xcu cwu` xùwn+ k` noli il` gn kcy k`wlo~jgl` gnxnjgä` gn k` i`x ilg`g gn y~



`gdljlywu`gcu c vlkli~y -nk nykèùj gìelk gnk o~jg~y , | `gndày k` y~xnuvlylùj gn kcywuè`b`gcuny nyik`vcy nu` jcwèkndnjwn gloäilk nj kcy n}wnjycy i`dxcy gn inun`kny 9=*Xnuc yceun wcgc j~ji x~glnucj y~xnuùyn ilnuwcy kädlwny ljmnunjwny ` k`xucg~iwlvlg`g nyik`vlyw`* Nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw` jc nyw~vc gnyxucvlywc njèyck~wc gn xucfunycy wìijlicy1 icdc |` mndcy vlywc+ y~ n}x`jylùj nj Ciilgnjwn yniùìwnulrù xcu `kf~j`y ldxcuw`jwny ljjcvìlcjny `fuäick`y+ njwun nkk`y k`ljwucg~iilùj gnk dckljc flu`wculc | gn k` xunjy` gn m~ylkkc* Xnuc y~ gljàdli` nu` d~|kldlw`g`+ |` p~n yn e`yè` nynjil`kdnjwn nj k` ljicuxcuìlùj gn wuè`bc dày p~n njk` n}xkcwìlùj gn wlnuu` c nj k` ì~d~kìlùj gn i`xlw`k* @yä+ ` glonunjil` gn kcy dcgcygn xucg~iilùj on~g`k c i`xlw`klyw` p~n kn y~inglnucj+ nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùjnyik`vlyw` xcynä` d~| xci` wnjgnjil` cebnwlv` `k `v`jin wnijckùflic+ |` p~n y~ wlxcgn iunildlnjwc xcu `glilùj gn wuè`bc icjywlw~|ù ~j i`dxc nywu~iw~u`k unylywnjwn+ njòkwldc wìudljc+ ` k`y ljjcvìlcjny wnijckùfli`y+ `~jp~n nj xuljilxlc jc k`y n}ik~|nu`*Xcu w`jwc+ | `~jp~n jc yn` icdxknw`dnjwn vnuäglic gnilu p~n k` wnijckcfä``knb`jgulj` icjwlj~ù ylnjgc k` e`yn96 A* G* Vmlwn+ ¡Wmn xucg~iwlvlw| co kèc~u lj Ucd`j fuli~kw~un±+ @jwlp~lw| + }}]L]+ 0<?>+ xx* 085$6*9= Nj ny`y olji`y i~kwlvèkny ny gcjgn kcy icdnjwùlcy gn Dù} yceun k` noliìl` gn kcy nyik`vcynji~njwu`j p~lrà y~ d`|cu b~ywloliìlùj2 ¡@k wuè`b`gcu yn kc glywljf~n `p~ä+ ynfòj k` inuwnu` n}xunylùjgn kcy `jwlf~cy+ yùkc icdc ljywu~dnjw~d vci`kn Qljywu~dnjwc mèk`jwnT gnk `jld`k icdc ljywu~dnjw~d yndlvci`kn Qljywu~dnjwc yndld~gcT | gn k` mnuu`dlnjw` lj jld`g` icdc ljywu~dnjw~d d~w~~d Qljywu~dnjwc d~gcT+ Xnuc ìk dlydc mìn ynjwlu `k `jld`k | k` mnuu`dlnjw` p~n jc ny y~ lf~`k+ yljcmcdeun* @gp~lnun nk ynjwldlnjwc gn k` xucxl` glfjlg`g+ gn k` glonunjil` p~n kc ynxù` gn nkkcy+d`kwu`wàjgckcy | gnywucràjgckcy icj `dcun *±I`xlw`k + Dcyiò+ 0<?0+ L+ x* 0<?* QNk i`xlw`k + D`gulg+ Ylfkc]]L+ 0<6>+ kleuc L+ vck~dnj L+ x* 59=*T Gnen unicugùyn+ ylj ndeùfc+ p~n+ nj Nk i`xlw`k + Dù} yn unonuä`nynjil`kdnjwn `k ~yc gn nyik`vcy nj nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj i`xlw`klyw` -Nyw`gcy y~glyw`y gn @dìuli`, |jc `k dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw` icdc w`k* J~ji` ocud~kù ~j` wncuä` ìè`g` gn k` o~jilùj gn k`nyik`vlw~g nj k` @jwlfûng`g* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ k` ljvnywlfìlùj dcgnuj` m` unvly`gc u`gli`kdnjwn d~im`ygn y~y òludìlcjny yceun k` nyik`vlw~g `dnuli`j`*

QXàf* 66T

lj`dcvlekn gn kcy xucinycy gn wuè`bc nj nk Ldxnulc ucd`jc+ jl p~n nj kcy i~`wucylfkcy gn y~ n}lywnjil` j~ji` yn ljwucg~bc jljfòj wlxc gn ljywu~dnjwcy p~n `mcuuù`jd`jc gn ceu`+ yä ny vnug`g p~n kcy kädlwny gn k` nicjcdä` `fuäick` ucd`j` yn`ki`jrùcj d~| xucjwc | yn d`jw~vlnucj uäflg`dnjwn*

Kcy ljy~xnuèkny ceywài~kcy ycil`kny ` ~j d`|cu xucfunyc wìijlic | k`y kldlwìlcjnyo~jg`dnjw`kny gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw` unilelnucj y~ dày ycuxunjgnjwnlk~ywuìlùj nj nk gnywljc gn kcy gcy ljvnjwcy dày ldxcuw`jwny ci~uulgcy e`bc nkxuljilx`gc2 nk dckljc gn `f~` -nj X`knywlj`+ ` icdlnjrcy gnk ylfkc L g* I*, | k`dàp~lj` ynf`gcu` -nj k` F`kl`+ g~u`jwn nk ylfkc L g* I*,* Nk ljdnjyc xcwnjil`k gnkdckljc mlguà~klic ‗eàylic xù` k` xcywnulcu `fuli~kw~u` on~g`k‗ ny nvlgnjwn+ |` p~nunxunynjwè` k` xuldnu` ~wlklrìlùj xuàiwli gn k` o~nur` ljcufàjli` ` k` xucg~iilùj

nicjùdli`* Icdc Dù} icdnjwùä`+ ¡icj nk dckljc mlguà~klic+ nk Ldxnulc ucd`jc jcymèä` knf`gc k` ocud` nkndnjw`k gn wcg` d`p~ljùl`± 9<* Nk Ldxnulc+ ylj ndeùfc+ jcmlrc ~j ~yc fnjnu`k gnk ljvnjwc+ p~n o~n xuàiwli`dnjwn lfjcu`gc g~u`jwn nkxuljilx`gc* Nj nk Ldxnulc wùgäc y~ ljilgnjil` o~n `kfc dày ouni~njwn+ `~jp~n jcxùnin mènuyn icjvnuwlgc j~ji` nj ~j ljywu~dnjwc jcud`k gn k` `fuli~kw~u` `jwlf~`*

@yldlydc+ k` icynim`gcu` icj u~ng`y+ ljwucg~ilg` xù` ìnknuù k` ylnf` nj kcy ikld`ykk~vlcycy gnk jcuwn+ j~ji` o~n `gcxw`g` o~nu` gn k` F`kl` 78* Nj nywn i`yc+ k` o`kw` gnljwnuìy nu` nk unoknbc gn ~j` lji`xìlg`g dày fnjnu`k xù` i`delù kcy dìwcgcy gn k``fuli~kw~u` dnglwnuuàjn` gn yni`jc ‗icj y~ ù`gc klfnuc | nk ylywnd` gn ucwìlùjelnj`k‗ nj k`y wlnuu`y dày gnjy`y | mòdng`y gnk jcuwn gn N~ucx`+ p~n jninylwè`jj~nvcy ljywu~dnjwcy gn wuè`bc xù` y~ xknj` n}xkcwìlùj* @decy i`ycy gnd~nywu`jp~n k` dnu` wìijli` j~ji` ny xcu yä dlyd` ~j xuldnu dcwcu gnk i`delc nicjùdlic2kcy ljvnjwcy mnimcy xcu ljglvlg~cy icjiunwcy x~ngnj xnud`jninu `lyk`gcy g~u`jwnylfkcy m`yw` p~n jc y~ub`j k`y unkìlcjny ycil`kny p~n òjli`dnjwn x~ngnj xcjnukcy njo~jilcj`dlnjwc icdc wnijckcfä` ickniwlv`* Nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw` couniä`



xcic nyxìlc | xcic wlndxc xù` nk dckljc c k` icynim`gcu`2 k` `fuli~kw~u` ucd`j`kcy lfjcuù m`yw` nk olj* Ylfjloli`wlv`dnjwn+ kcy òjlicy wu`w`gcy ldxcuw jwny gnljvnjwcy c9< I`xlw`k + L+ x* 97=* QNk i`xlw`k + kleuc L+ vck* 9+ x* 757*T78 Xù` nk dckljc mlguà~klic nj k` @jwlfûng`g wùgä`+ vì`yn Dculwr+ Fu`lj$dlkky `jg okc~u + xx* 096$<1 Bcjny+Wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun + LL+ xàflj`y 0876$=* Xù` k` icynim`gcu`+ vì`yn Vmlwn+ Ucd`j oùdljf + xàflj`y>75$9*

QXàf* 6=T

wìijli y `xkli`g`y p~n m j yceunvlvlgc `k Ldxnulc ucd`jc ycj dlklwùny cùp~lwniwùjlicy+ ungìw`gcy nynjil`kdnjwn xù` y~y icdxknbcy gn ùd`dnjwc |ocuwloliìlcjny | xù` y~ unxnuwculc gn cuj`dnjwìlùj ilvlk*

Xù` k` njonudng`g gnk i`dxc jc n}lywä`+ ylj ndeùfc+ jljf~j` y`kvìlùj ~ue`j`* Nkxuljilx`gc xunynjilù ~j` ìwlvlg`g ylj xuningnjwny nj d`wnul` gn icjywu~iilcjny~ue`j`y nj nk Dnglwnuuàjnc+ xnuc k` n}x`jylùj i~`jwlw`wlv` nj nk jòdnuc gn fu`jgny

| dngl`y il~g`gny g~u`jwn kcy gcy xuldnucy ylfkcy gnk Ldxnulc j~ji` yn vlc

ìcdx`ð`g` xcu ~j` wu`jyocudìlùj i~`klw`wlv` gn k` nywu~iw~u` gn k` xucg~iilùjfkce`k* Jl k` ljg~ywul` jl nk icdnuilc x~glnucj ì~d~kù j~ji` ~j vck~dnj gn i`xlw`kc gn n}xnulnjil` xcu njild` gn kcy kädlwny nywuliwcy nywèknilgcy xcu nk ylywnd`nicjùdlic gn k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli`* K` unflcj`klrìlùj gn k`y d`j~oìw~u`y+ gnelgc `kcy icywny gn wu`jyxcuwn+ ldxlglù k` icjinjwuìlùj ljg~ywul`k | nk gnyùuckkc gn ~j`glvlylùj gnk wuè`bc dày `v`jr`g` nj k`y d`j~oìw~u`y* ^j` xcekìlùj icdx~nyw` njy~ ljdnjy` d`|cuä` xcu i`dxnyljcy däynucy+ wuè`b`gcuny nyik`vcy | xceuny ~ue`jcyung~iä` kcy dnui`gcy gn icjy~dc ` ~j nyi`k` d~| xnp~nð`* @xùwn gn kcyùunjg`dlnjwcy gn ldx~nywcy | gn kcy icjwu`wcy xòeklicy gn k` ìxci` unx~ekli`j`-i~|` ldxcuw`jil` gnyinjglù njcudndnjwn nj nk xuljilx`gc+ gnyx~ìy gn k`y unocud`yolyi`kny gn @~f~ywc,+ j~ji` yn gnyùuckkùcj icdx`ðä`y icdnuil`kny jl n}lywlnucj k`ygn~g`y icjycklg`g`y1 nk ylywnd` iunglwlilc ylf~lù ylnjgc+ x~ny+ d~| u~gldnjwùlc* K`yik`yny xcynngcu`y d`jw~vlnucj y~ wu`glilcj`k gnygìj mìl` nk icdnuilc* Kcyicdnuil`jwny icjywlw~ä`j ~j` i`wnfcuä` gnyxunil`g` p~n yn unik~wè` icj ouni~njil`njwun kcy klenuwcy+ |` p~n k` d`j~dlylùj gn kcy nyik`vcy `gdljlywu`wlvcy | gcdìywlicyo~n ylndxun ~j` xuàiwli` d~| n}wnjglg` p~n ung~iä` icj unf~kùlg`g kcy dày `kwcyu`jfcy gn k` xcekìlùj nyik`v` gn k`y il~g`gny+ dlnjwu`y p~n k` icjwuìilùj gn k`conuw` n}wnulcu x~gc mènu glydlj~lgc fu`g~`kdnjwn nk jòdnuc gn ùwny`jcy ynuvlknynj k`y il~g`gny* K` vlw`klg`g nicjùdli` gn ìyw`y ylndxun o~n kldlw`g` | gnxnjglnjwn2y~ i~uyc unoknbè` dày p~n icjwuùunywè` nk gnk i`dxc* Nj k`y il~g`gny jc mèäùni~uycy p~n x~glnu`j ljvnuwlu k` unkìlùj njwun `decy* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ ~j` vnr p~n nkxuljilx`gc yn m~ec icjycklg`gc+ nk iùàiwnu gnk xucxlc `xù`wc gn Nyw`gc ldxlglù nkgnyùuckkc gn k`y ndxuny`y icdnuil`kny* Nj noniwc+ nk Nyw`gc nu` icj d~imc nk d`|cuicjy~dlgcu gnk Ldxnulc | nk òjlic vnug`gnuc ocic xù` k` xucg~iilùj d`ylv` gnùwäi~kcy gn xuldnu` jninylg`g p~n xcguä` mènu iun`gc ~j gljàdlic yniwcud`j~oìw~unuc* Ylj

QXàf* 6<T

ndeùfc+ nyw` wnjgnjil` yn vlc unxuldlg` xcu k` xckäwli` gn è`ywnildlnjwcy | k`xni~klù nywu~iw~u` gnk Nyw`gc ldxnul`k* G~u`jwn wcg` k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli`+ k`y ceu`yxòekli`y cugljùl`y ‗iùunwnu`y+ nglolilcy+ ì~ng~iwcy+ `ki`jwùlkk`y‗ nu`j un`klr`g`yjcud`kdnjwn xcu wuè`b`gcuny nyik`vcy* Nk Ldxnulc ucd`jc+ icj y~ d`p~lj ulnyw`w`k njcudndnjwn `~dnjw`g`+ xunynjilù k` icuunyxcjglnjwn n}wnjylùj gn nywnxuljilxlc+ xcup~n wcgcy kcy ùd`dnjwcy | ~j` icjylgnuèkn xucxcuilùj gn kcyy~dljlywucy xù` y~ `xù`wc ilvlk | dlklwù wnudlj ucj ylnjgc xucg~ilgcy`~wàup~li`dnjwn xcu y~y xucxl`y ljg~ywul`y+ d`jnb`g`y xcu ~j xnuycj`k y~edlklwù cxcu nyik`vcy nyw`w`kny mnunglwùlcy70* @yä+ nk òjlic yniwcu d`j~oìw~unuc

vnug`gnu`dnjwn ldxcuw`jwn p~ngù y~ywu`ägc nj e~nj` dnglg` `k ljwnui`delc



dnui`jwlk* K` ~wlklrìlùj xnud`jnjwn | gluniw` gnk wuè`bc nyik`vc xcu nk Nyw`gcucd`jc ‗u`yfc nywu~iw~u`k p~n xnug~uù m`yw` nk dlydc Ldxnulc elr`jwljc‗ o~n ~jcgn kcy o~jg`dnjwcy eàylicy gn k` nicjcdä` xckäwli` gn k` @jwlfûng`g wùgä`* K`ljou`nywu~iw~u` gn k` nyik`vlw~g njicjwuù ~j` gn y~y n}xunylcjny dày icjinjwu`g`ygnjwuc gn k` xucxl` y~xnunywu~iw~u` ldxnul`k* Gn nyw` ocud` x~gc n}x`jgluyn nkNyw`gc+ xnuc k` nicjcdä` ~ue`j` cew~vc xcicy enjnolilcy gn nywn gnyùuckkc1 `jwnyelnj+ y~ d`fjlw~g | y~ xnyc wnjglnucj ` `mcfù k` ljlil`wlv` icdnuil`k xulv`g` | k`ìwlvlg`g ndxunyùl`k* \ ~j` vnr p~n k` n}x`jylùj n}wnulcu m~ec iny`gc |` jc ynxucg~bc jljfòj `~dnjwc gn k` xucg~iilùj nj k` `fuli~kw~u` jl nj k` ljg~ywul` gnjwucgn k`y oucjwnu`y ldxnul`kny p~n x~glnu` gnwnjnu k` ylknjilcy` gni`gnjil` gn y~ d`jcgn ceu` ynuvlk75*70 Xù` `kf~jcy icdnjwùlcy yceun k` wu`glilùj gn k` ~wlklrìlùj gn nyik`vcy nj k`y ceu`y xòekli`y+ vì`ynOljkn|+ Wmn @jilnjw nicjcd| + x* 6>* Nj k`y i`y`y gn k` dcjng` | oìwcuä`y wn}wlkny ldxnul kny -p~ny~dljlywuè`j kcy ~jlocudny `k `xù`wc gn Nyw`gc+ ceklf`wculcy w`jwc xù` kcy ilvlkny icdc xù` kcydlklwùny ` xùwlu gn Icjyw`jwljc, wuè`bè`j nyik`vcy nyw`w`kny* Kc dlydc y~ingä` icj kcy fu`jgnyi~nuxcy gn wuè`b`gcuny d`j~`kny nj nk i~uy~y x~ekli~y c ynuvlilc xcyw`k ldxnul`k+ p~n ocudè` nkylywnd` injwu`k gn icd~jliìlcjny gnk Ldxnulc* Kcy nywèknildlnjwcy gn ùd`y yn d`jwnjä`j ` e`yn gnwuè`b`gcuny mnunglwùlcy icj u`jfc dlklwù+ p~n nu`j dùi`gcy icj mlnuuc xù` ldxnglu p~n yn kleuù`jgn y~ icjglilùj* Nj k` xuàiwli`+ jc n}lywä` ~j` fu`j glonunjil` ycil`k njwun `decy fu~xcy ycil`kny* Bcjny+Wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun + LL+ xàflj`y =98$6*75 Oljkn| m` xucx~nywc nj onim` unilnjwn ~j` ljfnjlcy` unljwnuxunwìlùj gn k` uninylùj gn k` nyik`vlw~gmìl` olj`kny gnk xuljilx`gc* Oljkn| òlud` p~n nk ljwnuv`kc njwun nk ilnuun gn k`y oucjwnu`y -un`kdnjwn nk`ðc 07 g* I*, | nk icdlnjrc gn k` gni`gnjil` gn k` nyik`vlw~g -gnyx~ìy gnk 588 g* I*, ny gnd`yl`gc kùfcxù` p~n nk xuldnuc x~ng` n}xkliù `k ynf~jgc* Y~flnun+ x~ny+ p~n nk dni`jlydc eàylic gnen e~yiùynyceun wcgc

QXàf* =8T

Nk uny~kw`gc gn wcgc nkkc o~n ~j` ljilxlnjwn iulyly+ ` xuljilxlcy gnk ylfkc jl+ nj nkylywnd` nicjùdlic | ycil`k p~n d~| xucjwc yn wu`jyocudù nj ~j ick`xyc fnjnu`k gnkcugnj xckäwlic wu`glilcj`k nj dnglc gn vlcknjwcy `w`p~ny n}wnulcuny icjwu` nk Ldxnulc*K` unxnjwlj` nyi`ynr gn o~njwny* ‗~jc gn kcy yäjwcd`y gn k` iulyly gn dngl`gcy gnkylfkc LLL‗ mìn d~| gloäilk wu`rù unwucyxniwlv`dnjwn y~ u~dec c y~y dni`jlydcyn}ìwcy79* Ny

nj k` gni`gnjil` gn k` ldxcuw`jil` gn k` il~g`g`jä` gnjwuc gnk Ldxnulc+ p~n icjg~bc ` k` glywljilùj b~uägli` njwun k`y gcy ik`yny gn mcjnywlcuny | m~dlklcuny | ` k` ung~iilùj gnk i`dxnylj`gc kleun ` kìcjglilùj gnxnjglnjwn e`bc nk `fcel`jwn xnyc xckäwlic | olyi`k gnk Nyw`gc ldxnul`k* ^j` vnr p~n m~ec ~jjòdnuc y~olilnjwn gn wuè`b`gcuny ljgäfnj`y ung~ilgc ` ~j` icjglilùj gnxnjglnjwn gn n}xkcwìlùj -i~|òcud` ~kwnulcu o~n nk ickcj`gc, k`y ldxcuwìlcjny gn wu e`b`gcuny i`~wlvcy ocuàjncy yn mlilnucjljjninyùl`y | k` nyik`vlw~g wnjglù ` gny`xùninu2 vì`jyn y~y `jàklyly nj Wmn @jilnjw nicjcd| + xx* =>$6yy* Nyw` n}xkliìlùj `gcknin+ ylj ndeùfc+ gn k` dlyd` gloli~kw`g p~n ìk `wule~|n `k `jàklyly p~n unim`r`*Nj noniwc+ k` nkldljìlùj xckäwli` gn wcg` il~g`g`jä` vnug`gnu`dnjwn xcx~kù | k` gni`gnjil` nicjùdli`gnk i`dxnylj`gc kleun yn icjy~dùcj d~imc `jwny gn k` glydlj~ilùj gn k` nyik`vlw~g1 nj e~nj` dnglg`+`de`y yn xucg~bnucj g~u`jwn nk òkwldc xnuäcgc gn k` Unxòekli`* Ljik~yc k` glywljilùj njwun mcjnywlcuny |

m~dlklcuny yn undcjw`+ icdc d~imc+ ` xuljilxlcy gnk ylfkc LL+ nywc ny+ ilnj `ðcy `jwny gn k` iulyly gn k`nicjcdä` nyxniäoli`dnjwn nyik`vlyw`+ p~n nk dlydc Oljkn| unicjcin p~n gnen ynu g`w`g` ` xùwlu gnkylfkc LLL* P~lrà x~ng` gnwniwùyn ilnuwc àjldc y~wlk icjwu` nk Nyw`gc ldxnul`k ucd`jc e`bc k` y~xnuolilngn kcy ùf~dnjwcy gn Oljkn|+ p~ì un`kdnjwn mìn unyxcjyèkn ` k` `~wciuìl gnk Ldxnulc gn k`ywu`jyocudìlcjny gn y~ ylywnd` nicjùdlic* Ny xunonulekn un`klrù ~j `jàklyly d`wnul`klyw` p~n xùw` gnk`y icjwu`gliilcjny ljwnuj`y gnk xucxlc dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw`* Nk ml`wc iucjckùflic yceun nk p~nOljkn| kk`d` icuuniw`dnjwn k` `wnjilùj ny xcylekn p~n yn gne` ` kcy noniwcy dlwlf`gcuny gn k` iul`jr`gcdìywli` | gn k` icdxu` nj k`y oucjwnu`y p~n w~vlnucj k~fù nj nk xnuäcgc ljwnudnglc*79 K` fu`j käjn` glvlycul` gn dngl`gcy gnk ylfkc LLL ny wcg`vä` k` o`yn dày cyi~u` gn k` mlywcul` ldxnul`kucd`j`+ ljicdxùèkndnjwn dnjcy gci~dnjw`g` | nyw~gl`g` p~n k` i`äg` gn kcy ylfkcy L_ | _* K` d`|cuxùwn gn kcy nyw~glcy n}lywnjwny ycj d~| ljicdxknwcy* Ucywcvwynv counin ~j` n}wnjy` gnyiulxilùj nj Wmn ycil k `jg nicjcdli mlywcu| co wmn Ucd`j Ndxlun + C}ocug+ 0<5?+ xx* 706$7=* QMlywcul` ycil`k | nicjùdli` gnk Ldxnulc ucd`jc + D`gulg+ Nyx`y`$I`kxn+ 0<96*T Xnuc y~ nyw~glc nywà vlil`gc xcu nkljylywnjwn `j iucjlydc gn y~y icjinxwcy `j`käwlicy+ p~n gn ocud` ljicjfu~njwn icjvlnuwn ` kcywnuu`wnjlnjwny d~jlilx`kny nj ¡e~uf~nyä`± | ` k`y knflcjny ldxnul`kny nj ¡nbìuilwcy i`dxnyljcy±ocud`gcy nj cugnj gn e`w`kk` icjwu` nkk`+ n ljwnuxunw` wcg` k` iulyly nj wìudljcy gn xckùlg`g njwun`decy* Dn|nu Unljmckg m` nyiulwc ~j` noli`r iuäwli` dù}lyw` gn nywcy wnd`y `mlywùulicy gn k` ceu` gnUcywcvwynv2 ¡Mlywcul`j co wmn `jilnjw cukg2 ` iulwlp~n co Ucywcvwynoo±+Yilnjin `jg Ycilnw| + cwcðc gn0<7?+ ]+ jòd* 7+ xx* 9?0$<0* Xcu òkwldc+ nk `jàklyly dù}lyw` dày icjyxli~c gn nyw` ìxci`+ Aulrly



Uècvk`gnk“imnyicvc Ywucl` gn N* _* Ymw`nud`j+ `gcknin w`delìj gn ~j fu`vn gnoniwc p~n yn gnulv` gn kùäflg` icjwu`xcylilùj p~n mìn Ymw`nud`j njwun k` vlkk` nyik`vlyw` gn w`$

QXàf* =0T

xcylekn p~n nj kcy òkwldcy `ðcy gn k` ìxci` gn kcy @jwcjljcy |` y`klnu`j ` k`y~xnuoliln `kf~j`y wnjylcjny fu`vny* K` xunylùj fnud`j` yceun k`y oucjwnu`y gnk

G`j~elc mèä` gnyndeci`gc nj k`y kùf`y f~nuu`y icjwu` kcy dùicd`jcy1 Dùic @~unklc mèä` gnv`k~`gc nj ~j 5> xcu ilnjwc nk gnjùl~y gn xk`w`1 k` xuldnu`n}xkcylùj ldxcuw`jwn gn e`jgcknulydc ycil`k |` mèä` nyw`kk`gc icj k` `dnj`r`gcu`ci~xìlùj gn fu`jgny rcj`y gn k` F`kl` n Mlyx`jl` xcu k`y e`jg`y ùd`g`y gnkgnynuwcu D`wnujc+ p~n ljik~yc xunwnjglù ljv`glu Lw`kl` g~u`jwn nk gny`ywucyc unlj`gcgn Iùdcgc 77* K` y~elg` `k wucjc+ gnyx~ìy gn ~j` eunvn f~nuu` ilvlk+ gn k` i`y` gn kcyYnvnucy kknvù `k xcgnu ` ~j` glj`ywä` òuli`j`1 k` ucwìlùj unflcj`k gnk iùfc ldxnul`kxùniä` o~jilcjù ~j` vnr dày `k unywèkninuyn `xùnjwndnjwn nk cugnj | k`xucyxnulg`g* Xnuc gn xucjwc k` ljokìlùj yn gnyeciù dlywnulcy`dnjwn ` dnglg` p~n k`dcjng` yn gnv`k~è` ~j` | cwu` vnr* @ dngl`gcy gn ylfkc yn xucg~bc ~j ick`xycicdxknwc gn k` dcjng` gn xk`w`+ p~n ung~bc nk gnjùl~y `k > xcu ilnjwc gn y~ v`kcuwu`glilcj`k1 mìl` olj`kny gn ylfkc+ kcy xunilcy gnk wulfc yn mèä`j glyxù`gc m`yw`~jcy jlvnkny 588 vniny y~xnulcuny ` kcy gn icdlnjrcy gnk xuljilx`gc 7>* K` nywèlklg`gxckäwli` gnfnjnuù `k dlydc ulwdc p~n k` nywèlklg`g dcjnwùl`* Nj kcy i`ùwlicyilji~njw` `ðcy p~n v`j gnygn nk 59> `k 5=7 jc m~ec dnjcy gn 58 ndxnu`gcuny+ 0= gnkcy i~`kny d~ulnucj gn d~nuwn vlcknjw`+ ~jc i`~wlvc nj nk n}wu`jbnuc | cwuc väiwld` gnk` xnywn2 gnywljcy wcgcy p~n yldecklr j ~j ìxci`* K`y f~nuu`y ilvlkny | k`y~y~uxìlcjny o~nucj xuàiwli`dnjwn ljljwnuu~dxlg`y gnygn D`}ldljc nk Wuìlc m`yw`Glciknil`jc+ | yn vlnucj dnrik`g`y icj ~j` yni~njil` gnv`yw`gcu` gn ljv`ylcjny |`w`p~ny n}wu`jbnucy ` kc kùfc gn k`y oucjwnu`y p~n òniwè`j g~u`dnjwn `k ljwnulcu*Kcy ou`jicy | cwu`y wule~y fnudàjli`y `yckùcj unxnwlg`dnjwn k` F`kl` | kknfùcj icjY~y y`p~ncy m`yw` Mlyx`jl`1 kcy `k`d`jny | kcy |~w~jfcy dùimùcj yceun Lw`kl`1 kcyiùxcy ljv`glnucj k` Gìl` | k` Dnyl`1 kcy mìu~kcy `y`kw`$

d`ðc dngl`jc icdc ¡`jwlf~` ocud` gn xucxlng`g± | nk fu`j k`wlo~jgl~d icdc nvck~ilùj ¡xucwc$on~g`k±gn k` ùlywciuìl` n}wu`d~jlilx`k* _ì`yn y~xu` + jcw` <+ x* >?*77 Xù` D`wnujc+ vì jyn k`y unilnjwny | xnjnwu`jwny ceynuvìlcjny gn D* D`rr`+ Kcwwn ycil`kn n unyw`~u`rlcjn `~wculwùl` jnk wnurc ynickc g* I* + I`w`jl`+ 0<68+ xx* 95?$6*7> O* Dlkkù+Wmn Ucd`j Ndxlun `jg lwy jnlfmec~uy + Kcjguny+ 0<?6+ xàflj`y 570$5* QNk Ldxnulc ucd`jc | y~y x~nekcy kldäwucony + vck* = gn k` Mlywcul` ^jlvnuy`k Ylfkc ]]L+ D`gulg+ 0<69*T M`| ~j nyw~glc d~|`dxklc gn k` fu`j ljokìlùj nj D`rr`+ Kcwwn ycil`kn n unyw`~u`rlcjn `~wculwùl` + xàflj`y 90?$78=*

QXàf* =5T

ucj Wuìl` | Funil`1 kcy fcgcy iu~rùcj nk dù xù` y`p~nù nk @yl` Dnjcu1 k` Xnuyl`y`yàjlg` ci~xù Ilklil`+ I`x`gcil` | Ylul`1 X`kdlu` ynxùù ` Nflxwc1 kcy dcucy | kcyekndlcy jùd`g`y mcywlfùcj nk jcuwn gn Àouli`* Nj onim`y glonunjwny+ @wnj`y+

@jwlcp~ä` | @knb`jguä` i`|nucj nj d`jcy gn kcy njndlfcy1 Xùäy | Wùu`fcj` o~nucjljinjgl`g`y | k` dlyd` Ucd` w~vc p~n ynu j~nv`dnjwn ocuwloli`g`* Nk wcuenkkljcxckäwlic ljwnulcu | k`y ljv`ylcjny n}wu`jbnu`y wu`bnucj d~| xucjwc icjylfc y~inylv`ynxlgndl`y p~n gnelklwùcj | ung~bnucj k`y xcekìlcjny gnk Ldxnulc+ glydlj~lg`y |ìcj k`y gnywu~iilcjny gn k` f~nuu`* K`y wlnuu`y o~nucj è`jgcj`g`y | nj k`xucg~iilùj `fuäick` `~dnjwù k` nyi`ynr gn y~dljlywucy 7?* Nk ylywnd` gn ldx~nywcy yngnyljwnfuù icj k` gnxunilìlùj gn k` dcjng` | kcy x`fcy olyi`kny unwucinglnucj `njwunf`y nj nyxniln* K` icjywu~iilùj ~ue`j` y~oulù ~j` unxnjwlj` xùàklyly+ùp~nckùfli dnjwn `wnywlf~`g` nj wcgc nk Ldxnulc1 nj `kf~j`y unflcjny+ kcy injwucy~ue`jcy gni`|nucj | yn ung~bnucj 76* Nj* F`kl`+ gcjgn yn d`jw~vc g~u`jwn p~ljin`ðcy ~j Nyw`gc ldxnul`k ynxù`wlyw` icj y~ i`xlw`k nj Wuìvnuly+ yn xucg~bnucj nj kcy

`ðcy 5=9$5=7 fu`jgny knv`jw`dlnjwcy u~u`kny gn k`y d`y`y n}xkcw`g`y+ k` xuldnu`ljy~uuniilùj gn kcy e`f`~g`y p~n mèuä`j gn unxnwluyn dày wùgn nj k` mlywcul` gn k`yxucvljil`y ciilgnjw`kny* G~u`jwn ~jcy ilji~njw` `ðcy ‗gnk 59> `k 5=7‗ | e`bc ~jò~nuwn xunylùj ljwnuj` | n}wnuj`+ k` ycilng`g ucd`j` xùnilù kknfù ` y~ ick`xyc olj`k*



Ylj ndeùfc+ ` olj`kny gnk ylfkc LLL | xuljilxlcy gnk L_ yn xucg~bc ~j` wu`jyocudìlùj | uni~xnuìlùj gnk Nyw`gc ldxnul`k* K` ynf~ulg`g dlklwù o~n fu`g~`kdnjwnunywèknilg` xcu ~j` ynuln dùil`k gn fnjnu`kny g`j~el`jcy | e`kiàjlicy p~n wcdùcjy~inylv`dnjwn k` xòux~u`2 Ik`~glc LL gnuucwù ` kcy fcgcy nj Dnyl`1 @~unkl`jc n}x~kyù` kcy `k`d`jny gn Lw`kl` | ycdnwlù ` X`kdlu`1 Xucec `jlp~lkù ` kcy ljv`ycunyfnudàjlicy gn k` F`kl`* Nywcy ì}lwcy xunxùùcj nk i`dljc xù` k` uncuf`jlrìlùj gnwcg` k` nywu~iw~u` gnk Nyw`gc ucd`jc nj k` ìxci` gn Glciknil`jc+ xucik`d`gcndxnu`gcu nj nk `ðc 5=7+ p~n ` y~ vnr mlrc xcylekn nk xuniùlc uny~ufldlnjwc gn kcyilnj `ðcy7? Ucfnu Uìdcjgcj+ K` eulyn gn k“Ndxlun ucd`lj + Xùäy+ 0<?7+ xx* =>$?* QK` iulyly gnk Ldxnulc ucd`jc +Eùinkcj`+ Kècu+ 0<?6*T Uìdcjgcj wlnjgn ` `wule~lu k` iulyly gn d jc gn ceu` nj nk i`dxcnynjil`kdnjwn `k ì}cgc u~u`k mìl` k`y il~g`gny+ icdc icjyni~njil gn k` ~ue`jlrìlùj fnjnu`klr g`*Xnuc+ nj un`klg`g+ ~jc gn kcy onjùdnjcy dày yùklg`dnjwn icdxuce`gcy gn k` ìxci` o~n nk gnyinjyc nj kìcjywu~iilùj ~ue`j`*76 Dlkkù+Wmn Ucd`j Ndxlun `jg lwy jnlfmec~uy + xx* 579$7+ ljylywn nyxnil`kdnjwn nj k` unxnjwljxù`klrìlùj gnk gnyùuckkc ~ue`jc icdc xu~ne` eàyli` gn k` xuco~jglg`g gn k` iulyly*

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ylf~lnjwny* K` dnglg` dày ldxcuw`jwn o~n nk `~dnjwc u`gli`k gn kcy nbìuilwcyldxnul`kny xcu dnglc gn k` unldxk`jwìlùj gnk unik~w`dlnjwc ceklf`wculc2 nk jòdnucgn knflcjny yn g~xkliù nj nk wu`jyi~uyc gnk ylfkc+ kknf`jgc ` ~j` o~nur` wcw`k gn ~jcy7>8*888 mcdeuny* @ xùwlu gn olj`kny gnk ylfkc LL | xuljilxlcy gnk LLL ~j iunilnjwnjòdnuc gn yckg`gcy o~n nywìlcj`gc nj x~nywcy gn f~ùgl` ylw~`gcy ` kc kùfc gn k`yu~w`y xuljilx`kny xù` d`jwnjnu k` ynf~ulg`g ljwnulcu | vlflkù nk i`dxc 7=* Dày wùgn+` xùwlu gn k` ìxci` gn F`klnjc+ mìl` nk 5?8+ yn gnyxknfùcj nj xuco~jglg`g+ wu`y k`youcjwnu`y ldxnul`kny+ ~jcy nbìuilwcy gn imcp~n p~n xnudlwä`j ~j` d`|cu dcvlklg`gicjwu` kcy `w`p~ny n}wnulcuny+ gnb`jgc p~n ~jlg`gny yni~jgùl`y gn kldlw`jnl

vlflkù`j nk xnuädnwuc n}wnulcu gnk Ldxnulc* ^j fu`j jòdnuc gn vck~jwùlcy eàueùcyyn ljicuxcuùcj `k nbìuilwc | ocudùcj nj `gnk`jwn d~imcy gn y~y unfldlnjwcy dàyynkniwcy* Dày ldxcuw`jwn wcg`vä` o~n p~n wcgcy kcy `kwcy d`jgcy dlklwùny ynicjol ucj `mcu` òjli dnjwn ` mcdeuny gn u`jfc ni~nywun1 k` ùlywciuìl ynj`wcul`ko~n gnyxk`r`g`+ xcu w`jwc+ gn y~ xcylilùj wu`glilcj`kdnjwn injwu`k nj nk ylywnd`xckäwlic ` dnglg` p~n nk y~xundc xcgnu ldxnul`k x`yè` i`g` vnr dày `k i~nuxc gncolil`kny xuconylcj`kny gnk nbìuilwc* Nk dlydc Glciknil`jc w`delìj inuuùylywndàwli`dnjwn ` kcy ynj`gcuny nk ìinyc ` k` `gdljlywuìlùj ilvlk 7<* K`y xucvljil`yyn d~kwlxkliùcj xcu `kfc dày gn gcy `k ynu glvlglg`y nj ~jlg`gny dày ung~ilg`y |d`jnbèkny+ | nk o~jilcjùl`gc nj nkk`y nywèknilgc `~dnjwù xucxcuilcj`kdnjwn xù`fù`jwlrù ~j icjwuck e~uciuàwlic dày nywunimc* Gnyx~ìy gnk gnyeù`b~ywn gndngl`gcy gn ylfkc yn nywèknilù ~j j~nvc ylywnd` olyi`k p~n o~jglù kcy xuljilxlcy gnkldx~nywc yceun k` wlnuu` | k` i`xlwìlùj nj ~j`7=

Dlkkù+Wmn Ucd`j Ndxlun `jg lwy jnlfmec~uy + x* ?* K` d~kwlxkliìlùj gn nyw`y yw`wlcjny nu` ~j yäjwcd`gnk iunilnjwn d`knywù ycil`k gnk xnuäcgc icdxunjglgc njwun Iùdcgc | Iùljc* Ylj ndeùfc+ k`yljwnuxunwìlcjny gn k` wnwuùp~ä` icdc ~j` b~jw` gn ndnufnjil` xù` nk unywèknildlnjwc gnk cugnjxckäwlic ljwnujc+ nyecr`g`y xcu Ymw`nud`j | D`rr`+ ycj gnd`yl`gc ocur`g`y* Ymw`nud`j icjylgnu` `kuìfldnj gn Glciknil`jc icdc nk xucg~iwc gn ~j` unicjilklìlùj njwun kcy gcy wlxcy gn xucxlnwùlcy i~|cicjokliwc iùìwnulr`+ ynfòj nkk`+ ` nyw` ìxci` nj k` p~n kcy fu`jgny k`wlo~jglyw`y yn `gnk`jwùcj ` k``dnj`r` gn ~j` ljy~uuniilùj ycil`k gnygn è`bc* _ì`yn Aulrly Uècvk`gnk“imnyacvc Ywucl` + xàflj`y 76<$=8+ 7<<$>80+ >8=$<* ^j iuäwlic u~yc m` ynð`k`gc+ njwun cwu`y cebnilcjny+ p~n wcgc nk nyp~nd gnYmw`nud`j ckvlg` i~ulcy`dnjwn k`y d`ylv`y ljv`ylcjny n}wnuj`y p~n icjywlw~|nj nk xuljilx`k wu`yocjgcgn k` wnwuùp~ä`2 _* J* Glàcv+_nywjla Gunvjnl Lywcull + 0<>=+ L_+ x* 05?*7> _ì`yn nyxnil`kdnjwn D* @ujmnld+ Wmn ynj`wcul`k ùlywciuì| lj wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun + C}ocug+ 0<65+xx* 9<$7=*

QXàf* =7T

yck` ~jlg`g+ i`ki~k`g` yceun k` e`yn gn injycy j~nvcy | n}m`~ywlvcy* Xcu vnr xuldnu`nj nk d~jgc `jwlf~c yn ljwucg~bnucj kcy iàki~kcy xuny~x~nywùlcy `j~`kny+ p~nx~glnucj `b~ywù kcy jlvnkny gn ldx~nywcy ` kcy f`ywcy icuulnjwny -p~n icdc nu` gn



nyxnuù yn nknvùcj ljiny`jwndnjwn,* K` wundnjg` n}x`jylùj d`wnul`k gn k`d`p~ljùl` gn Nyw`gc p~n uny~kwù gn wcg`y nyw`y dnglg`y icjwu`glbc ljnvlwèkndnjwnkcy ljwnjwcy lgnckùflicy gn Glciknil`jc | gn y~y y~inycuny xù` nywèlklrù fuìl`y `nkk` k` nywu~iw~u` ycil`k gnk Ldxnulc wùgäc* Kcy gniunwcy p~n njinuuè`j ` fu`jgnyfu~xcy gn xcekìlùj nj fundlcy mnunglwùlcy yldlkùny ` k`y i`yw`y+ gnyx~ìy gn k`w~ue~knjil` gnk dnglc ylfkc x`y`gc+ xcgä`j wnjnu xcic noniwc xuàiwlic >81 k` dcvlklg`gycil`k xuceèkndnjwn `~dnjwù `kfc gnelgc ` k` `dxklìlùj gn k`y j~nv`y vä`y gnxucdcilùj dlklwùny | e~uciuàwli`y gnjwuc gnk Nyw`gc >0* Kcy o~fìny nyo~nurcy xùòlbù kcy xunilcy | kcy y~nkgcy `gdljlywu`wlvcy nj wcgc nk Ldxnulc o~nucj wcg`vä` dnjcyun`klyw`y* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ k` dlyd` `~wciuìl` ldxnul`k y~xnuù oàilkdnjwn wcgcy kcykädlwny wu`glilcj`kny ldx~nywcy xcu k` cxljlùj ynj`wcul`k | xcu k` icyw~deun `knbnuililc gnk xcgnu xnuycj`k* Nk ¡xuljilx`gc± glc x`yc `k ¡gcdlj`gc± i~`jgc kcyndxnu`gcuny+ ` xùwlu gn @~unkl`jc+ yn `~wcgnjcdljùcj gcdlj~y nw gn~y nldx~ylnucj k` inundcjl` culnjw`k gn k` xcywuìlùj gn i~nuxc njwnuc `jwn k` xunynjilùn`k+ k xucya|jnyly icj k` p~n @knb`jguc mèä` lj`~f~u`gc kcy Ldxnulcy mnknjäywlicygnk Culnjwn Xuù}ldc*

Nk iùàiwnu xckäwlic gnk gcdlj`gc yn m` ljwnuxunw`gc ouni~njwndnjwn icdc ~j

gnyxk`r`dlnjwc gnk injwuc gn fu`vng`g gnk ylywnd` ldxnul`k ucd`jc mìl` nkDnglwnuuàjnc culnjw`k+ p~n yn icjy~dùä` xcic gnyx~ìy icj nk `~fn gnIcjyw`jwljcxk`+ k` j~nv` Ucd` ` culkk`y gnk Ecyocuc* Jc m | g~g` gn p~n k`yxucvljil y culnjw`kny xunv`kniä j `mcu` gnjwuc gnk Ldxnulc nj gcy `yxniwcyo~jg`dnjw`kny* Nicjùdli`dnjwn+ k` iulyly gnk>8 U* Dìd~kknj+ ¡Ycil`k dcelklw| `jg wmn Wmncgcyl`j Icgn±+ Wmn Bc~uj`k co Ucd`j Yw~glny + KL_+ 0<?7+xx* 7<$>9* K` wnyly wu`glilcj`k -xcu nbndxkc+ k` gn Ucywcvwynv, gn p~n Glciknil`jc ldx~yc ~j` nywu~iw~u`xuàiwli`dnjwn gn i`yw`y nj nk Ldxnulc wùgäc nywà gnyìunglw`g`* Ny nvlgnjwn p~n k` e~uciuìl` ldxnul`ko~n lji`x`r gn mìnu i~dxklu kcy gniunwcy ldxnul`kny | gn vlflkù ` kcy fundlcy*>0 Nk dnbcu `jàklyly eunvn gn k` `yinjylùj ycil`k ` wu`vìy gn k` dàp~lj` gnk Nyw`gc ny nk gn Anlwm Mcxaljy+¡Nklwn dcelklw| lj wmn Ucd`j Ndxlun±+ X`yw `jg Xunynjw + jòd* 95+ glilndeun gn 0<?>+ xx* 05$5?+ p~nljylywn nj kcy kädlwny jninyùlcy gn nywn xucinyc2 k` d`|cuä` gn kcy j~nvcy glfj`wùlcy gnk Ldxnulc wùgäcylndxun o~nucj iccxw`gcy njwun k` ik`yn wnuu`wnjlnjwn gn k`y xucvljil`y*

QXàf* =>T

dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw` wùgäc òniwù icj dày o~nur` ` Ciilgnjwn+ gcjgnnywè` d~imc dày xuco~jg`dnjwn ùu`lf`gc+ | kc gnbù nj ~j` ylw~ìlùjicdxù`wlv`dnjwn xncu+ `k jc xcynnu |` ~j glj`dlydc `~wùiwcjc p~n kn xnudlwlnuìcjwuùunywù k` wu`glilcj`k ulp~nr` gn Culnjwn+ icj kc p~n icdnjrù ` m~jgluyn icdck` xùwn dày xceun gnk Dnglwnuuàjnc* I~kw~u`kdnjwn+ y~ ndx~bn yn glk~|ù w`delìj gnocud` iunilnjwn* @ olj`kny gn k` ìxci` gn kcy @jwcjljcy |` mèä`j unjìlgc k` olkcycoä`

| k` mlywcul` fulnf`y2 nk knjf~`bn klwnuùlc gn Dùic @~unklc+ xcu jc mèkù gn GlùjI`ylc+ |` jc nu` nk k`wäj* D~imc dày ldxcuw`jwn o~n+ xcu y~x~nywc+ nk knjwc

iunildlnjwc gn k` j~nv` unklflùj p~n mèuä` gn ldxk`jwùyn nj nk Ldxnulc* Nkiulywl`jlydc mèä` jìlgc nj Culnjwn | `kkä yn n}wnjglù xucfunylv`dnjwn g~u`jwn wcgcnk ylfkc LLL+ dlnjwu`y Ciilgnjwn xnud`jniä` unk`wlv`dnjwn ljd~jn nj icdxùìlùj*Xnuc+ ` xnyù gn k`y `xùlnjil`y+ nywcy i`delcy o~jg`dnjw`kny jc yn unoknbùcj nj k`dlyd` dnglg` nj k` nywu~iw~u` xckäwli` gnk Nyw`gc xcup~n un`kdnjwn jc yn xucg~bc~j` mnknjlrìlùj gn k` iòyxlgn glulfnjwn gnk ylywnd` xckäwlic ldxnul`k | wcg`vä` dnjcyy~ icdxknw` culnjw`klrìlùj* K` ucwìlùj cuelw`k gnk xcgnu gljàywlic yn gnw~vci~ulcy`dnjwn `jwny gn kknfù `k Culnjwn funicknv`jwljc >5* K` glj`ywä` òuli`j` gn kcyYnvnucy xùniä` gnywlj`g` ` kknvù ` ièc ~j` y~`vn wu`jydlylùj gnk iùfc ldxnul`k `~j` j~nv` unflùj+ i~`jgc k` o`dlkl` ylul` nj k` p~n Ynxwldlc Ynvnuc mèä` icjwu`ägcd`wuldcjlc xunxùù k` y~elg` `k wucjc gn ~j bcvnj kci`k+ xunynjw`gc o`ky`dnjwn icdcy~ jlnwc+ p~n yn icjvluwlù nj nk ndxnu`gcu Mnklcfàe`kc nj nk `ðc 50=* Nk n}cwlydci~kw~u`k ‗unklflcyc | yn}~`k‗ gn nywn `gcknyinjwn mlrc ` y~ icuwc unlj`gc d~|iìkneun nj wcgcy kcy xcywnulcuny uni~nugcy ucd`jcy* Mnklcfàe`kc o~n uàxlg`dnjwnundcvlgc xcu ~j cxljlùj ynj`wcul`k xuco~jg`dnjwn mcywlk+ e`bc i~|` w~wnk` kn



y~inglù y~ gnyickculgc xuldc @knb`jguc Ynvnuc ‗cwuc dnjcu+ p~n mèä` ylgc ng~i`gcnj Lw`kl`‗ `jwny gn ynu `ynylj`gc nj nk `ðc 59>* @ xùwlu gn njwcjiny+ yùkc ~jculnjw`k+ ~j unxunynjw`jwn n}wund`g`dnjwn `wäxlic gn `p~nkk` unflùj+ kknfù ` ynundxnu`gcu gn Ucd`2 B~klc>5 Nywn mnimc o~jg`dnjw`k m` ylgc ckvlg`gc icj d~im` ouni~njil`* K` klyw` dcgnu`g`dnjwn ni~dìjli`gn k`y y~inylv`y glj`ywä`y+ mnim` xcu Dlkkù+ ny nj un`klg`g fu`vndnjwn njf`ðcy`2 Wmn Ucd`j Ndxlun

`jg lwy jnlfmec~uy + x* 9* Dày `gnk`jwn+ Dlkkù ceynuv` p~n yùkc fuìl`y ` ~j ¡ìilgnjwn gnk gnywljc±Mnklcfàe`kc | y~ xuldc x~glnucj ynu kcy xuldnucy ndxnu`gcuny xucingnjwny gnk Culnjwn fulnfc ¡`jwnyp~n jljfòj ynj`gcu gn k` xuùyxnu` e~uf~nyä` gn @yl` Dnjcu± -x* 7<,* Nj un`klg`g+ jljfòj fulnfc gn @yl`dnjcu kknfù ` ynu j~ji` ndxnu`gcu `jwny gn k` glvlylùj gnk Ldxnulc*

QXàf* =?T

Olklxc+ ~j àuèn xucingnjwn gnk gnylnuwc gn Wu jybcug jl`* Ycuxunjgnjwndnjwn+jljfòj fulnfc gn @yl` Dnjcu jl gn k` dlyd` Funil`+ jljfòj cwuc ylulc | jl ~j yckcnflxilc icjylf~lnucj j~ji k` xòux~u` ldxnul`k* K`y unflcjny dày uli`y |~ue`jlr`g`y gnk Ldxnulc o~nucj lji`xìny gn fù`jwlrù ~j väji~kc gluniwc icj kìld` gnk Nyw`gc p~n k`y fcenujè`* Ny`y unflcjny xnud`jnilnucj dùflj`g`y xcu nkiùàiwnu luung~iwlekndnjwn ucd`jc gnk Ldxnulc+ o~jg`gc | icjywu~lgc xcu Ciilgnjwn+p~n ylndxun o~n d~imc dày mcdcfìjnc p~n nk mnwnuùiklwc Culnjwn+ gcjgn xcu kcdnjcy wuny ldxcuw`jwny i~kw~u`y -k` fulnf`+ k` ylul` | k` nflxil`+ xcu jc mèkù gn k`ycwu`y gnywì`g`y dljcuä`y gn k` unflùj, yn glyx~wè`j nk knf`gc gn k` ilvlklrìlùjmnknjäywli>9* Nj nk ylfkc LLL+ kcy lw`kl`jcy |` jc icjywlw~ä`j ~j` d`|cuä` nj nk Ynj`gc+~j wnuilc gnk i~`k xucingä` fnjnu`kdnjwn gnk Culnjwn funicxùk`jwn* Xnuc dlnjwu`y nkYnj`gc w~vc `kfòj xcgnu nj k` ynkniilùj | icjwuck gn kcy ndxnu`gcuny+ ylndxun nklflù` unxunynjw`jwny gn k`y ik`yny wnuu`wnjlnjwny gnk Ciilgnjwn k`wljc* E`keljc -Mlyx`jl`,

| Wàilwc -Lw`kl`, olf~uùcj njwun kcy òkwldcy i`jglg`wcy ynj`wcul`kny p~n `ki`jrùcj k`glfjlg`g ldxnul`k nj nk ylfkc LLL*

Xcup~n+ `k dlydc wlndxc+ nk injwuc gnk xcgnu xckäwlic gnbù gn nywù nj k` i`xlw`k xù`

x`yù `k i`dxc dlklwù gn k`y rcj`y oucjwnulr`y* F`klnjc o~n nk òkwldc ycenu`jc gnnyw` ìxci` p~n unylglù nj Ucd`* @ xùwlu gn njwcjiny kcy ndxnu`gcuny mèä`j gnmìnuyn | gnymìnuyn o~nu` gnk àdelwc gn k` ljok~njil` ynj`wcul`k+ xcu dnglc gnk~im`y oìilcj`kny njwun kcy bnony dlklwùny* Nywn i`delc xckäwlic o~n ìcdx`ð`gc gn~j j~nvc | gnilylvc i`delc unflcj`k nj k` icdxcylilùj gljàywli`* Gnygn dngl`gcy gnkylfkc LLL+ nk xcgnu ldxnul`k x`yù icj ycuxunjgnjwn unf~kùlg`g ` kcy fnjnu`knyxucingnjwny gn ~j` rcj` `wu`y`g`+ `jw`ðc icjcilg` icj nk jcdeun fnjìulic gn Lklul`+p~n `mcu` ocudè` nk ekcp~n gn xucvljil`y icdxunjglg`y xcu X`jcjl`+ G`kdìl` |Dnyl`* Nk xungcdljlc gn nywcy ndxnu`gcuny g`j~elce`kiàjlicy yn d`jw~vc icdc ~jìcjyw`jwn m`yw` k` i`äg` gnk Nyw`gc ucd`jc nj Ciilgnjwn n ljik~yc gnyx~ìy gn ìyw`*Gnilc+ Ik`~glc nk Fcgc+ @~unkl`jc+ Xucec+ Glciknil`jc+ Icjyw`jwljc+ F`knulc+ Bcvl`jc+

_ knjwljl`jc | B~ywljl`jc yn i~njw`j njwun nkkcy >7 | y~ icdòj culfnj unflcj`k nywcg`vä`>9 Nj Culnjwn mèä`+ x~ny+ i~`wuc lglcd`y klwnuùlcy kci`kny ‗fulnfc+ ylulc+ icxwc | ù`dnc‗+ dlnjwu`yp~n nj Ciilgnjwn jc n}lywä` jljfòj cwuc lglcd` nyiulwc `xùwn gnk k`wäj*>7 Y|dn y~flnun p~n D`}ldljc nk Wu ilc ‗p~n xuceèkndnjwn nu` gn Dnyl` | jc gn Wu il`‗ |xcylekndnjwn w`delìj Wàilwc gnenuä`j ð`gluyn

QXàf* =6T

dày ycuxunjgnjwn yl yn wlnjn nj i~njw` p~n njwun nkkcy jc n}lywlù xùnjwnyic gnjljfòj wlxc* M`yw` icdlnjrcy gnk ylfkc _L+ nk òjlic ndxnu`gcu ldxcuw`jwn p~n jcxucinglù gn nyw` rcj` o~n ~j mlyx`jc+ Wncgcylc+ p~n vnjä` gnk knb`jc cnywn gnkLdxnulc* K` u`rùj dày cevl` gnk `~fn gn nywcy fcenuj`jwny x`jcjlcy n klulcy u`gli`nj nk x`xnk gnyndxnð`gc xcu k`y xucvljil`y g`j~el`j`y | e`kiàjli`y nj nk y~dljlywucgn yckg`gcy xù` nk nbìuilwc2 `de`y rcj`y nu`j |` njwcjiny ~j` unynuv` wu`glilcj`kgn yckg`gcy | colil`kny xuconylcj`kny xù` k`y knflcjny* Xnuc mèä` w`delìj `kf~j`y



u`rcjny dày xuco~jg`y xù` k` j~nv` xunndljnjil` gn nyw` unflùj* X`jcjl` |G`kdìl` o~nucj k`y icjp~lyw`y ik`vn gn k` n}x`jylùj nj wlndxcy gn @~f~ywc+ xcup~nicdxknwùcj nk eàylic icugùj fncfuàolic gnk Ldxnulc `k inuuù nk èlydc p~n n}lywä`njwun y~y yniwcuny culnjw`k | ciilgnjw`k* Gnygn `p~nk dcdnjwc+ X`jcjl` | G`kdìl`ylndxun ìw~ùcj icdc nk x~njwn nywu`wìflic injwu`k p~n ~jä` ` k`y gcy dlw`gny gnkwnuulwculc ldxnul`k* Wcgcy kcy dcvldlnjwcy gn wucx`y noniw~`gcy xcu wlnuu` ` kc kùfcgnk nbn nywn$cnywn wnjä`j p~n x`yù xcu nyw` rcj`+ p~n+ nj icjyni~njil + yn icjvluwlùnj nk x~jwc gn `xc|c gn d~im`y ldxcuw`jwny f~nuu`y ilvlkny gnk Ldxnulc+ ` glonunjil`gn k`y wäxli`y e`w`kk`y j`v`kny nj Funil` g~u`jwn k` ìxci` unx~ekli`j`* Nk icjwuck gnkcy x~nuwcy gn kcy @kxny B~kl`jcy xnudlwä` ~j uàxlgc gnyinjyc | ~j` vnkcr unyck~ilùjgn kcy icjokliwcy nj Lw`kl`* @ xùwlu gn X`jcjl` w~vc k~fù k` vliwcul` gn _nyx`yl`jc njnk ?<+ nk wul~joc gn Ynxwldlc nj nk 0<9+ k` ~y~uxìlùj gn Gnilc nj nk 57<+ k` wcd` gnkxcgnu xcu Glciknil`jc nj nk 5=> | k` `y~jilùj gn Icjyw`jilc nj nk 9>0* Dày `kkà gn k`ldxcuw`jil` nywu`wìfli` gn nyw` rcj` nywè`+ ylj ndeùfc+ y~ nyxnil`k xcylilùj ycil`k

| i~kw~u`k gnjwuc gnk Ldxnulc* X`jcjl`+ G`kdìl` | Dnyl` nu`j unflcjny ljwu`wèkny+i~|` xuc}ldlg`g icj nk d~jgc fulnfc j~ji` mèä` icjg~ilgc ` y~ ljwnfuìlùj nj ìk1o~nucj gn k`y òkwld`y xucvljil`y icjwljnjw`kny ucd`jlr`g`y | y~ icjvnuylùj ` k``fuli~kw~u` icjvnjilcj`k gn k` vlkk` yn xucg~bc jninyùl`dnjwn d~imc gnyx~ìy | o~n

dày ljicdxknw` p~n k` gn F`kl`+ Mlyx`jl` c Àouli`>>

* Nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw`j~ji` `ki`jrù nj nkk`y k` dlyd` d`f$

` nyw` klyw`2Ndxnucuy `jg elcfu`xm|* Yw~glny lj wmn Mlywcul` @~f~yw` + C}ocug+ 0<60+ xx* 0=5$?+ 57?$6*Kcy cwucy xcicy ndxnu`gcuny gn nyw` ìxci` xùninj mènu ylgc wcgcy ciilgnjw`kny* Wunecjl`jc F`kc+

_ knul`jc | F`klnjc nu`j gn Lw`kl`+ Dìuljc nu` gn D`~ulw`jl`+ | Iùc xuceèkndnjwn gn k` F`kl`dnulglcj`k*>> X* Cklv`+X`jjcjl` `jg wmn cjynw co iulyly lj wmn Ucd`j Ndxlun + Xu`f`+ 0<?5+ xx* 57=$>=+ 97>$>8*

QXàf* ==T

jlw~g p~n nj k`y cwu`y xucvljil`y k`wlj`y gnk icjwljnjwn ciilgnjw`k+ `~jp~n ny xcyleknp~n `k olj`k unflywuù` `kkä `kf~jcy `v`jiny dlnjwu`y unwucingä` |` nj k`y unflcjny

dày `jwlf~`y2 nj ~j nyw~glc yceun nk Ldxnulc ` olj`kny gnk ylfkc L_ yn gnyiulen `X`jcjl` icdc ldxcuw jwn n}xcuw`gcu gn nyik`vcy >?* K` iulyly gn k` `fuli~kw~u`nyik`vlyw` jc o~n+ xcu icjylf~lnjwn+ w`j wndxu`j` c w`j u`gli`k+ | nk jòdnuc gnxucxlnwùlcy kleuny | ùunjg`wùlcy o~n dày icjylgnuèkn+ gn ì~nugc icj ~j dcgnkcu~u`k dày inui`jc `k gn Culnjwn* Ljg~gèkndnjwn+ k` vlw`klg`g gn nyw` unflùj+ njdnglc gn k` gni`gnjil` gn Ciilgnjwn+ jc nyw~vc gnyicjniw`g` gn ny` glywljwòcudìlùj* Xnuc+ `k dlydc wlndxc+ y~ o~jilùj xckäwli` o~jg`dnjw`k nu` ljynxùèkn gny~ k`wljlg`g1 kljfûäywli`dnjwn+ nu` ucd`j` | jc fulnf`+ k` dày iu~g` | culnjw`kn}wundlg`g gn k` ilvlklrìlùj k`wlj`* Xcu w`jwc+ jc o~n yùkc y~ ylw~ìlùj wnuulwcul`k nj nkx~jwc gn ùwli~kìlùj icjwljnjw`k njwun Culnjwn | Ciilgnjwn kc p~n gnwnudljù y~ldxcuw`jil`1 y~ xcylilùj nj nk k`gc icuuniwc gn k` oucjwnu` i~kw~u`k o~n kc òjlic p~nmlrc xcylekn y~ ycuxunjgnjwn xunndljnjil` nj ~j ylywnd` ldxnul`k p~n nj y~ dàyxuco~jg` j`w~u`knr` | nj y~ culfnj nu` wcg`vä` ~j cugnj ucd`jc* Nk i`delc gljàywlicmìl` k`y wlnuu`y `wu`y`g`y gnk G`j~elc | kcy E`ki`jny unxunynjwè` nk d |cudcvldlnjwc xcylekn mìl Culnjwn gnk ylywnd` xckäwlic ucd`jc+ xù` d`jwnjnu ~jlgc`k Ldxnulc+ icdx`wlekn icj k` icjynuvìlùj gn y~ äjwnfuc iùàiwnu k`wljc*

Nk vlfcu dlklwù | e~uciuàwlic gn kcy j~nvcy glulfnjwny gn X`jcjl` n Lklul` mèäìcjynf~lgc nywèlklrù j~nv`dnjwn nk Nyw`gc ldxnul`k ` icdlnjrcy gnk ylfkc L_* Xnuck` unyw`~uìlùj `gdljlywu`wlv` gnk Ldxnulc yn un`klrù ` icyw` gn ~j` fu`vn | iunilnjwnoly~u` gnjwuc gn k` nywu~iw~u` fkce`k gnk xcgnu* K` ~jloli ilùj xckäwli` gnkDnglwnuuàjnc wu`bc icjylfc ~j` vnr dày k` glvlylùj ycil`k nj nk ynjc gn k`y ik`ynygcdlj`jwny* K` ùlywciuìl` ynj`wcul`k gn Lw`kl`+ Mlyx`jl`+ k` F`kl` | Àouli` icjwlj~ù

ylnjgc nk nywu`wc nicjùdli`dnjwn dày xcgnucyc gn Ciilgnjwn gnelgc ` k` wu`glilcj`kicjinjwuìlùj gn y~y ulp~nr`y* Xnuc `mcu` nywè` ynxù`g` gnk `xù`wc gnk d`jgcdlklwù+ p~n nu` k` o~njwn gnk xcgnu xckäwlic ldxnul k+ nk i~`k mèä` x`y`gcouni~njwndnjwn ` colil`kny ùulelyw`y xucingnjwny gn kcy ndxceunilgcy E`ki`jny* @yä



yn ljwucg~bc nj nk cugnj glulfnjwn gnk gcdlj`gc ~j `jw`fcjlydc nywu~iw~u`k+ p~nj~ji` mèä` n}lywlgc nj nk xuljilx`gc | p~n olj`kdnjwn mèuä` gn wnjnu o`w`knyicjyni~njil`y* Glciknil`jc kc kknvù ` y~ n}wundc icj k` oìuun`>? Ymw`nud`j+ Aulrly Uècvk`gnk“imnyacvc Ywucl` + x* 9>7*

QXàf* =<T

glyiuldljìlùj icjwu` kcy i`jglg`wcy ynj`wcul`kny xù` xuàiwli`dnjwn wcgcy kcyiùfcy gn ldxcuw`jil`+ |` o~nynj ilvlkny c dlklwùny* Nj nyw` ocud` n}ìnue`g`+ nkicjokliwc jc xcgä` g~uù2 Icjyw`jwljc ljvluwlù k` xckäwli` gn y~ xungninycu mìl` k`jceknr` wu`glilcj`k gn Ciilgnjwn | k` icuwnbù ylywndàwli`dnjwn icj jcdeu`dlnjwcyxù` kcy fcelnujcy gn xucvljil`y | icj mcjcuny `gdljlywu`wlvcy+ `~jp~n jc icj

bno`w~u`y dlklwùny+ gn k`y p~n mèä` ylgc `knb`g` gn ocud` xnud`jnjwn* Nk Ynj`gc o~n`dxkl`gc | nj y~ ynjc yn iunù ~j j~nv` ìklwn x`wulil`* @k dlydc wlndxc+ kìcdxcylilùj gn k` ùlywciuìl` nj wcg` k` n}wnjylùj gnk Ldxnulc yn wu jyocudùu`gli`kdnjwn gnelgc `k fu j i`delc ljywlw~ilcj`k gnk unlj`gc gn Icjyw`jwljc2 kìulywl`jlrìlùj gnk Nyw`gc gnyx~ìy gn k` icjvnuylùj gnk ndxnu`gcu | gn y~ vliwcul`yceun D`bnjilc nj nk x~njwn Dlkvlc* Ylfjloli`wlv`dnjwn+ k` j~nv` unklflùj culnjw`k yùkcicjp~lywù nk Ldxnulc i~`jgc o~n `gcxw`g` xcu ~j iìyù nj Ciilgnjwn* ^j nbìuilwcxucingnjwn gn F`kl` o~n nk p~n ldx~yc ~j iungc culflj`gc nj X`knywlj`+ yädeckc |ìilgnjwn xù`gùblic+ c yäjwcd` p~lrà+ gnk gcdljlc xckäwlic gnk jòiknc k`wljc gnkylywnd` ldxnul`k ucd`jc* Nk noniwc ljywlw~ilcj`k ljdngl`wc dày ldxcuw`jwn gnki`delc unklflcyc o~n p~lrà k` xucdcilùj ycil`k gn ~j fu`j jòdnuc gn ¡o~jilcjùlcyiulywl`jcy±+ p~n mèä`j mnimc y~y iùunu`y `gdljlywu`wlv`y fuìl`y ` y~ kn`kw`g ` k`j~nv` on+ ` k`y n}wnjy`y olk`y gn kcy ikùlyyldl gnk ylfkc L_ >6* K` d`|cu xùwn gn nkkcyxucingä`j gn Culnjwn+ gcjgn kknfùcj ` gcdljù nk ynf~jgc Ynj`gc nywèknilgc xcuIcjyw`jilc LL nj Icjyw`jwljcxk`* Y~ ljwnfu ilùj nj k` noli`r d`p~ljùl` gnkgcdlj`gc+ icj k` xucklonuìlùj gn j~nvcy iùfcy e~uciuàwlicy+ unoknbù | unocurù nkljljwnuu~dxlgc iunildlnjwc gn k`y gldnjylcjny wcw`kny gnk Nyw`gc nj k` ycilng`g

ucd`j` wùgä`* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ nk nywèknildlnjwc gnk iulywl`jlydc icdc Lfknyl` colil`kgnk Ldxnulc `ð`glù ` xùwlu gn njwcjiny ~j` njcudn e~uciuìl` iknuli`k ‗gcjgnxunvl`dnjwn jc mèä` n}lywlgc jljf~j`‗ `k |` wundnjgc xnyc gnk `xù`wc yni~kù gnkNyw`gc* Gnjwuc gn k` dlyd` Lfknyl` yn xucg~bc xuceèkndnjwn ~j xucinyc yldlkù gnn}x`jylùj gn k` dcvlklg`g ycil`k+ |` p~n k` bnuùp~ä` niknylàywli` xucingä`xuljilx`kdnjwn gn k` ik`yn gn kcy i~ul`kny* Kcy y`kùlcy | nywlxnjglcy gn nywcyglfj`wùlcy unklflcycy+ n}wu`ägcy gn k`y ljdnj$>6 Xù` nywn onjùdnjc+ vì`yn Bcjny+ ¡Wmn ycil`k eìafuc~jg co wmn ywu~ffkn enw nnj x`f`jlyd `jgImulywl`jlw|±+ nj @* Dcdlfkl`jc -icdx*,+ Wmn icjokliw enw nnj x`f`jlyd `jg Imulywl`jlw| lj wmn oc~uwm injw~u| + C}ocug+ 0<?9+ xx* 9>$6*

QXàf* <8T

y`y unjw`y gnvnjf`g`y xcu k` ulp~nr` icuxcu`wlv` gn k` Lfknyl`+ o~nucj d~| xucjwcy~xnulcuny ` kcy gn kcy u`jfcy np~lv`knjwny gn k` e~uciuìl` yni~kù* Icjyw`jwljc |y~y y~inycuny glulflnucj y~ j~nvc unxùwc icj ~j xuùglfc gnuucimn x`k`wljc1 k`yljgliilcjny | kcy ldx~nywcy y~elnucj gn ocud` ljn}cuèkn* Dlnjwu`y w`jwc+ | yceunwcgc+ Icjyw`jwljc `~dnjwù nk w`d`ðc gnk nbìuilwc icj k` iunìlùj gn j~nv`y ~jlg`gnygn ljo`jwnuä` | iè`kknuä` | k` icjywu~iilùj gn y~y unynuv`y nywu`wìfli`y* @ kc kùfcgnk ylfkc L_ nk nbìuilwc kknfù ` y~dù inui` gn ?>8*888 yckg`gcy+ i`yl i~`wuc vninydày p~n ` icdlnjrcy gnk xuljilx`gc* Nk Ldxnulc ucd`jc gn kcy ylfkcy L_ | _ yn vlc+x~ny+ fu`v`gc icj ~j v`ywc | n}`fnu`gc `~dnjwc gn y~y y~xnunywu~iw~u`y dlklwù+xckäwli` n lgnckùfli`*

Xcu cwu` xùwn+ k` n}x`jylùj gnk Nyw`gc o~n ìcdx`ð`g` gn ~j` icjwuìilùj nj k`nicjcdä`* K`y xìuglg`y gndcfuàoli`y gnk ylfkc LLL j~ji` yn vckvlnucj ` uni~xnuù*

@~jp~n jc x~ngn i`ki~kùyn nk gnyinjyc nyw`gäywlic gn k` xcekìlùj+ nk icjwlj~c



è`jgcjc gn k`y wlnuu`y i~kwlv`g`y -kcy `ful gnynuwl gnk Ldxnulc wùgäc, icjywlw~|n k`xu~ne` ljnp~ävci` gn ~j` i~uv` fnjnu`k gnyinjgnjwn* Nj nk ylfkc L_+ k` unjcvìlùjxckäwli` gnk ylywnd` ldxnul k xucg~bc ~j ilnuwc `~dnjwc wndxcu`k nj k` icjywu~iilùj~ue`j` | ~j unywèknildlnjwc gn k` nywèlklg`g dcjnwùl` icj k` ndlylùj gnk ycklg~y gn cuc* Xnuc nyw`y gcy uni~xnuìlcjny o~nucj kldlw`g`y | xuniùl`y* Nk iunildlnjwc~ue jc yn icjinjwuù nj e~nj dnglg` nj kcy j~nvcy injwucy dlklwùny |`gdljlywu`wlvcy ylw~`gcy e`bc nk x`wuciljlc gluniwc gn kcy ndxnu`gcuny2 Dlkàj+Wuìvnuly c Yìugli` |+ yceun wcgc+ Icjyw`jwljcxk`* Jc o~n ~j onjùdnjc nicjùdlicnyxcjwàjnc | jc x~gc gnwnjnu k` xucfunylv` gni`gnjil` gn k`y il~g`gny* K`ycklfùp~ä`y d~jlilx`kny+ p~n nj ìxci`y `jwnulcuny mèä`j xunylglgc ~j`y il~g`gnycuf~kkcy`y | kknj y gn vlg`+ o~nucj ycdnwlg`y ` ~j iunilnjwn y~xnuvlylùj nljwnuonunjil` ` icdlnjrcy gnk xuljilx`gc+ i~`jgc yn jcdeuùcj gnygn Ucd` ` ~jcyi~u`wcuny ldxnul`kny gn iùàiwnu nyxnil`k xù` p~n vlflk`ynj k`y i`xlw`kny gn k`yxucvljil`y* Xnuc+ ` xùwlu gn k` iulyly gnk ylfkc LLL+ k` unkìlùj njwun nk injwuc | k`xnulonul yn ljvluwlù gn ocud` i~ulcy`2 kcy ndxnu`gcuny w~vlnucj p~n nyocurùynicjwlj~`dnjwn xcu icjvnjinu c icìilcjù ` k` ik`yn gn kcy gni~ulcjny+ njiùf`g` gnk` `gdljlywuìlùj d~jlilx`k xù` p~n i~dxklnu`j icj y~y ceklfìlcjny mnunglwùl`ynj kcy icjynbcy d~jlilx`kny+ dlnjwu`y nywcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny kci`kny è`jgcjè`j y~y

unyxcjyèlklg`gny iävli`y -| kcy f`ywcy icjylf~lnjwny, | k`y il~g`gny dcuä`j xcu o`kw`gn ocjgcy xòeklicy c gn ljvnuylcjny xulv`g`y* K` wäxli`

QXàf* <0T

¡m~lg` gn kcy gni~ulcjny± yn glulfä` mìl` kcy u`jfcy y~xnulcuny gn kcy iùklyyldl | gnk` e~uciuìl` injwu`k+ gcjgn nywè j n}njwcy gn ceklf ilcjny d~jlilx`kny* Dlnjwu`yw`jwc+ nj kcy jlvnkny ycil`kny dày e`bcy+ kcy xnp~nðcy ùwny`jcy è`jgcjè`j k`yil~g`gny nj e~yi` gn ynf~ulg`g | gn wuè`bc nj k`y olji`y gn kcy fu`jgny d`fj`wnygnk i`dxc+ ` xnyù gn kcy gniunwcy colil`kny p~n xucmleä`j ny`y dlfuìlcjny >=* K`fu`j ung gn iùunwnu`y p~n ~jä` ` k`y il~g`gny gnk Ldxnulc ‗| p~n ylndxun o~nucjicjywu~iilcjny nywu`wìfli`y dày p~n icdnuil`kny‗ p~lrà w~vlnu`j nj `kf~jcy i`ycy

~j iùàiwnu jnf`wlvc xù` k`y nicjcdä`y gn k`y unflcjny p~n `wu`vnyè`j+ |` p~no~nucj dnu`y vä`y gn `kcb`dlnjwc gn yckg`gcy | gn uni`~gìlùj gn ldx~nywcy dày p~nu~w`y gn icdnuilc c gn ljvnuylùj* Nj nyw`y icjglilcjny+ k` nywèlklrìlùj gn k`dcjng` | k` unicjvnuylùj gn kcy ldx~nywcy nj gljnuc nj nk ylfkc L_ jc unxunynjwù ~j``~wìjwli` unvlw`klrìlùj gn k` nicjcdä` ~ue`j`* @jwny elnj+ nk j~nvc ylywnd`dcjnwùlc lj`~f~u`gc xcu Icjyw`jwljc icdeljù dcjng`y ynkniw`y gn cuc+ xù` ~ycgnk Nyw`gc | gn kcy ulicy+ icj ~jlg`gny gn iceun+ icjyw`jwndnjwn gnxunil`g`y+ xù`k`y jninylg`gny gn kcy xceuny+ ylj jljf~j` nyi`k` gn v`kcuny njwun `de`y+ gn w`kocud` p~n nj k` xuàiwli` yn iunùcj gcy ylywnd`y dcjnwùlcy ynxù`gcy+ nvlgnjil`x`kdùl` gn k` xckùlrìlùj ycil`k gnk Ldxnulc wùgäc ><* Nj k` d`|cu xùwn gn k`yxucvljil`y+ nk icdnuilc | k` ljg~ywul` ~ue`j` gni`|nucj xucfunylv`dnjwn ` k` vnr p~nyn xucg~iä` ~j` fu`g~`k n ljg~gèkn u~u`klrìlùj gnk Ldxnulc*

J`w~u`kdnjwn+ k` iulyly olj`k gn k` @jwlfûng`g w~vc y~ culfnj nj nk xucxlc i`dxc*Dlnjwu`y k`y il~g`gny yn xù`klrè`j c gni`ä`j+ nj k` nicjcdä` u~u`k w~vlnucj k~fùi`delcy wu`yinjgnjw`kny p~n xuny`flè`j k` wu`jylilùj mìl` cwuc dcgc glywljwc gnxucg~iilùj* \ mndcy ynð`k`gc kcy kädlwny ljn}cuèkny gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùjnyik`vlyw` i~`jgc k`y oucjwnu`y ldxnul`kny gnbùcj gn `v`jrù1 nycy kldlwnyxuninglnucj | y~e|ìlnucj ` kcy wu`ywcujcy xckäwlicy | nicjùdlicy gnk ylfkc LLL* @mcu`+nj k`y icjglilcjny uninylv`y gnk Ldxnulc wùgäc+ nk wuè`bc nyik`vlyw` ‗klf`gc ylndxun` ~j ylywnd` gn n}x`jylùj xckäwli` | dl$>= Vnenu ceynuvù icuuniw`dnjwn* p~n nywn ì}cgc o~n n}ìw`dnjwn kc icjwuùlc gnk dcgnkc wäxlic dnglnv`kgn k` m~lg` gn kcy i`dxnyljcy gn k` wlnuu` ` k`y il~g`gny xù` icjynf~lu wuè`bc | klenuw`g ~ue`j`* ¡Glnycrl`knj Fuûjgn gny jwnuf`jfy gnu jwlanj A~kw~u±+ xx* 98?$6*>< M`| ~j e~nj `jàklyly gn k` ylw~ìlùj dcjnwùl` nj @jguì Xlf`jlck+ K“Ndxlun imunwlnj -95>$9<>, + Xùäy+0<76+ xx* 5<7$988* _ì`yn w`delìj Bcjny+ ¡Ljok`wlcj ~jgnu wmn Ucd`j Ndxlun±+ Nicjcdli Mlywcu| Unvln + _+ jòd* 9+ 0<>9+ xx* 980$07*



QXàf* <5T

klwù‗ yn mlrc i`g` vnr dày nyi`yc | dcknywc |+ nj icjyni~njil`+ kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny kcicjvluwlnucj xucfunylv`dnjwn nj ~j` `gyiulxilùj ` k` wlnuu`* ^j i`delc gnilylvc ynxucg~bc i~`jgc k` i~uv` gnk xunilc gn kcy nyik`vcy ‗p~n+ icdc |` mndcy vlywc+ y~elùgn ocud` ljljwnuu~dxlg` g~u`jwn kcy xuldnucy gcyilnjwcy `ðcy gnk xuljilx`gc+ gnelgc` k` nyi`ynr gn k` conuw`‗ icdnjrù ` d`jwnjnuyn | ` i`nu g~u`jwn nk ylfkc LLL+ ylfjcynf~uc gn k` icjwu iilùj nj k` gnd`jg` ?8* Xucfunylv`dnjwn+ kcy xucxlnwùlcy gnbùcjgn xunci~xùyn gn ocud` gluniw` xcu nk d`jwnjldlnjwc gn d~imcy gn y~y nyik`vcy |+icj cebnwc gn p~n yn i~lgù`j gn yä dlydcy+ kcy nywèknilnucj nj xnp~nð`y xùink`y+i~|c xk~yxucg~iwc unicfä`j ?0* K`y fu`jgny olji`y wnjglnucj ` glvlgluyn nj unynuv`yynðcul`kny injwu`kny+ wuè`b`g`y wcg`vä` xcu nyik`vcy+ ucgn`g`y xcu ~j` fu`j d`y` gnwnjnjil`y i`dxnylj`y+ i~kwlv`g`y xcu ylnuvcy* Ny xcylekn p~n icj nywn i`delc k`xucg~iwlvlg`g yn ljiundnjwù` dùflj`kdnjwn+ `~jp~n jc nk xucg~iwc wcw`k+ g`gc nkgnyinjyc fkce`k gn k` d`jc gn ceu` nj nk i`dxc* @k dlydc wlndxc+ k`y `kgn`y gn kcyxnp~nðcy xucxlnwùlcy | gn kcy ùunjg`wùlcy kleuny ‗p~n ylndxun mèä`j n}lywlgc njnk Ldxnulc b~jwc ` kcy nyik`vcy‗ i |nucj e`bc nk ¡x`wuciljlc± gn kcy fu`jgnyd`fj`wny u~u`kny+ nj y~ eòyp~ng` gn xucwniilùj icjwu` k`y n}ìilcjny olyi`kny | nk

unik~w`dlnjwc ocurcyc xcu nk Nyw`gc+ | kknfùcj ` ci~xù ~j`y xcylilcjny nicjùdli`yd~| yldlkùny ` k`y gn kcy `jwlf~cy nyik`vcy*

Nk uny~kw`gc gn nywn xucinyc o~n k` `xùlilùj | nk xungcdljlc olj`k+ nj k` d`|cu xùwngn k`y xucvljil`y+ gnk ickcj~y + nywc ny+ nk ùunjg`wùlc i`dxnyljc gnxnjglnjwn p~nnywè` vlji~k`gc ` k` olji` gn y~ ynðcu | kn x`fè` xcu y~ xùink` unjw`y nj nyxniln cnj gljnuc+ c k` i~kwlvè` e`bc ~j ì~nugc gn unxùwc gn k` icynim` -k`y xunywìlcjnygn wuè`bc xucxl`dnjwn glim`y nu`j `jcud`kny,* Kcy ickcjl yn p~ngè`jfnjnu`kdnjwn icj k` dlw`g gnk xucg~iwc gn y~y xùink`y* K`y vnjw`b`y nicjùdli`yp~n k` ik`yn n}xkcw`gcu` cewnjä` icj nywn j~nvc ylywnd` gn wuè`bc yn x~ylnucjeu~w`kdnjwn gn d`jlolnywc i~`jgc kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny?8

Bcjny+ ¡Yk`vnu| lj wmn `jilnjw cukg±+ x* 0<61 Vnenu+ ¡@fuùvnumçkwjlyyn lj @kwnuw~d±+ xx* 560$5*Vnenu yceunnywld` k` i`äg` gnoljlwlv` gn kcy xunilcy gn nyik`vcy g~u`jwn nk Ldxnulc wùgäc1 icdc Bcjnygnd~nywu`+ kcy xunilcy e`bùcj `xuc}ld`g`dnjwn m`yw` k` dlw`g gnk jlvnk p~n wnjä`j nj nk ylfkc LL+ xnuckcy nyik`vcy icjwlj~ùcj ylnjgc ~j` dnui`jiä` unk`wlv`dnjwn iù`+ n}inxwc nj k`y xucvljil`y oucjwnulr`y*?0 Nk dnbcu `jàklyly gn ìywn xucinyc ny nk njy`|c xùyw~dc gn Dùi Ekcim+ ¡Icddnjw nw xc~up~cl oljlwk“nyik`v`fn jwlp~n3±+ @ud`kny N* Y* I*+ 5+ 0<76+ xx* 98$77+ 0?0$68*

QXàf* <9T

yn dcywuùcj glyx~nywcy ` x`fù dày gnk xunilc gn dnui`gc gn ~j nyik`vc xù` nvlwùk` kk`d`g` ` olk`y gn ~j ickcj~y ?5* Glciknil`jc mèä` gniunw`gc p~n kcy ùunjg`wùlcygneä`j icjylgnuùyn `gyiulwcy ` y~y `kgn`y ` noniwcy gn k` uni`~gìlùj gn ldx~nywcy

|+ nj icjyni~njil`+ kcy xcgnuny b~uäglicy gn kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny yceun kcy ickcjl

`~dnjwùcj ljljwnuu~dxlg`dnjwn g~u`jwn kcy ylfkcy L_ | _ icj kcy y~inylvcy gniunwcygn Icjyw`jwljc+ _`knjwn | @ui`glc* Dlnjwu`y w`jwc+ kcy nyik`vcy `fuäick`y gnbùcj gnynu fu`g~`kdnjwn dnui`jiä`y icjvnjilcj`kny m`yw` p~n _`knjwljl`jc L ‗nk òkwldcfu`j ndxnu`gcu xunwcul`jc gn Ciilgnjwn‗ xucmlelù ocud`kdnjwn y~ vnjw` ynxù`gcygn k`y wlnuu`y p~n wuè`bè`j ?9* @yä+ xcu ~j xucinyc icjvnufnjwn+ yn ocudù nj nkLdxnulc wùgäc ~j` ik`yn ycil`k gì xucg~iwcuny u~u`kny gnxnjglnjwny+ b~uägli` |nicjùdli`dnjwn glywljwcy gn kcy nyik`vcy | gn kcy ùunjg`wùlcy kleuny c gn kcyxnp~nðcy xucxlnwùlcy* K` `xùlilùj gn nywcy ickcjcy jc ylfjloliù ~j` glydlj~ilùj njk` ulp~nr` c nj nk xcgnu gn k` ik`yn wnuu`wnjlnjwn2 `k icjwuùlc+ gnelgc xunily`dnjwn `p~n èycuelù ` kcy `jwlf~cy xnp~nðcy i`dxnyljcy ljgnxnjglnjwny | `k dlydc wlndxc`klvlù kcy xuceknd`y gn k` gluniilùj | y~xnuvlylùj gn k`y fu`jgny olji`y+ nywn xucinycnjwu`ðù ~j `~dnjwc fkce`k nj k`y gldnjylcjny gn k`y olji`y gn k` ùlywciuìlùcd`j * K`y xcynylcjny wcw`kny gn kcy d`fj`wny u~u`kny ‗ouni~njwndnjwn glyxnuy`yxcu d~im`y xucvljil`y‗ `ki`jrùcj y~ injlw nj nk ylfkc _*



J`w~u`kdnjwn+ k` nyik`vlw~g jc gny`xùnilù nj èyck~wc* Nk ylywnd` ldxnul`k jc xcgä`xunyiljglu gn nkk`+ xcup~n nk `xù`wc gn Nyw`gc wcg`vä` yn e`yè` nj ~jcy ylywnd`ynyik`vlyw`y gn `xucvlylcj`dlnjwc | icd~jliìlcjny+ p~n icjynuvè`j i`yl wcg` y~o~nur` wu`glilcj`k m`yw` nk dlydc olj gnk Ldxnulc nj Ciilgnjwn* @~jp~n y~ x`xnk nj k`xucg~iilùj ùwny`j`k ~ue`j` gnyinjglù gn ocud` jcwèkn+ kcy nyik`vcyxucxcuilcjè`j nj wcg`y xùwny ~j k~bcyc ynuvlilc gcdìywlic ` k`y ik`yny xcynngcu`y*Xcu cwu` xùwn+ kcy nyik`vcy icjwlj~ùcj ylnjgc unk`wlv`dnjwn j~dnucycy nj nki`dxc+ wuè`b`jgc kcy k`wlo~jglcy gn kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny gn k`y xucvljil`y+ `k dnjcy njLw`kl` | nj Mlyx`jl`+ | xuceèkndnjwn w`delìj nj k` F`kl` nj d`|cu fu`gc gn kc p~n `dnj~gc yn y~xcjn* Dnk`jl`+ d~bnu jcekn p~n yn icjvluwlù ` k` unklflùj ` xuljilxlcygnk ylfkc _+ p~lrà xcyn|nu` 5>*888 nyik`vcy òjli`dnjwn nj ?5 `kgn`y ylw~`g`y nj y~yxcyn$?5 Bcjny+Wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun + LL+ x* 0875*?9 Bcjny Wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun + LL+ x* 6<>*

QXàf* <7T

ylcjny kci`kny inui` gn Ucd` ?7* Nk yniwcu nyik`vlyw` gn k` nicjcdä` u~u`k+ k` xcekìlùjnyik`vlyw` gngli`g` `k ynuvlilc | k`y ljg~ywul`y nyik`vlyw`y xnuwnjnilnjwny `k Nyw`gcnu`j dày p~n y~olilnjwny xù` `ynf~uù p~n nk wuè`bc icjwlj~ù` dùi`gc xcu k`gnfu`gìlùj ycil`k | p~n kcy ljvnjwcy nyw~vlnu`j `knb`gcy gnk àdelwc kècu`k* ¡@kdculu Qk` nyik`vlw~gT gnbù gnwuày gn yä y~ `f~lbùj vnjnjcyc e`bc k` ocud` gnxucyiulxilùj gnk wuè`bc xucg~iwlvc xcu kcy mcdeuny kleuny±+ nyiulelù Njfnky* ¡W`k nynk i`kknbùj ylj y`klg` nj nk i~`k yn njicjwuè` nk dl`jgc ucd`jc± ?>* Kcy `lyk`gcygnyi~euldlnjwcy wìijlicy gnk xuljilx`gc+ lfjcu`gcy nj kcy dcdnjwcy i~kdlj`jwny gnkdcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw`+ xnud`jnilnucj lf~`kdnjwn ci~kwcy nj k` ìxci` gn y~gnyljwnfuìlùj* K` wnijckcfä` jc unilelù jljfòj ldx~kyc icj k` icjvnuylùj gn kcynyik`vcy nj ickcjl * K`y o~nur`y gn xucg~iilùj gn k` @jwlfûng`g xnud`jnilnucjekcp~n`g`y nj y~y jlvnkny wu`glilcj`kny*

Xnuc icj k` ocudìlùj gnk ickcj`wc+ nk mlkc icjg~iwcu gn wcgc nk ylywnd` nicjùdlic yngnyxk`rù+ x`y`jgc eàyli`dnjwn ` k` unkìlùj nywèknilg` njwun nk xucg~iwcu u~u`kgnxnjglnjwn+ nk ynðcu | nk Nyw`gc* Nj noniwc+ k` njcudn d`p~ljùl` dlklwù |e~uciuàwli` gnk Ldxnulc wùgäc n}lfä` ~j xunilc wnuulekn ` ~j` ycilng`g i~|cy xucxlcyuni~uycy nicjùdlicy |` mèä`j glydlj~lgc* K` `xùlilùj gn n}ìilcjny olyi`kny~ue`j`y gnelklwù `k icdnuilc | k` xucg~iilùj ùwny`j` nj k`y il~g`gny* Xnuc+ yceunwcgc+ ~j` èu~d`gcu` iùf` gn ldx~nywcy i`|ù lji jyèkn n ljycxcuwèkndnjwnyceun nk i`dxnylj`gc* Kcy xuny~x~nywcy `j~`kny c ¡ljgliilcjny± yn g~xkliùcj njwunnk `ðc 957 | nk 9?7* @ olj`kny gnk Ldxnulc+ nk vck~dnj gn kcy ldx~nywcy yceun k` wlnuu`nu` xuceèkndnjwn wuny vniny y~xnulcu `k gn k` Unxòekli` wùgä`+ | nk Nyw`gc èycueä`njwun ~j i~ùwc | ~j wnuilc gnk xucg~iwc `fuäick` eu~wc @gndày+ nk icywn gn k`

uni`~gìlùj gn ldx~nywcy uni`ä` yceun nk y~bnwc+ p~n xcgä` x`fù m`yw` ~j 98 xcuilnjwc xcu njild` gn k`y wùlo`y colil`kny xù` `xkì u | d`jwnjnu ` kcy o~jilcjùlcyp~n kn nyp~lkdè`j ?6* Kcy ld$?7 Nj wcw`k+ Dnk`jl` xcynä` wlnuu`y nj I`dx`jl`+ @x~kl`+ Ylilkl`+ W~jlil`+ J~dlgl`+ D`~ulw`jl`+ Mlyx`jl` |Eulw`jl` |+ icj wcgc+ y~y ljfunycy òjli`dnjwn nu j xù` y~y icjwndxcuàjncy kcy gn ~j` o`dlklynj`wcul`k gn dngl`j` ulp~nr`* _ì`yn Bcjny+ Wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun + LL+ xx* 6<9+ 6=5+ >>7*?> Dù}$Njfnky+ Ynkniwng cuay + Kcjguny+ 0<?=+ x* >68* QCeu`y nyicflg`y + 5 vcky*+ D`gulg+ @a`k+ 0<6>+

vck* LL+ x* 906*T?? @* M* D* Bcjny+ ¡Cvnu$w`}`wlcj `jg wmn gnikljn co wmn Ucd`j Ndxlun±+ @jwlp~lw| + }}]LLL+ 0<><+ xx* 9<$78*?6 Bcjny+Wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun + L+ x* 7?=*

QXàf* <>T

x~nywcy nu`j uni`~g`gcy ` dnj~gc xcu kcy xucxlcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny+ p~n xcgä`j nv`gluy~y xucxl`y ceklfìlcjny olyi`kny ` k` vnr p~n mìä`j i~dxklu k`y gn y~y ickcjl * K`



Lfknyl` nywèknilg` ‗~j icdxknbc ljywlw~ilcj`k p~n+ ` glonunjil` gn k`y `jwnulcunyilvlklrìlcjny gnk Culnjwn Xuù}ldc+ nu` gnyicjcilgc nj k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli`‗ `ð`gä`~j` j~nv` iùf` xù`ylwùl` ` k` |` gloäilk ylw~ìlùj gn k` `fuli~kw~u`+ gn k` p~nn}wu`ä` nk <8 xcu ilnjwc gn y~y unjw`y* Nk k~bc cywnjwcyc gn k` Lfknyl` | k` ldxkìèkn`vùlil` gnk Nyw`gc yn vlnucj ìcdx`ð`gcy xcu ~j` guàywli` icjinjwuìlùj gn k`xucxlng`g xulv`g` u~u`k+ |` p~n kcy fu`jgny d`fj`wny gn k` jceknr` `gp~lulnucj k`yolji`y gn kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny dnjcuny | yn `xucxlùcj k`y wlnuu`y gn kcy `jwlf~cyi`dxnyljcy kleuny*

Nk Ldxnulc nywè`+ x~ny+ gnyfùu`gc xcu k`y iunilnjwny gloli~kw`gny nicjùdli`y | k`xckùlrìlùj ycil`k i~`jgc wu`jyi~uuä`j kcy òkwldcy `ðcy gnk ylfkc L_* Xnuc nywcyxucinycy yùkc kknfùcj ` y~ olj nj Ciilgnjwn icj nk ick`xyc gn wcgc nk ylywnd`ldxnul`k `jwn kcy ljv`ycuny eàueùcy* Nk `jàklyly icjvnjilcj`k gn nywn gny`ywun olj`kuni~uun ` k` icjinjwuìlùj gn k` xunylùj fnudàjli` yceun k`y xucvljil`y ciilgnjw`kny

| ` y~ v~kjnuèlklg`g nywu`wìfli`+ fnjnu`kdnjwn y~xnulcu ` k` gn k`y xucvljil`yculnjw`kny* Ynfòj nk iìkneun nxlwòlc gn Xlf`jlck+ k“Ndxlun ucd`lj j“nyw x`y dcuw gn y` enkkn dcuw1 lk ` ìwì `yy`yyljì ?=* Nywn `jàklyly wlnjn nk dìulwc gn ljylywlu nj nkiùàiwnu luung~iwlekndnjwn i`w`ywuùolic gn k` i`äg` gnk Ldxnulc nj Ciilgnjwn icjwu`

kcy j~dnucycy ljwnjwcy nu~glwcy gn xunynjwùkc icdc ~j` d~wìlùj xìäoli` nldxnuinxwlekn+ gn k` p~n `xnj`y yn xnui`wùcj p~lnjny k` vlvlnucj ?<* Xnuc k` iunnjil`gn p~n ¡k` gnelklg`g ljwnuj` gnk Ldxnulc jc x~gc mènu ylgc ~j oìwcu ldxcuw`jwn gny~ gni`gnjil`± ny ikù`dnjwn ljycywnjlekn 68* Nyw`?= ¡Nk Ldxnulc ucd`jc jc d~ulù gn d~nuwn j`w~u`k1 o~n `ynylj`gc±2 K“Ndxlun imuìwlnj + x* 755*?< K` cxljlùj n}wund` o~n n}xuny`g` xcu Y~jg `kk2 g`y nywuÿdlyimn Unlim lyw cmjn Nuyimûwwnu~jf nljfnyimkònj -¡nk Ldxnulc ucd`jc gn Ciilgnjwn i`|ù gcudlgc ylj icjv~kylcjny±,2 B* Y~jg kk+Vnywuÿdlyimn Yw~glnj + Enukäj+ 0<0>+ x* 0<1 ou`yn d~| ilw`g` gnygn njwcjiny+ nyxnil`kdnjwn xcu Gcxyim+

| unilnjwndnjwn `gcxw`g` wcg`vä` xcu A* O* Ywucmnanu+Fnud`jnjw~d ~jg Yxçw`jwlan + Ròulim+ 0<?>+ xx*=<$<8* Nywcy glvnuycy b~lilcy jc m`j nyw`gc kleuny gn k` ljwucdlylùj gnk ynjwldlnjwc jìlcj`k*68 Nyw` ny k` òkwld` ou`yn gn k` ceu` gn Bcjny2 Wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun + LL+ 08?=+ xnuc nk xnyc gn y~yxucxl`y xu~ne`y icjwu`glin ny` icjik~ylùj* K` fu`jgnr` | kcy kädlwny gn Bcjny icdc mlywcul`gcu nywàjuny~dlgcy nj k` eunvn | ycenuel` jcw` gn Dcdlfkl`jc+ P~ùwc icjwule~lwc `kk` ywcul` gnfkl yw~gl ik`yylil n gnk dcjgc `jwlic + Ucd`+ 0<?<+ xx* ?7>$6+ p~n iulwli` icj b~ywlil` nyw` icjik~ylùj*

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iunnjil` jc counin ~j` n}xkliìlùj nywu~iw~u`k gn k`y u`rcjny xcu k`y p~n nk Ldxnulcgn Ciilgnjwn y~i~delù `jwn k`y e`jg`y xuldlwlv`y gn ljv`ycuny p~n kc unicuulnucjg~u`jwn nk ylfkc _+ dlnjwu`y p~n nk Ldxnulc gn Culnjwn ‗icjwu` nk p~n y~y `w`p~nymèä`j ylgc ljlil`kdnjwn d~imc dày xnklfucycy‗ yn kleuù | yceunvlvlù* K` unyx~nyw` `nyw` i~nywlùj u`gli` nj wcgc nk gnyùuckkc mlywùulic xunvlc gn `de`y rcj`y gnk ylywnd`ldxnul`k ucd`jc* Kcy `jàklyly cuwcgc}cy ylwò`j i`yl ylndxun y~ iulyly olj`k nj ~jdùic wndxcu`k n}inylv`dnjwn icuwc1 nj un`klg`g+ k`y u`äiny gn kcy glyxùny gnywljcygnk Dnglwnuuàjnc culnjw`k | ciilgnjw`k nj nk ylfkc _ yn undcjw`j m`yw` kcy cuäfnjny gny~y unyxniwlv`y ljwnfuìlcjny nj nk àdelwc ucd`jc ` icdlnjrcy gn k` n}x`jylùjunx~ekli`j`* Icdc mndcy vlywc+ nk Ciilgnjwn o~n nk vnug`gnuc i`dxc gn xu~ne`y gnk` n}x`jylùj ldxnul`k ucd`j`+ nk nyinjùlc gn k` `~wìjwli` | gnilylv` `dxklìlùj gnwcgc nk ~jlvnuyc gn k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli`* @p~ä o~n gcjgn yn wu`jyxcuwù icj ì}lwc | ynldxk`jwù nj ~j wnuunjc ycil k xuàiwli`dnjwn vlufnj k` nicjcdä` nyik`vlywùnx~ekli`j`+ xnuoniilcj`g` nj Lw`kl`* @p~ä o~n gcjgn yn o~jgùcj k` ljdnjy` d`|cuä`gn k`y il~g`gny ucd`j`y* @p~ä o~n gcjgn ylndxun unylglù nk fu~nyc gn k` ik`ynglulfnjwn gn k`y xucvljil`y p~n yn nknvù `k xcgnu icj nk xuljilx`gc* @p~ä o~n gcjgn k`knjf~` k`wlj` yn icjvluwlù ‗xuldnuc colil`k | gnyx~ìy xcx~kùdnjwn‗ nj nk xuljilx`klglcd` mèk`gc* Nj Culnjwn+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ k` icjp~lyw` ucd`j` òjli`dnjwn yny~xnux~yc | iccugljù ` ~j ilvlklrìlùj mnknjäywli` `v`jr`g`+ p~n |` mèä`

nywèknilgc k` ¡nickcfä`± ycil`k eàyli` gn k` unflùj2 k`y il~g`gny fulnf`y+ nkmljwnuk`jg i`dxnyljc#jcelklùlc+ k` dcjùp~ä` culnjw`k* Nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùjnyik`vlyw` gnyùuckk`gc p~n ldx~kyù `k ylywnd` ldxnul`k ucd`jc yn nywèknilù+ x~ny+gnygn y~ culfnj+ xuljilx`kdnjwn nj Ciilgnjwn* Xcu w`jwc+ nu` kùflic | xuny~dlekn p~n



k`y icjwu`gliilcjny ljwnuj`y gn nywn dcgc gn xucg~iilùj kknfù`j w`delìj ` y~icjik~ylùj dày n}wund` nj Ciilgnjwn+ gcjgn jc o~nucj `dcuwlf~`g`y jl ekcp~n`g`yxcu jljf~j` ocud` mlywùuli` `jwnulcu c `kwnuj`wlv`* Kcy yäjwcd`y o~nucj dày n}wundcy`kkä gcjgn nk dnglc nu` dày x~uc*

@yä+ xù` ndxnrù+ nk gnyinjyc nj k` xcekìlùj gnk Ldxnulc ` xùwlu gnk ylfkc LLL w~vcp~n òniwù icj dày ulfcu ` Ciilgnjwn+ d~imc dnjcy gnjy`dnjwn mèlw`gc+ p~n `Culnjwn* Kcy iàki~kcy n}ìwcy ycj ldxcylekny+ `~jp~n x~ngn nywldùyn p~n nj nkLdxnulc wùgäc k` xcekìlùj gn Nflxwc `yinjgä` xuceèkndnjwn ` ~jcy 6*>88*888mèlw`jwny+ dlnjwu`y p~n k` F`kl` wnjä`

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p~lrà `kungngcu gn 5*>88*888 60* K`y il~g`gny gn Culnjwn nu`j+ gnygn k~nfc+ d~imcdày j~dnucy`y | icjynuvùcj y~ vlw`klg`g icdnuil`k nj ~j fu`gc d~| y~xnulcu* Kèulkk`jwn `yinjylùj gn Icjyw`jwljcxk` icdc ynf~jg` i`xlw`k gnk Ldxnulc o~n nk d`|cuì}lwc ~ue`jc gn kcy ylfkcy L_ | _* @ k` ljvnuy`+ jc o~n ~j ìilgnjwn p~n kcy k`wlo~jglcynyik`vlyw`y nyw~vlnu`j dày icjinjwu`gcy m`yw` nk dlydc olj`k gnk Ldxnulc nj Lw`kl`+Mlyx`jl` | k` F`kl`+ ny gnilu+ gcjgn yn mèä`j nywèknilgc nj xuldnu k~fù* Ny dàyycuxunjgnjwn p~n nk dcgnkc fncfuàolic gnk j~nvc ylywnd` gnk ickcj`wc ylf~lnu` k`dlyd` glvlylùj eàyli`* K` ljywlw~ilùj gnk ickcj`wc xucingä` gn Culnjwn+ nyxnil`kdnjwngn Nflxwc+ gcjgn `xùnilù xcu vnr xuldnu`* Ny+ xcu w`jwc+ kk`d`wlvc p~n y~ icjvnuylùjnj ~j ldxcuw`jwn ylywnd` u~u`k w~vlnu` k~fù nj Ciilgnjwn+ gcjgn kknfù ` xungcdljùnj ~j fu`gc d~imc d |cu p~n nj k` `fuli~kw~u` mnknjäywli` gnk Dnglwnuuàjncculnjw`k65* @yldlydc+ nk x`wuciljl~d o~n nj y~ culfnj ~j onjùdnjc icdòj ` Ylul` |Nflxwc+ gcjgn jcud`kdnjwn unxunynjwè` k` icjinylùj gn ~j` xucwniilùj colil`kdlklwù ` k`y il~g`gny icjwu` kcy è~ycy icdnwlgcy xcu kcy xnp~nðcy o~jilcjùlcy gnkNyw`gc* Xnuc o~n nj Lw`kl`+ k` F`kl` n Mlyx`jl` gcjgn kknfù ` ylfjloliù k` njwunf` p~n~j i`dxnyljc mìä` gn y~y wlnuu`y ` ~j wnuu`wnjlnjwn+ nk x`wuùj+ p~n gnyx~ìy yn k`yingä` gn j~nvc icdc wnjnjil` wndxcu`k -nk kk`d`gc xuniùlc , 69* Nywn wlxc gn

x`wuciljlc j~ji` kknfù ` nywù w`j n}wnjglgc nj Culnjwn+ gcjgn k`y `kgn`y kleunyicjynuvùcj ` dnj~gc y~y xucxlcy icjinbcy `~wùjcdcy | y~ ljgnxnjgnjil` icdcicd~jlg`gny u~u`kny g~u`jwn dày wlndxc p~n k`y dlyd`y il~g`gny d~jlilx`kny 67+ |gcjgn+ xcu icjylf~lnjwn+ k` xnp~nð` xucxlng`g i`dxnylj` ‗icdelj`g` icjwnjnjil y `gyiulxwlil`y | gnxnjglnjwny‗ y~eylywlù nj ~j fu`gc d~imc d`|cu p~n njCiilgnjwn* K` iùf` ldxcylwlv` ldxnul`k w`delìj xùnin mènu ylgc unk`wlv`dnjwndày klfnu` nj Culnjwn2 ny xcylekn p~n+ `k dnjcy nj Lw`kl`+ k`y n}ìilcjny olyi`kny yceunk` wlnuu` `yinjglnu`j g~u`jwn nk ylfkc _ `k gcekn gn k`y gn Nflxwc* @gndày+ kcy äjglinycolil kdnjwn `gdlwlgcy gn n}wcuylùj xcu xùwn gn kcy uni`~g`gcuny gn ldx~nywcy+ njocud` gn ¡mcjcuùlcy± xcu y~y ynuvl$60 Bcjny+Wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun + LL+ xx* 0878$0*65

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Olj`kdnjwn+ | yceun wcgc+ `de`y unflcjny nyw~vlnucj gcdlj`g`y xcu ~j`y ik`ynyxcynngcu`y ylfjloli`wlv`dnjwn glonunjwny* Nj Culnjwn+ kcy xucxlnwùlcy u~u`knyicjywlw~ä`j ~j` jceknr` dngl`+ e`y`g` nj k`y il~g`gny | ìcyw~deu`g` ` nywùn}ik~lg` gnk xcgnu xckäwlic injwu`k | ` cengninu k`y ùugnjny un`kny e~uciuàwli`y2 o~nk` òjli` `k` gn k` ik`yn wnuu`wnjlnjwn gn xucvljil`y p~n j~ji` xucg~bc ~j` glj`ywä`ldxnul`k* Icj nk `~dnjwc gn k` dcvlklg`g `yinjgnjwn nj nk Ldxnulc wùgäc | B`



iunìlùj gn ~j` ynf~jg` i`xlw`k nj Icjyw jwljcxk`+ nywn nywu`wc xucxcuilcjù nkfu~nyc gn k` `gdljlywuìlùj nyw`w`k gn Culnjwn* O~nucj nkkcy p~lnjny ocudùcj k`ljdnjy` d`|cuä` gn kcy ¡o~jilcjùlcy iulywl`jcy± | `wnywùcj nk j~nvc Ynj`gc gnIcjyw`jwljcxk`+ `dxkl`gc m`yw` 5*888 dlndeucy xcu Icjyw`jilc LL | icdx~nywcòjli`dnjwn xcu o~jilcjùlcy | glfj`wùlcy ùulelyw`y gn k`y xucvljil`y gn mèk`fulnf`* Y~ ulp~nr` nu` dày kldlw`g` p~n k` gn y~y dày vlnbcy | dày `kwcy icknf`y gnUcd`+ y~ xcgnu kci`k nu` dnjcy cxunylvc |+ nj icjyni~njil`+ y~ kn`kw`g `k Nyw`gc nu`d`|cu 6?* Gnygn Glciknil`jc ` D`~ulilc xuàiwli`dnjwn jc m~ec nj Culnjwn jljf~j`f~nuu` ilvlk+ dlnjwu`y Ciilgnjwn o~n `yck`gc xcu k`y unxnwlg`y ~y~uxìlcjny | k`yk~im`y ljwnuj`y nj nk ynjc gn k` ik`yn gn kcy d`fj`wny* Nj xùwn+ nywc yn gnelù ` k`wu`glilùj xckäwli` gn k` vnjnuìlùj mnknjäywli` mìl` kcy y`fu`gcy ycenu`jcy un`kny+wcg`vä` o~nuwn nj `p~nkk` unflùj+ xnuc o~n w`delìj ~j unoknbc gnk glonunjwn np~lkleulcycil`k njwun nk Nyw`gc | k` jceknr`* Jljfòj ndxnu`gcu gn Ciilgnjwn ljwnjwù j~jiòunjù k` n}x`jylùj gnk x`wuciljl~d + ` xnyù gn p~n y~ywu`ä` fu`jgny àun`ywnuulwcul`kny ` k` vlflk`jil` gn kcy `fnjwny gnk Nyw`gc1 ylj ndeùfc+ kcy y~inylvcyndxnu`gcuny gn Culnjwn knflykùcj unxnwlg`dnjwn icjwu` ìk g~u`jwn nk ylfkc L_ 66*

K` ùlywciuìl` ynj wcul`k gn Ciilgnjwn unxunynjwè` ~j` o~nur` icdxknw`dnjwn

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ucd`j` | k` w~ue~knjil` xckäwli` gn k` ìxci` xcywnulcu ` kcy @jwcjljcy mèä`j nknv`gc`k* xcgnu ` j~nvcy klj`bny nj wcgc Ciilgnjwn* Kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny xucvljil`kny gn k`F`kl` n Mlyx`jl` xnuglnucj ldxcuw jil` xckäwli` nj k` i`xlw`k ` dngl`gcy gnkLdxnulc 6=* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ ny glfjc gn dnjilùj p~n k` òjli` rcj` p~n xucg~bc nj nyw`ìxci` ~j` ¡glj`ywä`± ynxù`wlyw` o~n k` F`kl + gcjgn ~j` ynuln gn ~y~ux`gcunyunflcj`kny ‗Xùyw~dc+ _liwculjc | Wìwulic‗ d`jw~vlnucj ~j uìfldnj unk`wlv`dnjwnnywèkn+ i~|c xcgnu yn n}wnjglù m`yw` Mlyx`jl`+ g~u`jwn dày gn ~j` gìi g`*J`w~u`kdnjwn+ k` jceknr` lw`kl j` yn mèä` d`jwnjlgc dày inui` gnk injwuc gnkylywnd` xckäwlic ldxnul`k* Ylj ndeùfc+ k` kknf`g` gn k` wnwuùp~ä` unicuwùguàywli`dnjwn k`y xunuucf`wlv`y wu`glilcj`kny gn k` ùlywciuìl` u~u`k nj wcgcCiilgnjwn+ `~jp~n jc ung~bc y~ o~nur` nicjùdli`* @ kc kùfc gnk ylfkc LLL+ k` ik`ynynj`wcul`k mèä` xnuglgc y~y d`jgcy dlklwùny | e~nj` xùwn gn y~ ljok~njil` xckäwli`+

xnuc j~ji` o~n xulv`g` gn y~y wlnuu`y | j~ji` ckvlgù y~y wu`glilcjny2 k`y olji`y+ p~nylndxun o~nucj k`y dày n}wnjy`y gnk Ldxnulc+ | kcy uni~nugcy gn ~j x`y`gc`jwlldxnul`k* Glciknil`jc+ gn cuäfnjny n}wund`g`dnjwn m~dlkgny | gn vlylùjwcyi`dnjwn i~ùwnknu`+ mèä` xulv`gc `k cugnj ynj`wcul`k gn i`yl wcgcy kcy fcelnujcyxucvljil`kny | kc mèä` n}ik~lgc ylywndàwli`dnjwn gn kcy `kwcy iùfcy `gdljlywu`wlvcygn k` wnwuùp~ä`* Ylj ndeùfc+ y~ y~inycu Icjyw`jwljc ljvluwlù ny` xckäwli``jwlùlywciuàwli` | èulù gn j~nvc `dxkl`dnjwn kcy `kwcy u`jfcy gnk `xù`wce~uciuàwlic ldxnul`k gn Ciilgnjwn ` k` ik`yn ynj`wcul`k+ `mcu` o~ylcj`g` icj nk cugnjni~nywun xù` ocudù k` òjli` jceknr` gn kcy ikùlyyldl * E`bc y~ fcelnujc+ kcy

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6= Xù` `kf~jcy `jàklyly gnk x`xnk gn k`y jceknr`y gn Mlyx`jl` | k` F`kl` nj nk Ldxnulc wùgäc+ vì`yn A* O*Ywucmnanu+ ¡Yx`jlyimn Ynj`wcunj gnu yxçwucdlyimnj ~jg nywfcwlyimnj Rnlw±+ Fnud`jnjw~d ~jg Yxçw`jwlan + xx* >7$=61 | Gnu ynj wculyimn @gnk ld yxçw`jwlanj F`kklnj + W~eljf + 0<7=+ xx* 09$75*Ywucmnanu ljylywn nj k` wùgä` unmèlklwìlùj xckäwli` icjynf~lg` xcu `de`y+ gnyx~ìy gn y~ niklxyn nj nkylfkc LLL+ nj k` ìxci` gn Fuìl`jc | Wncgcylc*6< @ujmnld+ Wmn ynj wcul`k ùlywciu i| lj wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun + xàflj y 50?$<+ counin iàki~kcynyw`gäywlicy*

QXàf* 088T | xcwnjil`kdnjwn nk dày mcywlk ` k`y ljjcvìlcjny unklflcy`y gn Icjyw`jwljc* Kùnljwnfuìlùj gn nyw` ik`yn nj k` ìklwn `gdljlywu`wlv` ldxnul k yn ljyxluùxuceèkndnjwn+ ` icuwc xk`rc+ nj k` jninylg`g gn icjfuìlùyn icj nkk` nj dnglc gnkcy xnklfucy p~n unxunynjwè` nk nywèknildlnjwc gnk iulywl`jlydc icdc unklflùj colil`kgnk Ldxnulc=8* Xnuc+ ` kùfc xk`rc+ kc p~n `ynf~uù y~ unmèlklwìlùj xckäwli` o~nucj k`yocuw~j`y | k`y icjn}lcjny gn k`y fu`jgny o`dlkl`y x`wulil`y gn Ciilgnjwn2 kcy ik`jnyndxùnjw`gcy gn kcy @jlilcy+ Enwlilcy+ Nyilxlcjny+ Inlcjlcy+ @ilklcy | cwucy*

Xcup~n+ nj noniwc+ k` ùlywciuìl` ynj`wcul`k gn Ciilgnjwn+ dùflj`g` xckäwli`dnjwne`bc k` wnwuùp~ä`+ yn mèä` uni~xnu`gc nicjùdli`dnjwn m`yw` ~j jlvnk ljiunäekn* Kcy`kwcy äjgliny gn èycuilùj | kcy e`bcy äjgliny gn j`w`klg`g mèä`j icjg~ilgc ìcjinjwuìlcjny i`g` vnr d`|cuny gn xucxlng`g wnuulwcul`k nj k`y d`jcy gn ~jjòdnuc i`g` vnr dày ung~ilgc gn d`fj`wny+ m`yw` nk x~jwc gn p~n kcy ljfunycydnglcy gn k` ùlywciuìl` ciilgnjw`k g~u`jwn nk ylfkc L_ o~nucj `xuc}ld`g`dnjwniljic vniny y~xnulcuny ` kcy gn y~y xungninycuny gnk ylfkc l =0* Kcy ndxnu`gcuny p~ny~inglnucj ` Icjyw`jwljc o~nucj icj ouni~njil` colil`kny dlklwùny gn e`b` n}wuìilùjycil`k+ unik~w`gcy ` dnj~gc+ gnygn Bcvl`jc nj `gnk`jwn+ nj k`y yimck`n x`k`wlj`n cf~ùgl`y gn x`kìlc =5+ xnuc wcgcy nkkcy+ ljik~yc nk ou`ji`dnjwn `jwlynj`wcul`k

_ knjwljl`jc L+ ìèùcj xcu icjolù ` kcy ikùlyyldl kcy x~nywcy ilvlkny ik`vny gn k``gdljlywuìlùj ciilgnjw`k+ gnygn k` xunoniw~u` xunwcul`j` xù` è`bc* K` glonunjilìcj Culnjwn ny ldxunylcj`jwn2 `kkä+ k`y dlyd`y o~jilcjny e~uciuàwli`y nu`j ci~x`g`yxcu xknen|cy+ | `p~nkkcy xcicy ùlywùiu`w`y p~n icjynf~ä`j jcdeu`dlnjwcy nu`j `dnj~gc ‗kc p~n=8 @ujmnld+ cx* ilw*+ xx* >$?+ 7<$>0+ 65$9* Gnen wnjnuyn nj i~njw`+ ylj ndeùfc+ p~n xcu d~imùnylywnjil` p~n k` ik`yn ynj`wcul`k gn Ciilgnjwn cx~ylnu` ` k` iulywl`jlrìlùj ldxnul`k+ gnjwuc gn y~yxucxl`y olk`y+ | gn dcgc ljocud`k+ wcknuè` k` glvnuylg`g unklflcy` nj k`y x`~w`y gn icjg~iw` | gnd`wuldcjlc* _ì`yn Xnwnu Euc j+ Unklflcj `jg ycilnw| lj wmn `fn co Yw* @f~ywljn + Kcjguny+ 0<65+ xx* 0?0$=5*=0 Euc j+ Wmn cukg co k`wn @jwlp~lw| + x* 97* G~u`jwn nk Ldxnulc wùgäc ‗| nj ~j wlndxc gn n}ìilcjnyolyi`kny ylj xuningnjwny‗ k` ùlywciuìl` wnuu`wnjlnjwn xuceèkndnjwn n}wu`bc nj unjw`y ~j` xùwn gnkn}ingnjwn `fuäick` y~xnulcu ` k` p~n nk Nyw`gc ldxnul`k cewnjä` nj ldx~nywcy1 vì`yn Bcjny+ ¡Ucdn±+Wuclylídn Icjonunjin Ljwnuj`wlcj`kn g“Mlywclun Nicjcdlp~n + x* 080*=5 Bcvl`jc+ _ knjwljl jc L+ _ knjwn | D`|cul jc o~nucj colil`kny gn k`y yimck`n * Xù` ~j `jàklylyxnjnwu`jwn gn k` o~jilùj gn k` wùgä` ìklwn dlklwù gnk Ldxnulc+ vì`yn U* L* Ou`ja+ Yimck`n X`k`wlj`n* Wmn

x`kìn f~ùgy co wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun + Ucd`+ 0<?<+ nyxnil`kdnjwn xx* 0?6$<7*QXàf* 080T

ny wcg`vä` dày ycuxunjgnjwn‗ ciilgnjw`kny E9* K` d`p~ljùl` dlklwù gnk Ldxnulc gnCiilgnjwn yn d`jw~vc o~nu` gnk injwuc gn k` ung ùlywciuàwli` ciilgnjw`k* Xnuc icj k`d~nuwn gn _ knjwljl`jc+ nj nk `ðc 96>+ k` xk~wciuìl ynj`wcul k uni~xnuùxucfunylv`dnjwn nk iùfc ldxnul`k gn d`jcy gnk nbìuilwc | icj ilnfc nfcäydc x`wulilcgnywucrù fu`g~`kdnjwn wcgc nk `xù`wc gnonjylvc p~n mèä` icjywlw~lgc k`xunci~xìlùj o~jg`dnjw`k gn kcy ndxnu`gcuny dlklwùny gnygn Glciknil jc* K`nv`ylùj olyi`k | k` jnf`wlv` `k unik~w`dlnjwc ocurcyc mèä`j ylgc d`kny njgìdlicynjwun k` ik`yn wnuu`wnjlnjwn ciilgnjw`k* Y~ |` xuce`gc iùàiwnu ilvlk unilelù `mcu` ~j

j~nvc ldx~kyc icj nk x`yc gn kcy d`jgcy dlklwùny gn Ciilgnjwn ` kcy fnjnu`knyfnud`jcy+ p~n nu`j ìwjli`dnjwn lji`xìny gn `y~dlu k` glfjlg`g ldxnul`k+ icdcmèä`j mnimc y~y xungninycuny gn X jcjl`+ | nywè`j n}x~nywcy ` k` }njcocel`xcx~kù gn kcy yckg`gcy p~n glulfä`j icdc j~ji` kc mèä`j nyw`gc kcy fnjnu`kny gn



kcy E`ki`jny* @ufce`ywc c Nywlkliùj+ ~j ou`jic | ~j vàjg`kc+ j~ji` x~glnucjwu`jyocudù y~ `~wculg`g dlklwù nj ~j xcgnu xckäwlic nywèkn* ^j` ynuln gnndxnu`gcuny gìelkny+ Fuìl jc+ _`knjwljl jc LL | Mcjculc+ x~gc ynu d`jlx~k`g` xcuk`y i`dùlkk`y ùlywciuàwli`y gn Ucd` icjwu` nycy fnjnu`kny+ `lyk`gcy | n}wu`jbnucy+i~|`y unyxcjyèlklg`gny nj k` gnonjy` jc kny fù`jwlrè`j |` nk gcdljlc c k`ynf~ulg`g gnk ljwnulcu* @k olj+ | gn ocud` o`w`k+ k` jceknr` wnuu`wnjlnjwn gn Ciilgnjwnunicjp~lywù ~j` ljok~njil` o~jg`dnjw`k gnjwuc gnk Nyw`gc ldxnul`k*

@k ièc gn ~jcy `ðcy+ nywn fckxn ùlywciuàwlic gnygn ùule` o~n ynf~lgc gnljy~uuniilcjny d`ylv`y gnygn è`bc* \ gnygn olj`kny gnk ylfkc LLL yn mèä`j xucg~ilgcnyxcuàgli`y unenklcjny i`dxnylj`y nj k` F`kl` n Mlyx`jl`2 nyik`vcy o~flwlvcy+gnynuwcuny gnk nbìuilwc+ickcjl ùu~lj gcy | xceuny u~u`kny yn mèä`j ~jlgcxnulùgli`dnjwn nj e`jg`y gn y`kwn`gcuny+ kk`d`gcy e`f`~gny + p~n g~u`jwn `ðcyljwnudljèkny mèä`j gnynji`gnj`gc f~nuu`y gn f~nuulkk`y icjwu` k`y f~ùjlilcjnydlklwùny | kcy jcwèkny gn k`y xucvljil y+ ylnjgc jninyùl nj ci`ylcjny k`ljwnuvnjilùj gluniw` gnk ndxnu`gcu xù` ycdnwnukcy* Nyw`y ljy~uuniilcjny+ p~n jcw~vlnucj np~lv`knjwn nj Culnjwn+ icdeljè`j k`y unenklcjny w`jwc icjwu` k` nyik`vlw~gicdc icjwu` nk ickcj`wc+ nywc ny+ icjwu` kcy ylywnd`y gn wuè`bc ljlil`k | olj`k gnk

Ciilgnjwn `fuäick`* @ icdlnjrcy gnk ylfkc _+ | nj dnglc gn k` ljycxcuwèkn xunylùj gnkcy ldx~nywcy | k`y unjw`y | gn k`=9 @ujmnld+Wmn ynj`wcul`k ùlywciuì| lj wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun + xàflj`y 0?6$=*

QXàf* 085T

gnywu~iilùj n ljynf~ulg`g gn k`y oucjwnu`y p~n ylf~lù ` k` unyw`~uìlùj ynj`wcul`k+ k`yljy~uuniilcjny gn kcy e`f`~gny n}xkcwùcj icj ~j` j~nv` | y~xnulcu ljwnjylg`g nj kcy`ðcy 786$706+ 79>$796 | 775$779* Nj k` rcj` unenkgn injwu`k gn k` @udùuli`+ p~n ynn}wnjgä` mìl` nk jcuwn gnygn nk v`kkn gnk Kclu`+ kcy ljy~ufnjwny i`dxnyljcy iunùcj~j Nyw`gc xuàiwli`dnjwn ljgnxnjglnjwn+ n}x~ky`jgc ` kcy o~jilcjùlcy+ n}xucxl`jgc` kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny+ i`ywlf`jgc icj k` nyik`vlw~g ` kcy xucxlnwùlcy gn nyik`vcy |iun`jgc y~ xucxlc nbìuilwc | ylywnd` b~glil`k =7* K` xckùlrìlùj ycil`k gn Ciilgnjwnìèù+ x~ny+ nj ~j gcekn | ycdeuäc olj`k+ nj nk p~n nk Ldxnulc o~n gnyfùu`gc gnygnùule` | gnygn è`bc xcu o~nur`y gnk ljwnulcu `jwny gn p~n cwu`y o~nur`y gnk n}wnulcu knglnu`j nk fckxn gn fuìl`*=7 Xù` kcy e`f`~gny + vì`yn _* Ylu`fc+ F`kkl` Xkìlgl` n k` wu`yocud`rlcjn xcklwli` gnkk“Ciilgnjwn + Kcv`lj`+0<?0+ xx* 96?$<81 N* @* Wmcdxycj+ ¡Xn`y`jw unvckwy lj k`wn Ucd`j F`~k `jg Yx`lj±+ X`yw `jg Xunynjw +jcvlndeun gn 0<>5+ xx* 00$59+ p~n ny icj d~imc nk dnbcu unk`wc yljùxwlic* K` ldxcuw`jil` gn k`nyik`vlw~g f`k` ny nvlgnjwn xcu kcy ljocudny gn k` ìxci`* Wmcdxycj icdnjw`2 ¡J~nywu`y o~njwny xùninjljgliù p~n nyw`y unenklcjny yn gnelnucj `jwn wcgc ` kcy nyik`vcy `fuäick`y c+ nj wcgc i`yc+ nywcynyik`vcy gnyndxnðùcj nj nkk`y ~j x`xnk o~jg`dnjw`k± -x* 00,* K` cwu` i`wnfcuä` xuljilx`k gn xceuny`fuäick`y ‗kcy ickcjl gnxnjglnjwny‗ xùwlilxù w`delìj+ ylj g~g` `kf~j`+ nj k`y ljy~uuniilcjny gn k`F`kl` n Mlyx`jl`* Kcy nuuàwlicy ilui~dinkklcjny gn Àouli` gnk Jcuwn nu`j+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ wuè`b`gcunyu~u`kny kleuny gn ~j` icjglilùj dày nknv`g`+ ljyxlu`gcy xcu nk gcj`wlydc* Nk iùàiwnu ycil`k | unklflcycgn nywn dcvldlnjwc mìn gn ìk ~j onjùdnjc `xùwn p~n j~ji` o~n w`j d`ylvc jl w`j xnklfucyc icdc kcye`f`~gny * _ì`yn E* M* Vùdljfwcj+ Wmn Jcuwm @ouli j xucvljiny oucd Glciknwl j wc wmn _ jg`ky +I`deulgfn+ 0<>7+ xàflj`y 6=$=+ 088*

QXàf* 089T

XULDNU@ X@UWN

LL* K@ WU@JYLILÙJ

QXàf* 08>T

0* NK D@UIC FNUDÀJLIC

Nj nywn d~jgc gni`gnjwn gn cklfùi`y yleùlw`y+ gn gnonjy`y gnyd`jwnk`g`y | gn



d`y`y u~u`kny gnynyxnu`g`y o~n nj nk p~n njwuùcj kcy eàueùcy fnud`jcy i~`jgciu~rùcj nk Ulj mnk`gc nk òkwldc gä` gnk `ðc 78?* ³I~àk nu` nk ylywnd` ycil`k gn nywcyljv`ycuny3 I~`jgc+ nj wlndxcy gn Iìyù+ k`y knflcjny ucd`j`y wucxnrùcj xcu vnrxuldnu` icj k`y wule~y fnud`j`y+ nu`j `fuli~kwcuny yngnjwùlcy icj ~j` nicjcdä`xungcdlj`jwndnjwn x`ywculk* Njwun nkkcy ldxnuè` ~j dcgc gn xucg~iilùj xuldlwlvc

| icd~j`k* K` xucxlng`g xulv`g` gn k` wlnuu` nu` gnyicjcilg` | wcgcy kcy `ðcy kcy bnony gn k`y wule~y gnilgä`j p~ì xùwn gnk y~nkc icdòj mèuä` gn ynu ù`g` |`ylfjè`j k`y glvnuy`y xcuilcjny ` kcy ik`jny unyxniwlvcy+ p~n i~kwlvè`j | yn`xucxlè`j kcy i`dxcy gn ocud` ickniwlv`* K`y unglywule~ilcjny xnulùgli`y ldxngä`jfu`jgny glonunjil`y gn ulp~nr` njwun ik`jny | o`dlkl`y+ `~jp~n kcy une`ðcy nu`jxucxlng`g xulv`g` | icjywlw~ä`j k` ulp~nr` gn kcy xuljilx`kny f~nuunucy gn k`y wule~y 0*Nj wlndxcy gn x`r jc mèä` bno`w~u`y p~n fcrù`j gn `~wculg`g yceun wcgc ~j x~nekc1kcy bnony dlklwùny gn iùàiwnu n}inxilcj`k yn nknfä`j nj wlndxc gn f~nuu`* D~imcyik`jny nu`j wcg`vä` d`wulkljn`kny* Nyw` u~gldnjwùl` nywu~iw~u` ycil`k yn dcgloliùd~| xucjwc icj k` kknf`g` gn kcy ucd`jcy `k Ulj | icj y~ ci~xìlùj wndxcu`k gn

@knd`jl` m`yw` nk Nke` g~u`jwn nk ylfkc L g* I* Nk icdnuilc gn ùwäi~kcy gn k~bc `wu`vìy gn k` oucjwnu` xucg~bc uàxlg`dnjwn ~j` iunilnjwn nywu`wloliìlùj ljwnuj` nj k`ywule~y fnudàjli`y2 xù` icdxuù kcy ùwäi~kcy ucd`jcy+ kcy bnony f~nuunucy gn k`y

wule~y vnjgä`j f`j`gc c `y`kwè`j ` cwu`y wule~y xù` i`xw~uù nyik`vcy icj0 Nyw` gnyiulxilùj ylf~n ` N* @* Wmcdxycj+ Wmn nùk| Fnud`jy + C}ocug+ 0<?>+ xx* 0$5=+ nyw~glc dù}lyw`gn k`y ocudìlcjny ycil`kny fnudàjli`y gnygn Iìyù ` Wàilwc p~n icjywlw~|n ~j dcgnkc gn ikùlg`g |nknf`jil`* K`y ceu`y gn Wmcdxycj ocud`j ~j ilikc ljnywldèkn p~n èùi` nj un`klg`g wcg` k` nvck~ilùjgn k` ycilng`g fnudàjli` nj k` @jwlfûng`g+ gnygn nyw` ìxci` m`yw` k` i`äg` gnk unljc vlylfcgc gnMlyx`jl`+ ~jcy ylnwn ylfkcy gnyx~ìy*

QXàf* 08?T

cebnwc gn n}xcuwùkcy ` kcy dnui`gcy ucd`jcy* Nj wlndxcy gn Wàilwc1 k` wlnuu` |`mèä` gnb`gc gn ynu `ylfj`g` ` kcy ik`jny | nu` glywule~lg` gluniw`dnjwn ` xnuycj`yicjiunw`y+ dlnjwu`y glydlj~ä` k` ouni~njil` gn k`y unglywule~ilcjny* Nk i~kwlvc nu`

wcg`vä` d~| i`del`jwn+ gnelgc ` k` n}lywnjil` gn wnuunjcy ocunyw`kny gnylnuwcy+ | k`ywule~y iùniä`j+ xcu w`jwc+ gn ~j` fu`j olbnr` wnuulwcul`k* Nywn ylywnd` `fuùlco`vcuniä` k` f~nuu` nywìlcj`k | xnudlwä` ouni~njwny | d`ylvcy dcvldlnjwcydlfu`wculcy 5* ^j` ùlywciuìl` mnunglwùl + icj ulp~nr`y ì~d~k`g`y+ ocudè` ~jicjynbc xnud`jnjwn p~n nbnuiä` nk xcgnu nywu`wìflic nj k` wule~+ `~jp~n ~j`y`dekn` fnjnu`k gn f~nuunucy kleuny wcg`vä` xcgä` unim`rù y~y xucx~nyw`y* Nywè`jy~uflnjgc+ `gndày+ klj`bny gljàywlicy gn iùàiwnu i`yl dcjàup~lic gn kcy p~n y`kä`j

bnony nkniwlvcy ylw~`gcy xcu njild` gnk icjynbc* Xnuc+ yceun wcgc+ kcy glulfnjwny gn$i`g` wule~ mèä`j un~jlgc ` y~ `kungngcu ` ¡yìp~lwcy± gn f~nuunucy xù` k`yn}xnglilcjny gn y`p~nc p~n wu`yinjgä`j k`y ~jlg`gny ikàjli`y gn xùnjwnyic* Nywcyyìp~lwcy xucingä`j gn k` jceknr`+ yn d`jwnjä`j icj nk xucg~iwc gn k`y wlnuu`y p~n ynkny mèä`j `ylfj`gc | nywè`j `knb`gcy gn wcg` xùwlilxìlùj nj k` xucg~iilùj`fuùl`1 ocudè`j nk jòiknc gn ~j` xnud`jnjwn glvlylùj gn ik`yny | gn ~j` `~wculg`gicìwlv` ljywlw~ilcj`klr`g` nj nk dùic gn nyw`y xuldlwlv`y ocudìlcjny ycil`kny 9* K`yk~im`y njwun f~nuunucy gnk icdòj | `delilcycy bnony jcelklùlcy xù` ~y~uxù nkxcgnu gliw`wcul k gnjwuc gn k`y wule~y `xc|àjgcyn nj k` o~nur` gn y~y yìp~lwcy kn`knynyw`kkùcj i`g` vnr icj dày ouni~njil`* Nk dlydc @udljlc+ vnjingcu nj nk ecyp~n gnWn~wce~ufc+ o~n `yxlu`jwn | väiwld` gn ~jc gn nkkcy* K` glxkcdìl` ucd`j` `wlrè`ìwlv`dnjwn ny`y glyx~w`y ljwnuj`y+ xcu dnglc gn y~evnjilcjny | `kl`jr`y+ icj cebnwcgn jn~wu`klrù k` xunylùj gn kcy eàueùcy5 D* Ekcim+ ¡^jn dlyn `~ xcljw2 kny ljv`ylcjy±+ Dìk`jfny Mlywculp~ny + L+ Xùäy 0<?9+ xx* 006$=*9 Wmcdxycj+ Wmn nùk| Fnud`jy + xx* 7=$?8* K` ocudìlùj gn ~j ylywnd` gn yìp~lwcy ny nj wcg`y xùwny~j x`yc xunkldljù gnilylvc nj k` wu`jylilùj fu`g~`k gn ~j cugnj wule`k ` cwuc on~g`k+ xcup~n icjywlw~|n

k` u~xw~u` gnoljlwlv icj ~j ylywnd ycil`k unflgc xcu unk ilcjny gn xùnjwnyic* Nk yìp~lwc x~ngngnoljluyn ylndxun icdc ~j` ìklwn p~n wu`yilnjgn k` ycklgùlg`g gn xùnjwnyic `k y~ywlw~lu kcy väji~kcyelckùflicy xcu väji~kcy icjvnjilcj`kny gn kn`kw`g+ n ljgli` k` xuù}ld` gny`xùlilùj gnk ylywnd` gnik`jny* J`w~u`kdnjwn+ ~j` ùlywciuìl` on~g`k xknj`dnjwn ocud`g` wnjguà y~ xucxlc -| j~nvc, ylywnd`



gn xùnjwnyic+ p~n yùkc `mcu` icdlnjr`j ` nyw~glù kcy mlywcul`gcuny1 xnuc nywcy ylywnd`y j~ji` ynuàjy~ nywu~iw~u` gcdlj`jwn* M`| ~j e~nj nyw~glc gn nywn x~jwc o~jg`dnjw`k nj nk nywld~k`jwn ùwäi~kc gnC nj K`wwldcun+ ¡On~g`klyd lj mlywcu|±+ X`yw `jg Xunynjw + jòd* 05+ jcvlndeun gn 0<>6+ x* >5*

QXàf* 086T

yceun k` oucjwnu` | gn p~n iulyw`klrù` ~j nywu`wc gn glulfnjwny ùlywùiu`w`y gnyncycy

gn ickècuù icj Ucd`* @yä x~ny+ nicjùdli` | xckäwli`dnjwn+ xcu dnglc gnk ljwnui`delc icdnuil`k | gn k`ljwnuvnjilùj glxkcdàwli`+ k` xunylùj ucd`j` ìnknuù k` glonunjilìlùj ycil`k | k`gnyljwnfuìlùj gn kcy dcgcy gn xucg~iilùj icd~j`kny nj kcy ecyp~ny fnudàjlicy*Kcy x~nekcy p~n wnjä`j ~j icjwìwc dày nywunimc icj nk Ldxnulc unvnkè j w`delìj+ljnvlwèkndnjwn+ k`y nywu~iw~u`y ycil`kny | nicjùdli`y dày ¡`v`jr`g`y± | k` d`|cuknb`jä` gnk dcgc gn vlg` wu`glilcj`k gn k`y wule~y* Kcy `k`d`jny nj k` Ynkv` Jnfu` |+yceun wcgc+ kcy dùicd`jcy | kcy i~`gcy nj Ecmndl` wnjä`j vlkk`y gn nywlkc ucd`jc+icj olji`y i~kwlv`g`y xcu nyik`vcy i`xw~u`gcy nj k`y f~nuu`y* Kcy dùicd`jcy+`gndày+ mèä`j ycdnwlgc ` cwucy x~nekcy fnud`jcy |+ nj nk ylfkc LL+ mèä`j iun`gc ~jNyw`gc cuf`jlr`gc icj ~j fcelnujc un`k nj k` unflùj gnk G`j~elc injwu`k* Y~ ldxnulc

o~n gnuuci`gc d~| xucjwc+ xnuc nu` |` ~j yäjwcd` gn k` icjolf~uìlùj gnT o~w~uc*Ilnjwc ilji~njw` `ðcy gnyx~ìy+ ` xuljilxlcy gnk ylfkc L_+ kcy vlylfcgcy p~n mèä`jci~x`gc Gìl` gnyx~ìy gn p~n @~unkl`jc unwluù` gn `kkä y~y knflcjny+ dcywuùcjj~n _CY ylfjcy gn nyn dlydc xucinyc ycil`k* Y~y wìijli`y `fuäick`y nu`j dày`v`jr`g`y | nkkcy dlydcy nu`j nj y~ d`|cuä` kèu`gcuny gngli`gcy `k i~kwlvc+ icj`kf~j`y ùwny jä`y u~u`kny -~wlklrè`j k` u~ng` gn `koùnuc, | ~j `koènwcu~gldnjwùlc* K` nicjcdä` vlylfcg` gn nyw` `jwlf~` xucvljil` ucd`j`+ icj y~yo~nuwny | y~y il~g`gny unylg~`kny+ gnxnjgä` `mcu` w`jwc gnk icdnuilc wu`jyg`j~el`jcicj N~ucx` p~n kcy ucd`jcy xcgä`j uni~uulu icj ì}lwc `k ekcp~nc icdnuil`k icdcùd` gnilylv` gn f~nuu` icjwu` nkkcy* K` `y`dekn` fnjnu`k gn kcy f~nuunucy mèä`gny`xùnilgc xcu icdxknwc* ^j icjynbc icjongnu`gc gn cxwld`wny nbnuiä` `mcu` k``~wculg`g xckäwli` injwu`k yceun ~j`y `kgn`y cenglnjwny* Kcy cxwld`wny ocudè`j ~jìk`yn xcynngcu`+ icj olji`y+ yìp~lwcy | nyik`vcy+ ikù`dnjwn glonunjil`g` gnk unywc gny~ x~nekc7* Nj noniwc+ i~`jwc dày xnug~uè` nk ylywnd` ldxnul`k ucd`jc+ dày wnjgä`nk xcgnu gn y~ ljok~bc | gn y~ nbndxkc ` ùu`ywuù ` k`y wule~y ylw~`g`y nj k` oucjwnu`mìl` ~j` d`|cu glonunjilìlùj ycil`k | mìl` jlvnkny dày `kwcy gn cuf`jlrìlùjxckäwli` | dlklwù* @ xùwlu gn k` ìxci` gn Dùic @~unklc+ kcy y~inylvcy `~dnjwcy gn k`xunylùj eàueù` yceun nk Ldxnulc jc o~nucj+7 N* @* Wmcdxycj+Wmn _lylfcwmy lj wmn wldn co ^kolk` + C}ocug+ 0<??+ nyxnil`kdnjwn xx* 78$>01 cwuc glào`jcnyw~glc p~n icjywlw~|n k` icjwlj~ìlùj gn y~ xuldnu wuè`bc*

QXàf* 08=T

x~ny+ uìm`y ocuw~lw`y gn d`k` y~nuwn gn Ucd`+ yljc p~n nj e~nj` dnglg` o~nucj k`yicjyni~njil`y nywu~iw~u`kny gn y~ xucxl` n}lywnjil` | gn y~ wul~joc* Kcy knjwcyi`delcy xucvci`gcy nj y~ njwcujc n}wnulcu+ xcu ldlwìlùj n ljwnuvnjilùj+ yn mùä`jì~d~k`wlvcy2 nk xnklfuc gn k`y oucjwnu`y fnudàjli`y iunilù ` dnglg` p~n kìlvlklrìlùj ucd`j` k`y wu`jyocudè` fu`g~`kdnjwn*

Dlnjwu`y w`jwc+ | gnjwuc gnk xucxlc Ldxnulc ucd`jc+ kcy nbìuilwcy ldxnul`kny~wlklrè`j nj y~y olk`y ` ~j jòdnuc iunilnjwn gn f~nuunucy fnud`jcy* K` glxkcdìlùcd`j` mèä` ljwnjw`gc wu`glilcj kdnjwn+ | ylndxun p~n nu` xcylekn+ ucgnù k`youcjwnu`y gnk Ldxnulc icj ~j fkìly n}wnulcu gn ocngnu`wl + bnony `kl`gcy c iklnjwny p~nicjynuvè`j y~ ljgnxnjgnjil` o~nu` gn k`y oucjwnu`y ucd`j`y+ xnuc p~n gnonjgä`jkcy ljwnunyny ucd jcy gnjwuc gnk d~jgc eàueùc ` i`delc gn y~evnjilcjnyolj`jilnu`y+ `xc|c xckäwlic | xucwniilùj dlklwù* Nj nk Ldxnulc wùgäc+ ylj ndeùfc+ nkfcelnujc ldxnul`k uni~uulù `k unik~w`dlnjwc mèlw~`k gn yckg`gcy xucingnjwny gn ny`ywule~y xù` y~y xucxl`y ~jlg`gny* @k dlydc wlndxc+ kcy uno~fl`gcy c i`~wlvcy



eàueùcy nu`j `ynjw`gcy nj wlnuu`y gnylnuw`y nj i`klg`g gn k`nwl + icj k` ceklfìlùj gnxunywù ynuvlilc dlklwù nj nk nbìuilwc ` i`delc gn y~y xucxlng`gny* @gndày+ d~imcyf~nuunucy fnudàjlicy kleuny yn `klywè`j icdc vck~jwùlcy nj kcy unfldlnjwcy gnUcd`+ `wu`ägcy xcu k` xnuyxniwlv` gn k` x`f` | k` xucdcilùj gnjwuc gnk ylywnd`dlklwù gnk Ldxnulc>* @ dngl`gcy gnk ylfkc L_+ ~j xcuinjw`bn unk`wlv`dnjwn `kwc gnfnjnu`kny+ colil`kny | yckg`gcy x`k`wljcy gn imcp~n nu`j gn culfnj fnudàjlic |nywè`j i~kw~u`k | xckäwli`dnjwn ljwnfu`gcy nj nk ~jlvnuyc ycil`k gn Ucd`2 fnjnu`knyou`jicy icdc Ylkv`jc c @uecf`ywc+ p~n `ki`jrùcj nk u`jfc gn d`flywnu dlklw~d cicd`jg`jwn nj bnon gn Ciilgnjwn+ nu`j dcjng` icuulnjwn* Mèä`+ x~ny+ ilnuw` dnrik`gn nkndnjwcy ucd`jcy | fnudàjlicy gnjwuc gnk xucxlc `xù`wc gnk Nyw`gc ldxnul`k*Kcy noniwcy ycil`kny n lgnckùflicy p~n k` ljwnfuìlùj nj nk d~jgc ucd`jc gn ~j fu`jjòdnuc gn yckg`gcy | colil`kny wn~wùjlicy w~vc yceun nk d~jgc fnudàjlic p~n gnocud` xucvlylcj`k c xnud`jnjwn mèä`j gnb`gc `wuày+ jc ycj gloäilkny gn unicjywu~lu2unxunynjwùcj ~j xcgnucyc uno~nurc gn k`y icuulnjwny gn nywu`wloli ilùj |glonunjilìlùj |` xunynjwny nj k`y ycilng`gny wule`kny gn `kknjgn k`y oucjwnu`y* K``~wciuìl` xckäwli`+ nk u`jfc ycil`k+ k` glyilxklj` dlklwù | k`> Ou`ja+ Yimck`n X`k`wlj`n+ xx* ?9$651 Bcjny+Wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun + LL+ xx* ?0<$55*

QXàf* 08<T

und~jnuìlùj dcjnwùl` o~nucj kniilcjny `xunjglg`y nj nk n}wnulcu | oàilkdnjwn`yldlk`g`y nj nk ljwnulcu xcu kcy bnony | kcy cxwld`wny* @yl+ nj k` ìxci` gn k`y_ÿkanu `jgnu~jfnj gnk ylfkc _+ i~`jgc wcg` Fnud`jl` y~oulù k` icjdcilùj xucvci`g`xcu k` xunylùj gn kcy m~jcy ‗ljv`ycuny jùd`g`y xucingnjwny gn @yl` injwu`k‗ | k`ywule~y icdnjrùcj ` k`jrùyn ` wu`vìy gn k`y oucjwnu`y ucd`j`y+ k`y o~nur`y ljwnuj`y

| n}wnuj`y mèä`j kknv`gc ` k` ycilng`g fnudàjli` ` ~j` icjylgnuèkn glyw`jil` gn k`yocud`y p~n wnjä` nj kcy gä`y gn Iìyù* @mcu`+ ~j` jceknr` icj yìp~lwc ycklgloli`g` | kùlp~nr ljglvlg~`k gn k` wlnuu` mèä` y~xk`jw`gc i`yl xcu gcp~lnu ` k` wcyi` lf~`kg`gculfljùl` gn kcy ik`jny* K` kùf` yldelcyly gn k`y ocudìlcjny ycil`kny ucd`j` |

fnudàjli` nj k`y unflcjny oucjwnulr y mèä` ickd`gc fu`g~`kdnjwn nk èlydc p~nn}lywä` njwun `de`y+ `~jp~n wcg`vä` y~eylywlnu` nj d~imcy `yxniwcy ldxcuw`jwny ?* Gnk` icklylùj | o~ylùj gn `de`y nj y~ i`wìklydc olj`k mèuä` gn y~uflu+ nj òkwldcwìudljc+ nk on~g`klydc*? Nj j~nywuc ylfkc+ | icdc unìilùj icjwu` k`y icjinxilcjny wu`glilcj`kny+ m` n}lywlgc `kf~j`y vninynjwun kcy mlywcul`gcuny k` wnjgnjil` ` n}`fnuù nk fu`gc gn k` yldelcyly xunvl` njwun `decy d~jgcy* ^jnbndxkc n}wundc ny k` wnyly gn Xcuymjnv+ ynfòj k` i~`k wcg` k` ljou`nywu~iw~u` ucd`j` yn e`yè` nj k`d`jc gn ceu` nyik`v` gn kcy i`~wlvcy eàueùcy+ |+ xcu w`jwc+ `decy ylywnd`y ycil`kny nywè`j gnygn nkicdlnjrc nywu~iw~u`kdnjwn klf`gcy2 k`y `y`dekn`y gn f~nuunucy gn kcy xuldnucy x~nekcy fnudàjlicyynuä`j yldxkndnjwn k` unyx~nyw` gnonjylv` ` k`y n}xnglilcjny ucd`j`y nj e~yi` gn nyik`vcy* Gn ì~nugcicj nyw` icjinxilùj+ nk Ldxnulc Ylndxun ocudù ~j` ¡~jlg`g icdxknb` | `jw`fùjli`± icj y~ xnulonulèàueù`* _ì`yn E* O* Xcuymjnv+ Oncg`klrd l Jùcgjl D`yyln + Dcyiò+ 0<?7+ xx* >08$5* Nyw` cxljlùjn}`fnu` njcudndnjwn nk x`xnk gn k` d`jc gn ceu` nyik`v` nj nk Ldxnulc wùgäc | xucxcuilùj gn nyik`vcywu`ägcy gnkkldny fnudàjlic ljik~yc ` icdlnjrcy gnk Ldxnulc*

QXàf* 008T

5* K@Y LJ_@YLCJNY

K`y ljv`ylcjny fnudàjli`y p~n `yckùcj nk Ldxnulc gn Ciilgnjwn w~vlnucj k~fù gcyo`yny y~inylv`y+ i`g` ~j` gn k`y i~`kny ylf~lù ~j dcgnkc | ~j` gluniilùj glonunjwny*K` xuldnu` fu`j ckn`g` icdnjrù icj k` wu`yinjgnjw`k dùim` xcu kcy mlnkcy gnk Uljgn ~j` ljilnuw` icjongnuìlùj gn y~nvcy+ vàjg`kcy | `k`jcy nj k` jcimn ljvnuj`k gnk90 gn glilndeun gnk `ðc 78?* Nj ~jcy xcicy `ðcy+ nj nk 708+ kcy vlylfcgcy mèä`jy`p~n`gc Ucd` `k d`jgc gn @kùlic* Gcy gìi`g`y gnyx~ìy+ nj nk 79<+ kcy vàjg`kcymèä`j wcd`gc Iùw`fc* Nj nk 7=8 |` yn mèä` nywèknilgc nj nk `jwlf~c y~nkc ucd`jcnk xuldnuc | wcyic ylywnd` gn Nyw`gcy eàueùcy2 kcy e~uf~jglcy nj Yèc|`+ kcy

vlylfcgcy nj @p~lw`jl`+ kcy vàjg`kcy nj nk jcuwn gn Àouli` | kcy cywucfcgcy nj nk jcuwn



gn Lw`kl`* Nk iùàiwnu gn nyw` x`ydcy` luu~xilùj ljlil`k ‗p~n y~dljlywuù ` k`y ìxci`yxcywnulcuny y~y ldàfnjny ùp~nwäxli`y gn kcy icdlnjrcy gn k` Ng`g Cyi~u`‗ o~n+ njun`klg`g+ d~| icdxknbc | icjwu`gliwculc+ xcup~n o~n `k dlydc wlndxc nk `w`p~n dàyu`gli kdnjwn gnywu~iwcu gn kcy x~nekcy fnudàjlicy icjwu` nk Ciilgnjwn ucd`jc | nkdày ikù`dnjwn icjynuv`gcu nj y~ unyxnwc mìl` nk knf`gc k`wljc* K` ~jlg`g dlklwù+xckäwli` | nicjùdli` gnk Ldxnulc gn Ciilgnjwn p~ngù luunvnuylekndnjwn gnywucr`g`*^jcy xcicy nbìuilwcy ucd`jcy gn icdlw`wnjyny yceunvlvlnucj g~u`jwn `kf~j`ygìi`g`y gnyx~ìy gn p~n o~nu`j eùulg`y k`y gnonjy`y oucjwnulr`y gn kcy kldlw`jnl 1xnuc+ `lyk`g`y | ucgn`g`y xcu wnuulwculcy gcdlj`gcy xcu kcy eàueùcy+ k`y ecky`ydlklwùny `~wùjcd`y icdc k` F`kl` gnk Jcuwn yùkc ynuvä`j xù` xcjnu gn d`jlolnywc kìcdxknw` glykciìlùj gnk ylywnd` ldxnul`k nj i~`jwc w`k* @mcf`g` c ` k` gnulv` y~`gdljlywuìlùj wu`glilcj k+ k`y xucvljil`y i`|nucj nj nk gnycugnj | k` icjo~ylùjnjgìdlicy1 nk e`jglg`bn | k` unenklùj ycil`k yn `g~nðùcj gn fu`jgny rcj`y1 k`yi~kw~u`y kci`kny+ ùi`li`y | njwnuu`g`y+ uny~ufä`j ` dnglg` p~n k` xàwlj` ucd`j` yn`fulnwè` nj k`y unflcjny dày undcw`y* Nj k` xuldnu` dlw`g gnk ylfkc _+ nk cugnjldxnul`k mèä` ylgc `yck`gc xcu k` luu~xilùj gn kcy eàueùcy nj wcgc nk Ciilgnjwn*

QXàf* 000T

Icj wcgc+ k`y wule~y fnudàjli`y p~n mlilnucj xng`rcy `k Ldxnulc ciilgnjw`k jc nu`ji`xìny gn y~ywlw~lukc xcu ~j cugnj xckäwlic j~nvc c icmnunjwn* K` glonunjil` nj ¡kcyjlvnkny gn `f~`± njwun `de`y ilvlklrìlcjny nu` wcg`vä` gnd`yl`gc fu`jgn |+ xù`~jluk`y+ yn jninylwè` ~j icjb~jwc ùwlolil`k gn nyik~y`y* Kcy x~nekcy$eàueùcyxnuwnjnilnjwny ` k` xuldnu` ynuln gn ljv`ylcjny wule`kny+ ` xnyù gn y~ xucfunylv`glonunjilìlùj ycil`k+ nu`j wcg`vä` ~j`y icd~jlg`gny n}wund`g`dnjwn xuldlwlv`y nljilxlnjwny i~`jgc luu~dxlnucj nj nk Ciilgnjwn ucd`jc* Jljf~jc gn nkkcy mèäìcjcilgc b`dày ~j Nyw`gc wnuulwcul`k g~u`gnuc1 nj kc unklflcyc+ wcgcy nu`j`jinywu`kdnjwn x`f`jcy1 k` d`|cu xùwn iùniä`j gn nyiulw~u`1 xcicy xcynä`j ~jylywnd` gn xucxlng`g ùwli~k`gc c nywèlklr gc* K` ocuw~lw` icjp~lyw` gn v`yw`yn}wnjylcjny gì k`y `jwlf~`y xucvljil`y ucd`j`y kny xunynjwù j`w~u`kdnjwn ~j` ynuln

gn xuceknd`y ljyck~ekny gn `xucxl ilùj | `gdljlywuìlùj ljdngl`w`y* Nyw`ygloli~kw`gny ljwuäjyni`y yn ljwnjyloli ucj ` i`~y` gn k` x`~w` fncfuàoli` ynf~lg` xcuk` xuldnu` ckn`g` gn ljv`ylcjny* Xcup~n nj nyw`y _ÿkanu `jgnu~jfnj xucxl`dnjwnglim`y ‗p~n ` dnj~gc o~nucj ljdnjy`y xnunfuljìlcjny ` wu`vìy gn wcgc nkicjwljnjwn‗ nk `ynjw`dlnjwc olj`k gn i`g` x~nekc eàueùc p~ngù d~| knbcy gn y~x~jwc gn xùwlg`* Kcy vlylfcgcy yn wu`yk`gùcj gnygn kcy E`ki`jny ` Nyx`ð`1 kcycywucfcgcy gnygn îu jl ` Lw`kl`1 kcy vàjg`kcy gnygn Ylknyl ` W~jlil 1 kcye~uf~jglcy gnygn Xcdnu`jl` ` Yèc|`* Jc m~ec jljfòj i`yc gn ~j` icd~jlg`geàueù` p~n yn kldlwù` ` ci~xù k`y wlnuu`y ucd`j`y gluniw`dnjwn icjwlf~`y ` y~culfljùl` unflùj gn unylgnjil`* Nk uny~kw`gc o~n p~n kcy fu~xcy gn ickcjcy fnud`jcynj nk y~u gn Ou`jil`+ Mlyx`jl`+ Lw`kl` | nk jcuwn gn Àouli` w~vlnucj gnygn nk xuljilxlc~j jòdnuc jninyùl`dnjwn ung~ilgc+ gnelgc ` kcy kùfcy lwljnuùlcy unicuulgcy | ` k`ldxcylelklg`g gn unilelu uno~nurcy xcu k` dlfuìlùj j`w~u`k 0* Kcy ldxucvly`gcyglyxcylwlvcy gn kcy xuldnucy Nyw`gcy eàueùcy unoknbè`j nyw` ylw~ ilùj gn unk`wlv`gnelklg`g0 Nk òjlic g`wc glfjc gn icjol`jr` yceun nk vck~dnj gn k`y xuldnu`y ljv`ylcjny ny p~n k` icd~jlg`g

vàjg`k`+ icjw`g` xcu y~y bnony `jwny gn iu~rù Àouli` gnk Jcuwn+ wnjä` =8*888 dlndeucy+ p~n ocudè`j~j nbìuilwc gn ~jcy 58 ` 5>*888 mcdeuny2 vì`yn I* Ic~uwcly+ Kny v`jg`kny nw k“@oulp~n + Xùäy+ 0<>>+ xx*50>$50* K` d`|cu xùwn gn kcy x~nekcy fnudàjlicy p~n luu~dxlnucj xcu k`y oucjwnu`y ldxnul`kny nj nyw`ìxci` wnjä j xuceèkndnjwn ~j w`d`ðc yldlkù+ | y~y nbìuilwcy uù` vnr y~dè j dày gn 58*888mcdeuny* U~yynkk nywld` p~n `kungngcu gnk >88 g* I* k` dà}ld` xcekìlùj eàueù` xcylekn gnjwuc gnk`jwlf~c Ldxnulc gn Ciilgnjwn jc `yinjgä` ` dày gn ~j dlkkùj gn ~j wcw`k gn 0? dlkkcjny gn mèlw`jwny* B*I* U~yynkk+Xcx~k`wlcj lj N~ucxn +>88$0>88 + Kcjguny+ 0<?<+ x* 50*

QXàf* 005T | `lyk`dlnjwc* Nj icjyni~njil`+ yn `xc|è`j o~nuwndnjwn nj k`y xunn}lywnjwny



nywu~iw~u`y ldxnul kny+ p~n gn ocud` xù`gùbli` icjynuvùcj+ ylndxun p~n o~ny~ebnwlv`dnjwn xcylekn+ nj icdelj ilùj icj y~y np~lv`knjwny fnudàjlicy xùòcudù ~j ylywndàwlic g~`klydc ljywlw~ilcj`k*

Nk xuldnuc | dày wu`yinjgnjw`k xuceknd` p~n k`y icd~jlg`gny w~vlnucj p~n gnilglugnyx~ìy gn y~y vliwcul`y nj nk i`dxc gn e`w`kk` o~n nk gn k` glyxcylilùj nicjùdli` gnk` wlnuu`* K` yck~ilùj jcud`kdnjwn `gcxw`g` o~n ~j dcgnkc yldlkù `k gn k`y`jwnulcuny xuàiwli`y ucd`j`y+ xùwli~kùdnjwn o`dlklùny ` kcy yckg`gcy fnud`jcy+ |+`k dlydc wlndxc+ ~j` u~xw~u` u`gli`k icj nk x`y`gc wule`k+ culnjwàjgcyn mìl` ~jo~w~uc ycil`k ikù`dnjwn glonunjil`gc* Kcy vlylfcgcy+ e~uf~jglcy | cywucfcgcyldx~ylnucj ` kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny kci`kny ucd`jcy nk uìfldnj gn k` mcyxlw`klw`y *Gnulv`gc gnk `jwlf~c ylywnd` ldxnul`k gn `kcb`dlnjwc+ nj nk p~n mèä`j xùwlilx`gcd~imcy dnuinj ulcy fnud`jcy+ icjingä` ` kcy ¡m~ìyxngny± eàueùcy gcy wnuilcy gnk` n}wnjylùj i~kwlv`g` gn k`y fu`jgny olji`y nj Ecufcð` | @p~lw`jl` | ~j wnuilc njLw`kl`+ i~|c d`|cu w`d`ðc fkce`k xnudlwä` p~n yn kny `ylfjù` ~j` xùwn dnjcu gn k`yvlkk`n ljglvlg~`kny | gcjgn+ `gndày+ k`y olji`y p~n jc nyw~vlnynj glvlglg`y x`fè`j~j ldx~nywc nyxnil`k xù` lf~`kù nk ylywnd`* Nk mcyxny e~uf~jglc unileä` w`delìj ~jwnuilc gn kcy nyik`vcy ucd`jcy | k` dlw`g gn k`y wlnuu`y ocunyw`kny 5* Nj Mlyx`jl`+ kcy

vlylfcgcy wcdùä`j dày wùgn ~j wnuilc gn k`y unynuv`y ynðcul`kny | gcy wnuilcy gn k`ywnjnjil`y nj wcg`y k`y olji`y* ^jli`dnjwn nj Àouli` gnk Jcuwn+ kcy vàjg`kcy ynkldlwùcj ` n}xucxl u `k fu~nyc gn k` jceknr` kci`k | gn k` Lfknyl`+ ylj jljfòj wlxc gnicdxucdlycy c icjinylcjny+ cxilùj p~n ` kùfc xk`rc kny icywùä` d~| iù`* K`glywule~ilùj gn wlnuu`y e`bc nk ylywnd` gn ¡mcyxlw`klg`g± xuceèkndnjwn òniwù d~|xcic ` k` nywu~iw~u` gn k` ycilng`g ucd`j` kci`k2 g`gc nk xnp~nðc jòdnuc gnicjp~lyw`gcuny eàueùcy+ k`y ycuwny c xùink`y p~n yn kny `ylfjè`j j~ji` èùiùcjdày p~n ` ~j` xùwn gn kcy wnuulwculcy ylw~`gcy e`bc y~ gcdljlc* Jcud`kdnjwn+ nywngcdljlc nywè` d~| icjinjwu`gc gnelgc ` y~ wndcu ` k` glyxnuylùj dlklwù gnyx~ìy gnk` ci~xìlùj2 kcy `ynjw`dlnjwcy `fu~x`gcy gn kcy cywucfcgcy nj nk v`kkn gnk Xcicjywlw~|nucj ~j dcgnkc wäxlic Jc m`| jljf~j` ynð`k gn p~n k` glvlylùj gn k`yfu`jgny olji`y5 K` gnyiulxilùj dày icdxknw` gn kcy glvnuycy icjvnjlcy gn mcyxlw`klw`y ny k` gn O* Kcw+ ¡G~ uìfldn gnk“mcyxlw`klwì±+Uni~nlk gny wu`v`~} mlywculp~ny gn Onuglj jg Kcw + Fljneu + 0<68+ xx* ?9$<<1 vì`ynw`delìj Bcjny+ Wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun + LL+ xx* 57<$>91 LLL+ x* 7?*

QXàf* 009T

wucxnrù` icj ~j` unylywnjil` vlcknjw` xcu xùwn gn kcy xucxlnwùlcy k`wljcy* Xcu kcgndày+ y~ noniwc yceun k`y icd~jlg`gny fnudàjli`y w~vc p~n ynu jninyùl`dnjwnd~| guàywlic+ xcup~n k`y ycuwny jc yn `ylfjè`j ljglywljw`dnjwn ` kcy f~nuunucyfnudàjlicy unilìj kknf`gcy* @k icjwuùlc+ nj wcgcy kcy xìwcy njwun ucd`jcy |eàueùcy yceun k`y glvlylcjny gn k`y wlnuu`y p~n m j kknf`gc m`yw` jcycwucyljwnuvlnjnj òjli`dnjwn gcy xnuycj`y2 nk wnuu`wnjlnjwn xucvljil`k | ~j fnud`jc+`~jp~n xcywnulcudnjwn k`y ycuwny o~nucj i~kwlv`g`y nj un`klg`g xcu ilnuwc jòdnuc gnfnud`jcy* Xùnin xuceèkn+ xcu w`jwc+ p~n yn `xucxlù`j gn k`y wlnuu`y kcy cxwld`wnygn kcy ik`jny p~n ljdngl`w`dnjwn `ynjwè`j nj nkk`y ` kcy mcdeuny gn y~y wule~yicdc ùunjg`wùlcy c+ xcylekndnjwn+ icdc xnp~nðcy xucxlnwùlcy xceuny 9*Ycil`kdnjwn+ kcy xuldnucy yn icjvluwlnucj gn fckxn nj kcy lf~`kny gn k` ùlywciuìl`xucvljil`k+ dlnjwu`y p~n kcy òkwldcy i |nucj gluniw` c ljgluniw`dnjwn e`bc y~gnxnjgnjil` nicjùdli`* Nywn xucinyc ‗yùkc w`jfnjil`kdnjwn vlylekn ` xùwlu gn kcygci~dnjwcy gn k` ìxci`‗ o~n dlwlf`gc ylj g~g` xcu kcy uni~nugcy wcg`vä` unilnjwnygnk lf~`klwùlydc ocunyw`k | xcu k` j`w~u`knr` ùd`g` gn wcg` k` icd~jlg`g ljv`ycu`+p~n fù`jwlrè` `k f~nuunuc cuglj ulc y~ icjglilùj gn kleun* Ljlil`kdnjwn+ k`y ycuwny jc o~nucj xucxlng`g xknj` c mnunglwùl`+ | kcy yckg`gcy gnk icdòj p~n k`y i~kwlvè`j

icjynuvùcj xuceèkndnjwn k` d`|cu xùwn gn y~y gnunimcy icjy~nw~gljùlcy* Xnuc k`kùfli gnk ylywnd` nu` nvlgnjwn2 `k ièc gn ~j` fnjnuìlùj+ `xuc}ld`g`dnjwn+ |` ynmèä` icjycklg`gc yceun k` wlnuu` ~j` ùlywciuìl` fnudàjli`+ icj ~j i`dxnylj`gc



gnxnjglnjwn ylw~`gc xcu gne`bc gn nkk` n ljik~yc nj `kf~jcy i`ycy icj nyik`vcyljgäfnj`y 7* K` nywu`wloliìlùj gn ik`yny iulyw`klrù uàxlg`dnjwn ~j` vnr p~n k`yongnuìlcjny wule`kny gn iùàiwnu jùd`g` yn `ynjwùcj wnuulwcul`kdnjwn gnjwuc gn k`y`jwlf~`y oucjwnu`y ldxnul`kny*

K` nvck~ilùj xckäwli` gn kcy x~nekcy fnudàjlicy gnyx~ìy gn

9 Nyw` ny k` unicjywu~iilùj gn Wmcdxycj2 ¡Wmn _lylfcwmy oucd Oulwlfnuj wc N~uli±+Mlywcul` + vck* ]LL+0<?9+ xx* 058$0+ p~n ny nk dày `f~gc gn kcy unilnjwny `jàklyly gn k`y icjyni~njil`y ycil`kny gn nycy`ynjw`dlnjwcy* Ekcim iunä` p~n k`y ycuwny yn glywule~ä`j+ gnjwuc gn k` icd~jlg`g wule`k+ xcu u`jfcy | gnocud` gnylf~`k+ ` xùwlu gn ~j o~jgc icdx~nywc xcu wcg`y k`y wlnuu`y icjolyi`g`y+ iun`jgc `yä+ gnygn nkxuljilxlc+ fu jgny wnuu`wnjlnjwny fnudàjlicy | xnp~nðcy i`dxnyljcy dày p~n ùunjg`wùlcygnxnjglnjwny1 xnuc+ `~jp~n nyw` mlxùwnyly yn` icuuniw`+ nk uny~kw`gc olj`k xuceèkndnjwn jc mèuä` ylgcd~| glonunjwn2 Dìk`jfny Mlywculp~ny + L+ xx* 097$>*7 N* @* Wmcdxycj+ ¡Wmn Eùeùl`j aljfgcdy lj F`~k `jg Yx`lj±+ Jcwwljfm`d Dngl`nv`k Yw~glny + _LL+0<?9+ x* 00*

QXàf* 007T

k`y ljv`ylcjny icjoludù | unoknbù nycy i`delcy nicjùdlicy* K` ocud ilùj gnk Nyw`gc

nu` `mcu` ljnk~iwèkn |+ icj ìk+ k` `~wculg`g injwu`k icnuilwlv` yceun k` icd~jlg`g gnf~nuunucy kleuny* Nk x`yc gn ~j` ` cwuc yn icjylf~lù+ nj `kf~jcy i`ycy+ òjli`dnjwngnyx~ìy gn kùf`y | wcuw~cy`y icjv~kylcjny ljwnuj`y* K` nvck~ilùj xckäwli` gn kcy

vlylfcgcy ` dnglg` p~n yn èuä`j x`yc xcu N~ucx`+ gnygn @gul`jùxckly m`yw`Wc~kc~yn+ njwun kcy `ðcy 96> | 706+ ny ~j` yni~njil` fuàoli` gn w`kny nxlycglcy+ nj kcyp~n ~j xcgnu un`k `~wculwùlc ‗ìwlv`dnjwn `|~g`gc | o`vcunilgc xcu k`y ljok~njil`yucd`j`y‗ `ynf~uù fu`g~`kdnjwn y~ gcdljlc yceun ~j` w~ue~knjw` yckg`gnyi` wule`k+m`yw` p~n icj k` kknf`g` ` @p~lw`jl`+ k~fù gn gnyi`jyc wndxcu`k+ x~gc òludùyn xcuolj ~j Nyw`gc gljàywlic ljywlw~ilcj`klr`gc gnjwuc gnk dùic ldxnul`k >* Nk ¡Kleuc gn k`yIcjywlw~ilcjny± dcjàup~lic+ xucd~kf`gc xcu nk j~nvc unljc gn Ecufcð` xcicgnyx~ìy+ o~n icjy`fu`gc xcu ~j xnp~nðc fu~xc gn 90 jcekny xuljilx`kny+ i~|``~wculg`g mèä` nkldlj`gc |` gn ocud` d`jlolnyw` wcgc ljok~bc xcx~kù nj k`y kn|ny gnk` icd~jlg`g wule`k* Nk Nyw`gc vàjg`kc gn Àouli` yn icjvluwlù nj k` dày ldxkìèkn`~wciuìl + gnelklw`g` òjli`dnjwn xcu ~j ylywnd` y~inyculc n}inxilcj`kdnjwnldxungnilekn n ljyùklwc ?* \ `yä icdc nk xuc|niwc nicjùdlic gn kcy xuldnucy`ynjw`dlnjwcy fnudàjlicy yn e`yè` nj ~j unxùwc ocud`k gn k`y wlnuu`y ucd`j`y+ `yäw`delìj k` ocud` xckäwli` | b~uägli` gn kcy j~nvcy Nyw`gcy fnudàjlicy nywè` o~jg`g`nj ~j g~`klydc colil`k p~n `gdljlywu`wlv` | knf`kdnjwn glvlgä` `k unljc nj gcy ùugnjnyglywljwcy xu~ne` nvlgnjwn gn k` lji`xìlg`g gn kcy ljv`ycuny xù` gcdljù ` k` vlnb`ycilng`g | cuf`jlrù ~j ylywnd` xckäwlic j~nvc | icmnunjwn p~n k` èùiù`* Kcyunljcy fnudàjlicy iùìwnuäywlicy gn nyw` o`yn nu`j wcg`vä` dcjùp~ä`yu~gldnjwùl`y+ icj ljynf~u`y jcud`y y~inycul`y+ p~n yn e`yè`j nj kcy i~nuxcy gn k`f~ùgl` un`k c nj kcy yìp~lwcy gcdìywlicy 6+ ylw~`gcy ` dlw`g gn i`dljc nj$

> Wmcdxycj+ ¡Wmn _lylfcwmy oucd Oulwlfnuj wc N~uli±+ xx* 08>$5?+ counin ~j` `gdluèkn gnyiulxilùj gnnywn icdxkli`gc lwljnuùlc fncxckäwlic*? Xù` nk xucinyc gn wu`jylilùj gn kcy vàjg`kcy gnygn ~j wule`klydc icjilklù ` ~j` `~wciuìl` un`k+ceywì~klr`g` xcu nk ylywnd` y~inyculc w`jlywu| + vì`yn Ic~uwcly+ Kny v`jg`kny nw k“@oulp~n + xx* 597$7=*6 K` iunnjil` wu`glilcj`k nj k` n}lywnjil` fnjnu`klr`g` gn yìp~lwcy fnudàjlicy m`yw` k` @kw` Ng`g Dngl`m` ylgc g~u`dnjwn `wì`g` xcu M`jy A~mj+ ¡Gln Funjrnj gnu fnud`jlyimnj Fnockfyimòw±+ Rnlwyimulow gnu Y`vlfj|$Ywlow~jf oûu Unimywfnyimlimwn -Fnud`jlywlyimn @ewnlk~jf,+K]]]_L+ 0<>?+ xx* 0$=9+ p~nòlud`+ `xc|àjgcyn `dxkl`dnjwn nj xu~ne`y olkckùfli`y+ p~ì kcy yìp~lwcy lleuny xucxl`dnjwn glimcyo~nucj ~j onjùdnjc unk`wlv`dnjwn uùc+ ljlil`kdnjwn kldlw`gc `k y~u gn @knd`jl`+ | jc gnenjicjo~jgluyn icj kcy ynuvlgcuny dlklwùny jc kleuny c Glnjywdçjjnu + p~n nj y~

QXàf* 00>T

wun kcy yni~ìny xnuycj`kny gnk x`y`gc wule`k | kcy jcekny wnuu`wnjlnjwny gnk o~w~ucon~g`k* Gne`bc gn ìywcy yn ylw~è`j kcy f~nuunucy | i`dxnyljcy gnk icdòj +unylgnjil`kdnjwn ynfunf`gcy+ gcjgn nu` xcylekn ‗| nyxnil`kdnjwn nj k`y il~g`gny‗+gnk unywc gn k` xcekìlùj*



K` icd~jlg`g ucd`j`+ xcu y~ xùwn+ icjynuvù jcud`kdnjwn y~ nywu~iw~u``gdljlywu`wlv`+ icj y~y ~jlg`gny | o~jilcjùlcy icjg`kny+ | y~ xucxlc ylywnd`

b~uäglic+ gnyndxnð`gcy `decy xcu k` ik`yn wnuu`wnjlnjwn gn k`y xucvljil`y* Nywng~`klydc yn gnyùuckkù yceun wcgc nj k` Lw`kl` cywucfcg`+ gcjgn yn |~}w`x~ylnucj ~j`xù`wc dlklwù fnudàjlic | ~j` e~uciuìl` ilvlk ucd`j` g~u`jwn nk fcelnujc gnWncgculic+ p~n icjynuvù k` d`|cu xùwn gnk knf`gc gn k` `gdljlywuìlùj ldxnul`k*Jcud`kdnjwn+ y~eylywlnucj gcy iùglfcy knf`kny glonunjwny+ unyxniwlv`dnjwn`xklièkny ` i`g` xcekìlùj2 ~j gnunimc fnudàjlic gnulv`gc gn k`y wu`glilcjnyicjy~nw~gljùl`y -d~kw`y wùlo`g`y+ b~u`gcy+ väji~kcy gn xùnjwnyic+ b~u`dnjwcy, | ~jgnunimc ucd`jc p~n yn d`jw~vc xuàiwli`dnjwn ylj i`delcy gnygn nk Ldxnulc* Kcyylywnd`y knf`kny fnudàjlicy dcywuè`j ` dnj~gc o~nuwny ljok~njil`y k`wlj`y+ljnvlwèkny ~j` vnr p~n k`y icyw~deuny cu`kny yn icjvluwlnucj nj iùglfcy nyiulwcy2 njnk ylfkc _+ kcy e~uf~jglcy | kcy vlylfcgcy wcdùcj j~dnucycy nkndnjwcy gnk iùglfcldxnul`k gn Wncgcylc LL=* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ nk nyxäulw~ gn nywcy nkndnjwcy nu`fnjnu`kdnjwn mcywlk ` kcy xuljilxlcy gn xùnjwnyic | gn ik`j ljynuwcy nj k`y `jwlf~`ywu`glilcjny eàu$

cxljlùj nywè`j d~imc dày n}wnjglgcy* Ylj ndeùfc+ nk xucxlc A~mj vìlk` `jwn nk xuceknd` gn yl kcyyìp~lwcy wule`kny n}lywlnucj g~u`jwn k`y_ÿkanu `jgnu~jfnj + | olj`kdnjwn xùnin `gdlwlu y~ xunynjil`-icdxàunjyn xx* 0>$0?+ 0<$58+ 6<+ =9,* Nj un`klg`g+ nk xuceknd` gn k` Fnockfyimòw jc x~ngn unyckvnuyn

vnug`gnu`dnjwn uni~uulnjgc ` k` olkckcfä`2 nk dlydc wìudljc ny gn ì~ðìlùj dcgnuj`* K` ldx~unr` gny~y ocud`y nu` ljmnunjwn ` k` ljnywèlklg`g gn k`y ocudìlcjny ycil`kny wule`kny p~n `xùnilnucj njFnud`jl` `jwny | gnyx~ìy gn k`y ljv`ylcjny2 kcy ynuvlgcuny jc kleuny+ i~|cy xcywnulcuny gnyinjglnjwnyo~nucj kcy dljlywnul`kny dnglnv`kny+ x~glnucj gù x`yc ` ynf~lgcuny kleuny icj gnyxk`r`dlnjwcy nj k`yunkìlcjny ycil`kny+ | vlinvnuy`* K`y ilui~jyw`jil`y gn k` ìxci` xnudlwä`j ouni~njwndnjwn xci` xunilylùjnwldckùfli` c b~uägli` nj k` gnoljlilùj gn kcy fu~xcy ùd`gcy p~n ucgnè`j ` kcy y~inylvcy bnony wule`kny*J`w~u`kdnjwn+ k` wnuulwcul`klrìlùj xckäwli` p~n ylf~lù ` k`y ljv`ylcjny xucg~bc+ ` y~ vnr+ dày cuf`jlydcydl}wcy | gn wu`jylilùj gnk wlxc ùule` nyecr`gc* Xù` ~j` vlfcucy` uno~wìlùj gn k`y wnyly gn A~mj+ vì`ynV`kwnu Yimknyljfnu+ ¡U jgendnua~jfnj r~ gunl @~oyçwrnj ûenu Ylxxn+ Fnockfyimòw ~jg Wun~n±+Enlwuçfn r~u gn~wyimnj _nuo`yy~jfyfnyimlimwn gny Dlwwnk`kwnuy + vck~dnj L+ Fcwljf`+ 0<?9+ xx* 5<?$90?*= B* D* V`kkìn$M`gullk+Wmn Eùeùl`j Vnyw+ 788$0888 + Kcjguny+ 0<?6+ xàflj` 95*

QXàf* 00?T

eù`y2 k` `~wculg`g gn nywcy j~nvcy Nyw`gcy dcjàup~licy w~vc p~n icjywu~luyn icjwu`nk ljok~bc wnj`r gn nyw`y x`~w`y gn xùnjwnyic dày `jwlf~`y <* @k dlydc wlndxc+ m~ecxci`y c j~k`y wnjw`wlv`y gn `kwnuù k` knf`klg`g nywuliw`dnjwn k`wlj` p~n unfä` k` vlg`gn k` xcekìlùj ucd`j`* @yä+ nj d~imcy `yxniwcy k`y nywu~iw~u`y b~uägli`y | xckäwli`ygn Ucd` p~ngùcj ljwìw`y gnjwuc gn nywcy xuldnucy unljcy eàueùcy+ |` p~n y~ye`ywùgcy icuunk`wcy fnudàjlicy yn `ð`glnucj dnu`dnjwn ` y~ k`gc* K` x`~w`lgnckùfli` o~n yldlkù* Wcgcy kcy fu`jgny ljv`ycuny fnudàjlicy nu`j wcg`vä` x`f`jcynj väyxnu`y gn y~ luu~xilùj nj nk Ldxnulc 08* K` cuf`jlrìlùj ycil`k wule`k nu`ljynxùèkn gn k` unklflùj wule`k* Nk x`yc xckäwlic ` ~j ylywnd` wnuulwcul`k gn Nyw`gcyo~n lf~`kdnjwn ìcdx`ð`gc gn ocud` ljvùl ekn xcu k` icjvnuylùj lgnckùfli` `k

iulywl jlydc+ p~n nj wcgcy kcy i`ycy xùnin mènuyn xucg~ilgc ~j` fnjnuìlùjgnyx~ìy gnk iu~in ljlil`k gn k`y oucjwnu`y* Nywn mnimc jc o~n nk ou~wc gnk inkcdlylcjnuc gn k` Lfknyl` i`wùkli`+ p~n lfjcuù c gnygnðù ` kcy unilìj kknf`gcy `kLdxnulc 00+ yljc k` ceu` cebnwlv` gnk xucinyc undcgnk`gcu gnk xucxlc wu`yxk`jwn+ i~|cylfjc ljwnulcu o~n ~j i`delc gn on* K` unklflùj iulywl`j` icjy`fuè` nk è`jgcjc gnkd~jgc y~ebnwlvc gn k` icd~jlg`g ilàjli`2 ~j cugnj glvljc dày `dxklc nu` nkicdxkndnjwc nyxlulw~`k gn ~j` `~wculg`g wnuunj`k dày yùklg`* W`delìj nj nywn i`yck` xuldnu` ckn`g` gn ljv`ycuny fnudàjlicy unxucg~bc k` dlyd` dnrik` gn unyxnwc |glyw`jil`dlnjwc mìl` k`y ljywlw~ilcjny gnk Ldxnulc* Kcy ljv`ycuny `gcxwùcj~jàjldndnjwn nk ùul jlydc+ | jc k` cuwcgc}l i`wùkli`+ | `ynf~uùcj njicjyni~njil` y~ glywljw` lgnjwlg`g unklflcy` gnjwuc gnk icdòj ~jlvnuyc gnkiulywl`jlydc* K`< Wmcdxycj+ ¡Wmn Eùeùl`j aljfgcdy lj F`~k `jg Yx`lj±+ xx* 0>$0?+ 58*08 _cfw jlnf` nywc nj Wmn gnikljn co Ucdn + xx* 50=$58* Xnuc k`y xu~ne`y ì~d~k`g`y xcu Wmcdxycj nj y~njy`|c ¡Imulywl`jlw| `jg wmn Jcuwmnuj Eùeùl`jy±+ nj @* Dcdlfkl`jc -icdx*,+ Wmn icjokliw enw nnj



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QXàf* 006T

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QXàf* 00=T

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QXàf* 00<T

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QXàf* 055T

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QXàf* 057T

imc ucd`jc* Kcy un|ny dnucvljflcy icjynuvùcj ~j gcekn ylywnd` knf`k+ xnuc icj kìunilnjwn `jùp~ä` gn y~ unlj`gc+ kcy uni~nugcy | k`y jcud`y k`wlj`y yn gnyv`jnilnucjxucfunylv`dnjwn* Nk gnunimc fnudàjlic x`yù ` ynu fu`g~`kdnjwn nk gcdlj jwn+dlnjwu`y kcy ldx~nywcy yceun k` wlnuu`+ mnung`gcy gn Ucd`+ yn gnuu~deùcj `jwn kùnylywnjil` gn k` xcekìlùj | gn k` Lfknyl` ` ~j` olyi`klg`g p~n |` jc icuunyxcjgä` `~j ynuvlilc xòeklic jl ` ~j Nyw`gc injwu`klr`gc* K` uni`~gìlùj gn ldx~nywcygny`xùnilù xucfunylv`dnjwn gn kcy unljcy ou`jicy* Nj Ljfk`wnuu`+ nk gnunimc | k``gdljlywuìlùj ucd`jcy |` mèä`j gny`xùnilgc i`yl xcu icdxknwc `jwny gn k`kknf`g` gn kcy `jfkcy`bcjny+ gn w`k ocud` p~n j~ji` yn xk`jwnù nywn xuceknd`* Ljik~ycnj k` Nyx`ð` vlylfcg`+ nk òjlic Nyw`gc eàueùc i~|cy cuäfnjny yn undcjwè`j ` k`xuldnu` ckn`g` gn ljv`ylcjny+ nk gnunimc | k` `gdljlywuìlùj g~`klyw`y kknfùcj ` y~olj nj kcy òkwldcy `ðcy gnk ylfkc _LL+ i~`jgc k` dcjùp~ä` gn Wckngc ècklùgnoljlwlv`dnjwn nk knf`gc ucd`jc | ycdnwlù ` wcg` k` xcekìlùj ` ~j ylywnd` fcgcdcgloli`gc 55* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ | ` k` ljvnuy`+ nk ynxù`wlydc unklflcyc fnudàjlicicdnjrù ` gny`xùninu+ Kcy ou`jicy `gcxwùcj gluniw`dnjwn nk i`wcklilydc icj nke`~wlydc gn Ikcgcvnc nj kcy òkwldcy `ðcy* gnk ylfkc _+ gnyx~ìy gn y~ vliwcul` yceunkcy `k`d`jny* Kcy `jfkcy`bcjny o~nucj icjvnuwlgcy fu`g~`kdnjwn gnk x`f`jlydc nj nkylfkc _LL xcu k`y dlylcjny ucd`j`y* Kcy vlylfcgcy è`jgcj ucj nj Nyx`ð` y~

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QXàf* 05>T

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QXàf* 056T

9* M@IL@ K@ YÄJWNYLY

K` yäjwnyly mlywùuli` p~n olj`kdnjwn w~vc k~fù o~n+ xcu y~x~nywc+ nk on~g`klydc* Nkwìudljc n}ìwc ‗ Y|jwmnyn ‗ ny gn Dù}+ b~jwc icj cwucy mlywcul`gcuny gn y~ wlndxc 0*K` icklylùj i`w`ywuùoli` gn gcy dcgcy `jwnulcuny gn xucg~iilùj ‗xuldlwlvc | `jwlf~c‗ nj glyck~ilùj xucg~bc olj`kdnjwn nk cugnj on~g`k p~n yn n}wnjglù xcu wcg` k`N~ucx` dnglnv`k* P~n nk on~g`klydc ciilgnjw`k o~n nk uny~kw`gc nyxniäolic gn ~jò~ylùj gn kcy knf`gcy ucd`jc | fnudàjlic nu` |` nvlgnjwn xù` kcy xnjy`gcuny gnkUnjìldlnjwc+ i~`jgc xcu xuldnu` vnr yn x~yc ` gne`wn y~ fìjnyly 5* K` icjwucvnuyl`dcgnuj` yceun nyw` i~nywlùj yn undcjw` nynjil`kdnjwn ` Dcjwnyp~ln~+ p~n nj k`Lk~ywuìlùj òludù p~n kcy cuäfnjny gnk on~g`klydc nu`j fnudàjlicy* Gnygn njwcjiny+nk xuceknd` gn k`y ¡xucxcuilcjny± n}ìw`y gn k` dnrik` gn nkndnjwcyucd`jcfnudàjlicy p~n olj`kdnjwn fnjnuù nk on~g`klydc m` y~yilw`gc k`y x`ylcjny gnkcy y~inylvcy mlywcul`gcuny jìlcj`klyw`y+ n ljik~yc nk dlydc wldeun gnk olj`k gn k`

@jwlfûng`g yn m` `kwnu`gc ouni~njwndnjwn gn ì~nugc icj nk x`wulcwlydc gnkiucjlyw`* Xù` Gcxyim+ p~n nyiuleä` nj @~ywul` gnyx~ìy gn k` xuldnu` f~nuu` d~jgl`k+nk ick`xyc gnk Ldxnulc ucd`jc o~n k` dnu` i~kdljìlùj gn ylfkcy gn èycuilùjxìäoli` xcu kcy x~nekcy fnudàjlicy | o~n vlvlgc xcu kcy mèlw`jwny gn Ciilgnjwnicdc ~j` wu`jp~lk` klenuìlùj* ¡Nk d~jgc ucd`jc o~n icjp~lyw`gc fu`g~`kdnjwngnygn gnjwuc xcu kcy fnud`jcy+ p~n mèä`j xnjnwu`gc nj ìk xìäoli`dnjwn g~u`jwn0 Nj y~ xuljilx`k n}xcylilùj gnk dìwcgc mlywùulic+ Dù} mèkè` gn kcy uny~kw`gcy gn k`y icjp~lyw`yfnudàjli`y icdc ~j xucinyc gn ¡ljwnuìilùj± - Vnimynk lua~jf , | ¡o~ylùj± - _nuyimdnkr~jf ,+ nk i~`kfnjnuù ~j j~nvc ¡dcgc gn xucg~iilùj± - Xucg~awlcj nlyn ,+ p~n o~n ~j` ¡yäjwnyly± - Y|jwmnyn , gn y~y gcyxungninycuny2 Fu~jgulyyn gnu Aulwla gnu xcklwlyimnj ßacjcdln -Nljknlw~jf, + Enukäj+ 0<>9+ x* 0=*QNkndnjwcy o~jg`dnjw`kny xù` k` iulwli` gn k` nicjcdä` xckäwli` -Ecuu`gcu, + D`gulg+ Ylfkc ]]L+ 0<65*T5

Xù` nk gne`wn gnk Unjìldlnjwc+ vì`yn G* U* Ankkn|+ ¡Gn culfljn on~gcu~d2 Wmn enfljjljfy co `mlywculi`k xuceknd±+ Yxni~k~d + ]]]L]+ èulk gn 0<?7+ jòd* 5+ xx* 586$5=1 k`y òludìlcjny gnDcjwnyp~ln~ nywàj nj Gn k“nyxulw gny kcly + kleucy ]]] | ]]]L*

QXàf* 05=T

ylfkcy | mèä`j `yldlk`gc y~ i~kw~u` n ljik~yc `y~dlgc ouni~njwndnjwn y~`gdljlywuìlùj+ gn w`k ocud` p~n k` undcilùj gn y~ gcdljlc xckäwlic o~n yldxkndnjwnk` icjyni~njil` olj`k gn ~j kùfc xucinyc gn i`delc+ icdc k` uniwloliìlùj gn k`jcdnjik`w~u` gn ~j` ndxuny` i~|c vlnbc jcdeun m` gnb`gc gn icuunyxcjgnu gnygnmìn wlndxc ` kcy vnug`gnucy gluniwcuny gn k` olud` Q***T Kcy fnud`jcy jc o~nucjnjndlfcy p~n gnywucrùcj c `jlp~lkùcj k` i~kw~u` ucd`j`+ yljc p~n+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+k` icjynuvùcj | gnyùuckkùcj± 9* Xù` Kcw+ p~n nyiuleä` nj Ou`jil` `xuc}ld`g`dnjwnnj k` dlyd` ìxci + nk olj gn k` @jwlfûng`g o~n ~j gny`ywun ljld`flj ekn+ nkmckci ~ywc gn k` ilvlklr ilùj2 nk gnunimc fnudàjlic o~n unyxcjyèkn gn k` ¡xnuxnw~`+gnyeci`g` | ounjìwli` vlcknjil`± | gn k` ¡ljynf~ulg`g nj k` xucxlng`g± gn k` ìxci`



ylf~lnjwn+ i~|` ¡nyx`jwcy` icuu~xilùj± k` icjvluwlù nj ~j ¡xnuäcgc gn k` mlywcul` vnug`gnu`dnjwn gnyvnjw~u`gc± 7* Nj Ljfk`wnuu`+ gcjgn jc m~ec icjoucjwìlùj+ yljc~j` yldxkn iny~u`+ njwun kcy ùugnjny ucd`jc | fnudàjlic+ k` icjwucvnuyl` yngnyxk`rù mìl` k` ljvnuy` ljv`ylùj gn k` icjp~lyw` jcud`jg`+ | Ounnd`j | Uc~jgxckndlrùcj y~inylv`dnjwn yceun kcy dìulwcy unk`wlvcy gn k`y icjwule~ilcjny¡`jfkcy`bcj`± c ¡k`wlj`± `k on~g`klydc kci`k >* Kcy unyickgcy gn nyw`y glyx~w`y wcg`vä`nywàj i`jgnjwny mc| | kcy mlywcul`gcuny ycvlìwlicy w~vlnucj g~ucy ljwnui`delcy yceunnkkcy nj ~j` unilnjwn icjonunjil` inkneu`g` nj U~yl` ?* J`w~u`kdnjwn+ k` dnr$9 @kocjy Gcxyim+Vluwyimòwklimn ~jg ycrl`kn Fu~jgk fnj gnu n~ucxçlyimnj A~kw~unjw liak~jf `~y gnu Rnlw vcj I`nyù ely `~o Aùk gnj Fucyynj + _lnj`+ 0<58$0<59+ vck* L+ x* 709*7 Onuglj`jg Kcw+ K` olj g~ dcjgn `jwlp~n nw kn gìe~w g~ Dc|nj @fn + Xùäy+ 0<>5 -unnglilùj,+ xx* 7?5+ 7?<

| 7?9* Kcw ì eù y~ kleuc ` olj`kny gn 0<50*> Xù` Ounnd`j+ ¡k` icjp~lyw` jcud`jg` y~x~yc nk gnuuci`dlnjwc wndxcu`k gn j~nywu` njwlg`g jìlcj`k*Xnuc o~n yùkc ~j gnuuci`dlnjwc wndxcu`k* Xù` ~j ceynuv`gcu y~xnuolil`k x~ngn xùninu p~n nk x~nekcljfkìy o~n ecuu`gc dcdnjwàjn`dnjwn gn k` klyw` gn k`y jìlcjny+ c p~n yck`dnjwn n}lywlù icdc i`~wlvcgn ynðcuny n}wu`jbnucy nj y~ xucxl` wlnuu`* Xnuc nj ~j`y xci`y fnjnuìlcjny kknv`dcy `k i`~wlvnulc `j~nywucy icjp~lyw`gcuny* Ljfk`wnuu` vckvlù ` ynu Ljfk`wnuu` ~j` vnr dày±* Ng ùg @* Ounnd`j+ Wmn mlywcu| co wmn Jcud j icjp~nyw co Njfk`jg+ lwy i`~yny `jg uny~kwy + C}ocug+ 0=?6+ vck* L+ x* 5* Nkx`jnfäulic gnk knf gc `jfkcy`bùj gn Ounnd j o~n `w i`gc xcu Uc~jg nj y~ n}`kw ilùj jc dnjcy

vnmndnjwn gn k` kknf`g` jcud`jg`* Nj nk `ðc 08??+ ¡nk kùf~äyldc iàjinu gn k` x`r mèä` g`gc y~you~wcy* K` wlnuu` nywè` d`g~u` xù` nk ljv`ycu+ | ~j Y`kv`gcu gn k` Ycilng`g nywè` inui`±1 k` icjp~lyw`jcud`jg` kknvù xcu olj ` Ljfk`wnuu` ¡`kfc dnbcu p~n kcy àulgcy `x~jwny gn j~nywu` gnylnuw` iuùjli`j`wlv`±* B* M* Uc~jg+On~g`k Njfk`jg + Kcjguny+ 0<?7 -unnglilùj,+ xàflj`y 987$>+ 576*? _ì`yn k` kùf` glyi~ylùj nj Yungjln _na` + o`yi* 90+ 0<?=+ gnk ljocudn

QXàf* 05<T

ik` n}ìw` gn kcy `jwlf~cy nkndnjwcy ucd`jcy c fnudàjlicy nj nk dcgc gnxucg~iilùj on~g`k x~uc icdc w`k wlnjn+ nj un`klg`g+ d~im` dnjcy ldxcuw`jil` p~n y~unyxniwlv` glywule~ilùj nj k`y glvnuy`y ocudìlcjny ycil`kny p~n `xùnilnucj nj k`N~ucx` dnglnv`k* Nj cwu`y x`kèu`y+ kc p~n yn jninylw`+ icdc vnundcy dày `gnk`jwn+jc ny w`jwc ~j` yldxkn fnjn`kcfä` icdc ~j` wlxckcfä` gnk on~g`klydc n~ucxnc*

Nk culfnj xuldlfnjlc gn k`y ljywlw~ilcjny nyxniäoli dnjwn on~g`kny xùnin ` dnj~gcljn}wulièkn+ g`g` k` `delfûng`g gn k`y o~njwny | nk xù`knklydc gn k` nvck~ilùj gnkcy gcy ylywnd`y ycil`kny `jwningnjwny* @yä+ nk v`y`kk`bn x~ngn mènu wnjlgc y~y u`äinyo~jg`dnjw`kny w`jwc nj nk icdlw`w~y fnud`jc icdc nj k` iklnjwnk` f`kcuucd`j`2 gcyocud`y gn yìp~lwc ùlywciuàwlic p~n n}lywlnucj nj `decy k`gcy gnk Ulj d~imc `jwnygnk olj gnk Ldxnulc | icjwule~|nucj ljg~gèkndnjwn ` k` `xùlilùj gnoljlwlv` gnkylywnd` v`y`kkàwlic6* Nk enjnolilc+ icj nk p~n olj`kdnjwn yn o~jglù xù` ocudù nkon~gc+ x~ngn undcjwùyn lf~`kdnjwn ` k`y xuàiwli`y niknylàywli`y ucd`jc$wùgä`y | `kcy unxùwcy wule`kny gn wlnuu` gn kcy fnud`jcy=* Nk ynðcuäc+ xcu y~ xùwn+ xucingnilnuw`dnjwn gnk o~jg~y c vlkk` f`kcuucd`j`+ p~n jc wlnjn jljfòj np~lv`knjwn eàueùcxcup~n ycj fu`jgny olji`y `~wcy~olilnjwny+ i~kwlv`g`y xcu i`dxnyljcy gnxnjglnjwny cickcjl p~n njwunf`j ` y~ ynðcu wnuu`wnjlnjwn xucg~iwcy nj nyxniln+ nj kc p~n ny ~jcevlc xuny`flc gn ~j` nicjcdä` ynðcul`k <* Xcu nk icjwuùlc+ kcy njik`vny icd~j`kny gnk` `kgn`

un`klr gc xcu @* G* Kl~ekljya`l`+ ¡Wlxckcfll` U`jjnvc Oncg`klrd` v R`x`gjcl N~ucxn l XucekndÙcd`jc$Fnud`jyacvc Yljwnr`±+ xx* 06$77* Kcy xùwlilx`jwny o~nucj2 C* K* _ ljymwnlj+ D* \`* Yl~rl~dcv+

\ * K* Enyydnuwj|+ @* X* A`rmg`j+ D* G* Kcugalx`jlgrn+ N* _* F~wjcv`+ Y* D* Yw`d+ D* K* @eu`dycj+ W* L*Gnyjlwya`l`+ D* D* Oulngnjenuf | _* W* Ylucwnjac* Ceyìuvnyn nj xùwli~kù nk wcjc gn k`y ljwnuvnjilcjnygn _ ljywnlj | Yl~rl~dcv+ gnonjycuny unyxniwlv`dnjwn gn k`y icjwule~ilcjny eàueù` n ldxnul`k `kon~g`klydc1 nk ynf~jgc ‗~j mlywcul`gcu gn Elr jilc‗ xcjn ~j ljicjo~jglekn jcw` j ilcj`k`jwlfnud`j`* Nj fnjnu`k+ kcy elr`jwljlyw`y ycvlìwlicy xùninj xuconylcj`kdnjwn ljiklj`gcy ` xulvlknflùnk xnyc gn k` @jwlfûng`g nj k` yäjwnyly on~g`k* K` unyx~nyw` gn Kl~ekljya`l` ` k` glyi~ylùj ny ynunj` |nywà kknj` gn ynjylelklg`g*6

Icdxàunyn Gcxyim+ Vluwyimòwklimn ~jg ycrl`kn Fu~jgk`fnj + LL+ xàflj`y 55>$6+ p~n ylwò` ` kcykn~gny icdc gluniwcy `jwninycuny gn kcy dngl`y o~nucj kcy e~inkkùll c k~fùwnjlnjwny f`kcuucd`jcy+ | kcy`jwu~ywlcjny -f~ùgl` x`k`wlj`, c kn~gny -yìp~lwc dlklwù, ou jicy* Xù` nywcy òkwldcy+ vì`yn IùkYwnxmnjycj+Dngl`nv`k ljywlw~wlcjy + Lwmì`+ 0<>7+ xàflj`y 55>$6+ p~n ylwò` ` kcykn~gny icdc kcy gluniwcy



`jwninycuny gn kcy v`yyl iùckljflcy*= Gcxyim+Vluwyimòwklimn ~jg ycrl`kn Fu~jgk`fnj + LL+ xx* 995$?*< Gcxyim+lelg*+ L+ xx* 995$<* K` nwldckcfä` gn kcy wìudljcy ik`vn gnk on~g`klydc n~ucxnc ùucb` p~lrà ~j`xnp~nð` k~r yceun y~y vùl`gcy cuä$

QXàf* 098T

dnglnv`k o~nucj eàyli`dnjwn ~j` mnunjil` fnudàjli`+ vnywlflc gn kcy xuldnucyylywnd`y u~u`kny ocunyw`kny gnyx~ìy gn k` nvck~ilùj fnjnu`k gnk i`dxnylj`gc eàueùcgnygn k`y wnjnjil`y `kcgl kny ` k`y gnxnjglnjwny* K` ynuvlg~deun gnyilnjgnxuceèkndnjwn gnk nyw`w~wc ikàylic gnk ickcj~y | gn k` knjw` gnfu`gìlùj gn kcyi`dxnyljcy fnud`jcy kleuny xcu k` ¡njicdnjg ilùj± i`yl icnuilwlv` ` kcy f~nuunucygn kcy ik`jny* Nk ylywnd` knf`k | icjywlw~ilcj`k p~n yn gnyùuckkù g~u`jwn k` Ng`gDngl` o~n lf~`kdnjwn mäeulgc* ^j` b~ywlil` gn iùàiwnu xcx~kù | ~j` wu`glilùj gnceklfìlcjny ocud`kdnjwn uniäxuci`y njwun gcdlj`jwny | gcdlj`gcy gnjwuc gn ~jìcd~jlg`g wule`k icdòj gnbùcj ~j` xuco~jg` m~nkk` nj k`y nywu~iw~u`y b~uägli`y gnkon~g`klydc+ ljik~yc `kkä gcjgn kcy wule~j`kny xcx~kùny jc yceunvlvlnucj+ icdc njOu`jil`* Nk ylywnd` gn Nyw`gcy p~n dày wùgn `xùnilù gnjwuc gn k`y dcjùp~ä`yon~g`kny gneä` d~imc+ nj nyxnil`k+ ` nyw` òkwld`* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ nk knf`gc ucd`jc gn

~j gnunimc icgloli`gc | nyiulwc w~vc w`delìj ~j` ldxcuw jil` i`xlw`k xù` k`nyxniäoli` yäjwnyly b~uägli` gn k` Ng`g Dngl`+ dlnjwu`y p~n k` mnunjil` icjilklù gn k`Lfknyl iulywl`j` ikàyli` o~n ylj g~g` `kf~j` o~jg`dnjw`k xù` nk gnyùuckkc gnkylywnd` gn Nyw`gcy08* Nj k` i~deun gnk ylywnd` xckäwlic dnglnv`k+ k` ljywlw~ilùj gn k`dcjùp~ä` on~g`k unxunynjwù ljlil`kdnjwn ~j` i`del`jwn `d`kf`d` njwun nk bnonf~nuunuc fnudàjlic+ yndlnkniwlvc | icj u~gldnjwùl`y o~jilcjny yni~kùny+ | nkycenu`jc ldxnul`k ucd`jc+ `~wùiu`w` y`fu`gc gn xcgnuny | unyxcjyèlklg`gnylkldlw`gcy*

Wu`y nk ick`xyc | k` icjo~ylùj gn k` Ng`g Cyi~u`+ nk icdxknbc ljou` | y~xu`nywu~iw~u`kp~n mèuä` gn icjywlw~lu k` nywu~iw~u` fnjnu`k gn ~j` wcw`klg`g on~g`k nj N~ucx`wnjä`+ x~ny+ ~j gcekn culfnj* ^j` yck` ljywlw~ilùj+ ylj ndeùfc+ èùiù wcgc nkxnuäcgc gn wu`jylilùj gn k` @jwlfûng`g ` k` Ng`g Dngl` nj ~j` nynjil`k icjwlj~lg`g2k` Lfknyl` iulywl`j`* K` Lfknyl` o~n+ gnygn k~nfc+ nk xuljilx`k | ouàflk ì~ng~iwc `wu`vìy gnk i~`k k`y unynuv`y i~kw~u`kny gnk d~jgc ikàylic x`yùcj `k j~nvc ~jlvnuycgn k` N~ucx` on~g`k+ i~|` i~kw~u` yn mèä` mnimc iknuli`k* K` Lfknyl`+ n}wu`ðc cebnwcmlywùulic xù n}inkknjin + i~|` xni~klù

fnjny* ¡ Olno ± Qon~gcT yn gnulv` gnk fnud`jc `jwlf~c vlnm + p~n ylfjloli` une`ðcy* ¡ _`yy`k ± Qv`y`kkcTxucingn gnk inkw` a `y + p~n culflj`kdnjwn ylfjloliè` nyik`vc* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ ¡ vlkk`fn ± Q`kgn`T yn gnulv`gn k` vlkk` ucd`j`1 ¡ ynuo ± QylnuvcT+ gnynuv~y + | ¡ d`jcu ± gn d`jy~y *08 Mljwrn y~eu | nyw` olkl ilùj nj y~ njy`|c ¡Vnkwfnyimlimwklimn Engljf~jfnj gnuUnxuçynjw`wlvnvnuo`yy~jf±+ nj Cwwc Mljwrn+Fny`ddnkwn @em`jgk~jfnj + vck* L+ Knlxrlf+ 0<70+ xx* 097$>*

QXàf* 090T

wndxcu`klg`g j~ji` m` icljilglgc icj k` gn ~j` yldxkn yni~njil` gn ~j ylywnd`nicjùdlic c xckäwlic ` cwuc+ yljc p~n yn* m` y~xnux~nywc | yceunvlvlgc ` d~imcy nj~j ulwdc xucxlc+ j~ji m` unilelgc ~j wu`w`dlnjwc wnùulic nj nk dùic gnkd`wnul`klydc mlywùulic00* @p~ä jc xcgndcy mìnu j`g` xù` undnglù nyw` k`f~j`*Xnuc ycj xunilycy `kf~jcy eunvny icdnjwùlcy yceun k` ldxcuw`jil` gn y~ x`xnk nj k`wu`jylilùj gn k` @jwlfûng`g `k on~g`klydc+ |` p~n `kwnuj`wlv`dnjwn yn m` n}`fnu`gc cgnyi~lg`gc nj e~nj` xùwn gn kcy nyw~glcy mlywùulicy gn nyw` ìxci`* Nj k` @jwlfûng`gwùgä`+ k` Lfknyl` iulywl`j` icjwule~|ù ljg~gèkndnjwn ‗icdc |` mndcy vlywc‗ `kgnelklw`dlnjwc gn k` i`xìlg`g gn unylywnjil` gnk ylywnd` ldxnul`k ucd`jc* \ kc mlrc+jc xcu y~y gciwulj`y gnydcu`klr`jwny c xcu y~y v`kcuny n}wu`d~jg`jcy+ icdc iunä j

kcy mlywcul`gcuny gn k` Lk~ywuìlùj+ yljc xcu y~ njcudn vck~dnj d~jg`jc* Nj noniwc+nk v`ywc `xù`wc iknuli`k p~n njfnjguù nj nk Ldxnulc wùgäc o~n ~j` gn k`y xuljilx`knyu`rcjny gnk n}inylvc xnyc xù`ylwùlc p~n `fcwù ` k` nicjcdä` | k` ycilng`g ucd`j`y+xcup~n gn nyw` ocud` ~j` ynf~jg` | y~xnux~nyw` e~uciuìl` yn y~dù ` k` |` cxunylv`



iùf` gnk Nyw`gc yni~kù* Nj nk ylfkc _L+ kcy celyxcy | nk iknuc gn kc p~n p~ngè` gnkLdxnulc nu`j d~imc dày j~dnucycy p~n kcy o~jilcjùlcy | `fnjwny `gdljlywu`wlvcygnk Nyw`gc+ | unileä`j y~nkgcy icjylgnuèkndnjwn dày `kwcy 05* K` iùf` ljwcknuèkn gnnywn xny`gäyldc nglolilc o~n ~j gnwnudlj`jwn o~jg`dnjw`k gnk ick`xyc gnk Ldxnulc* K`kädxlg` wnyly gn Fleecj gn p~n nk iulywl jlydc o~n ~j` gn k`y gcy i`~y`yo~jg`dnjw`kny gn k` i`äg` gnk Ldxnulc ucd`jc ‗uny~dnj n}xunylvc gnk lgn`$

00 Xucingnjwn gn ~j` dljcuä` ìwjli` xcywule`k+ wul~jo`jwn nj k` @jwlfûng`g wùgä`+ gcdlj`jwn nj nkon~g`klydc+ gni`gnjwn | unjìlnjwn e`bc nk i`xlw`klydc+ k` Lfknyl` ucd`j` m` yceunvlvlgc ` i~`kp~lnu cwu`ljywlw~ilùj ‗i~kw~u`k+ xckäwli`+ b~uägli` c kljfûäywli`‗ mlywùuli`dnjwn icnwàjn` y~|`* Njfnky unokn}lcjùeunvndnjwn yceun y~ kùf` cglyn` nj K~g lf On~nueìm `jg wmn njg co wmn Fnud`j ik`yyli`k xmlkcycxm| -Dù}$Njfnky+ Ynkniwng cuay + Kcjguny+ 0<?=+ xx* ?5=$90, QK~g lf On~nueìm | nk olj gn k` olkcycoä` ikàyli` `knd`j` + nj Dù}$Njfnky+ Ceu`y nyicflg`y + vck* LL+ D`gulg+ @a`k+ 0<6>+ xx* 966$75?T+ xnuc ynkldlwù ` unflywuù k` gnxnjgnjil` gn y~y wu`jyocudìlcjny icj unyxniwc ` k`y n}xnuldnjw`g`y xcu k`mlywcul` fnjnu`k gn kcy dcgcy gn xucg~iilùj* Y~ nyxniäoli` `~wcjcdä` | `g`xwèlklg`g unflcj`k ‗n}wu`cugljùl` gnygn i~`kp~lnu xnuyxniwlv` p~n yn `gcxwn‗ wcg vä` wlnjnj p~n ynu ynul`dnjwnn}xkcu`g`y* K~aàiy iunä` p~n u`gliè` nj ~j` unk`wlv` xnud`jnjil` gn k` unkìlùj gnk mcdeun icj k`j`w~u`knr`+ y~ywu`wc ljvlylekn gnk icydcy unklflcyc+ xnuc j~ji` yn `vnjw~uù dày `kkà gn `kf~j`y jcw`ydùflj`kny yceun k` i~nywlùj* _ì yn F* K~aàiy+ Mlywcu| `jg ik`yy icjyilc~yjnyy + Kcjguny+ 0<60+ xx* 59>$? QMlywcul` | icjilnjil` gn ik`yn + Eùinkcj`+ Fulb`kec+ 0<6?T*05 Bcjny+Wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun + vck* LL+ xx* <99$7+ 087?*

QXàf* 095T

klydc gn k` Lk~ywuìlùj‗ xnudlwn `yä ~j` ìw~`k unocud~kìlùj d`wnul`klyw`*

Icj wcgc+ ny` dlyd` lfknyl` o~n w`delìj nk àdelwc dcvnglrc gn kcy xuldnucy yäjwcd`ygn k` klenuìlùj gn k` wìijli` | k` i~kw~u` gn kcy kädlwny gn ~j d~jgc icjywu~lgc yceunk` nyik`vlw~g* K`y n}wu`cuglj ul`y un`klr ilcjny gn k` ilvlklrìlùj funicuucd`jò~nucj xucxlng`g gn ~j xnp~nðc nywu`wc glulfnjwn+ njwnu`dnjwn glvcuil`gc gn k`xucg~iilùj* Nk wuè`bc d`j~`k nywè` lgnjwloli`gc icj k` ynuvlg~deun |+ nc lxyc + nu`gnfu`g`jwn* Nicjùdli`dnjwn+ nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw` icjg~bc ` ~j`xùàklyly wìijli`2 nj y~ dùic jc n}lywä` jljfòj ldx~kyc xù` ljwucg~ilu dnbcu`y p~n`mcuuù`j wuè`bc* Icdc |` mndcy vlywc+ k` wnijckcfä` `knb`jgulj` xnuylywlù njicjb~jwc g~u`jwn wcgc nk Ldxnulc ucd`jc2 yn xucg~bnucj xcicy ljvnjwcy ldxcuw`jwny

| jljf~jc gn nkkcy o~n `dxkl`dnjwn `xkli`gc* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ k` nyik`vlw~g mìäì~kw~u`kdnjwn xcylekn k` nk~ylv` ùdcjä` njwun nk mcdeun | nk ~jlvnuyc j`w~u`k p~niùìwnulrù `k ùwn | k` olkcycoä` gn k` d`|cu xùwn gn k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli`2 k`n}njilùj jc i~nywlcj`g` gnk wuè`bc o~n ~j` gn k`y icjglilcjny p~n xcylelklwùcj y~ynunj` `~ynjil` gn wnjylùj icj k` j`w~u`knr`* Nk wuè`bc gn wu`jyocudìlùj d`wnul`k nljik~yc y~ y~xnuvlylùj o~n ~j àdelwc y~yw`jil`kdnjwn n}ik~lgc gn y~ nyonu`* Icj wcgc+k` fu`jgnr` gnk knf`gc ljwnkniw~`k | i~kw~u`k gnk Ldxnulc ucd`jc jc yùkc yn ìcdx`ðùgn ~j ljdcvlklydc wìijlic+ yljc p~n+ xcu y~y dlyd`y icjglilcjny+ nyw~vc kldlw`g` `knywu`wc dày ung~ilgc gn k`y ik`yny glulfnjwny gn k` dnwuùxckl | k`y xucvljil`y* Nk

äjglin dày nkci~njwn gn y~ kldlwìlùj vnuwli`k o~n nk mnimc gn p~n k` fu`j d`y` gn k`xcekìlùj unylgnjwn nj nk Ldxnulc x`f`jc jc yèä` k`wäj* K` knjf~` gnk fcelnujc | gnk`y dlylv`y nu` nk dcjcxcklc gn ~j` xnp~nð` ìklwn* K` `yinjylùj gn k` Lfknyl` iulywl`j`y~x~yc xcu vnr xuldnu` ~j` y~evnuylùj | wu`jyocudìlùj gn nywn dcgnkc+ xcup~n nkiulywl`jlydc ucdxlù k` ~jlùj njwun nk mcdeun | k` j`w~u`knr`+ nk nyxäulw~ | nk d~jgcgn k` iùjn+ g`jgc k` v~nkw` xcwnjil`kdnjwn ` k`y unkìlcjny njwun `de`y nj gcygluniilcjny cx~nyw`y | `wcudnjw`g`y2 nk `yinwlydc | nk ìwlvlydc 09* Gn ocud`ljdngl`w`+09 J`w~u`kdnjwn+ k` u~xw~u` jc o~n n}ik~ylv` gn k` j~nv` unklflùj+ yljc p~n w`delìj yn n}wnjglù `kx f`jlydc wu`glilcj`k* Euc j nvci` nywn mnimc gn ocud` iù iwnuäywli`2 ¡Gnyx~ìy gn vùl yfnjnuìlcjny gn ìwlvlg`g xòekli` `xùnjwndnjwn y`wlyoìwcul`+ o~n icdc yl ~j` icuulnjwn p~n x`yù`y~`vndnjwn gnygn k` n}xnulnjil` ljwnulcu gnk mcdeun `k d~jgc n}wnulcu yn m~elnu` ljwnuu~dxlgc* Nki`kcu p~n xucingä` gnk njwcujc o`dlklù Q***T K` dàyiù` ikàyli` |` jc nji`bè` nj nk `dnj`r`gcu nljnyiu~$

QXàf* 099T



k` vliwcul` gn k` Lfknyl` nj nk Ldxnulc wùgäc jc mlrc j`g` xù` i`delù k`y ìwlw~gnywu`glilcj`kny mìl` k` wnijckcfä` c k` nyik`vlw~g* @deucylc gn Dlkàj n}xunyù k` j~nv`cxljlùj colil`k i~`jgc icjgnjù icdc ldxä`y ljik~yc k`y ilnjil`y x~u`dnjwn wnùuli`ygn k` `ywucjcdä` | k` fncdnwuä`2 ¡Jc icjcindcy kcy yniunwcy gnk ndxnu`gcu |+ yljndeùfc+ xunwnjgndcy icjcinu kcy gn Glcy± 07* Lf~`kdnjwn+ kcy X`guny gn k` Lfknyl`+gnygn Xèkc m`yw` Bnuùjldc+ ìnxwùcj ~jàjldndnjwn k` nyik`vlw~g+ kldlwàjgcyn `ìcjynbù ` kcy nyik`vcy p~n o~nu`j cenglnjwny icj y~y `dcy | ` ìywcy p~n* o~nu`j

b~ywcy icj y~y nyik`vcy* Gnyx~ìy gn wcgc+ k` vnug`gnu` klenuw`g jc xcgä` njicjwuùynnj nywn d~jgc 0>* Nj k` xuàiwli`+ k` Lfknyl` gn nywcy ylfkcy o~n icj ouni~njil` ~j` fu`jxucxlnwùl` ljywlw~ilcj`k gn nyik`vcy+ | y~y celyxcy x~glnucj nbnuinu nj ci`ylcjny y~ygnunimcy knf`kny yceun y~ xucxlng`g o~flwlv` icj `kfc dày p~n ~j cugljùlc inkcx~jlwlvc0?*

Ylj ndeùfc+ nj kcy dàufnjny gnk nyxniäolic `xù`wc niknylàywlic+ nk gnyùuckkc gnkdcj`p~lydc `x~jwè` nj ~j` glonunjwn | xcylekn gluniilùj* i`dxnylj`gc nflxilcxcynä`+ ~j` wu`glilùj gn unwlu`g` ` nudlw`y ycklwùl`y | gnylnuw`y+ c `jìmcunyly + icdcocud` gn xucwnyw` icjwu` k` uni`~gìlùj gn ldx~nywcy | cwucy d`kny ycil`kny* @ olj kny gnk ylfkc LLL g* I*+ @jwcjlc wu`jyocudù ny` wu`glilùj nj y~ `j icunwlydc

`yiìwlic | unklflcyc* @ xuljilxlcy gnk ylfkc L_+ Xìcdlc k` gnyùuckkù mìl` ~jinjcelwlydc icd~j`k nj k`y rcj`y i~kwlv`g`y ` culkk`y gnk Jlkc+

wèkn injwuc gnk ~jlvnuyc±+Wmn cukg co k`wn @jwlp~lw| + xx* >0$5* Xnuc+ icdc Euc jy ljgli`+ k` unyx~nyw`x`f`j` dày ljwnjy` ` nywn mnimc o~n nk jncxk`wcjlydc+ òkwld` gciwulj` gn unicjilklìlùj ljwnulcu njwun nkmcdeun | k` j`w~u`knr` | xuldnu` wncuä` gn k` enkknr` ynjy~`k ungnyi~elnuw` | `xucxl`g` nj cwu` ìxci`xcu nk Unjìldlnjwc*07 N* @* Wmcdxycj+ @ Ucd`j unocudnu `jg ljvnjwcu + C}ocug+ 0<>5+ xàflj`y 77$>*0> Njfnky ceynuvù icj gnygìj p~n ¡nk iulywl`jlydc jc m` wnjlgc èyck~w`dnjwn j`g` p~n vnu nj k`n}wljilùj fu`g~`k gn k` nyik`vlw~g* G~u`jwn ylfkcy icn}lywlù icj k` nyik`vlw~g nj nk Ldxnulc ucd`jc | dày`gnk`jwn b`dày m` ldxnglgc nk icdnuilc gn nyik`vcy gn kcy iulywl`jcy±+ Dù}$Njfnky+ Ynkniwng cuay + x*>68 QCeu`y nyicflg`y + vck* LL+ x* 906T* Nyw` òludìlùj ny `kfc xnunjwcul`+ icdc x~ngn `xunilùyn xcu nkd`wlr`gc `jàklyly gn Ekcim yceun k` ìwlw~g gn k` Lfknyl` `jwn k` nyik`vlw~g nj ¡Icddnjw nw xc~up~cl oljlwk“nyik`v`fn `jwlp~n3± -nyxnil kdnjwn xx* 96$70,* Xnuc k`y icjik~ylcjny y~yw jil`kny gn Ekcim jc yn

`knb`j gnd`yl`gc gn k`y gn Njfnky+ ` xnyù gn kcy jninyùlcy d`wliny p~n kn `ð`gn* Xù` nyw~glcy dàyunilnjwny | icjolud`wlvcy yceun k`y xuldnu`y ìwlw~gny iulywl`j`± mìl` k` nyik`vlw~g+ vì`yn Vnywnud`jj+Wmn yk`vn y|ywndy co Funna `jg Ucd`j @jwlp~lw| + xx* 07<$0?51 @* M`gbljlick`c~$Dù`v`+Unimnuimny y~u k` vln gny nyik`vny g`jy kn dcjgn e|r`jwlj + @wnj`y+ 0<>8+ xx* 09$=*0? Xcu nbndxkc+ vì`yn Wmcdxycj+ Wmn Fcwmy lj Yx`lj + xx* 98>$=*

QXàf* 097T

gcjgn yn ldx~yc nk wuè`bc `fuäick` | nk nyw~glc w`jwc icdc k` cuìlùj | nk `|~jc 06*Olj`kdnjwn+ nj k` gìi`g` gnk 968+ E`ylklc klfù xcu vnr xuldnu` nk `yinwlydc+ nk wuè`bcd`j~`k | k` ljywu~iilùj ljwnkniw~`k nj ~j` unfk` dcjàywli` icmnunjwn* Ylj ndeùfc+ |`~jp~n nyw` nvck~ilùj x~ng` icjylgnuùyn unwucyxniwlv`dnjwn icdc ~jc gn kcyxuldnucy ylfjcy gn ~j knjwc | xuco~jgc i`delc gn k`y ìwlw~gny ycil`kny mìl` nkwuè`bc+ k` n}x`jylùj gnk dcj`p~lydc nj nk wùgäc Ldxnulc ucd`jc xuceèkndnjwn ynkldlwù ` `fu`vù nk xù`ylwlydc nicjùdlic gn k` Lfknyl` `k `knbù gn k` xucg~iilùj ` ~jd`|cu vck~dnj gn d`jc gn ceu`* Xcywnulcudnjwn+ w`dxcic gnyndxnðù ~j x`xnknyxnil`kdnjwn wùjlic nj k` nicjcdä` elr`jwlj`+ gcjgn nk dcj`p~lydc culnjw`k yn mlrcd~| xucjwc+ nj nk dnbcu gn kcy i`ycy+ dnu`dnjwn icjwndxk`wlvc |+ nj nk xncu+ cilcyc |cyi~u`jwlyw`* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ wu`yxk`jw`gc ` Ciilgnjwn | unocud~k`gc xcu Enjlwc gnJ~uyl` g~u`jwn k`y ycdeuä`y xuco~jglg`gny gnk ylfkc _L+ kcy xuljilxlcy dcjàywlicy yndcywuùcj gnygn k` wùgä` Ng`g Cyi~u` cuf`jlr`wlv`dnjwn noliìny n lgnckùfli`dnjwnljok~|njwny xcup~n nj k`y ùugnjny dcjàywli`y gn Ciilgnjwn+ nk wuè`bc ljwnkniw~`k | nkd`j~`k p~ngùcj xucvlylcj`kdnjwn ~jlgcy `k ynuvlilc gn Glcy* K`y o`nj`y `fuäick`y`gp~lulnucj k` glfjlg`g gn k` `gcuìlùj glvlj` | o~nucj un`klr`g`y xcu dcjbny

ljywu~lgcy2 kècuùn nyw cuùn * Icj nkkc i`ä` ljg~gèkndnjwn ~j` gn k`y eùunu`yi~kw~u`kny xù` nk gnyi~euldlnjwc | nk xucfunyc wnijckùflic* Ynuä` ~j nuucu `wule~lunywn i`delc ` `kfòj xcgnu `~wcy~olilnjwn nj nk ynjc gn k` Lfknyl` 0=2 nk glonunjwn u~decgn kcy ìcjwnildlnj$



06 G* B* Imlww|+Wmn gnynuw ` ilw| + C}ocug+ 0<??+ xx* 58$0+ 56* Ny ~j` kàywld` p~n kc p~n xcylekndnjwn yn`nk òjlic nyw~glc unilnjwn | icdxknwc gnk xuldnu dcj`p~lydc wnjf` ~j iùàiwnu w`j ~jlk`wnu`kdnjwngnvcilcj`k* Kcy icdnjwùlcy gn Bcjny yceun kcy uny~kw`gcy dl}wcy gnk dcj`p~lydc nj k` @jwlfûng`gwùgä` ycj f~gcy | xnuwljnjwny2 Wmn k`wnu Ucd`j Ndxlun + LL+ xx* <98$9*0= Nywn ny nk xuljilx`k gnoniwc gnk njy`|c gn K|jj Vmlwn+ ¡Vm`w iinknu`wng wnimjckcfli`k xucfunyy lj wmnVnywnuj Dlggkn @fny3±+ nj @* I* Iucdeln -icdx*,+ Yilnjwloli im`jfn + Kcjguny+ 0<?9+ xx* 565$<0+n}xkcuìlùj `~g`r gn k`y icjyni~njil`y gnk dcj p~lydc p~n+ nj ilnuwc dcgc+ ny y~xnulcu ` y~Dngl`nv`k wnimjckcf| `jg ycil`k im`jfn + xcup~n `p~ä jc yn onwlimlr` ` k` wìijli` icdc xuldnu` i`~y`

mlywùuli`+ yljc p~n xcu kc dnjcy yn k` klf` ` k`y ljywlw~ilcjny ycil`kny* K` òludìlùj gn Vmlwn yceun k`ldxcuw`jil` gn k`y gny$`jldlrìlùj lgnckùfli` gn k` j`w~u`knr` xcu nk iulywl`jlydc icdc ~j` icjglilùjxunvl` gn y~ xcywnulcu wu`jyocudìlùj wnijckùfli` xùnin yng~iwcu`+ xnuc ckvlg` nk mnimc gn p~n nk Lyk`do~n unyxcjyèkn xcic gnyx~ìy gn ~j` Njwr`~enu~jf gnu Vnkw d~imc dày icdxknw`+ ylj p~n nkkcxucg~bnu` ~j ldxìwc jcwèkn yceun k` wnijckcfä` d~y~kd`j`* K` ldxcuw`jil` gnk dcj`p~lydc icdcglyckvnjwn xundcjlwcu gnk ylywnd` ikàylic gn wuè`bc jc gnen n}`fnuùyn*

QXàf* 09>T

wcy nj nk nywn | nk cnywn gneä` ynu xcu yä yckc y~olilnjwn xù` xcjnu gn d`jlolnywc p~no~n nk icdxknbc wcw`k gn unkìlcjny ycil`kny ‗| jc k` nyxniäoli` ljywlw~ilùj unklflcy`‗kc p~n nj òkwld` ljyw`jil` `ylfjù k`y o~jilcjny nicjùdli y | i~kw~u`kny gnkdcj`p~lydc* Y~ iùunu` xucg~iwlv` yùkc x~gc icdnjrù i~`jgc k` gnyljwnfuìlùj gnk` nyik`vlw~g ikàyli` m~ec klenu`gc kcy nkndnjwcy gn ~j` gljàdli` glonunjwn p~nmèuä` gn i~kdljù icj k` ocudìlùj gnk on~g`klydc* Dày p~n nk ulfculydc+ kcycuxunjgnjwn ny k` g~iwlklg`g gn k` Lfknyl` nj nyw` gloäilk wu`jylilùj*

@k dlydc wlndxc+ ylj ndeùfc+ k` Lfknyl` o~n ylj g~g` `kf~j` gluniw`dnjwnunyxcjyèkn gn cwu` njcudn | ylknjilcy` wu`jyocudìlùj nj kcy òkwldcy ylfkcy gnkLdxnulc* K` dlyd` v~kfùlrìlùj | icuu~xilùj gn k` i~kw~u` ikàyli`+ p~n Fleecjmèuä` gn gnj~jilù+ o~n nj un`klg`g xùwn gn ~j flf`jwnyic xucinyc gn `yldlkìlùj |`g`xwìlùj ` ~j` xcekìlùj dày `dxkl`+ p~n mèuä` gn ùu~ljùk` |+ yld~kwàjn`dnjwn+unyi`wùk` nj dnglc gnk ick`xyc gn y~ wu`glilcj`k ljou`nywu~iw~u`* K` dàyycuxunjgnjwn d`jlonywìlùj gn nyw` wu`jydlylùj o~n+ ~j` vnr dày+ nk lglcd`* M`yw` nkylfkc LLL+ kcy i`dxnyljcy gn k` F`kl` c Mlyx`jl` mèä`j mèk`gc y~y xucxl`y knjf~`yinkw`y+ ldxnudnèkny ` k` i~kw~u` gn k` ik`yn glulfnjwn ikàyli`2 nj nyw` ìxci`+ ~jìcjp~lyw` fnudàjli` gn ny`y xucvljil`y mèuä` wnjlgc icjyni~njil`y lji`ki~kèknyxù` k` xcywnulcu mlywcul` gn N~ucx`* Ylj ndeùfc+ icj k` iulywl`jlrìlùj gnk Ldxnulc+kcy celyxcy | nk iknuc gn k`y xucvljil`y ciilgnjw`kny+ `k ndxunjgnu k` icjvnuylùj gnk`y d`y`y gn xcekìlùj u~u`k+ k`wljlrùcj xù` ylndxun y~ knjf~` nj nk wu`jyi~uyc gnkcy ylfkcy L_ | _ 0<* K`y knjf~`y ucd jiny o~nucj nk uny~kw`gc olj`k gn nyw`xcx~kùlrìlùj+ ~jc gn kcy nynjil`kny väji~kcy ycil`kny gn icjwlj~lg`g njwun k` @j$0< Euc j+ Wmn cukg co k`wn @jwlp~lw| + x* 098* Nj ilnuwcy `yxniwcy+ nyw` ceu` ny k` dày eulkk`jwndnglwìlùj yceun nk olj gn k` ìxci` ikàyli` xucg~ilg` nj d~imcy `ðcy* ^jc gn y~y wnd`y injwu`kny ny kìun`wlvlg`g vlw`k gn k` `g~kwnu`g` wu`jydlylùj+ ` ùugnjny dày e`bcy | ` ìxci`y xcywnulcuny+ gn k` i~kw~uìkàyli` xcu nk iulywl`jlydc+ p~n xucg~bc nk ùwn wäxlic gn k` @jwlfûng`g wùgä`* K` gnfu`gìlùj ycil`k n

ljwnkniw~`k o~n k` xu~ne` y`k~gèkn p~n kc y`kvù* K` yndnb`jr` gn nyw` icjinxilùj ‗n}xuny`g` xcuEuc j icj d~im` dày o~nur` p~n xcu i~`kp~lnu cwuc nyiulwcu‗ icj k` wäxli` jcilùj gn Fu`dyil gn kùnkìlùj njwun nk Unjìldlnjwc | k` Unocud` ny glfj` gn `wnjilùj* Fu`dyil cxljè` p~n nk nyxknjgcui~kw~u`k gnk Unjìldlnjwc ‗unolj`dlnjwc gn ~j` ìklwn ùlywciuàwli`‗ w~vc p~n mìnuyn wcyic | ycdeuäcnj nk cyi~u`jwlydc gn k` Unocud` xù` `yä x`yù ` k`y d`y`y | un`xùninu nj òkwldc wìudljc yceun ~jcyo~jg`dnjwcy dày `dxklcy | dày kleuny+ Lk d`wnul`klydc ywculic + W~uäj+ 0<??+ x* => QNk d`wnul`klydc mlywùulic + E~njcy @luny+ J~nv` _lylùj+ 0<60T*

QXàf* 09?T

wlfûng`g | k` Ng`g Dngl`* Xù` mìnu nvlgnjwny k`y icjyni~njil`y gn ~j` icjp~lyw`fnudàjli` gn nyw`y xucvljil`y ciilgnjw`kny ylj ~j` xunvl` k`wljlrìlùj+ yùkc m`| p~nicjylgnuù k` wu`yinjgnjw`k ldxcuw`jil` gn nyw` m`r`ð`*

Nyw` un`klr ilùj o~jg`dnjw`k gn k` xuldnu` Lfknyl ljgli` y~ vnug`gnuc k~fù |o~jilùj nj k` wu jylilùj mìl` nk on~g`klydc* Y~ noliìl` `~wùjcd` jc m | p~nnjicjwuùk` nj nk àdelwc gn k`y unkìlcjny nicjùdli`y c gn k`y nywu~iw~u`y ycil`kny ‗



gcjgn ` vniny yn m` e~yi`gc np~lvci`g`dnjwn‗+ yljc nj wcg` k` kldlwìlùj | k`ljdnjylg`g gn k` nyonu` i~kw~u`k ylw~`g` xcu njild` gn `p~ìkk`y* K` ilvlklrìlùj gn k`

@jwlfûng`g ikàyli` yn gnoljä` xcu nk gnyùuckkc gn ~j`y y~xnunywu~iw~u`y gn ~j`ycolywliìlùj | icdxknblg`g ylj lf~`k+ ylw~`g`y yceun ~j`y ljou`nywu~iw~u`y d`wnul`knygn ~j` wcyp~ng`g | yldxklilg`g unk`wlv`dnjwn ljvùl jwny2 nj nk d~jgcfunicuucd`jc ylndxun n}lywlù ~j` gu`dàwli` gnyxucxcuilùj njwun k` eùvng` gnk ilnkcljwnkniw~`k | xckäwlic | k` nywunimnr gnk y~nkc nicjùdlic* I~`jgc kknfù y~ ick`xycolj`k+ j`g` nu` dnjcy cevlc p~n nk mnimc gn p~n y~ knf`gc y~xnunywu~iw~u`k ‗`mcu`ljdnjy`dnjwn glyw`jwn gn k`y ljdngl`w`y un`klg`gny ycil`kny‗ mèuä` gn yceunvlvlukn+xcu d~| y~`vlr`g` p~n o~nu` y~ ocud`* Xù` nkkc nu` jninyùl` ~j` v`ylb` nyxniäoli`+y~olilnjwndnjwn `knb`g` gn k`y ljywlw~ilcjny ikàyli`y gn k` @jwlfûng`g |+ ylj ndeùfc+dckgn`g` nj y~ ynjc |+ xcu w`jwc+ i`x`r gn kleuùyn gn k` mni`wcden fnjnu`k xù`wu`jydlwlu kcy dlywnulcycy dnjy`bny gnk x`y`gc ` ~j o~w~uc dnjcy `v`jr`gc* K`Lfknyl` i~dxklù cebnwlv`dnjwn ny` o~jilùj* Nj gnwnudlj`gcy `yxniwcy o~jg`dnjw`kny+k` ilvlklrìlùj y~xnunywu~iw~u`k gn k` @jwlfûng`g o~n y~xnulcu ` k` gnk on~g`klydcg~u`jwn ~j dlknjlc+ nywc ny+ m`yw` k` ìxci` p~n mèuä` gn kk`dùyn icjyilnjwndnjwn `yä dlyd` y~ Unjìldlnjwc+ xù` xcjnu gn d`jlolnywc k` unfunylùj ljwnudngl`* Kìcjglilùj gn y~ xcgnu glonulgc+ ` wu`vìy gn kcy ylfkcy i`ùwlicy | xuldlwlvcy gn k` Ng`g

Cyi~u`+ o~n k` g~uìlùj gn k` Lfknyl`* Jljf~j` cwu` wu`jylilùj gljàdli` gn ~j dcgcgn xucg~iilùj ` cwuc unvnk` k` dlyd` glo~ylùj nj nk gnyùuckkc y~xnunywu~iw~u`k1jljf~j` cwu` icjwlnjn w`dxcic ~j` ljywlw~ilùj gn w`jw` njvnuf`g~u`*

K` Lfknyl` o~n+ x~ny+ nk x~njwn ljglyxnjyèkn njwun gcy ìxci`y nj ~j` wu`jylilùj¡i`w`ywuùoli`± | jc* ¡ì~d~k`wlv`± njwun gcy dcgcy gn xucg~iilùj -i~|` nywu~iw~u`glvnuflù jninyùl`dnjwn lj wcwc gn k` wu`jylilùj njwun nk on~g`klydc | nk i`xlw`klydc,*Ylfjloli`wlv`dnjwn+ k` Lfknyl` o~n nk dnjwcu colil`k gnk xuldnu ljwnjwc ylywndàwlic xù`¡unjcvù± nk Ldxnulc nj Ciilgnjwn+ k` dcjùp~ä` iùckljfl`* Icj nk Nyw`gc iùckljflcic$

QXàf* 096T

dlnjr` k` mlywcul` gnk on~g`klydc xucxl`dnjwn glimc+ xcup~n nywn njcudn nyo~nurclgnckùflic | `gdljlywu`wlvc xù` ¡uniunù± nk ylywnd` ldxnul`k gnk vlnbc d~jgc+fuìl`y ` ~j` wäxli` ljvnuylùj+ icjwnjä` | nji~euä` k` ljvck~jwùl` ickciìlùj gn kcyildlnjwcy gnk j~nvc* Nj k` nu` iùckljfl` o~n i~`jgc yn glnucj kcy x`ycy gnilylvcyxù` k` ocudìlùj gnk on~g`klydc*

K` ldxcjnjwn n}x`jylùj gn k` j~nv` glj`ywä` ou`ji` glc+ ylj ndeùfc+ xci`y ynð`knyljdngl`w`y gn y~ knf`gc olj`k ` N~ucx`* Y~ wnd` ikù`dnjwn gcdlj`jwn o~n k`~jloliìlùj xckäwli` | dlklwù gn Ciilgnjwn* K` vliwcul` gn Iùkcy Dùwnk nj Xclwlnuyounjwn ` kcy àuèny nj nk `ðc 6>9 gnw~vc nk `v`jin gnk Lyk`d+ p~n ìèè` gnèycuenu `k Nyw`gc vlylfcgc nj Nyx`ð`* Gnyx~ìy+ nj wunljw` vnkciny `ðcy+ Iùkcd`fjc`jn}lcjù k` Lw`kl` kcdeùg`+ icjp~lywù Y`bcjl` | Oulyl` n ljicuxcuù I`w`k~ð`* @yä ynicjvluwlù nj nk òjlic ycenu`jc gnk icjwljnjwn iulywl`jc o~nu` gn k`y oucjwnu`y gnElr`jilc+ icj k` n}inxilùj gnk lj iinylekn klwcu`k `yw~ul`jc* Nj nk `ðc =88+Iùkcd`fjc `y~dlù nk wäw~kc gn ndxnu`gcu gn Ciilgnjwn+ ljn}lywnjwn gnygn mìä`d~imc wlndxc* K` n}x`jylùj iùckljfl` jc o~n ~j dnuc njfu`jgnildlnjwc wnuulwcul`k*Y~y xunwnjylcjny ldxnul`kny unyxcjgä`j ` ~j` vnug`gnu` unvlw`klrìlùj `gdljlywu`wlv`

| i~kw~u`k gnjwuc gn k`y oucjwnu`y gnk Ciilgnjwn icjwljnjw`k* Nk ylywnd` dcjnwùlc ynunocudù | nyw`jgùglrù | yn vckvlù ` uni~xnuù nk icjwuck injwu`k yceun k` ì~ðìlùjgn dcjng`y* Nj nywunim` iccugljìlùj icj k` Lfknyl`+ k` dcjùp~ä` iùckljfl`x`wuciljù ~j` unjcvìlùj gn k` klwnu`w~u`+ k` olkcycoä` | k` ng~iìlùj* Yn njvlùcjdlylcjny unklflcy`y ` k`y wlnuu`y x`f`j`y ylw~`g`y o~nu` gnk Ldxnulc* K` n}wnjy` |j~nv` rcj oucjwnulr` gn @knd`jl`+ `dxkl`g` xcu nk ycdnwldlnjwc gn k`y wule~yy`bcj`y+ o~n i~lg`gcy`dnjwn `wnjglg` xcu vnr xuldnu` | ylywndàwli`dnjwn icjvnuwlg``k iulywl`jlydc+ xucfu`d` oìlklw`gc xcu nk gnyxk`r`dlnjwc gn k` icuwn iùckljfl` mìl`nk nywn+ ` @p~lyfuàj+ ylw~`g` ` dlw`g gn i`dljc njwun nk Kclu` | nk Nke`* @gndày+ yn



wnblù ~j` ung `gdljlywu`wlv`+ d~| nkècu`g` | injwu`klr`g`+ yceun wcg`y k`y wlnuu`yp~n yn n}wlnjgnj gnygn I`w`k~ð` ` Yimkny lf | gnygn Jcud`jgä` ` Nywlul`* Y~ ~jlg`geàyli` o~n nk icjg`gc+ gnulv`gc gn k` `jwlf~` ilvlw`wly ucd`j`* Kcy jcekny gnicjol`jr` nu`j jcdeu`gcy icjgny icj xcgnuny dlklwùny | b~glil`kny xù` fcenujùny`y unflcjny nj ~j` ikù` | oludn gnknfìlùj gn k` `~wculg`g xòekli`+ unvcièkn xcunk ndxnu`gcu* P~lrà m~ec nj wcgc nk Ldxnulc njwun 5>8 | 9>8 gn nywcy glfj`wùlcy+ `p~lnjny jc yn x`fè` ~j y`kùlc+ yljc p~n unileä`j ~j` xùwn xucxcuilc$

QXàf* 09=T

j`k gn k`y unjw`y kci`kny gn k` dcjùp~ä` | icjinylcjny wnuulwcul`kny nj nk icjg`gc 58*K`y iùunu`y icjg`kny jc nywè`j kldlw`g`y ` ~j yckc glywulwc2 ~j jcekn icdxnwnjwnxcgä` ynu wu`jyonulgc y~inylv`dnjwn ` glywljw`y unflcjny+ `~jp~n nj k` xuàiwli` jcnu`j ouni~njwny k`y unvciìlcjny jl kcy wu`yk`gcy gn icjg`gc* Kcy k`rcyljwnud`wuldcjl`kny | k`y ndlfuìlcjny gn k`y o`dlkl y wnuu`wnjlnjwny gnygn k`yglvnuy`y unflcjny gnk Ldxnulc iunùcj ilnuw` e`yn ycil`k xù` ~j` ùlywciuìl`¡y~xu`ìwjli ±+ lde~lg` gn lgnckcfä` ldxnul k 50* @k dlydc wlndxc+ ` nywn ylywndùnflcj`k gn icjg`gcy yn y~xnux~yc ~j fu~xc injwu`k dày ung~ilgc gn d`fj`wnyiknuli`kny | yni~kùny+ xucingnjwny nj y~ d`|cuä` gn Kcunj` | @kyìl` | p~n `dnj~gc nywè`j dày inui` gnk yìp~lwc xnuycj`k gnk xucxlc ndxnu`gcu* Gn nywn fu~xcy`kä`j kcy dlyyl gcdljlil + unynuv` dùvlk gn `fnjwny ldxnul`kny gluniwcy+ njvl`gcy nji`klg`g gn xknjlxcwnjilùlcy xù` njounjwùyn ` kcy xuceknd`y nyxnil`kdnjwn g~ucy |gloäilkny gn k`y xucvljil`y undcw`y* Kcy dlyyl yn icjvluwlnucj nj ~j` ljywlw~ilùjunf~kù gnk fcelnujc gn Iùkcd`fjc ` xùwlu gnk `ðc =851 njvl`gcy jcud`kdnjwn njxùnb`y+ xucfunylv`dnjwn yn unik~wùcj gn njwun kcy celyxcy | è`gny+ xù` `lykùkcygn k`y xunylcjny kci kny p~n x~glnu`j nbnuinuyn yceun y~y dlylcjny* Nkkcy nu`jp~lnjny `ynf~uè`j nj xuljilxlc k` noniwlv` ljwnfuìlùj gn k` n}wnjy` ung icjg`k*I`g` vnr yn ~wlklrùcj dày kcy gci~dnjwcy nyiulwcy+ nj ~j nyo~nurc xcu dnbcuù k`ywu`glilcjny gnk `j`koènwlydc ylj `gcujcy mnung`gc gn kcy dnucvljflcy 55* Xnuc nj k`xuàiwli` mèä` d~im`y u~xw~u`y | gndcu`y nj nyw` d`p~ljùl`+ i~|c o~jilcj`dlnjwc

ylndxun o~n n}wund`g`dnjwn knjwc | dcknywc+ ` o`kw` gn ~j` ynul` e~uciuìl` x`k`wlj`p~n xucxcuilcjù` k` ljwnfuìlùj ldxnuycj`k gnk ylywnd`* Icj wcgc+ | g`g`y k`yicjglilcjny gn k` ìxci`+ nk `ki`jin | k` d`fjlw~g gn kcy lgn`kny `gdljlywu`wlvcyiùckljflcy icjywlw~|nucj ~j kcfuc ocudlgèkn*

Xnuc k`y vnug`gnu`y | xucdnwngcu`y ljjcvìlcjny gn k` ìxci` nywè`j nj cwu` xùwn+nywc ny+ nj k` fu`g~`k `xùlilùj gn k`y ljywlw~ilcjny o~jg`dnjw`kny gnk on~g`klydc xcugne`bc gnk `xù`wc gnk fcelnujc ldxnul`k* K` F`kl` dnucvljfl` |` mèä` icjcilgc nk

b~u`dnjwc gn olgnklg`g xnuycj`k `k dcjùi` unlj`jwn | k` icjinylùj gn wlnuu`y un`kny` kcy ynuvlgcuny jcekny* Xnuc58 O* K* Fu`jymco+Wmn Iùckljfl`jy `jg wmn Ou`jalym dcjùim| + Kcjguny+ 0<60+ x* <0*50

M* Olimwnj`~+Wmn Iùckljfl`j Ndxlun + C}ocug+ 0<>6+ xx* 008$9*55 F`jymco+ Wmn Iùckljfl`jy `jg wmn Ou`jalym dcjùim| + xx* 05>$9>*

QXàf* 09<T

nywcy gcy mnimcy j~ji` yn icdeljùcj nj ~j yckc n ldxcuw`jwn ylywnd`* Kcyycenu jcy dnucvljflcy glywule~|nucj jcud`kdnjwn k`y wlnuu`y gluniw`dnjwn ` y~yynf~lgcuny kn`kny+ wcd`jgc nk wìudljc niknylàywlic enjnolil~d xù` gnylfjù nyw`yicjinylcjny* Dày wùgn+ d~im`y gn k`y wlnuu`y glywule~lg`y gn nyw` ocud` o~nucjicjolyi`g`y ` k` Lfknyl` xcu nk klj`bn gn kcy @uj~kocy icj cebnwc gn un~jlu j~nvcyyckg`gcy xù` y~y nbìuilwcy 59+ dlnjwu`y k` Lfknyl` nu` icdxnjy`g` xcu Xlxljc LLL icj k`ljwucg~iilùj gn kcy glnrdcy+ p~n nj `gnk`jwn icjywlw~|nucj k` òjli `xuc}ldìlùj `

~j ldx~nywc fnjnu`k nj nk unljc ou`jic* Xnuc o~n k` ìxci` gn Iùkcd`fjc k` p~n`j~jilù nk icdlnjrc gn k` yäjwnyly o~jg`dnjw`k njwun k`y gcjìlcjny gn wlnuu` | kcy väji~kcy gnk ynuvlilc* G~u`jwn nk òkwldc xnuäcgc gnk ylfkc _LLL+ nk ¡v`y`kk`bn -mcdnj`bnxnuycj`k, | nk ¡enjnolilc± -icjinylùj gn wlnuu`y, yn o~jglnucj knjw`dnjwn+ | nj nk



wu jyi~uyc gnk ylfkc L] nk ¡enjnolilc± yn `yldlkù xucfunylv`dnjwn+ ` y~ vnr+ `k¡mcjcu± -iùfc | b~ulygliilùj xòeklicy, 57* K`y icjinylcjny gn wlnuu` xcu kcy ycenu`jcygnbùcj gn ynu yldxkny unf`kcy xù` icjvnuwluyn nj wnjnjil`y icjglilcj`g`y+glyou~w`g`y ` i`delc gn ynuvlilcy g`gcy e`bc b~u`dnjwc+ | kcy iùfcy `gdljlywu`wlvcydày e`bcy wnjglnucj ` `xuc}ldùyn knf`kdnjwn ` nkk`y* ^j` ik`yn ycil`k gn v`yyl gcdljlil+ v`y`kkcy gluniwcy gnk ndxnu`gcu p~n unileä`j y~y enjnolilcy gnk xucxlcIùkcd`fjc+ yn gnyùuckkù `mcu` nj nk i`dxc+ ocud`jgc ~j` ik`yn wnuu`wnjlnjwn kci`knjwundnrik`g` icj k`y `~wculg`gny icjg`kny gnk Ldxnulc* Nywcy v`yyl un`kny o~nucjp~lnjny icjywlw~|nucj nk jòiknc gnk nbìuilwc iùckljflc+ kk`d`gc `ðc wu`y `ðc xù`xunywù y~y ynuvlilcy nj k`y icjwlj~`y i`dx`ð`y n}wu`jbnu`y gn Iùkcd`fjc* Xnuc nkylywnd` yn n}wnjglù d~imc dày `kkà gn k` gluniw` kn`kw`g `k ndxnu`gcu* Cwucy v`y`kkcynu`j wlw~kùny gn enjnolilcy gn xuäjilxny p~n+ ` y~ vnr+ nu`j v`y`kkcy gnk y~xundcycenu`jc* @k dlydc wlndxc+ k`y ¡ljd~jlg`gny± knf`kny ljlil`kdnjwn nyxniäoli`y gn k`Lfknyl` ‗n}njilcjny b~uägli`y gn kcy xnub~glil`kny iùglfcy fnudàjlicy icjinglg`y `xuljilxlcy gn k` Ng`g Cyi~u`‗ icdnjrùcj ` n}wnjgnuyn ` kcy f~nuunucy yni~kùny* @ xùwlu gn njwcjiny+ kcy v`y`kkcy gcw`gcy gn nyw`y ljd~jlg`gny nywè j ` y`kvc gn k`yljwnuonunjil y gn kcy icjgny nj y~y xucxlng`gny* Nk uny~kw`gc olj`k gn nyw` nvck~ilùjicjvnufnjwn o~n k` `xùlilùj gnk ¡on~gc±+ icdc icjinylùj gnknf`g` gn wlnuu`

ljvnywlg` icj xcgnuny b~uä$59 G* E~kkc~fm+Wmn `fn co Imùknd`fjn + Kcjguny+ 0<?>+ xx* 9>$?*57 K* M`kxmnj+Imùknd`fjn nw L“Ndxlun iùckljflnj + Xùäy+ 0<7<+ xàflj`y 0<=$58?+ 7=?$<91 Ec~wu~imn+Ynlfjn~uln nw oìcg`klwì + L+ xx* 0>8$<*

QXàf* 078T

glicy | xckäwlicy ` i`delc gnk ynuvlilc dlklwù* @xuc}ld`g`dnjwn nj k` dlyd` ìxci`+nk gnyùuckkc dlklwù gn ~j iè`kknuä` o~nuwndnjwn ùd`g` icjwule~|ù ` kìcjycklgìlùj gnk j~nvc väji~kc ljywlw~ilcj`k+ `~jp~n jc o~n gluniw`dnjwnunyxcjyèkn gn y~ `xùlilùj* W~vc p~n x`yù ~j ylfkc xù` p~n nk xknjc ylywnd` gnon~gcy yn dckgnù` | nimù` u`äiny nj Ciilgnjwn+ xnuc y~ xuldnu n ljicjo~jgleknjòiknc |` nu` vlylekn e`bc Iùkcd`fjc*

Dlnjwu`y w jwc+ k`y icjwlj~`y f~nuu`y gnk unlj`gc wnjglnucj ` gnfu`gùxucfunylv`dnjwn k` ylw~ìlùj gn k` d`|cuä` gn k` xcekìlùj u~u`k* K`y icjglilcjny gnki`dxnylj`gc kleun | f~nuunuc gn k` ycilng`g fnudàjli` wu`glilcj`k mèä`j ylgc kcygnyxk`r`dlnjwcy nj nk i~kwlvc gn wlnuu`y | ~j wlxc gn f~nuu` kci`k | nywìlcj`k*I~`jgc kcy `ynjw`dlnjwcy `fuäick`y yn nywèlklrùcj | k`y i`dx`ð`y dlklwùny ynmlilnucj dày `dxkl`y | xuckcjf`g`y+ k` e`yn d`wnul`k gn k` ~jlg`g ycil`k njwun k`f~nuu` | nk i~kwlvc yn p~neuù ljnvlwèkndnjwn* K` f~nuu` yn icjvluwlù nj k` knb`j`xunuucf`wlv` gn ~j` jceknr` dcjw`g`+ dlnjwu`y p~n ~j i`dxnylj`gc yngnjwùlcwuè`bè` nj i`y` xù` d`jwnjnu ~j ulwdc xnud`jnjwn gn i~kwlvc+ gnyùd`gc |iùf`gc icj k` xucvlylùj gn y~dljlywucy xù` kcy nbìuilwcy un`kny 5>* Nk uny~kw`gc o~n ~jgnwnulcuc fnjnu`k nj k` xcylilùj gn k` d`y` gn xcekìlùj `fuùl` |+ `yä+ w`delìj o~nnj nywn xnuäcgc i~`jgc wcdù ocud` k` iùìwnuäywli` ~jlg`g on~g`k gn xucg~iilùj+i~kwlv`g` xcu ~j i`dxnylj`gc gnxnjglnjwn* Nj k` xuàiwli`+ nk Ldxnulc iùckljflc o~n~j` rcj` wnuulwcul`k inuu`g`+ icj ~j icdnuilc n}wnulcu ljylfjloli`jwn+ ` xnyù gn y~youcjwnu`y gn kcy dùny Dnglwnuuàjnc | gnk Jcuwn+ | icj nyi`y` ilui~kìlùj dcjnwùl`*Y~ unyx~nyw` nicjùdli` `k `lyk`dlnjwc o~n nk gnyùuckkc gn ~j ylywnd` ynðcul`k* K`vlkk` gnk unlj`gc gn Iùkcd`fjc |` `jwlilxè` k` nywu~iw~u` gnk ynðcuäc gn icdlnjrcygn k` Ng`g Dngl`+ nywc ny+ ~j` fu`j olji` `~wàup~li` icdx~nyw` xcu k`y wlnuu`y gnkynðcu | ~j` d~kwlw~g gn xnp~nð`y xùink`y gn kcy i`dxnyljcy* K` n}wnjylùj gn nywcygcdljlcy jcelklùlcy c iknuli`kny nu` icj ouni~njil` d~| icjylgnuèkn+ gn =88 ` 0*?88 mniwàun`y* Gnelgc ` kcy xuldlwlvcy dìwcgcy gn i~kwlvc+ nk unjgldlnjwc `fuùlc nu`

d~| e`bc n ljik~yc k` xucxcuilùj 020 jc nu` nj èyck~wc gnyicjcilg`5?

* K` nyxniäoliùnynuv` ynðcul`k+ nkd`jy~y ljgcdljli`w~y + xcgä` èùiù p~lrà m`yw` ~j i~ùwc gnwcg` k` n}wnjylùj1



5> _ì`jyn k`y xnjnwu`jwny ceynuvìlcjny gn G~e|2 F~nuulnuy nw x`|y`jy + x* >>*5? B* Euc~yyù+Wmn ilvlklr`wlcj co Imùknd`fjn + Kcjguny+ 0<?=+ xx* >6$?81 G~e|+F~nuulnuy nw x`|y`jy + x*9=*

QXàf* 070T

nk unywc nu` i~kwlv`gc jcud`kdnjwn xcu kcy ynuvl c d`jilxl` `ynjw`gcy nj xnp~nðcy

¡d`jycy±* Nywcy ylnuvcy icjywlw~ä j k` fu`j d`y` gn k` d`jc gn ceu` u~u`kgnxnjglnjwn |+ `~jp~n y~ gnjcdljìlùj knf`k nu` wcg`vä` k` gn k` x`kèu` ucd`j`np~lv`knjwn ` ¡nyik`vc±+ y~ icjglilùj nywè` un`kdnjwn dày inui` gn k` gnk o~w~uc¡ylnuvc± dnglnv`k+ i`delc p~n p~ngù unflywu`gc xcu ~j gnyxk`r`dlnjwc yndàjwlic njnk ~yc gnk wìudljc ynuv~y nj nk ylfkc _LLL* Nknuf`yw~k~d |` mèä` gny`xùnilgc* Kcyd`jilxl` iùckljflcy nu`j fnjnu`kdnjwn o`dlkl`y i`dxnylj`y `gyiulw`y ` k` wlnuu` |ceklf`g`y ` njwunf`y nj nyxniln | ` k` xunywìlùj gn wuè`bc xnuycj`k ` y~y ynðcuny1n}ìilcjny p~n+ gn mnimc+ nu`j xuceèkndnjwn y~xnulcuny ` k`y gn kcy `jwlf~cyickcjcy f`kcuucd`jcy* K`y fu`jgny olji`y iùckljfl y xcgä`j icjwnjnu w`delìji`dxnyljcy ùunjg`wùlcy kleuny -nj kcy d`jyny ljfnj~lkny ,+ ceklf`gcy ` njwunf`y |xunywìlcjny+ xnuc ylj ~j` gnxnjgnjil ynuvlk1 xnuc ìywcy nu`j d~imc dnjcyicd~jny 56* Kc dày ouni~njwn nu` p~n kcy d`jilxl` o~nynj icdxkndnjw`gcy+ xù` nkwuè`bc nj k`y wlnuu`y gnk ynðcu+ icj wuè`b`gcuny `y`kùl`gcy | icj vnug`gnucynyik`vcy+ p~n nj dcgc `kf~jc mèä`j gny`xùnilgc wcg`vä`* G`g` k` `delf~`wnudljckcfä` gn k` ìxci`+ ny ldxcylekn olbù icj `kf~j` n}ìwlw~g nk vck~dnj gn k`

vnug`gnu` d`jc gn ceu` nyik`v` nj k` N~ucx` iùckljfl`+ xnuc yn m` i`ki~k`gc njwun~j 08 | ~j 58 xcu ilnjwc gn k` xcekìlùj u~u`k 5=* Nk ylywnd` gn vlkk`n jc ylfjloli`+j`w~u`kdnjwn+ p~n k` xucxlng`g gn k` wlnuu` yn m~elnu` mnimc n}ik~ylv`dnjwnùlywciuàwli`* Njwun k`y fu jgny n}wnjylcjny gn kcy gcdljlcy ynðcul`kny wcg`vä`y~eylywä`j xnp~nð`y xùink`y `kcgl`kny xcynäg`y | i~kwlv`g`y xcu i`dxnyljcy kleuny- x`fnjyny c dnglciuny ,* Y~ i`jwlg`g unk`wlv` wcg`vä` jc m` ylgc gnwnudlj`g`+ `~jp~nnywà ikùc p~n nj kcy xuldnucy `ðcy gn Iùkcd`fjc ~j` xùwn `xunilèkn gn k`xcekìlùj i`dxnylj` yn ylw~è` xcu njild` gn k` icjglilùj gn ynuvlg~deun* Xnuc+ `xùwlu gn njwcjiny+ k`y unkìlcjny u~u`kny eàyli`y gn xucg~iilùj gn ~j` j~nv` nu` ynldxk`jwùcj gn ocud` xucfunylv`*

@ k` d~nuwn gn Iùkcd`fjc+ k`y ljywlw~ilcjny o~jg`dnjw`kny gnk on~g`klydc |`nywè`j xunynjwny e`bc k` eùvng` gn ~j Ld$56 U*$M* E`~wlnu+Wmn nicjcdli gnvnkcxdnjw co dngl`nv`k N~ucxn + Kcjguny+ 0<60+ xx* 77$>*5= Ec~wu~imn+Ynlfjn~uln nw oìcg`klwì + L+ xx* 098$01 vì`yn w`delìj nk `jàklyly gn G~e|+ F~nuulnuy nw

x`|y`jy + xx* 088$9+ M`| ~j e~nj `jàklyly gnk i`delc fnjnu`k n}xnuldnjw`gc nj k` Ou`jil` iùckljfl`njwun k` nyik`vlw~g | k` ynuvlg~deun icdc nyw`w~y knf`k nj I* _nukljgnj+ K“nyik`v`fn g`jy k“N~ucxn dìglìv`kn + L+ xx* 699$76*

QXàf* 075T

xnulc yn~gcuucd`jc injwu`klr`gc* Gn mnimc+ d~| xucjwc yn mlrc nvlgnjwn p~n kùàxlg` n}x`jylùj gn enjnolilcy+ | y~ iunilnjwn icjglilùj mnunglwùl`+ wnjgä` ` yci`vùnk xny`gc `xù`wc gn Nyw`gc iùckljflc+ i~|c `delilcyc iunildlnjwc j~ji` mèäìcuunyxcjglgc ` y~ vnug`gnu` i`xìlg`g gn ljwnfuìlùj `gdljlywu`wlv`+ gnelgc `kjlvnk n}wund`g`dnjwn e`bc gn k`y o~nur`y xucg~iwlv`y nj kcy ylfkcy _LLL | L]* K`~jlg`g ljwnuj` gnk Ldxnulc yn m~jglù d~| xucjwc njwun k`y f~nuu`y ilvlkny gljàywli`y

| k` iunilnjwn unflcj`klrìlùj gn k`y ik`yny gn kcy d`fj`wny p~n `jwny kc mèä`jd`jwnjlgc ~jlgc* @ nywc ylf~lù ~j` xuniùl` glvlylùj wulxùwlw` gn Ciilgnjwn* Kcyy`kv`bny n ljnyxnu`gcy `w`p~ny n}wnulcuny+ xucingnjwny gn wcgcy kcy x~jwcyiùglj kny+ xcu dù | wlnuu`+ un`klr gcy xcu kcy ljv`ycuny vlaljfcy+ yùuìnjcy |d`flùny+ x~kvnulrùcj njwcjiny wcgc nk ylywnd` xù`ldxnul`k gn fcelnujc icjg`k p~n

wcg`vä` p~ngè` nj xln* Jc mèä` jljfòj nbìuilwc c ùd`g` xnud`jnjwn p~n x~glnuùnylywlu nycy `y`kwcy1 k` iè`kknuä` ou`ji` nu` knjw` | wcuxn gn dcvldlnjwcy1 k` okcu |j`w` lgnckùfli` gn k` ùlywciuìl` iùckljfl` mèä` xnunilgc nj k`y f~nuu`y ilvlkny* K`nywu~iw~u` xckäwli` injwu`klr`g`+ p~n Iùkcd`fjc mèä` knf`gc+ yn gnuu~deù* Nj nk



`ðc =>8+ xuàiwli`dnjwn wcgcy kcy enjnolilcy nu`j mnunglwùlcy nj wcg`y xùwny1 nj nk=68 |` yn mèä`j gnyv`jnilgc kcy òkwldcy dlyyl gcdljlil 1 nj k` gìi`g` gn ==8+ kcyv`yyl gcdljlil mèä`j gnulv`gc nj xcwnjw`gcy kci`kny1 nj k` gn =<8 kcy icjgny ynmèä`j icjvnuwlgc un`kdnjwn nj ynðcuny unflcj`kny mnunglwùlcy 5<* Nj k`y òkwld`ygìi`g`y gnk ylfkc L]+ ` dnglg` p~n k`y e`jg`y vlaljf`y | d`flùny `yckè`j k`ywlnuu`y gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k+ o~n i~`jgc icdnjrù ` ~wlklrùyn xcu vnr xuldnu` nkwìudljc on~g~d + k` vnug`gnu` x`kèu` dnglnv`k xù` gnylfjù nk ¡on~gc±* W`delìjo~n njwcjiny i~`jgc nyxnil`kdnjwn nk i`dxc gn Ou`jil` yn vlc y~ui`gc gn i`ywlkkcy |ocuwloli ilcjny xulv`gcy+ nulflgcy xcu ynðcuny u~u`kny ylj jljf~j` `~wculrìlùjldxnul`k+ icj cebnwc gn unylywlu kcy j~nvcy `w`p~ny eàueùcy | òljiù y~ xcgnuäckci`k* Xù` k` xcekìlùj u~u`k nywn j~nvc x`ly`bn kknjc gn i`ywlkkcy nu` w`jwc ~j`xucwniilùj icdc ~j` xulylùj* Nk i`dxnylj`gc+ p~n |` mèä` i`ägc nj ~j` iunilnjwny~bnilùj g~u`jwn kcy òkwldcy `ðcy gnk fcelnujc gn Iùkcd`fjc+ gnokìlcjlyw`y |gnyfùu`gcy xcu k` f~nuu`+ o~n `mcu`5< Ec~yyùg+ Wmn ilvlklr`wlcj co Imùknd`fjn + xx* 556$<1 K* D~yynw+Kny ljv`ylcjy* Kny ynicjg `yy`~w icjwun k“N~ucxn imuìwlnjjn + X uäy+ 0<?>+ xàflj`y 0>=$?> QK`y ljv`ylcjny* Nk ynf~jgc `y`kwc icjwu` k` N~ucx` iulywl`j` + Eùinkcj`+ Kècu+ 0<?=T*

QXàf* 079Tgnoljlwlv`dnjwn ùucb`gc ` ~j icjglilùj gn ynuvlg~deun fnjnu`klr`g`* Nkòlji`dlnjwc gn kcy wcjnkny | wnuu`wnjlnjwny kci`kny nj k`y xucvljil`y xcu dnglc gnkjìlnjwn ylywnd` gn on~gcy | k` icjycklgìlùj gn y~y gcdljlcy | gn y~ ynðcuäc yceunnk i`dxnylj`gc ynuä`j kcy ildlnjwcy gnk on~g`klydc p~n knjw`dnjwn yn ycklgloliù xcuwcg` N~ucx` nj kcy gcy ylfkcy ylf~lnjwny*

QXàf* 07>T

YNF^JG@ X@UWN

L* NÛCX@ CIILGNJW@KQXàf* 076T

0* NK DCGC GN XUCGÎILÙJ ON^G@K

Nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj on~g`k p~n `xùnilù nj N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k yn iùìwnulrè`xcu ~j` ~jlg`g icdxknb`* Icj ouni~njil`+ k`y gnoljlilcjny wu`glilcj`kny gnkon~g`klydc m`j g`gc i~njw` gn nywn mnimc yùkc xùil`kdnjwn+ icj nk uny~kw`gc gn p~nny gloäilk un`klrù ~j `jàklyly gn k` gljàdli` gnk gnyùuckkc on~g`k* Nk on~g`klydc o~n~j dcgc gn xucg~iilùj gcdlj`gc xcu k` wlnuu` | xcu k` nicjcdä` j`w~u`k+ nj nk p~n jlnk wuè`bc jl kcy xucg~iwcy gnk wuè`bc nu`j dnui`jiä`y* Nk xucg~iwcu ljdngl`wc ‗nki`dxnyljc‗ nywè` ~jlgc ` kcy dnglcy gn xucg~iilùj ‗k` wlnuu`‗ xcu ~j` unkìlùjycil`k nyxniäoli`* K` oùud~k` klwnu`k gn nyw` unkìlùj k` xucxcuilcj` k` gnoljlilùj knf`kgn k` ynuvlg~deun2 fkne`n gyiulxwl + c `gyiulwcy ` k` wlnuu`1 nywc ny+ kcy ylnuvcy wnjä`j~j` dcvlklg`g b~uägli`dnjwn kldlw`g` 0* Kcy i`dxnyljcy p~n ci~xè`j | i~kwlvè`j k`wlnuu` jc nu`j y~y xucxlnwùlcy* K` xucxlng`g `fuäick` nywè` icjwuck`g`xulv`g`dnjwn xcu ~j` ik`yn gn ynðcuny on~g`kny+ p~n n}wu`ä`j ~j xk~yxucg~iwc gnki`dxnylj`gc xcu dnglc gn unkìlcjny gn icdx~kylùj xckäwlic$knf`kny* Nyw` icnuilùjn}wu`nicjùdli`+ p~n wcdè` k` ocud` gn xunywìlcjny gn wuè`bc+ unjw`y nj nyxniln ~ceklfìlcjny icjy~nw~gljùl`y gnk i`dxnyljc mìl` nk ynðcu+ yn nbnuiä` w`jwc nj kùnynuv` ynðcul`k+ vlji~k`g` gluniw`dnjwn ` k` xnuycj` gnk ynðcu+ icdc nj k`ywnjnjil`y c xùink`y i~kwlv`g`y xcu nk i`dxnyljc* Y~ uny~kw`gc jninyùlc nu` ~j``d`kf`d` b~uägli` gn n}xkcwìlùj nicjùdli` icj `~wculg`g xckäwli`* Nk i`dxnyljcnywè` y~bnwc ` k` b~ulygliilùj gn y~ ynðcu* @k dlydc wlndxc+ kcy gnunimcy gnxucxlng`g gnk ynðcu yceun y~



0 Iucjckùfli`dnjwn+ nyw` gnoljlilùj knf`k `xùnilù d~imc gnyx~ìy gnk onjùdnjc oàiwlic p~n gnylfjè`*O~n ~j` gnoljlilùj ljvnjw`g` xcu kcy b~ulyw`y gnk Gnunimc ucd`jc nj kcy ylfkcy ]L | ]LL | xcx~kùlr`g` njnk ylfkc ]L_* _ì`yn Dùi Ekcim+ Kny imùìwíuny culflj`~} gn k“mlywclun u~u`kn ou`jæ`lyn + Xùäy+ 0<>5+ xx*=<$<8 QK` mlywcul` u~u`k ou`jiny`2 iùìwnuny culflj`kny + Eùinkcj`+ Iuäwli`+ 0<6=T* Njicjwuùndcyunxnwlgcy nbndxkcy gn nywn unwu`yc nj k` icgloliìlùj b~uägli` gn k`y unkìlcjny nicjùdli`y | ycil`kny*

QXàf* 07=T

wlnuu` nu`j jcud`kdnjwn yùkc gn fu`gc2 nk ynðcu unileä` k` ljvnywlg~u` gn y~ygnunimcy gn cwuc jcekn -c jcekny, y~xnulcu+ ` p~lnj wnjä` p~n xunywù ynuvlilcy gniè`kknuä`+ nywc ny+ xucvlylùj gn ~j` `|~g` dlklwù noli`r nj wlndxc gn f~nuu`* Njcwu`y x`kèu`y+ unileä` y~y wlnuu`y nj i`klg`g gn on~gc* @ y~ vnr+ nk ynðcu klflc nuòuni~njwndnjwn v`y`kkc gn ~j y~xnulcu on~g`k 5+ | k` i`gnj gn ny`y wnjnjil ygnxnjglnjwny vlji~k`g`y `k ynuvlilc dlklwù yn n}wnjgä` mìl` ùule` m`yw` kknfù `kx~jwc dày `kwc gnk ylywnd` ‗nj k` d`|cuä` gn kcy i`ycy+ ~j dcjùi ‗+ gn p~lnj+ njòkwld` ljyw`jil`+ wcg` k` wlnuu` xcgä` ynu nj xuljilxlc gcdljlc ndljnjwn* @ icdlnjrcygn k` ìxci` dnglnv`k+ kcy väji~kcy ljwnudnglcy iùìwnuäywlicy gn ny` bnuùp~ä` on~g`k+njwun nk yldxkn ynðcuäc | k` dcjùp~ä` ycenu`j`+ nu`j k` i`ywnkk`jä`+ k` eùcjä`+ nkicjg`gc | nk xuljilx`gc* K` icjyni~njil` gn w`k ylywnd` nu` p~n k` ycenu`jä` xckäwli`

j~ji` yn `ynjwè` nj ~j yckc injwuc* K`y o~jilcjny gnk Nyw`gc yn gnyljwnfuè`j nj~j` glywule~ilùj vnuwli`k gn ùule` è`bc+ xunily`dnjwn nj i`g` ~jc gn kcy jlvnkny njp~n yn ljwnfuè`j xcu cwu` xùwn k`y unk ilcjny xckäwli`y | nicjùdli`y* Nyw`xùinkìlùj gn k` ycenu`jä` nu` icjy~yw`jil`k ` wcgc nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj on~g`k*

Gn `mä yn gnulvùcj wuny iùìwnuäywli`y nywu~iw~u`kny gnk on~g`klydc ciilgnjw`k+ wcg`ynkk`y gn ~j` ldxcuw jil` o~jg`dnjw`k xù` y~ gljàdli`* Nj xuldnu k~fù+ k`y~xnuvlvnjil gn k`y wlnuu`y icd~j`kny gn k`y `kgn`y | gn kcy `kcglcy gn kcyi`dxnyljcy+ kcy i~`kny+ xucingnjwny gn kcy dcgcy gn xucg~iilùj xunon~g`kny+ `~jp~njc fnjnu`gcy xcu nk on~g`klydc w`dxcic nu`j ljicdx`wlekny icj ìk* K` glvlylùj on~g`kgn ycenu`jä`y nj rcj y xùwli~kùlyw`y icj oucjwnu`y y~xnux~nyw`y+ | ylj jljfòjinjwuc gn icdxnwnjil` ~jlvnuy`k+ ylndxun xnudlwä` k` n}lywnjil` gn njwlg`gny

icuxcu`wlv`y ¡`kùfnj`y± nj y~y ljwnuywlilcy* \ `yä+ `~jp~n k` ik`yn on~g`k ljwnjwù` gn vnr nj i~`jgc ldxcjnu k` jcud` gn j~kkn wnuun y`jy ynlfjn~u + nj k` xuàiwli` j~ji` kcicjylf~lù nj jljf~j` ocudìlùj ycil`k on~g`k2 k`y wlnuu`y icd~j`kny ‗gnmny`y+xu`gcy | ecyp~ny‗ | kcy `kcglcy glyxnuycy ylndxun o~nucj ~j yniwcu ldxcuw`jwn gn k``~wcjcdä` | k` un$5 Nk mcdnj`bn klflc nu` wìijli`dnjwn ~j` ocud` gn mcdnj`bn p~n wnjä` xuldìä` yceun wcgcy kcy gndàynj `p~nkkcy i`ycy nj p~n ~j v`y`kkc gnelnu` olgnklg`g ` d~imcy ynðcuny* Nj k` xuàiwli`+ ylj ndeùfc+ kcyynðcuny klflcy yn mlilnucj d~| xucjwc yljùjldcy gn i~`kp~lnu y~xnulcu on~g`k+ | nk mcdnj`bn klflc xnuglùy~ xuldlfnjl | nyxniäoli` glywljilùj+ Dùi Ekcim+ On~g`k ycilnw| + Kcjguny+ 0<?5+ xx* 507$0= QK` ycilng`g on~g`k + Dì}lic+ WNM@+ 0<>=T*

QXàf* 07<T

ylywnjil` i`dxnylj`y+ icj gnilylv`y icjyni~njil`y xù` k` xucg~iwlvlg`g `fuùl`wcw`k9* @gndày+ gnjwuc gnk dlydc ylywnd` ynðcul`k+ k` nywu~iw~u` nyi`kcj`g` gn k`xucxlng`g p~ngè` n}xuny`g` nj k` iùìwnuäywli` glvlylùj gn k`y+ wlnuu`y njwun nkgcdljlc gnk ynðcu+ cuf`jlr`gc gluniw`dnjwn xcu y~y `gdljlywu`gcuny | i~kwlv`gc xcuy~y vlkk`jcy+ | k`y xùink`y gn kcy i`dxnyljcy+ gn k`y p~n unileä` ~j xk~yxucg~iwcicdxkndnjwùlc+ xnuc i~|` cuf`jlrìlùj | icjwuck gn k` xucg~iilùj nywè` nj d`jcygn kcy xucxlcy vlkk`jcy 7* @yä x~ny+ jc n}lywä` ~j` icjinjwuìlùj ynjilkk` | mculrcjw`kgn k`y gcy ik`yny eàyli`y gn k` nicjcdä` u~u`k nj ~j` yck` | mcdcfìjn` ocud` gnxucxlng`g* Gnjwuc gnk ynðcuäc+ k`y unkìlcjny gn xucg~iilùj nywè`j dngl`g`y `wu`vìy gn ~j nyw`w~wc `fuùlc g~`k* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ n}lywä` ` dnj~gc ~j` j~nv`gly|~jilùj njwun k` b~ywlil` ` k` p~n nywè`j ycdnwlgcy kcy ylnuvcy nj kcy wule~j`knyynðcul`kny Qd`jcul`k T gn y~ ynðcu | k`y b~ulygliilcjny ynðcul`kny Q ynlfjn~ul`k T gnkynðcuäc wnuulwcul`k* Kcy ynðcuäcy jc icljilgä`j jcud`kdnjwn icj i`g` `kgn`+ yljc p~nnywè`j glywule~lgcy njwun vùl`y gn ìyw`y1 gn `mä p~n+ ` k` ljvnuy`+ nj i~`kp~lnu `kgn`



nyw~vlnu`j njwundnrik`gcy ~j` d~kwlw~g gn gcdljlcy ynðcul`kny gn glonunjwnyynðcuny* Xcu njild` gn nywn njdù`ð`gc kènuljwc b~$9 Njfnky ylndxun y~eu`|ù icuuniw`dnjwn k`y icjyni~njil`y ycil`kny gn k`y icd~jlg`gny gn `kgn`+ljwnfu`g`y xcu k`y wlnuu`y icd~j`kny | nk ylywnd` gn ucwìlùj wulnj`k+ xù` k` icjglilùj gnk i`dxnylj`gcdnglnv`k* Nywc o~n+ òludù nj Nk culfnj gn k` o`dlkl`+ k` xucxlng`g xulv`g` | nk Nyw`gc + kc p~n glc ¡` kìk`yn cxuldlg` gn kcy i`dxnyljcy+ m`yw` e`bc k` dày iu~nk ynuvlg~deun gn k` Ng`g Dngl`+ ~j` icmnylùjkci`k | ~j` o~nur` gn unylywnjil` p~n jc w~vlnucj ` y~ glyxcylilùj kcy nyik`vcy gn k` @jwlfûng`g | jcwlnjn nk xucknwùl`gc dcgnujc±+ Dù}$Njfnky+ Ynkniwng cuay + Kcjguny+ 0<?=+ x* >6> QCeu`y nyicflg`y +D`gulg+ @a`k+ 0<6>+ LL+ xàflj`y 959$7T* E`yàjgcyn nj k` ceu` gnk mlywcul`gcu `kndàj D`~unu+ Njfnkyiunä` np~lvci`g`dnjwn p~n ny`y icd~jlg`gny+ i~|c culfnj undcjwè` m`yw` kcy icdlnjrcy gn k` Ng`gCyi~u`+ nu`j ¡`ycilìlcjny gn dùi`y± i~`jgc+ nj un`klg`g+ ìyw`y o~nucj ~j` ljjcvìlùj gn olj`kny gn k`Ng`g Dngl`+ p~n `xùnilnucj xcu vnr xuldnu` nj nk ylfkc ]L_* Xnuc nywn nuucu jc òniw` ` kc nynjil`k gny~ uf~dnjwc*7 Kcy ynðcuäcy dnglnv`kny w~vlnucj ~j` nywu~iw~u` vùlèkn ynfòj nk np~lkleulc unk`wlvc p~n nj nkkcyn}lywlù njwun nycy gcy icdxcjnjwny* Nj ~j n}wundc mèä` Q~j`y xci`yT olji`y icjy`fu`g`y xcu icdxknwc` k` unynuv` ynðcul`k+ w`kny icdc k`y ¡ fu`jfny ± ilywnuilnjyny i~kwlv`g`y xcu knfcy1 nj nk cwuc n}wundcmèä` w`delìj `kf~j`y olji`y ùunjg`g`y xcu icdxknwc ` i`dxnyljcy ùunjg`wùlcy* Xnuc nk wlxc dàyn}wnjglgc o~n ylndxun ~j` icdeljìlùj gn gcdljlc ynðcul`k | wnjnjil`y nj glvnuy`y xucxcuilcjny2 ¡Nywìcdxcylilùj elk`wnu`k gnk ynðcuäc | gn y~y unjw`y ylndxun o~n k` vnug`gnu` jcw` glywljwlv` gnk ynðcuäcwäxlic±+ D* D* Xcyw`j+Wmn dngl`nv`k nicjcd| `jg ycilnw| + Kcjguny+ 0<65+ xx* =<$<7*

QXàf* 0>8T

uäglic yn ylw~è` jcud`kdnjwn k` m`~wn b~ywlin gn kcy ynðcuäcy wnuulwcul`kny+ i~|` rcj`gn icdxnwnjil` nu` fncfuàoli` | jc icuunyxcjglnjwn ` kcy gcdljlcy >* K` ik`yni`dxnylj` gn k` p~n yn n}wu`ä` nk xk~yxucg~iwc nj nywn ylywnd` mèlwè`+ x~ny+ ~jd~jgc ycil`k gn xunwnjylcjny | xcgnuny y~xnux~nywcy+ i~|`y glvnuy`y | xk~u`kny¡ljyw`jil`y± gn n}xkcwìlùj iunè`j k`wnjwny ljwnuywlilcy | glyiunx`jil`y+ ldxcyleknynj ~j ylywnd` b~uäglic | nicjùdlic dày ~jloli`gc* K` icn}lywnjil` gn k`y wlnuu`yicd~j`kny+ `kcglcy | xùink`y+ icj nk xucxlc gcdljlc ynðcul`k+ nu` icjywlw~wlv` gnkdcgc gn xucg~iilùj on~g`k nj N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k | w~vc icjyni~njil`yo~jg`dnjw`kny xù` y~ gnyùuckkc*

Nj ynf~jgc k~fù+ n ljik~yc dày ldxcuw`jwn p~n kc `jwnulcu+ k` xùinkìlùj gnycenu`jä`y xucg~bc nj N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k nk onjùdnjc gn k` il~g`g dnglnv`k* ^j` vnrdày+ k` fìjnyly gn k` xucg~iilùj dnui`jwlk ~ue`j` jc gnen ylw~ùyn gnjwuc gnkon~g`klydc icdc w`k+ xcup~n nvlgnjwndnjwn ny `jwnulcu ` ìk* Ylj ndeùfc+ nk dcgc gnxucg~iilùj on~g`k o~n nk xuldnuc p~n kn xnudlwlù ~j gnyùuckkc ~wùjcdc nj nk dùicgn ~j` nicjcdä` j`w~u`k `fuùl`* Nk mnimc gn p~n k`y d`|cuny il~g`gny dnglnv`knyj~ji` x~glnu`j ulv`klrù nj d`fjlw~g icj k`y gn kcy ldxnulcy gn k` @jwlfûng`g+ c gn

@yl`+ m` ci~kw`gc ouni~njwndnjwn k` vnug`g gn p~n y~ o~jilùj gnjwuc gn k` ocudìlùjycil`k nu` d~imc dày `v`jr`g`* Nj nk Ldxnulc ucd`jc+ icj y~ nkècu`g` ilvlklrìlùj~ue`j`+ k`y il~g`gny nywè`j y~ecuglj`g`y `k gcdljlc gn kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny jceknyp~n vlvä`j nj nkk`y+ xnuc jc gn nkk`y* Nj Imlj`+ k`y v`yw`y `fkcdnuìlcjny gn k`y

xucvljil`y nywè`j icjwuck`g`y xcu kcy e~uùiu`w`y d`jgùljny p~n unylgä`j nj ~jglywulwc nyxnil`k ynxù`gc gn wcg` ìwlvlg`g icdnuil`k* Xcu nk icjwuùlc+ k`yxù`glfdàwli`y il~g`gny dnglnv`kny gn N~ucx`+ p~n nbnuiä j nk icdnuilc | k`d`j~oìw~u`+ nu j icd~j`y `~wcfcenuj`g`y+ p~n fcrè`j gn ~j `~wcjcdäìcuxcu`wlv`+ xckäwli` | dlklwù unyxniwc ` k` jceknr` | ` k` Lfknyl`* Dù} vlc nyw`glonunjil` icj wcg` ikùlg`g | k` n}xunyù gn ocud` dndcuèkn2 ¡K` mlywcul` `jwlf~ìkàyli` ny mlywcul` ~ue`j`+ xnuc gn il~g`gny e`y`g`y yceun k` xucxlng`g gn k` wlnuu` |k`> M`| ~j n}inknjwn `jàklyly gn kcy u`yfcy eàylicy gn nywn ylywnd` nj E* M* Yklimnu v`j E`wm+ Wmn `fuùl`j mlywcu| co Vnywnuj N~ucxn + Kcjguny+ 0<?9+ xx* 7?$>0 QMlywcul` `fuùl` gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k + Eùinkcj`+Xnjäjy~k + 0<67T* Gcjgn jc mèä` ynðcuäcy wnuulwcul`kny+ icdc nj k` d`|cu xùwn gn Ljfk`wnuu`+ kcyglvnuycy ynðcuäcy p~n n}lywä`j gnjwuc gn ~j` dlyd` `kgn` gè`j ` k` icd~jlg`g i`dxnylj` ~j dùfnjicjylgnuèkn xù` y~ ~wcuunf~kìlùj1 vì`yn Xcyw`j+ Wmn dngl`nv`k nicjcd| `jg ycilnw| + x* 006*

QXàf* 0>0T



`fuli~kw~u`1 k` mlywcul` `ylàwli` ny ~j` nyxniln gn ~jlg`g ljglonunjwn gn il~g`g |i`dxc -nj nywn i`yc+ k`y il~g`gny vnug`gnu`dnjwn fu`jgny gnenj ynu icjylgnu`g`ydnu`dnjwn icdc i`dx`dnjwc ynðcul`k+ icdc ~j` y~xnuxcylilùj yceun k` nywu~iw~u`xucxl`dnjwn nicjùdli`,1 k` Ng`g Dngl` -ìxci` fnudàjli`, y~ufn gn k` wlnuu` icdcyngn gn k` mlywcul`+ mlywcul` i~|c gnyùuckkc xcywnulcu yn icjvlnuwn k~nfc nj ~jìcjwu`xcylilùj njwun il~g`g | i`dxc1 k` Qmlywcul`T dcgnuj` ny ~ue`jlrìlùj gnki`dxc+ jc+ icdc njwun kcy `jwlf~cy+ u~u`klrìlùj gn k` il~g`g± ?* @yä x~ny+ k`cxcylilùj gljàdli` njwun il~g`g | i`dxc yùkc o~n xcylekn nj nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùjon~g`k2 cxcylilùj njwun ~j` nicjcdä` ~ue`j` gn iunilnjwn ljwnui`delc dnui`jwlk+icjwuck`g` xcu dnui`gnuny | cuf`jlr`g` nj fundlcy | icuxcuìlcjny+ | ~j` nicjcdäù~u`k gn ljwnui`delc j`w~u`k+ icjwuck`g` xcu jcekny | cuf`jlr`g` nj ynðcuäcy |xùink`y+ icj njik`vny i`dxnyljcy icd~j`kny n ljglvlg~`kny* Jc ny xunilyc gnilu p~nk` xunxcjgnu`jil` gn nyw` òkwld` nu` njcudn2 nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj on~g`k o~n`xk`yw`jwndnjwn `fuäick`* Xnuc y~y kn|ny gn dcvldlnjwc+ icdc vnundcy+ nywè`junflg`y xcu k` icdxknb` ~jlg`g gn y~y glonunjwny rcj`y | jc xcu nk yldxkn xungcdljlcgnk ynðcuäc*

Xcu òkwldc+ nj nk vìuwlin gn wcg` k` bnuùp~ä` gn gnxnjgnjil`y on~g`kny ylndxun m~ec

~j` cyilkìlùj | ~j` `delfûng`g ljwuäjyni`y* K` ¡iòyxlgn± gn k` i`gnj` nu` nj`kf~jcy `yxniwcy ldxcuw`jwny y~ nykèùj dày gìelk* Nj xuljilxlc+ nk dày `kwc jlvnk gnk` bnuùp~ä` on~g`k nj i~`kp~lnu wnuulwculc gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k nu` jninyùl`dnjwnglywljwc+ jc nj nyxniln+ yljc yùkc nj fu`gc+ gn kcy jlvnkny y~ecuglj`gcy gn ynðcuäcyylw~`gcy xcu gne`bc gn ìk* Glimc gn cwu` ocud`+ nk dcjùi` nu` ~j ycenu`jc on~g`k gny~y v`y`kkcy+ ` p~lnjny nywè` klf`gc xcu väji~kcy uniäxucicy gn olgnklg`g+ | jc ~jycenu`jc y~xundc ylw~`gc xcu njild` gn y~y yòeglwcy* Y~y uni~uycy nicjùdlicyunylgä`j i`yl n}ik~ylv`dnjwn nj y~y gcdljlcy xnuycj`kny icdc ynðcu+ | y~y kk`d`g`y` y~y v`y`kkcy wnjä`j ~j` j`w~u`knr` nynjil`kdnjwn dlklwù* Jc wnjä` ìinyc xckäwlicgluniwc `k icjb~jwc gn k` xcekìlùj+ |` p~n k` b~ulygliilùj yceun ìyw` nywè`dngl`wlr`g` xcu ljj~dnuèkny jlvnkny gn y~eljon~gìlùj* Nk dcjùi`+ nj noniwc+ yùkcnu` ynðcu gn y~y xucxlcy gcdljlcy1 nj nk unywc nu` nj fu`j dnglg` ~j` olf~uìnundcjl`k* Nk dcgnkc x~uc gn nywn ylywnd`+ nj nk p~n nk xcgnu xckäwlic nywè`nywu`wloli`gc mìl` è`bc gn w`k ocud` p~n? Aùk Dù}+ Xun$i`xlw`klyw ocud`wlcjy + Kcjguny+ 0<?7+ xx* 66$= QNkndnjwcy o~jg`dnjw`kny xù` k` iuäwli` gn k` nicjcdä` xckäwli` + D`gulg+ Ylfkc ]]L+ 0<65+ L+ x* 775T*

QXàf* 0>5T

y~ ild` jc icjynuvè` jljf~j` `~wculg`g i~`klw`wlv`dnjwn glywljw` jlxknjlxcwnjilùl`+ j~ji` n}lywlù un`kdnjwn nj k` N~ucx` dnglnv`k 6+ xcup~n k` o`kw` gn~j dni`jlydc un`kdnjwn ljwnfu`gcu nj kc dày `kwc gnk ylywnd` on~g`k+ n}lflgc xcunywn wlxc gn ylywnd` xckäwlic+ y~xcjä` ~j` `dnj`r` xnud`jnjwn ` y~ nywèlklg`g |

y~xnuvlvnjil * ^j` ou`fdnjwìlùj icdxknw` gn k` ycenu`jä` nu` ljicdx`wlekn icj k`~jlg`g gn ik`yn gn k` xucxl` jceknr`+ xcup~n k` `jùp~ä` xcwnjil`k p~n ldxkliè`y~xcjä` jninyùl`dnjwn k` glykciìlùj gn wcgc nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nj nk p~n yne`yè`j y~y xulvlknflcy* Mèä`+ x~ny+ ~j` icjwu`gliilùj ljwnuj` nj nk on~g`klydcnjwun y~ nyxniäoli` | xcgnucy` wnjgnjil` mìl` ~j` gnyicdxcylilùj gn k` ycenu`jä` |k`y n}lfnjil`y èyck~w`y gn ~j injwuc olj`k gn `~wculg`g nj nk p~n x~glnu` wnjnu k~fù~j` unicdxcylilùj xuàiwli`* Nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj on~g`k gn Ciilgnjwn nyxniloliù+x~ny+ gnygn y~ culfnj+ k` ycenu`jä`2 m`yw` ilnuwc x~jwc+ ìyw` n}lywlù ylndxun nj ~jàdelwc lgnckùflic | b~uäglic ylw~`gc dày `kkà gnk gn `p~nkk`y unkìlcjny v`y`kkàwli`yi~|` iòyxlgn xcgä`j ynu kcy xcwnjw`gcy g~i`kny c icjg`kny | xcynä` ~jcy gnunimcy `kcy p~n ìywcy òkwldcy jc xcgä`j `yxluù* @k dlydc wlndxc+ nk vnug`gnuc xcgnu un`kylndxun wnjä` p~n òludùyn | n}wnjgnuyn icjwu` k` glyxcylilùj nyxcjwàjn` gnkicjb~jwc gnk ylywnd` xckäwlic on~g`k+ nj ~j` k~im` icjyw`jwn xù` nywèkninu ~j``~wculg`g ¡xòekli`± o~nu` gnk icdxìwc njwu`d`gc gn k`y b~ulygliilcjny xulv`g`y* Nkdcgc gn xucg~iilùj on~g`k gn Ciilgnjwn yn iùìwnulrù+ x~ny+ gnygn y~ culfnj | nj



y~ dlyd` nywu~iw~u` xcu ~j` wnjylùj | icjwu`gliilùj gljàdli`y gnjwuc gnk Nyw`gcinjwuäo~fc p~n xucg~bc | unxucg~bc cufàjli`dnjwn*6 Nk Nyw`gc gn kcy iu~r`gcy nj Xuù}ldc Culnjwn yn m` icjylgnu`gc icj ouni~njil` icdc nk dày inui`jc `~j` xnuoniw` icjywlw~ilùj on~g`k* K`y icjywu~iilcjny ~kwu`dùlj`y gnk on~g`klydc n~ucxnc yn iunùcj n} jlmlkc nj ~j dnglc n}wu`ðc | `y~dlnucj+ xcu w`jwc+ ~j` ocud` b~uägli` n}inxilcj`kdnjwn ylywndàwli`*Njfnky+ njwun cwucy+ y~eu`|ù ny` yljf~kùlg`g2 ¡³Ny p~n nk on~g`klydc icuunyxcjglù ` y~ icjinxwc3O~jg`gc nj nk unljc gn kcy ou`jicy ciilgnjw`kny+ xnuoniilcj`gc nj Jcud`jgä` xcu kcy icjp~lyw`gcunyjcu~nfcy+ icjwlj~`g` y~ ocudìlùj xcu kcy jcud`jgcy ou`jinyny nj Ljfk`wnuu` | nj Lw`kl` dnulglcj`k+ yn`xuc}ldù dày ` y~ icjinxwc nj Bnu~y`kìj+ nj nk unljc gn ~j gä`+ p~n nj k`y @yylyny gn Bnu~y`knd Qiùglfcgn Fcgcoungc gn Ec~lkkcj xù` nk unljc gn Bnu~y`kìj nj nk ylfkc ]L* J* gnk N*T gnbù k` dày ikàyli`n}xunylùj gnk cugnj on~g`k±+ Dù}$Njfnky+ Ynkniwng icuunyxcjgnjin + Dcyiò+ 0<?>+ x* 7=7QIcuunyxcjgnjil` + E~njcy @luny+ Iùw`fc+ 0<69+ x* 755T* Xnuc ljik~yc nj nk unljc gn kcy iu~r`gcy k`yun`klg`gny xuàiwli`y j~ji` icuunyxcjglnucj ` k` icgloliìlùj knf`k gn y~y b~ulyw`y eùcjl`kny*

QXàf* 0>9T

Nywn ylywnd` xckäwlic ldxcylelklwù jninyùl`dnjwn k` `xùlilùj gn ~j` n}wnjyè~uciuìl` | glvlglù o~jilcj`kdnjwn gn ~j` j~nv` ocud` `k gcdljlc gn ik`yn* Xcup~n+xcu ~j` xùwn+ k` xùinkìlùj gn k` ycenu`jä` nj k` N~ucx` gn k` @kw` Ng`g Dnglìcjg~bc ` k` ocudìlùj gn ~j cugnj lgnckùflic icdxknw`dnjwn ynxù`gc* K` Lfknyl`+p~n nj k` @jwlfûng`g wùgä` ylndxun mèä` nyw`gc gluniw`dnjwn ljwnfu`g` nj k`d`p~ljùl` gnk Nyw`gc ldxnul`k | y~ecuglj`g` ` nkk`+ `mcu` yn icjvluwlù nj ~j`ljywlw~ilùj ndljnjwndnjwn `~wùjcd` gnjwuc gnk ylywnd` xckäwlic on~g`k* @k ynu k`òjli` o~njwn gn `~wculg`g unklflcy`+ y~ gcdljlc yceun k`y iunnjil`y | kcy v`kcuny gnk`y d`y`y o~n ljdnjyc+ xnuc y~ cuf`jlrìlùj niknylàywli` nu` glonunjwn ` k` gni~`kp~lnu dcjùp~ä` c jceknr` yni~kù* Gnelgc ` k` glyxnuylùj gn k` icnuilùj+ p~n nu`ljwuäjyni` `k jìlnjwn on~g`klydc ciilgnjw`k+ k` Lfknyl` x~gc gnonjgnu+ i~`jgc o~njninyùlc+ y~y ljwnunyny icuxcu`wlvcy gnygn ~j ung~iwc wnuulwcul`k | xcu dnglc gn kò~nur` ùd`g`* Kcy icjokliwcy ljywlw~ilcj`kny njwun kcy ynðcuäcy k`licy | unklflcycyo~nucj+ x~ny+ njgìdlicy nj k` ìxci` dnglnv`k | y~ uny~kw`gc o~n ~j` nyilylùj nj k`nywu~iw~u` gn k` knflwldlg`g on~g`k+ i~|`y icjyni~njil`y i~kw~u`kny xù` nk xcywnulcu

gnyùuckkc ljwnkniw~`k mèuä`j gn ynu icjylgnuèkny* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ nk xucxlc fcelnujcyni~kù yn ung~bc gn ocud` jcwèkn ` ~j j~nvc dckgn | yn icjvluwlù nynjil`kdnjwn njnk nbnuililc gn k` ¡b~ywlil`±+ p~n e`bc nk on~g`klydc ci~xù ~j` xcylilùj o~jilcj`kicdxknw`dnjwn glywljw` gn k` p~n mc| wlnjn e`bc nk i`xlw`klydc* K` b~ywlil` nu` k`dcg`klg`g injwu`k gnk xcgnu xckäwlic+ nyxniloli g` icdc w`k xcu k` dlyd` j`w~u`knr`gnk ylywnd` xckäwlic on~g`k* Icdc |` mndcy vlywc+ k` bnuùp~ä` on~g`k x~u` n}ik~ä`wcg` ocud` gn ¡nbni~wlvc±+ nj nk dcgnujc ynjwlgc gn ~j `xù`wc `gdljlywu`wlvcxnud`jnjwn gnk Nyw`gc xù` ldxcjnu nk i~dxkldlnjwc gn k` kn|+ |` p~n k` xùinkìlùjgn k` ycenu`jä` kc mìä` ljjninyùlc n ldxcylekn* @k dlydc wlndxc+ w`dxcic mèä`nyxìlc xù` ~j ¡knflyk`wlvc± gnk wlxc xcywnulcu+ gnelgc ` p~n nk cugnj on~g`k jcxcynä` jljfòj icjinxwc fnjnu`k gn ljjcvìlùj xckäwli` xcu dnglc gn k` iunìlùj gnj~nv`y kn|ny* Kcy dcjùi`y i~dxkä`j y~ o~jilùj icjynuv`jgc k`y kn|ny wu`glilcj`kny+xnuc jc ljvnjw`jgc cwu`y j~nv`y* @yä+ g~u`jwn ilnuwc wlndxc+ nk xcgnu xckäwlic kknfù `nywù xuàiwli`dnjwn lgnjwloli gc icj k` yck` o~jilùj ¡b~glil`k± gn ljwnuxunwù |`xkliù k`y kn|ny n}lywnjwny* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ `jwn k` o`kw` gn ~j` e~uciuìl` xòekli`+ kìcnuilùj | k` `gdljlywuìlùj kci`kny ‗kcy xcgnuny gn xckliä`+ gn ldxcjnu d~kw`y+uni`~gù xn`bny | mìnu i~dxklu k`y kn|ny‗ yn `ð`glnucj ljnvlwèkndnjwn ` k` o~jilùj

b~glil`k*

QXàf* 0>7T

Xcu w`jwc+ ylndxun ny jninyùlc unicugù p~n k` ¡b~ywlil`± dnglnv`k ljik~ä` un`kdnjwn~j è`jlic d~imc dày `dxklc gn ìwlvlg`gny p~n k` b~ywlil` dcgnuj`+ gnelgc ` p~nci~xè` nywu~iw~u`kdnjwn ~j` xcylilùj d~imc dày injwu`k gnjwuc gnk ylywnd`xckäwlic fkce`k* K` b~ywlil` nu` nk jcdeun cugljùlc gnk xcgnu*

QXàf* 0>>T



5* WLXCKCFÄ@ GN K@Y OCUD@ILCJNY YCIL@KNY

M`yw` `p~ä mndcy `j`klr`gc k` fìjnyly gnk on~g`klydc nj N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k icdc ~j`yäjwnyly gn nkndnjwcy klenu`gcy xcu k` icjvnufnjwn glyck~ilùj gn kcy dcgcy gnxucg~iilùj xuldlwlvc icd~j`k | nyik`vlyw`* Mndcy nyecr`gc gnyx~ìy k` nywu~iw~uìcjywlw~wlv` gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj on~g`k gnyùuckk`gc icdc w`k nj Ciilgnjwn*P~ng` `mcu` xcu dcywuù eunvndnjwn gn p~ì ocud` k` j`w~u`knr` ljwuäjyni` gn nyw`yäjwnyly xucg~bc ~j` wlxckcfä` vùl`g` gn ocudìlcjny ycil`kny nj k` ìxci` dnglnv`k+

|` p~n nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj p~n ìè`dcy gn nyecrù j~ji` n}lywlù nj ¡nyw`gcx~uc± nj jljf~j` xùwn gn N~ucx`+ gnk dlydc dcgc p~n w`dxcic n}lywluä` dày`gnk`jwn nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj i`xlw`klyw`* K`y ocudìlcjny ycil`kny icjiunw`y gn k`N~ucx` dnglnv`k ylndxun o~nucj ylywnd`y icdxknbcy+ nj kcy p~n yceunvlvlnucj | ynnjwundnrikùcj icj nk on~g`klydc xucxl`dnjwn glimc cwucy dcgcy gn xucg~iilùj2 kcynyik`vcy+ xcu nbndxkc+ n}lywlnucj g~u`jwn wcg` k` Ng`g Dngl`+ | kcy i`dxnyljcy kleunyj~ji` o~nucj klp~lg`gcy xcu icdxknwc nj xùwn `kf~j` g~u`jwn k` Ng`g Cyi~u`* @yäx~ny+ ny nynjil`k `j`klrù+ `~jp~n yn` d~| uàxlg`dnjwn+ k` glvnuylg`g gnk d`x` gnkon~g`klydc ciilgnjw`k w`k icdc yn xunynjwù ` xùwlu gnk ylfkc L]* K`y mlywcul`gcu`yycvlìwli`y Kl~ekljya`l`+ F~wjcv` | ^g`kwycv` m`j xucx~nywc icuuniw`dnjwn ~j`

ik`yloli ilùj wulxùwlw`0

* Nj noniwc+ k` unflùj injwu`k gnk on~g`klydc n~ucxnc o~n`p~nkk` nj k` p~n w~vc k~fù ~j` ¡yäjwnyly np~lkleu`g`± gn nkndnjwcy ucd`jcy |fnudàjlicy+ nynjil`kdnjwn nk jcuwn gn Ou`jil` | y~y0 @* G* Kl~ekljya`l`+ ¡Wlxckcfll` U`jjnvc Oncg`klrd` v R`x`gjcl Nvucxn l Xuceknd` Ucd`jc$Fnud`jyacvc Yljwnr`±+ Yungjln _na` + o`yi* 90+ 0<?=+ xx* <$061 R* _* ^g`kwycv` | N* _* F~wjcv`+ ¡FnjnrlyOncg`klrd` _ Ywu`j`b Nvucx|±+ 09wm Vcukg Icjfunyy co Mlywculi`k Yilnjiny + Dcyiò+ 0<68* Nk xuceknd`gn ~j` wlxckcfä` o~n xk`jwn`gc `jwnulcu | eunvndnjwn xcu Xcuymjnv nj y~ Oncg`klrd l Jùcgjl D`yyl +ilw`gc dày ùule`+ xx* >86$0=* Nk ùwäi~kc gn ^g`kwycv` | F~wjcv` ny ynulc | dlj~ilcyc+ `~jp~n jcylndxun x~ng`j ìnxwùyn y~y xùwli~kùny icjik~ylcjny* K`y `~wcu`y icjylgnu`j `k Nyw`gc elr`jwljc gnicdlnjrcy gn k` Ng`g Dngl` icdc ~j` gn k`y vùl`jwny gnk on~g`klydc+ icj ~j` ynf~ulg`g p~n ny gloäilkicdxùwlu*

QXàf* 0>?T

rcj`y kldäwucony+ nywc ny+ nk icu`rùj gnk Ldxnulc iùckljflc 5* @k y~u gn nyw` rcj`+ njXucvnjr`+ Lw`kl` | Nyx`ð` k` glyck~ilùj | unicdeljìlùj gn kcy dcgcy gn xucg~iilùjeàueùc | `jwlf~c w~vc k~fù e`bc nk knf`gc gcdlj`jwn gn k` @jwlfûng`g* @k jcuwn | `knywn+ nj @knd`jl`+ Nyi`jglj`vl` n Ljfk`wnuu`+ gcjgn nk gcdljlc ucd`jc j~ji` mèä`kknf`gc c yùkc mèä` nim`gc xnp~nð`y u`äiny+ yn xucg~bc xcu nk icjwuùlc+ ~j` knjw`wu`jylilùj mìl` nk on~g`klydc e`bc nk xungcdljlc ljgäfnj` gn k` mnunjil` eàueù`* K`yäjwnyly ¡np~lkleu`g`± fnjnuù nk on~g`klydc gn ocud` dày uàxlg` | icdxknw` |xucg~bc y~ ocud` ikàyli`+ p~n ` y~ vnr w~vc ~j fu`j ldxìwc yceun rcj`y n}wnulcunyicj ~j ylywnd` on~g`k dnjcy ùwli~k`gc 9* @p~ä o~n gcjgn `xùnilù xcu vnr xuldnu` k`ynuvlg~deun+ gcjgn yn gnyùuckkù ~j ylywnd` ynðcul`k+ gcjgn k` b~ywlil` ynðcul`k o~n

dày xuco~jg` |+ nj olj+ k` y~eljon~gìlùj bnuàup~li` o~n dày w~xlg`* Xcu y~ xùwn+ kcyy~ewlxcy gnk jcuwn | gnk y~u yn glywljf~lnucj yldìwuli`dnjwn xcu k` xunynjil` gno~nuwny vnywlflcy gn y~y unyxniwlvcy dcgcy gn xucg~iilùj `jwnulcuny* NjNyi jglj`vl`+ @knd`jl` | k` Ljfk`wnuu` `jfkcy`bcj`+ ~j i`dxnylj`gc `kcgl`k icjo~nuwny ljywlw~ilcjny icd~j`kny d`jw~vc+ m`yw` d~imc gnyx~ìy gnk icdlnjrc gn ~j`glonunjilìlùj bnuàup~li` nywèkn nj k` ycilng`g u~u`k+ nk gnyùuckkc gn kcy väji~kcy gngnxnjgnjil` | k` icjycklgìlùj nj ~j` ùlywciuìl` wnuu`wnjlnjwn gn kcy f~nuunucy gnik`j* K` ynuvlg~deun jc yn ljwucg~bc nj Y`bcjl` m`yw` kcy ylfkcy ]LL | ]LLL | nj ynjwlgcnywuliwc j~ji` yn nywèknilù nj Y~nil`* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ nj Lw`kl` | nj k`y unflcjny`g|ìnjwny k` ilvlklrìlùj ~ue`j` gn k` @jwlfûng`g wùgä` j~ji` gny`xùnilù xcuicdxknwc+ | ` xùwlu gnk ylfkc ] okcunilù ~j` cuf`jlrìlùj xckäwli` d~jlilx`k+ dnrik`gìcj nk xcgnu niknylàywlic `kkä gcjgn k` Lfknyl` mèä` mnung`gc k` xcylilùj gnk vlnbcx`wulil`gc ynj`wcul`k+ ` k` vnr p~n k`y icjinxilcjny knf`kny ucd`j`y yceun k`xucxlng`g icdc `kfc kleun+ mnungèkn | `klnjèkn gnoljlnucj5 Xù` ~j` unilnjwn wnjw`wlv` gn lgnjwloliù iljic y~ewlxcy unflcj`kny gnjwuc gnk on~g`klydc p~n `xùnilù



nj k` F`kl` xcyeàueù`+ vì`yn @* \`* Ymnvnknjac+ ¡A Wlxckcfll Fnjnrly` Oncg`klrd`±+ _cxucy| Lywcull +njnuc gn 0<60+ xx* <6$086*9 K` n}x`jylùj gn k`y unkìlcjny on~g`kny xcu wcg` N~ucx` ylndxun o~n wcxcfuàoli`dnjwn gnylf~`k gnjwucgn i`g` ~j` gn k`y xuljilx`kny unflcjny* K`y rcj`y dcjw`ðcy`y counilnucj nj wcg`y xùwny unylywnjil` `k` cuf`jlrìlùj ynðcul`k+ p~n nu` ljwuäjyni`dnjwn gloäilk gn ldxcjnu | xcic unjwèkn gn d`jwnjnu nj k`y`kwlxk`jlilny ucicy`y | nywìulkny* Gn `mä p~n k`y dcjw`ð`y wnjglnu`j ` icjynuvù ecky`y gn icd~jlg`gnyi`dxnylj`y xceuny xnuc ljgnxnjglnjwny+ nicjùdli` | i~kw~u`kdnjwn dày `wu`y`g`y p~n k`y kk`j~u`yynðcul`klr`g`y | i`xìny gn gnonjgnu dlklwùdnjwn y~y d`fu`y ocuw`knr`y*

QXàf* 0>6T

gnygn nk xuljilxlc k`y jcud`y on~g`kny yceun k` wlnuu` 7* Nk d`x` gnk wndxu`jcon~g`klydc n~ucxnc icdxunjgä`+ x~ny+ nynjil`kdnjwn+ wuny rcj`y p~n yn n}wnjgä`j gnjcuwn ` y~u+ gnkldlw`g`y ` fu`jgny u`yfcy xcu k` gnjylg`g unyxniwlv` gn `kcglcy+on~gcy | il~g`gny*

Nj nywn dùic ny xcylekn nyecrù `mcu` `kf~j`y gn k`y xuljilx`kny glonunjil`y p~nn}lywä`j njwun k`y xuljilx`kny ocudìlcjny ycil`kny gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k nj nyw`ìxci` | p~n wnjguàj icj ouni~njil` ldxcuw`jwny unxnui~ylcjny ~kwnulcuny* Nj i`g`~jc gn nywcy i`ycy+ j~nywuc cebnwlvc xuljilx`k ynuà nk dcgnkc gn k`y unkìlcjny u~u`knygn xucg~iilùj+ k` n}wnjylùj gn kcy njik`vny ~ue`jcy |+ nyxnil`kdnjwn+ nk wlxc gnNyw`gc xckäwlic p~n y~uflù nj k` @kw` Ng`g Dngl`* Nywn òkwldc cebnwlvc nywùàgcdlj`gc ljnvlwèkndnjwn xcu nk nyw~glc gn kcy cuäfnjny | vlilylw~gny gn k`dcjùp~ä` nj kcy glvnuycy x`äyny gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k*

Ou`jil`+ `k ynu k` x`wul` injwu`k gnk on~g`klydc n~ucxnc+ x~ngn nyw~glùyn icj unk`wlvèunvng`g* Nj noniwc+ nk jcuwn gn Ou`jil` ylndxun yn `b~ywù `k ùp~nwäxlic ylywndòn~g`k dày nywunim`dnjwn p~n jljf~j` cwu` unflùj gnk icjwljnjwn* Nk ick`xyc gnkLdxnulc iùckljflc nj nk ylfkc L] o~n ynf~lgc xcu ~j wcuenkkljc gn f~nuu`y ljwnuj`y |gn ljv`ylcjny jùugli`y* Nj dnglc gn k` `jùp~ä` | k` ljynf~ulg`g fnjnu`kny w~vck~fù ~j` ~jlvnuy`k ou`fdnjwìlùj | kci`klrìlùj gnk xcgnu jcelklùlc+ p~n ynicjinjwuù xucfunylv`dnjwn ` kc kùfc gn wcgc nk x`äy nj ocuw`knr`y | i`ywlkkcy ynkniwcynj ~j`y icjglilcjny p~n ìnknuùcj k` gnxnjgnjil` gn ~j i`dxnylj`gc n}x~nywc ` kìcjyw`jwn `dnj`r` gn k`y u`xlð`y vlaljf`y c d~y~kd`j`y >* Nj nyw` ìxci` ljmùyxlw`+nk xcgnu on~g`k yn xnfù+ x~ny+ ` k` wlnuu` icj ~j` o~nur` yljf~kù* K`y ynvnu`y

b~ulygliilcjny ynðcul`kny yceun ~j` d`y` u~u`k i`äg` nj ynuvlg~deun+ p~n mèä`xnuglgc wcgcy y~y wule~j`kny xcx~kùny+ xunv`knilnucj xuàiwli`dnjwn xcu gcp~lnu+`~jp~n nk y~u+ gcjgn o~n d`|cu k` ldxucjw` gn k` @jwlfûng`g+ p~ngù `kfc dnjcyon~g`klr`gc+ icj ~j` d`|cu xucxcuilùj gn wlnuu`y jcekny xcynäg`y gluniw`dnjwn | jcicdc on~gc | icj7 Kcy `kcglcy fnudàjlicy ylndxun o~nucj glonunjwny gn k` xucxlng`g ucd`j`+ |` p~n `k ynu ~j` ocud` gnwu`jylilùj njwun k` xucxlng`g icd~j`k n ljglvlg~`k gn k` wlnuu` nj k`y `kgn`y icjywlw~ä`j ~j wlxc gnxucxlng`g xulv`g` y~bnwc wcg`vä` jcud`kdnjwn ` ceklfìlcjny | ilikcy icjy~nw~gljùlcy gnjwuc gn k`

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xucvn|ù nk jòiknc xù` k` icjywu~iilùj gn ~j` j~nv` dcjùp~ä` ou`jiny`*

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| Ylfnulc+ p~n xìloliùcj | ~jloliùcj nk xucxlc g~i`gc gn Ou`jil`* Nk `~fn gn k`dcjùp~ä` i`xnw` nj kcy ylfkcy ]LL | ]LLL nyw~vc ìcdx`ð`gc xcu ~j jcwèkn xucfunycnicjùdlic+ icj n}wnjy`y ucw~uìlcjny gn wlnuu` w`jwc nj nk gcdljlc un`k icdc nj kcygn y~y v`y`kkcy g~i`kny | icjg`kny+ | icj k` `xùlilùj gn okcunilnjwny icd~j`y~ue`j`y+ xùwli~kùdnjwn nj nk knb`jc jcuwn* Nk unlj`gc gn Onklxn @~f~ywc ìcdlnjrcy gnk ylfkc ]LLL o~n gnilylvc xù` nk nywèknildlnjwc gnk xcgnu dcjàup~licicdc ~j vnug`gnuc unljc yceun kcy g~i`gcy2 Jcud`jgä`+ @jbc~+ D`ljn+ W~unj` |

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vliwcul` ou`jiny` yceun k`y o~nur`y `jfkcok`dnji`y nj Ec~vljny nj nk `ðc 0505+dcdnjwc iu~il`k nj k`y k~im`y xckäwli`y ljwnujìlcj`kny gn k` ìxci`* K~ly _LLL+ y~inycu

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w`d`ðc gn nyw` e~uciuìl` nu` ~j äjglin jc w`jwc gnk xcgnu ljwuäjynic gn kcy un|nyou`jinyny i~ jwc gn kcy xuceknd`y ` kcy p~n yn njounjwè` wcg` `gdljlywuìlùj~jlwùl` gnk x`äy 6* K` xnklfucy` icjvnuylùj gn k`y unflcjny unilìj `gp~lulg`y njljo`jw`rfcy icjwuck`gcy xcu xuäjilxny i`xnwcy dnjcuny nu` w`j yùkc cwuc ylfjc gn k`ygloli~kw`gny ljmnunjwny ` nyw` wùn`+ xcup~n dlnjwu`y w`jwc y~eylywä` nk xcgnuljgnxnjglnjwn gn kcy d`fj`wny gn k`y xucvljil`y | wnjä` k~fù ~j` ocuwloli ilùjyldlkù gn y~y `xù`wcy `gdljlywu`wlvcy* Nk xucinyc eàylic p~n yn xucg~bc nj Ou`jilò~n+ x~ny+ ~j` knjw` ¡injwu`klrìlùj icjiìjwuli`±+ nj k` p~n nk fu`gc gn icjwuck un`knbnuilgc gnygn Xùäy nu` wcg`vä` d~| xuniùlc* Gnyx~ìy gn k`y vliwcul`y gn K~ly L] |gn Onklxn nk Mnudcyc+ nyw` ljnywèlklg`g ljwnuj` yn mlrc gnd`yl`gc nvlgnjwn* Nj k`yxuckcjf`g`y f~nuu`y ilvlkny gn kcy xuù}ldcy wuny ylfkcy -f~nuu` gn kcy Ilnj @ðcy |f~nuu`y gn unklflùj, nk ùd rùj gn k` ~jlg`g on~g`k ou`jiny` o~n unxnwlg` |xnklfucy`dnjwn u`yf`gc+ ylj p~n j~ji` kknfù` ` glvlgluyn gnoljlwlv`dnjwn*Nj Ljfk`wnuu`+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ kcy icjp~lyw`gcuny jcud`jgcy ldxcuwùcj gnk n}wnulcu~j on~g`klydc injwu`klr`gc | kc ldxk`jwùcj ylywndàwli`dnjwn gnygn ùule` nj ~j`wlnuu` icdxìw`+ p~n yùkc wnjä` ~j i~ùwc gn k` n}wnjylùj gn Ou`jil`* K` ocudìlùjycil`k `jfkcy`bcj`+ p~n y~i~delù `jwn k` ljv`ylùj jcud`jg`+ mèä` icjywlw~lgc nknbndxkc n~ucxnc dày gnyùuckk`gc gn ~j` wu`jylilùj xcwnjil`kdnjwn ¡nyxcjwàjn`± gn~j` ycilng`g fnudàjli` ` ~j` ocudìlùj ycil`k on~g`k+ jc òniw`g` xcu jljfòjldxìwc gluniwc gn Ucd`* J`w~u`kdnjwn+ Ljfk`wnuu` yn mèä` vlywc xuco~jg`dnjwnòniw`g` gnygn nk ylfkc L] xcu k`y ljv`ylcjny nyi`jglj`v`y* Nj kcy ylfkcy _LL | _LLL+ k`yycilng`gny kci`kny `jfkcy`bcj`y mèä`j nvck~ilcj`gc knjw`dnjwn mìl` ~j`y

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dlnjrcy gnk ylfkc ]L‗ w~vc ~j gcekn noniwc yceun k` ycilng`g `jfkcy`bcj`* Kìckcjlrìlùj jùugli` o`vcunilù fnjnu`kdnjwn k` `xùlilùj gn il~g`gny | nywèknilùicd~jlg`gny i`dxnylj`y kleuny nj k`y unflcjny gn dày gnjy` ljdlfuìlùj* @k dlydcwlndxc+ k` xunylùj dlklwù vlaljf` xucg~bc nj nk icjb~jwc gn k` lyk` ~jcy xucinycyycil`kny xùnilgcy ` kcy p~n w~vlnucj k~fù nj nk icjwljnjwn nj k` ìxci` gn kcyfu`jgny eùicy2 k` icjyw jwn ljynf~ulg`g u~u`k icjg~bc ` ~j `~fn gn k`njicdnjgìlùj | ` ~j` iunilnjwn gnfu`gìlùj gnk i`dxnylj`gc* Nj Ljfk`wnuu`+ kìùf` nicjùdli` gn kcy ynðcuny kci`kny yceun k` xcekìlùj u~u`k yn icdeljù icj kcyldx~nywcy n}lflgcy xcu nk un| xù` k` gnonjy`+ icj cebnwc gn p~n kcy `jfkcy`bcjnyunylywlnu`j c `xkìù`j k` `funylùj g`jny`+ p~n icjywlw~|nucj nk xuldnu ldx~nywcunf~kù ‗kcy fnkg dcjn|y ‗ uni`~g`gc nj N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k ` olj`kny gn k` Ng`gCyi~u` =* @ dngl`gcy gnk ylfkc ]L |` yn mèä` klp~lg`gc nk gcdljlc nyi`jglj`vc |unyw`~u`gc ~j unljc `jfkcy`bùj unilnjwndnjwn ~jloli gc* Nj nyw` ìxci`+ kcyi`dxnyljcy nu`j xcu kc fnjnu`k ùunjg`wùlcy yndlgnxnjglnjwny+ n}inxwc nj k`yrcj`y jcugculnjw`kny gn k` `jwlf~` ickcjlrìlùj g`jny`+ gcjgn è~jgè`j k`yxùink`y `kcgl`kny gn ycandnj" * Wcg`vä` n}lywä`j nyik`vcy+ p~n icdxunjgä`j`kungngcu gnk 08 xcu ilnjwc gn k` d`jc gn ceu` | nu`j nicjùdli dnjwn dàyldxcuw`jwny nj k`y knb`j`y unflcjny ciilgnjw`kny+ gcjgn k` unylywnjil` inkw` ` kìcjp~lyw` `jfkcy`bcj` mèä` ylgc dày kùf` | gcjgn kcy nyik`vcy `yinjgä`j ` ~jp~ljwc c dày gn k` xcekìlùj wcw`k* ^j` ùlywciuìl` kci`k gn wmnfjy"" gcdljè` k`nywu~iw~u` ycil`k u~u`k | n}xkcwè` olji`y gn wlxc xucwcynðcul`k <* K` dcjùp~ä` xcynä`~j ylywnd` `gdljlywu`wlvc unk`wlv`dnjwn `v`jr`gc | iccuglj`gc+ icj ldx~nywcy+dcjng` | b~ywlil` un`kny ldxk`jw`gcy noniwlv`dnjwn nj wcgc nk x`äy+ `~jp~n+ xcu cwu`xùwn+ jc yn mèä` nywèknilgc ~j ylywnd` olbc gn y~inylùj gljàywli`* Xnuc kò~jg`dnjw`k gnelklg`g n}wnulcu gn nywn unljc lyknðc o~n k` iùnjil` gn `p~nk väji~kcnywu~iw~u`k njwun k` xucxlng`g gn k` wlnuu` | nk ynuvlilc dlklwù p~n icjywlw~|ù nk o~j$= Kc|j+ @jfkc$Y`}cj Njfk`jg `jg wmn Jcud`j icjp~nyw + xx* 09<+ 0<>$6+ 98>+ 98<$07*" ycandnj 2 uunjg`wùlcy ceklf`gcy k` xunywìlùj gn glvnuycy ynuvlilcy+ n}inxwc gn iè`kknuä`*"" wmnfjy 2 p~lnjny unileä`j wlnuu`y gnk un| xcu kcy ynuvlilcy dlklwùny1 bnony gn ik`j+ eùcjny*< N* Bcmj ljylywn+ p~lrà icj gnd`yl g` o~nur`+ nj kcy xcgnuny xckäwlicy gn nyw` jceknr 2 ¡Njfklymon~g`klyd `jg wmn ywu~iw~un co @jfkc$Y`}cj ycilnw|±+E~kknwlj co wmn Bcmj U|k`jgy Kleuù| + 0<?9$7+ xx*07$70*

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@~f~yw~y Ounnd`j `jg wmn _liwcul`j ljwnuxunw`wlcj co wmn Jcud`j icjp~nyw + Lkouìcden+ 0<?<* Xnucwcgc nyc x~ngn lfjcuùyn wàilw`dnjwn xcup~n y~ dnjy`bn injwu`k+ nk gu`d` däywli`dnjwn ljljwnuu~dxlgcgn k` mlywcul` ljfkny`+ ` glonunjil` gn k` gnk icjwljnjwn n~ucxnc+ icj y~y u~xw~u`y unvck~ilcjùl`y+wcg`vä` ny `dxkl` | onuvcucy`dnjwn iunägc* Kcy ìùlil`gcy dcwlvcy lgnckùflicy gn k` ljvlck`g`¡icjwlj~lg`g± gn Ljfk`wnuu` gnygn nk ylfkc ] `k ]] v~nkvnj icj ljylywnjil` cjäuli` ` k` d`|cu xùwn gn k`mlywculcfuòä` kci`k* Kc|j wnudlj` y~ ynulc | òwlk kleuc icj nk wäxlic ùwäi~kc gì on2 ¡Nj nk i`dxc gn k`yljywlw~ilcjny+ k` icjwlj~lg`g ny nk wnd` nynjil`k gn k` mlywcul` ljfkny`±+ Wmn Jcud`j icjp~nyw + xàflj`0<>*

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dcjùi`+ gcj`jwn òkwldc gn wcg` k` wlnuu`* Kcy un|ny jcud`jgcy n}xkcwùcj wcg`vä`dày kcy unywcy xunon~g`kny gn k` ocudìlùj ycil`k `jfkcy`bcj` xù` unocur u y~Nyw`gc2 k` dlklil` xcx~kù yn `ð`glù nj `kf~j`y ci`ylcjny ` k` icjvnjilcj`k m~nywndnglnv`k | ` k`y wucx`y gn x`kìlc 001 xnuc wcg`vä` o~n dày ldxcuw`jwn p~n+ `gndày gnk`y unjw`y gnvnjf`g`y xcu k`y fu`jgny xucxlng`gny un`kny | k` n}ìilùj gn k`y iùf`yon~g`kny+ yn ylf~lnu` uni`~g`jgc nk ldx~nywc wu`glilcj`k gn gnonjy`+ nk g`jnfnkg +onjùdnjc n}wu`ðc `k ylywnd` cuwcgc}c gn ljfunycy gn ~j` dcjùp~ä` dnglnv`k* Njnyw` ìxci`+ nk Nyw`gc `jfkcjcud`jgc unxunynjwè`+ x~ny+ nk ylywnd` ljywlw~ilcj`kdày ~jloli`gc | yùklgc gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k* Nk uìfldnj ynðcul`k dày gnyùuckk`gc yn

nywèknilù xuljilx`kdnjwn nj nk y~u | nj nk y~u$injwuc gnk x`äy+ gcjgn k` noliìl` gn k`n}xkcwìlùj ynðcul`k `~dnjwù jcwèkndnjwn icj k` ljwnjyloliìlùj gn k`y xunywìlcjnygn wuè`bc xnuycj`k | k` nvlgnjwn gnfu`gìlùj gnk i`dxnylj gc kci`k* Nj nk unywc gnkx`äy p~ngùcj n}wnjy`y rcj`y gn xnp~nð`y xucxlng`gny+ fu`v`g`y yùkc knvndnjwn icjceklfìlcjny on~g`kny | mèlw`g`y xcu ~j xcek ilùj u~u`k p~n yn kleuù gn ~j`ljdngl`w` ylw~ìlùj ynuvlk* Ylj ndeùfc+ k` wnjgnjil` ` k` ynuvlg~deun fnjnu`k nu`ljicjo~jglekn* Nj kcy ilnj `ðcy ylf~lnjwny+ e`bc k`y glj`ywä`y jcud`jg` | `jfnvlj`+ ynxucg~bc ~j xucfunylv` lf~`k ilùj m il è`bc gn k` icjglilùj b~uägli` gnki`dxnylj`gc ljfkìy+ m`yw` p~n nj nk ylfkc ]LL kcy vlkk`jl | kcy j`wlvl ocudùcj ~j` yckìk`yn gn ylnuvcy* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ g`g` k` icdxknw` gny`xùlilùj gnk gnunimc ucd`jcnj Ljfk`wnuu` | k` `~ynjil` gn wcg` n}xnulnjil` jncldxnul`k gnk wlxc iùckljflc+ kcywule~j`kny gn kcy ymluny | kcy m~jgungy " gn k` ocudìlùj ycil`k `jfkcy`bcj` ‗p~nculflj ul`dnjwn o~nucj k`y yngny gn k` b~ywlil` xcx~kù icd~j`k‗ yceunvlvlnucjgnjwuc gnk j~nvc cugnj* Gcdlj`gcy `mcu`+ j`w~u`kdnjwn+ xcu gnknf`gcy un`knyxucingnjwny gn k` ik`yn ynðcul`k+ icjywlw~|nucj+ ylj ndeùfc+ ~j ylywnd` gn b~ywlil`¡xòekli`± `kfc dnjcy ldxkìèkn icj kcy xceuny p~n k` b~ulygliilùj xulv`g` ynðcul kp~n00 Xù` `kf~jcy nyw~glcy gnk ylywnd` dlklwù xcywnulcu ` k` icjp~lyw`+ vì`yn B* C* Xunyw lim+ ¡@jfkc$Jcud`j on~g`klyd `jg wmn xuceknd co icjwlj~lw|±+ X`yw `jg Xunynjw + jòd* 5?+ jcvlndeun gn 0<?9+ xx*9>$>6+ p~n ny ~j` iuäwli` y`k~gèkn gn kcy dlwcy xùucp~l`jcy | im`~vljlyw`y gn k` icjwlj~lg`g1 | VùunjMckklywnu+ ¡08??2 wmn on~g`k unvck~wlcj±+ @dnuli`j Mlywculi`k Unvln + vck* K]]LLL+ jòd* 9+ oneunuc gn0<?=+ xx* 68=$659+ p~n counin ~j eunvn uny~dnj mlywùulic gn k` icjwucvnuyl` yceun nyw` i~nywlùj*" ymlun | m~jgung 2 glvlylcjny wnuulwcul`kny gn Ljfk`wnuu` jwny gn k` icjp~lyw`*

QXàf* 0?9T

o~n nj wcg`y xùwny k` jcud`k 05* Nk iùfc gn ymnuloo j~ji` yn mlrc mnunglwùlc gnyx~ìy



gn k` x~uf` u`gli`k noniw~`g` xcu Njulp~n LL nj nk ylfkc ]LL xù` ldxnglu nywn xnklfuc+dlnjwu`y p~n k` b~ywlil` un`k xucxl`dnjwn glim` yn n}wnjgä` fuìl`y ` k`y `yylrn ic~uwy " gnk dlydc ycenu`jc* Nu`j xci`y k`y il~g`gny+ i~`kp~lnu` p~n o~nyn y~w`d`ðc+ | jc fcrè`j gn ~j` ljgnxnjgnjil` y~yw`jil`k* Nk uny~kw`gc o~n k` iunìlùjgn ~j ylywnd` xckäwlic on~g`k icj y~eljon~gìlùj kldlw`g` | icj ~j` fu`j okn}lelklg`g

| ~jlg`g `gdljlywu`wlv`y*

@knd`jl` counin nk xckc cx~nywc ` nyw` n}xnulnjil`* @kkä+ k`y wlnuu`y gn kcy ou`jicyculnjw`kny nu`j nj y~ d`|cu xùwn icjp~lyw`y unilnjwny gnk Ldxnulc iùckljflc |p~ngè`j icdxknw`dnjwn o~nu` gn k`y oucjwnu`y gn k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli`* Nknkndnjwc ucd`jc nj k` olj`k yäjwnyly on~g`k nu` xcu w`jwc d~imc dày gìelk | nywè`dngl`gc gnygn knbcy xcu nk j~nvc gcdljlc nbnuilgc xcu nk Nyw`gc iùckljflc yceunnyw`y unflcjny oucjwnulr`y* @yä+ dlnjwu`y nj Ou`jil` k` nywu~iw~u` `gdljlywu`wlv` gnkcy icjg`gcy icljilgä` icj nk vlnbc ilvlw`w~y ucd`jc | unfä` ~j ylywnd` gn v`y`kk`bnxucfunylv`dnjwn ùwli~k`gc+ icj ~j i`dxnylj`gc ynuvlk xcu gne`bc gn ìk+ nk iùàiwnuxuldlwlvc$icd~j`k gn k` ycilng`g u~u`k fnudàjli` ‗cuf`jlr`g` knf`kdnjwn wcg`vä`yceun ~j` e`yn i`yl wule`k‗ ldxcylelklwè` ~j` unxucg~iilùj gluniw` gn nywn dcgnkc*Kcy icjgny p~n fcenuj e`j nj jcdeun gnk ndxnu`gcu xcynä j ljilnuw`y

b~ulygliilcjny yceun ~j`y unflcjny v`f`dnjwn gnoljlg`y+ ylj gnd`yl`gc xcgnu un`kyceun kcy wule~j`kny xcx~kùny kci`kny | ylj ~j oludn `xc|c nj n}wnjy`y xcynylcjnyun`kny09* Nj Ou`jicjl` | Kcunj`+ icjwlf~`y `k jcuwn gn Ou`jil` | xùwn |` gnk unljcdnucvljflc+ yn mèä` gnyùuckk`gc ~j` ùlywciuìl` xucwcon~g`k | ~j` `fuli~kw~u`ynuvlk* Xnuc nj k` ljdnjy` d`|cuä` gn @knd`jl` ‗E`vlnu`+ W~uljfl`+ Y~èl` | Y`bcjl`‗ wcg`vä` n}lywä` ~j i`dxnylj`gc `kcgl`k kleun | ~j` jceknr` gn ik`jny ongnu`gcy+ jccuf jlr`g` nj jljf~j ung gn v`y`kk`bn* Nk ynðcuäc fnudàjlic icjywlw~ä`wu`glilcj`kdnjwn ¡~j05 Kcy wule~j`kny ynðcul`kny okcunilnucj+ xcu y~x~nywc+ | nk xcgnu nicjùdlic un`k gn kcy ynðcuny ljfknynyilnuw`dnjwn jc o~n dnjcu g~u`jwn k` Ng`g Dngl` p~n nk gn y~y np~lv`knjwny icjwljnjw`kny+ icdcy~eu`|` Mlkwcj* U* M* Mlkwcj+ @ dngl`nv`k ycilnw|2 Wmn Vnyw Dlgk`jgy `w wmn njg co wmn w nkowm injw~u| +Kcjguny+ 0<?7+ xx* 556$70*" K`y `yylrn ic~uwy nu`j k`y ynylcjny xnulùgli`y p~n yn inkneuè`j nj wcgcy kcy icjg`gcy gn Ljfk`wnuu`xù` `gdljlywuù b~ywlil` ilvlk | iuldlj`k*09 Ylgjn| X`ljwnu+ Wmn ulyn co wmn on~g`k dcjùimlny + Lwmì`+ 0<>7+ xàflj` =>*

QXàf* 0?7T

dnglc icjwlj~c± 07 nj nk p~n k`y fu`gìlcjny gn u`jfc wnjä`j nyi`y` y`jilùj ocud`k |k` dlyd` dcjùp~ä` jc nywè` ljvnywlg` icj jljfòj v`kcu nyxnil`k | y~xnulcu* K``gdljlywuìlùj ldxnul`k iùckljfl` yn ldx~yc yceun ~j` ocudìlùj ycil`k p~n iùniä`gn k`y icdxknb`y bnuùp~ä`y gn gnxnjgnjil` p~n nywè`j y~uflnjgc nj Ou`jil`1 njnywn dnglc dày xuldlwlvc y~ uni~nugc yceunvlvlù xcu w`jwc d~imc dày* Xcu cwu`xùwn+ @knd`jl` jc o~n `rcw`g` icj k` dlyd` ljwnjylg`g p~n Ou`jil` xcu k` j~nv`

ckn`g` gn `w`p~ny eàueùcy gn kcy ylfkcy L] | ]+ |` p~n dlnjwu`y Ou`jil` o~n `yck`g`xcu kcy wuny ljv`ycuny ‗kcy vlaljfcy+ d`flùny | yùuìnjcy‗+ @knd`jl` yùkc w~vc p~nnjounjwùyn ` kcy d`flùny* Nywcy jùd`g`y o~nucj olj`kdnjwn gnuucw`gcy nj Knimonkg+nj nk nywn+ dlnjwu`y p~n nj nk cnywn Jcud`jgä` w~vc p~n ynu inglg` ` kcy vlaljfcy*

@knd`jl` yn kleuù `yä gn k`y xncuny wule~kìlcjny gn k` ìxci`+ icdc mèuä` gngndcywuù k` uni~xnuìlùj unk`wlv`dnjwn uàxlg` gn kcy Cwcjny* Xnuc k` mnunjilxckäwli` iùckljfl`+ dnjcy ecuu`g` `p~ä+ jc xucxcuilcjù jljfòj y~ywlw~wc g~u`gnuc gn~j` yùklg` bnuùp~ä` ynðcul`k* \ `yä+ icj nk ick`xyc gn k` xucxl` glj`ywä`+ yn xucg~bcg~u`jwn nk ylfkc ] `kfc yndnb`jwn `k vìäc xckäwlic nj wcg` @knd`jl`* Nj nyn vìäc`xùnilnucj d~| xucjwc ¡wucjicy± g~i kny ~y~ux`gcuny+ gn iùàiwnu wule`k+ p~nnywèknilnucj ~j gìelk icjwuck yceun k`y iljic xuljilx`kny unflcjny gnk x`äy+ E`vlnu`+W~uljfl`+ Y~èl`+ Ou`jicjl` | Y`bcjl`* Nk xnklfuc gn k`y ljv`ylcjny d`flùny ljg~bc `nywcy g~p~ny ulv`kny ` nknflu ` ~j dcjùi` ocud`k* @ xùwlu gn njwcjiny+ k` mlywcul` gnk` dcjùp~ä` `knd`j` mèuä` gn ynu k` gn kcy ljwnjwcy ècuw`gcy xù` iunù ~j`xluàdlgn cufàjli` gn kn`kw`gny on~g`kny yceun nyw` ljy`wlyo iwcul` e`yn* Nk dày



xcgnucyc -| jc on~g`k, gn kcy wucjicy g~i`kny+ Y`bcjl`+ xucvn|ù k` xuldnu` glj`ywä`p~n ljwnjwù ~jloliù nk x`äy* Dcvlklr`jgc k` `|~g` gn k` Lfknyl`+ kcy ycenu`jcy cwcjnygn Y`bcjl` ycdnwlnucj xucfunylv`dnjwn ` y~y ulv`kny iknuli`kny | nywèknilnucj k``~wculg`g un`k nj wcg` @knd`jl`* Xù` xucwnfnu y~ ok`jic ciilgnjw`k+ Cwùj L `y~dlùw`delìj nk d`jwc ldxnul`k p~n mèä` x`y`gc gn kcy iùckljflcy `k gniuìxlwc ¡unljcdnglc± gn Kcwùljfl`+ p~n ljik~ä` ` Ecufcð` | `k jcuwn gn Lw`kl`* Nj nk nywn+ Cwùj Ln}wnjglù k`y oucjwnu`y fnud`j`y mìl` kcy wnuulwculcy nyk`vcy | nywèknilù k` ycenu`jä`yceun Ecmndl`07 Gln Mnuuyimòwyocudnj fnmnj acjwlj~lnuklim ljnlj`jgnu ûenu * Nyw` ìnuw`g` ou`yn o~n ì~ð`g` xcuV`kwnu Yimknyljfnu+ ¡Mnuuyimòw ~jg Fnockfyimòw lj gnu fnud`jlyim$gn~wyimnj _nuo`yy~fyfnyimlimwn±+Enlwuçfn r~u gn~wyimnj _nuo`yy~jfyfnyimlimwn gny Dlwwnk`kwnuy + vck* L+ Fcwljf`+ 0<?9+ x* 95*

QXàf* 0?>T

| Xckcjl`* K` ¡unjcvìlùj± cwcd`j` o~n lgnckùfli` | `gdljlywu`wlv`dnjwn k` òkwld`y~inycu` gnk Ldxnulc iùckljflc* Icdc ìywn+ w`delìj n}xnuldnjwù ~j` unvlw`klrìlùji~kw~u`k ik`ylilyw` | unlvljgliù ~j gcdljlc ~jlvnuy`k* Xnuc y~ g~uìlùj mèuä` gn ynuwcg`vä` dày eunvn*

Xcup~n+ nj noniwc+ kcy ì}lwcy gn kcy Cwcjny iunùcj ` y~ vnr j~nv`y gloli~kw`gny |xnklfucy xù` ~j Nyw`gc fnudàjlic ~jlwùlc* Nk ycdnwldlnjwc gn kcy d`fj`wny g~i`knyxcu k` glj`ywä` y`bcj` yn wu`g~bc+ nj k` xuàiwli`+ nj ~j` dnu` klenuìlùj gn ~j nywu`wcgn jcekny ylw~`gcy xcu gne`bc gn `p~ìkkcy |+ xcu w`jwc+ yn kldlwù ` gnyxk`rù mìl`è`bc nk xuceknd` gn k` `jùp~ä` unflcj`k* K` glj`ywä` yàkli` p~n kn y~inglù nj nkylfkc ]L ljwnjwù njounjwùyn ` k` n}wnjglg` unylywnjil` | w~ue~knjil` ùlywciuàwli` xcudnglc gn k` iunìlùj gn ~j` ik`yn nyxnil`k gn dljlywnul`kny unflcy jc kleuny+ p~nicjywlw~|nucj ~j i~nuxc gn i`ywnkk`jcy | `gdljlywu`gcuny kn`kny ldxk`jw`gcy nj wcgcnk x`äy* Nywn uni~uyc ` o~jilcjùlcy ynuvlkny+ ljvnywlgcy icj xcgnucycy x~nywcyxckäwlicy+ `~jp~n ylj ~j` np~lv`knjwn xcylilùj ycil`k+ `fuìl`gcy ouni~njwndnjwn icjolji`y+ `~jp~n ylj xulvlknflcy v`y`kkàwlicy |+ nj icjyni~njil`+ n}wu`ðcy ` i~`kp~lnu

bnuùp~ä` jcelklùl`+ o~nucj k` xu~ne` gn k` icjwlj~` gnelklg`g gn k` o~jilùjdcjàup~li` nj ~j` ocudìlùj ycil`k p~n jc wnjä` `òj jljfòj ylywnd` fkce`k gnunkìlcjny ycil`kny on~g`kny nj nk xk`jc gn k` `kgn`* Nj k` y~xnuoliln+ k` glj`ywä` yàkliùnflywuù `kf~jcy xucfunycy jcwèkny mìl` ~j fcelnujc ldxnul`k injwu`klr`gc2 o~nucjy~xuldlg`y k`y unenklcjny gn k` ùlywciuìl` glylgnjwn gn Y`bcjl`+ yn o~jgù ~j` i`xlw`kxnud`jnjwn nj Fcykù | yn `dxklù njcudndnjwn ìk gcdljlc un`k* Nj nywn dcdnjwc+ylj ndeùfc+ k` k~im` gn k`y Ljvnywlg~u`y icj nk x`x`gc xù`klrù ~j d |cuicjycklgìlùj gnk xcgnu un`k* K` k~im` gn Funfculc _LL icj Njulp~n L_ xcu nk icjwuckgn kcy jcdeu`dlnjwcy nxlyicx`kny gnynji`gnjù k` f~nuu` ilvlk fnjnu`klr g` nj

@knd`jl`+ |` p~n k` jceknr` kci`k `xucvnimù k` cxcuw~jlg`g xù` knv`jwùyn icjwu` nkndxnu`gcu icj k`y enjglilcjny x`x`kny* G~u`jwn kcy ilji~njw` `ðcy gn k~imìcjwlj~` w~vc k~fù nj @knd`jl` ~j fu`j i`delc ycil k2 nj ny` ylw~ìlùj gnldxkì ekny gnxungìlcjny+ `jùp~ä` | vlcknjil` ycil k+ k` ùlywciuìl` fnud`jgnywucrù k` e`yn `kcgl k gn k` xcekìlùj kleun jc jcekn+ p~n ylndxun mèä`xungcdlj`gc nj Y`bcjl` | W~uljfl` | p~n mèä` wnjlgc ~j` icjylgnuèkn xunynjil` njE`vlnu` | Y~èl`* Nk i`dxnylj`gc o~n ung~ilgc ` k` ynuvlg~deun ` dnglg` p~ngny`xùniä` k` b~ywlil` xòekli` | xcx~kù+ yn ldxcjä`j k`y xunywìlcjny on~g`kny | ynljwnjyloliè`j | icgloliè`j k`y ceklfìlcjny dlklwùny njwun kcy

QXàf* 0??T

dlndeucy gn k` xucxl` ik`yn jcelklùl`+ ` i~|cy u`jfcy yn `ð`glnucj `mcu` kcydljlywnul`kny + nj dnglc gnk wcuenkkljc gn k` ìxci` | gn k`y fu`jgny wu`jyocudìlcjny

nj k`y o`dlkl`y wu`glilcj`kny0>

*Nj nk ylfkc ]LL kknfù+ xcu olj+ ~j on~g`klydc iè`k+ unwu`y`gc g~u`jwn w`jwc wlndxc nj

@knd`jl`* Xnuc nyn on~g`klydc yn icjywu~|ù icjwu` k` ljwnfuìlùj dcjàup~li` gnk



x`äy+ ` glonunjil` gn Ljfk`wnuu`+ gcjgn k` bnuùp~ä` ycil`k on~g`k o~n ljyw`k`g` xcu k`dcjùp~ä` jcud`jg`+ c gn Ou`jil`+ gcjgn xuninglù ` k` `xùlilùj gn k` dcjùp~ä` |o~n unculnjw`g` knjw`dnjwn nj wcujc ` nkk` g~u`jwn nk xucinyc gn injwu`klrìlùjicjiìjwuli`* ^j` vnr ci~uulgc nywc+ kcy noniwcy xckäwlicy o~nucj luunvnuylekny* K`glj`ywä` Mcmnjyw`~onj+ p~n y~uflù gnyx~ìy gn p~n k` j~nv` nywu~iw~u` ycil`k m~eciulyw`klr`gc+ ljwnjwù ngloliù ~j unjcv`gc xcgnu ldxnul`k yceun y~ e`yn+ ìnxw`jgc k`dngl wlrìlùj gn b~ulygliilcjny | k`y u`dloliìlcjny gn v`y`kk`bn p~n yn mèä`jgnyùuckk`gc nj @knd`jl`* Nk xucxlc Ongnulic L wcdù nj un`klg`g k` gnk`jwnu` `kcuf`jlrù ~j` j~nv` bnuùp~ä` on~g`k gn ~j` icdxknblg`g | ulflgnr ylj xuningnjwny ‗nk Mnnuyimlkgcugj~jf ‗ | `k iunù ~j` ik`yn xuljilxnyi` ` xùwlu gn y~y wnjnjwny lj i`xlwn + nknvàjgckcy xcu njild` gnk unywc gn k` jceknr` `k u`jfc gn Unlimyoûuywnj 0?* K`kùfli` gn nyw` xckäwli icjylywä` nj icjvnuwlu ` k` dcj up~ä` nj ~j` ycenu`jä`nyxniäoli`dnjwn on~g`k+ è`jgcj`jgc wcg` k` wu`glilùj gn k` `gdljlywuìlùj un`kiùckljfl`* Ylj ndeùfc+ y~ icdxkndnjwc jninyùlc nu` `xcgnuùyn gn ~jcy gcdljlcyun`kny y~olilnjwndnjwn `dxklcy xù` p~n xucxcuilcj u`j `k ndxnu`gcu ~j` e`ynolj`jilnu` `~wùjcd` icj k` p~n mìnu noniwlv` y~ ycenu jä`* \ icdc kcy gcdljlcy gnk` o`dlkl` Mcmnjyw`~onj nj Y~èl` nu`j èyck~w`dnjwn ljy~olilnjwny xù` nywc | k``funylùj gluniw` icjwu` kcy xuljilxlcy fnud`jcy jc nu` cxcuw~j`+ Ongnulic ljwnjwù

icjvnuwlu ` Lw`kl` gnk Jcuwn ‗p~n jcdlj`kdnjwn ylndxun mèä` ylgc on~gc gnk Ldxnulc‗ nj ~j oludn e`ywlùj n}wnulcu gnk xcgnu un`k dày `kkà gn kcy @kxny* Xù` nk x`x`gc+nyw` ìwlvìlùj gn kcy väji~kcy p~n klfè`j ` k`y ycenu`jä`y gn @knd`jl` n Lw`kl`njwu`ðè` ~j fckxn o`w`k ` y~ xucxlc xcgnu nj k` xnjäjy~k`+ nyxnil`kdnjwn gnelgc `p~n Ylilkl`+ nj y~ unw`f~ùgl`+ o~n `ð`glg` ` k`y xcynylcjny ldxnul`kny xcu Njulp~n

_L* K` icjylf~lnjwn unjcvìlùj gn k` f~nuu` njwun nk Ldxnulc | nk x`x`gc i`jinkùolj`kdnjwn wcg` xcylelklg`g gn ldxk`jwù ~j` dcjùp~ä` ldxn$0> Fncooun| Eùuìkc~fm+ Wmn culfljy co dcgnuj Fnud`j| + C}ocug+ 0<?5+ xàflj`y 09?$78+ ny nk nyw~glcikàylic*0? Eùuìkc~fm+ lelg*+ xx* 06>$6+ 0=<$<8*

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ul`k nywèkn nj k` xucxl` @knd`jl`* Icj Ongnulic LL+ k` glj`ywä` Mcmnjyw`~onj `gp~lulù~j iùàiwnu | ~j` culnjwìlùj nynjil`kdnjwn lw`kl`jlr`gcy+ dlnjwu`y @knd`jl` nu`è`jgcj`g` ` y~y xucxlcy glyxcylwlvcy ynðcul`kny* Gnyx~ìy gn cwucy ilnj `ðcy gnf~nuu`+ nk uny~kw`gc olj`k o~n k` jn~wu`klrìlùj gn wcg` dcjùp~ä` mnunglwùl` nj nkylfkc ]LLL+ i~`jgc nk Ldxnulc yn mlrc gnoljlwlv`dnjwn nkniwlvc+ | k` icjvnuylùj gn

@knd`jl` icj ~j icjo~yc ùimlxlìk`fc gn xuljilx`gcy*

Yl nk nywèknildlnjwc gnk on~g`klydc fnudàjlic nyw~vc iùìwnulr`gc | gloli~kw`gc xcuk` xnuylywnjil` gn ljywlw~ilcjny wule`kny p~n yn undcjwè`j ` k` ìxci` gn Wàilwc+ k`nvck~ilùj gnk on~g`klydc nj Lw`kl` o~n èunvl`g` | dckgn`g` nj k` dlyd` dnglg` xcuk` y~xnuvlvnjil` gn k`y wu`glilcjny ikàyli`y* Nj nk ylfkc _L+ k` unicjp~lyw` gn k` d`|cuxùwn gn k` xnjäjy~k`+ ndxunjglg` xcu kcy elr`jwljcy icjwu` kcy kcdeùgcy+ ` xnyù gnk` gnywu~iilùj d`wnul`k p~n ìùunù+ mèä` `|~g`gc ` icjynuvù `p~nkkcy vnywlflcyg~u`jwn k` o`yn iuäwli` gn k` Ng`g Cyi~u`* Nj wcgc i`yc+ nk `ynjw`dlnjwc gn kcyeàueùcy mèä` ylgc unk`wlv`dnjwn gìelk |+ nj icjyni~njil`+ Lw`kl` j~ji` xnuglù k`

vlg` ~ue`j` d~jlilx`k p~n mèä` xcynägc g~u`jwn nk Ldxnulc ucd`jc* K`y xuljilx`knyil~g`gny vckvlnucj ` ìw~ù d~| xucjwc icdc injwucy dnui`jwlkny xù` nk wuàolicicdnuil`k ` wu`vìy gnk Dnglwnuuàjnc | okcunilnucj icdc x~nuwcy | injwucy gnglywule~ilùj d~| `v`jr`gcy unyxniwc ` cwu`y il~g`gny n~ucxn`y* K` Lfknyl` mnungùe~nj` xùwn gn k` xcylilùj ycil`k | xckäwli` gn k` `jwlf~` ùlywciuìl` ynj`wcul`k*M`yw` nk ylfkc ]L+ kcy celyxcy o~nucj kcy mèlw~`kny glulfnjwny `gdljlywu`wlvcy gn k`yil~g`gny lw`kl`j`y* Gnelgc `k xungcdljlc gn kcy icdxcjnjwny ucd`jcy nj k` yäjwnyly

on~g`k gn nyw` rcj`+ gcjgn k` mnunjil knf`k gn @~f~ywc | B~ywljl jc w~vcljnvlwèkndnjwn ~j fu`j xnyc+ k`y unkìlcjny gn xucxlng`g j~ji` yn `kljnùcj~jlk`wnu`kdnjwn icj k` icuulnjwn xuljilx`k gn kcy dcgnkcy on~g`kny* Gnygn kcy ylfkcy



cyi~ucy+ k` ycilng`g u~u`k ylndxun o~n d~| mnwnucfìjn`+ icdelj`jgc on~gcy+i`dxnyljcy xucxlnwùlcy kleuny+ k`wlo~jglcy | wnuu`wnjlnjwny ~ue`jcy ynfòj k`yglvnuy`y unflcjny* Kcy ynðcuäcy xucxl`dnjwn glimcy mèä`j gn e~yiùynxungcdlj`jwndnjwn nj Kcdeùgä` | nj nk jcuwn+ dlnjwu`y p~n k` xucxlng`g wnuulwcul`knywè` dày icjinjwu`g` nj nk y~u+ gcjgn kcy k`wlo~jglcy ikàylicy i~kwlv`gcy xcunyik`vcy xnug~uùcj e`bc nk gcdljlc elr`jwljc m`yw` k` @kw` Ng`g Dngl` 06* K`yxnp~nð`y xucxlng`gny06 Xmlklx Bcjny+ ¡Wmn `fuùl`j gnvnkcxdnjw co dngl nv`k Lw`k|±+ Ynicjg Ljwnuj`wlcj`k Icjonunjin co Nicjcdli Mlywcu| + Xùäy+ 0<?>+ x* 6<*

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i`dxnylj`y xuceèkndnjwn nu`j dày j~dnucy`y nj nk injwuc dcjw`ðcyc gnk x`äy* Njicjyni~njil`+ nk ylywnd` ynðcul`k o~n ylndxun d~imc dày gìelk nj Lw`kl` p~n `k jcuwngn kcy @kxny | nk `~fn gn k`y icd~j`y ~ue`j`y o~n dày wndxu`jc | dày ldxcuw`jwnp~n nj i~`kp~lnu cwuc ylwlc*

Nj ~j xuldnu dcdnjwc+ k`y il~g`gny nyw~vlnucj gcdlj`g`y xcu xnp~nðcy jcekny

on~g`kny+ e`bc nk fcelnujc gn y~y celyxcy* Xnuc ` olj`kny gnk ylfkc ]L k`y b~ulygliilcjnyynðcul kny |` le`j glydlj~|njgc nj nk i`dxc+ dlnjwu`y p~n k` k~im` gn k`yljvnywlg~u`y gè` ` k`y icd~jlg`gny dnui`jwlkny gn k`y il~g`gny k` cxcuw~jlg`g gnyì~gluyn kcy ynðcuäcy niknylàywlicy | gn ljywlw~lu vnug`gnucy `~wcfcelnujcyicd~j`kny+ xuldnuc e`bc k` ocud` gn ~j ylywnd` ¡icjy~kù± nkniwlvc | dày wùgnicjwu`w`jgc ` `gdljlywu`gcuny xuconylcj`kny gn o~nu`+ kcy xcgnywè gnk ylfkc ]LLL*

@xuc}ld`g`dnjwn gnygn nk `ðc 0088+ ny`y icd~j`y gcdljùcj wcgc nk jcuwn gn Lw`kl` | ndxunjglnucj k` icjp~lyw` ylywndàwli` gn kcy i`dxcy p~n k`y ucgnè`j+ `wì`jgckcy on~gcy ynðcul`kny | ècklnjgc k`y ljd~jlg`gny on~g`kny+ ùu`y jgc kcy i`ywlkkcy |ocur`jgc k` y~dlylùj gn kcy ynðcuny inui`jcy* Nk cebnwlvc gn nyw` `funylv` n}x`jylùj~ue`j` nu` k` icjp~lyw` gn ~j icjw`gc wnuulwcul`k gnk p~n ` xùwlu gn njwcjiny kìl~g`g x~glnu` n}wu`nu ldx~nywcy+ wucx`y | fu`jc xù` `~dnjwù y~ xucxlc xcgnu |xucyxnulg`g vly$è$vly gn y~y ulv`kny0=* K`y unkìlcjny u~u`kny yn wu`jyocudùcju`gli`kdnjwn xcu k` n}x`jylùj gnk icjw`gc + |` p~n k`y il~g`gny wnjglnucj ` ljwucg~iluj~nv`y ocud`y gn gnxnjgnjil yndlicdnuil`klr g` xù` nk i`dxnylj`gc+ p~n ynylw~è`j d~| knbcy gn k` ynuvlg~deun2 k` dnrr`gul` c unxùwc icjwuìw~`k gn kìcynim` yn mlrc mèlw~`k nj k` d`|cu xùwn gnk jcuwn | nk injwuc gn Lw`kl` g~u`jwn nkylfkc ]LLL* Nk gnyùuckkc gn k`y d`j~o iw~u`y gnjwuc gn k`y icd~j`y gnyndeciùnjwcjiny nj ~j `~dnjwc gn k`y wnjylcjny ycil`kny njwun kcy dnui`gnuny | d`fj`wny-nywu`wc gcdlj`jwn icj xucxlng`gny u~u`kny | ~ue`j`y, | kcy fu~xcy ùwny`jcy |xuconylcj`kny cuf`jlr`gcy nj fundlcy | dùflj`gcy gnk fcelnujc gn k` il~g`g* Njylfkc ]LLL+ k` `yinjylùj xckäwli` gn nywcy òkwldcy njicjwuù ~j` i~ulcy` n}xunylùj nj k`ljywlw~ilùj gnk i`xlw`jc gnk xcxckc + p~n ` dnj~gc fcrè` gn ~j gloäilk icjgcdljlc

icj nk xcgnywè gnjwuc gn kcy dlydcy uniljwcy2 nk dlydc iùfc nu` ~j ycuxunjgnjwnuni~nugc gnk wule~jc gn0= Xù` wcg` nyw` nvck~ilùj+ vì`yn G`jlnk V`kn|+ Wmn Lw`kl`j ilw|$unx~ekliy + Kcjguny+ 0<?<+ xx* 05$50+ >?$<5 QK`y il~g`gny$Unxòekli` lw`kl`j`y + D`gulg+ F~`gùu`d`+ 0<68T*

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k` Ucd` ikàyli` 0<* Nywn ouàflk np~lkleulc jc g~uù d~imc wlndxc* Nj nk ylfkc ]L_+ k`yicd~j`y kcdeùg`y i`|nucj ~j` wu`y cwu` e`bc nk gcdljlc gn wlu`jä`y xnuycj`kny |mnunglwùl`y2 k`yylfjculn 1 gnygn njwcjiny nk xcgnu yn icjinjwuù nj d`jcy gn`vnjw~unucy `~wùiu`w`y+ nj y~ d`|cu xùwn n} on~g`wùlcy c icjgcwwlnul * Nj kcy ilnj`ðcy ylf~lnjwny+ Wcyi`j ylf~lù k` dlyd` gluniilùj* K`y unflcjny dày `v`jr`g`y gnLw`kl` yn icjvluwlnucj+ x~ny+ nj nk wèknuc gn k~im` gn k`y il~g`gny$Nyw`gc+ nj nk p~n+ `glonunjil` gnk unywc gn N~ucx`+ nk i`dxc ilui~jg`jwn o~n `jn}lcj`gc ` k`y il~g`gny |j~ji` x~gc ngloliùyn ~j` xluàdlgn u~u`k on~g`k* J`w~u`kdnjwn+ k` xunynjil` gnk



x`x`gc nj wcg` k` xnjäjy~k`+ vlflk`jgc icjwu` k` `dnj`r` gn ~j Nyw`gc yni~kùy~xnuxcgnucyc+ icjywlw~|ù ~j ldxcuw`jwn ceywài~kc `glilcj`k xù` k` `xùlilùj gn ~j`dcjùp~ä` xnjljy~kù*

Yùkc nj gcy unflcjny gn Lw`kl` yn ldxk`jwù ~j ylywnd` xckäwlic$nicjùdlic xknj`dnjwnon~g`k+ | jc ny ~j dnuc ìilgnjwn p~n `de`y o~nu`j nj nynjil` ¡n}wnjylcjny± gnkon~g`klydc n~ucxnc dày cufàjlic | xcgnucyc+ nk injwu`gc nj Ou`jil`* Xl`dcjwn+kljg`jwn icj Yèc|`+ nu` ~j wnuulwculc oucjwnulrc `k cwuc k`gc gn kcy @kxny+ | nj ny`ywlnuu`y `kw`y+ ylw~`g`y knbcy gn k` ljok~njil` gn k`y icd~j`y gn k`y kk`j~u`y+ yngnyùuckkù ~j` bnuùp~ä` ynðcul`k | ~j i`dxnylj`gc gnxnjglnjwn* Xnuc nj nyw` ìxci`+nk n}wundc jcuculnjw`k gn k` xnjäjy~k` nu` gnd`yl`gc xnp~nðc | xceun xù` wnjnu`kf~j` ldxcuw`jil` nj nk icjb~jwc gn Lw`kl`* D~imc dày xcgnucyc nu` nk unljcdnulglcj`k gn Jàxckny | Ylilkl`+ p~n mèä`j iun`gc kcy jcud`jgcy gnyx~ìy gnicjp~lywùkc ` kcy elr`jwljcy | àuèny nj nk ylfkc ]L* Nj nywn unljc yn glywule~|nucjon~gcy | y~uflù ~j vnug`gnuc ylywnd` ynðcul`k+ icdxknw`gc icj ljo`jw`rfcy |ynuvlg~deun* K` dcjùp~ä` p~n gcdljù nywn yld~kìuc dnulglcj`k gn k` yäjwnylyou`jiny` yn unocurù wcg`vä` dày xcu k`y icjinxilcjny culnjw`klr`g`y gn y~xundìäùn`k gnelg`y ` k`y xnuylywnjwny ljok~njil`y àuèny | elr`jwlj y* Nywn Nyw`gc

`~wìjwli`dnjwn on~g`k o~n nk p~n xucxcuilcjù ` Ongnulic LL k` e`yn xù` y~ ljwnjwc gnicjp~lywù | cuf`jlrù wcg` Lw`kl` nj ~j` dcjùp~ä` dnglnv`k ~jloli`g`* Xcu u`rcjnyp~n yn icjylgnuùàj dày `gnk`jwn+ nywn0< D`} Vnenu+ Nicjcd| `jg ycilnw| + J~nv` \cua+ 0<?=+ vck* LLL+ xàflj`y 098=$< QNicjcdä` | ycilng`g + 5

vcky*+ Dì}lic+ OIN+ 5*¢ ng*+ 0<?7T1 G`jlnk V`kn|+Wmn Lw`kl j ilw|$unx~ekliy + xx* 0=5$<6* ^j u`rùjo~jg`dnjw`k gn k` `xùlilùj gn k`y ljywlw~ilcjny gnk xcxckc o~nucj k`y n}wcuylcjny olyi`kny gn kcyx`wulil`gcy1 vì`yn B* Knywcip~c|+ @~} culfljny gn k` ec~ufnclyln + Xùäy+ 0<>5+ xx* 0=<$<9*

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xuc|niwc ouì`yù* K` glvlylùj gn k` xnjäjy~k` nj gcy ylywnd`y ycil`kny glonunjwnymèuä` gn xnug~uù g~u`jwn ylfkcy*

Nj Nyx`ð`+ yùkc gcy ylfkcy ynxùùcj k` ci~xìlùj vlylfcg` gn k` icjp~lyw`d~y~kd`j`* Nj nyn nyxìlc gn wlndxc yùkc x~glnucj `xùninu k`y icdeljìlcjny dàyicjo~y`y gn nkndnjwcy fnudàjlicy | ucd jcy1 nj noniwc+ gnyx~ìy gn kcy`ynjw`dlnjwcy eàueùcy+ | g~u`jwn k` d`|cu xùwn gn nywn xnuäcgc+ yn xucg~bc+ icdc

|` mndcy _lywc+ ~j` icdxknw` ynxùìlùj knf`k | `gdljlywu`wlv` gn k`y gcyicd~jlg`gny* Nj nyw`y icjglilcjny jc nu` xcylekn jljf~j` yäjwnyly `v`jr`g`* K`Nyx`ð` iulywl`j` i`|ù ~j ylfkc `jwny gn p~n Iùkcd`fjc iunù` nk Ldxnulc p~n ìw~ùicdc nk vnug`gnuc lji~e`gcu gnk on~g`klydc n~ucxnc* K` mnunjil` vlylfcg` o~n+ x~ny+

vluw~`kdnjwn eùulg` xcu k` icjp~lyw` lykàdli`+ | k` ycilng`g iulywl`j` unylg~`k gn @yw~ul`y w~vc p~n vckvnu ` ndxnrù gnygn `kfc d~| xùnilgc ` inuc* @ xùwlu gn nyndcdnjwc+ k` nyxniäoli` k~im` mlywùuli` gn k` Unicjp~lyw` o~n nk gnwnudlj`jwno~jg`dnjw`k gn k`y ocud`y gnk on~g`klydc nyx`ðck+ dày p~n k` culfljùl` icklylùj |o~ylùj gn k`y ycilng`gny eàueù` n ldxnul`k* Nywn mnimc eàylic `xùwù ` Nyx`ð` gn kcycwucy x`äyny gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k gnygn d~| xucjwc | xucg~bc ~j ynuln gniùìwnuäywli`y p~n jc ycj mcdckcfèkny ` k`y gn kcy xuljilx`kny wlxcy gnk on~g`klydcn~ucxnc* Nj nywn ynjwlgc+ k` d`wulr gn k` ycilng`g dnglnv`k nyx`ðck` o~n ylndxunglywljw`* K` n}inxilùj gnk dcgnkc fnjnu`k o~n I`w`k~ð`+ p~n o~n ljicuxcu`g` `k unljciùckljflc nj nk ylfkc L] |+ nj icjyni~njil`+ y~oulù k` n}xnulnjil` mèlw~`k gn kcy v`yyl gcdljlil + nk ylywnd` gn enjnolilcy | k` `gdljlywuìlùj icjg`k* Nj k` @kw` Ng`g Dngl`+k` icjglilùj gnk i`dxnylj`gc n}xnuldnjwù ~j` xucfunylv` gnfu`gìlùj+ yndnb`jwn `k` gn k` Ou`jil` icjwndxcuàjn`+ icj xunyw ilcjny xnuycj`kny nyxnil`kdnjwn g~u`y |~j ylywnd` ynðcul`k gnyùuckk`gc* K` ynuvlg~deun i`w`k`j` o~n nywèknilg` xcu kcy

ynðcuny kci`kny ` kc kùfc gn gcyilnjwcy `ðcy+ gnygn dngl`gcy gnk ylfkc ]L nj`gnk`jwn 58* Nj k` rcj` ciilgnjw`k+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ k`y xni~klùny icjglilcjny gn k`kùf` k~im` icjwu` nk xcgnu dcuc glnucj culfnj ` ~j` gcekn nvck~ilùj* Xcu ~j` xùwn+k` ¡knjw` unicjp~lyw`± ljlil`k ` xùwlu gnk n}wundc jcuwn mìl` è`bc iunù ~j` `dxkl`



wlnuu` gn j`gln ‗k`y xuny~u`y‗ njwun kcy Nyw`gcy iulywl`jc | d~y~kdàj p~n+ nj k`yicjglilcjny fnjnu`kny gn nyi`ynr gn d`jc gn ceu`+ o~n ickcjlr`g` xcu i`dxnyljcykleuny* Nyw`y xuny~u`y gnelklwùcj w`delìj58 B* _linjy _lvny+ Mlywcul` gn kcy undnjy`y nj nk ylfkc ]_ + Eùinkcj`+ 0<7>+ xx* 5?$96*

QXàf* 060T

k` b~ulygliilùj ynðcul`k nj kcy wnuulwculcy nyxniäoli`dnjwn iulywl`jcy+ |` p~n k`y wlnuu`y vìä`y couniä`j ` kcy o~flwlvcy ~j uno~flc xcwnjil`k 50* @ dnj~gc+ k`y icd~jlg`gny gni`dxnyljcy kleuny yn njicdnjgè`j ickniwlv`dnjwn ` kcy ynðcuny nj e~yi` gnxucwniilùj+ g`jgc k~fù ` k`y kk`d`g`y enmnwuä`y* Nj k`y ouàflkny | ok~iw~ jwnyocudìlcjny ycil`kny gn nyw` ik`yn+ icj icjyw`jwny | xnuw~ue`gcu`y icuunuä`y ` `decyk`gcy gn k`y i`del`jwny käjn`y gn gndùiìlùj unklflcy`+ mèä` xci` xcylelklg`g gnp~n wcdù` ocud` ~j` bnuùp~ä` on~g`k xknj`dnjwn gnkldlw`g`* Nk iùàiwnu unklflcycgn k`y f~nuu`y oucjwnulr`y ylfjloliù+ `gndày+ p~n nk nyik`vlr`dlnjwc gn kcy i`~wlvcyo~n nj Nyx`ð` ~j` xuàiwli` ycil`k mèlw~`k p~n g~uù d~imc dày wlndxc p~n njjljf~j` cwu` xùwn gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k* K` glyxcjlelklg`g gn ~j` d`jc gn ceu`d~y~kd`j` nyik`vlr`g` unwu`yù xcu kc fnjnu`k k` icjycklg ilùj gn ~j` ik`yn gnylnuvcy iulywl`jcy nj k` xnjäjy~k` Leìuli` -icdc |` mndcy vlywc+ k` jcud` fnjnu`k gnk` ìxci` dnglnv`k o~n ~j` icuunkìlùj ljvnuy` njwun `decy ylywnd`y gn wuè`bc,*Gnygn icdlnjrcy gnk ylfkc ]L w~vc k~fù nj I`ywlkk` | Knùj ~j` jcwèkn n}wnjylùj gnk`y olji`y ynðcul`kny | gn kcy fu`jgny gcdljlcy 55* Kcy yckùlnfcy c vlkk`jcy i`ywnkk`jcyjc o~nucj nj èyck~wc ljylfjloli jwny ` xùwlu gn nyw` ìxci + xnuc j~jiìcjywlw~|nucj k` d`|cuä` gn k` xcekìlùj u~u`k* K` n}x`jylùj gn k` oucjwnu` ù`fcjnyò~n unk`wlv`dnjwn dnjcy ldxcuw`jwn |+ nj icjyni~njil`+ k` ynuvlg~deun o~n dàyxucj~jil`g` nj y~y kwlxk`jlilny gnk ljwnulcu*

Nj kcy ylfkcy ] | ]L+ kcy dcjùi`y gn kcy unljcy iulywl`jcy gnelnucj y~ n}inxilcj`k`~wculg`g ` y~y y~xund`y o~jilcjny dlklwùny nj k` iu~r`g` xnud`jnjwn mìl` nk y~u |` k` xnp~nð` n}wnjylùj gn y~y Nyw`gcy dày p~n ` ~j ycenu jä` on~g`k d~|ùwli~k`g` c ` ~jcy gcdljlcy un`kny icjycklg`gcy 59* N}lywä` nk v`y`kk`bn xnuycj`k+ kcyenjnolilcy wnuulwcul`kny | k`y b~ulygliilcjny ynðcul`kny+ xnuc yn d`jwnjä`j icdcnkndnjwcy glycil`gcy p~n wcg`vä` jc yn mèä`j o~jglgc xù` ocudù ~j vnug`gnucylywnd` gn on~gcy* ^j` ik`yn ljgäfnj` gn iè`kknucy vlkk`jcy unylgä` xù`gùbli`dnjwnnj k`y il~g`gny | xucxcuilcjè` nk ynuvlilc gn iè`kknuä` xù` nk `v`jin mìl` nk y~u ì`delc gn xulvlknflcy50 B* _linjy _lvny+ D`j~`k gn mlywcul` nicjùdli` gn Nyx`ð` + Eùinkcj`+ 0<><+ xx* 058$>*55 K~ly F* gn _`kgn`vnkk`jc+ Mlywcul` gn Nyx`ð` + D`gulg+ 0<>>+ L#LL+ xàflj`y 5<9$987*59 I* Yàjimnr @kecujcr+ Nyw~glcy yceun k`y ljywlw~ilcjny dnglnv`kny nyx`ðck`y + Dì}lic+ 0<?>+ xx* 6<6$<*

QXàf* 065T

d~jlilx`kny | olyi`kny 57* Gnyx~ìy gnk `ðc 0088+ k` ljok~njil` on~g`k ou`jiny` yceun kìcuwn | k` Lfknyl` i`ywnkk`j y icjg~bc ` k` d~kwlxkli ilùj gn kcy ynðcuäcy wnuulwcul knyp~n+ ylj ndeùfc+ jc `gp~lulnucj k` `~wcjcdä` gn y~y dcgnkcy gn `kknjgn kcyXluljncy* K`y ljlil`wlv`y ilywnuilnjyny o~nucj w`delìj unyxcjyèkny gn k` iunìlùj gnk`y wuny fu`jgny ùugnjny dlklwù$dcjàywli`y ‗Y`jwl`fc+ I`k`wu`v` | @kiàjwù`‗ p~n` xùwlu gn njwcjiny gnyndxnðùcj ~j x`xnk o~jg`dnjw`k nj I`ywlkk`*

Nywn `jùd`kc icdxknbc gn ljywlw~ilcjny g~uù m`yw` olj`kny gnk ylfkc ]LL+ | xù`njwcjiny k` Unicjp~lyw` |` mèä` `v`jr`gc fu`g~`kdnjwn mìl` k` käjn` gnk W`bc*Njwcjiny+ nj nk ylfkc ]LLL+ xuàiwli`dnjwn wcgc nk y~u i`|ù unxnjwlj` | vnkcrdnjwn`jwn k` ¡Unicjp~lyw` uàxlg`±* @jg`k~iä` o~n èycuelg` nj wunljw` `ðcy* Icj nyw`njcudn n ljnyxnu`g` f`j`jil` wnuulwcul`k+ wcgc nk xucinyc gn ickcjlrìlùj yn ljvluwlù |yn iunù nj nk y~u ~j cugnj `fuùlc p~n o~n n}ìw`dnjwn nk cx~nywc `k p~n yn mèä`gnyùuckk`gc nj nk jcuwn* K`y i`dx`ð`y vliwculcy`y mèä`j ylgc cuf`jlr`g`y |



glulflg`y nj ~j` dnglg` icjylgnuèkn xcu k`y fu`jgny ùugnjny dlklwùny gn I`ywlkk`+i~|` nywu~iw~u` iùìwnuäywli` mèä` ylgc icxl`g` `k njndlfc lykàdlic xù` k`xucyni~ilùj gn k` on* Nyw`y icou`gä`y f~nuunu`y wcdùcj `mcu` v`yw`y n}wnjylcjny gnwlnuu`y | yn `xucxlùcj gn k`y b~ulygliilcjny ynðcul`kny yceun nkk`y* Gn kcy bnonydlklwùny gn nywn ylfkc mèuä` gn y`klu k` d`|cu xùwn gn k` ik`yn ycil`k gn kcy fu`jgnyp~n ` xùwlu gn njwcjiny gcdljùä` nk on~g`klydc nyx`ðck* Nk ùwny`j`gc d~y~kdàjo~n uàxlg`dnjwn n}x~ky`gc gn k`y il~g`gny mìl` nk ndlu`wc lykàdlic gn Fu`j`g`*Nywn fckxn òniwù yld~kwàjn`dnjwn ` k` `fuli~kw~u` d~y~kd`j` gn xnp~nðcyxucxlnwùlcy+ p~n wu`glilcj`kdnjwn nywè` klf`g` ` k` nicjcdä` ~ue`j` gn @jg`k~iä`*Nk xcywnulcu `xk`yw`dlnjwc gn k`y unenklcjny i`dxnylj`y dcu`y gnyxcekù k` wlnuu`* Ynxucg~bc+ x~ny+ ~j` fu`vn nyi`ynr gn d`jc gn ceu` p~n yùkc x~gc unyckvnuyn xcudnglc gn k` ung~iilùj gn k` d`jc gn ceu` u~u`k ` k` ynuvlg~deun+ icjglilùj p~n x~gcldxcjnuyn icj oìlklg`g fuìl`y ` k` kknf`g` gn kcy nbìuilwcy jcelkl ulcy `kDnglwnuuàjnc* K` icjywu~iilùj gn v`ywcy k`wlo~jglcy nj @jg`k~iä` yn vlc o`vcunilg`wcg`vä` dày xcu k` icjvnuylùj fnjnu`k gn k`y wlnuu`y gngli`g`y `k i~kwlvc ` x`ywcyn}wnjylvcy xù` nk f`j`gc k`jù* Nj nyw`y g~u`y icjglilcjny+ k` d`|cu xùwn gn kcyyckg`gcy gn ` xln p~n57 Nknj` Kc~uln+ ¡@ ycilnw| cuf`jlrng ocu ù2 dngl`nv`k Yx`lj±+ X`yw `jg Xunynjw + jòd* 9>+ glilndeungn 0<??+ xx* >>$??* Nywn ùwäi~kc counin ~j icdxnwnjwn uny~dnj gn `kf~j`y gn k`y xuljilx`kny käjn`y gnk` mlywculcfuòä` dnglnv`k nyx`ðck`*

QXàf* 069T

mèä`j f j`gc xnp~nð`y xùink`y nj nk y~u+ k`y vnjglnucj ` kcy fu`jgnywnuu`wnjlnjwny | unfunyùcj `k jcuwn 5>* Nk j~nvc dcgnkc gnk y~u unxnui~wlù `mcu`yceun I`ywlkk`2 xù` ldxnglu nk gunj`bn gn d`jc gn ceu` gn y~y olji`y xcu k` dày uli`ùlywciuìl` `jg`k~r`+ kcy mlg`kfcy gnk jcuwn `wùcj icj j~nvcy väji~kcy gngnxnjgnjil` ` y~ i`dxnylj`gc+ m`yw` p~n nj nk ylfkc ]L_ |` mèä` `xùnilgc nj k`d`|cu xùwn gn Nyx`ð` ~j` ik`yn i`g` vnr dày yldlkù gn vlkk`jcy* K`y dcjùp~ä`yi`ywnkk`j` | ù`fcjny`+ p~n wcg`vä` jc nu`j ljywlw~ilcjny xknj`dnjwn icjycklg`g`y+n}wu`bnucj+ ylj ndeùfc+ enjnolilcy y~yw`jil`kny gn nyw` on~g`klrìlùj gn y~yùlywciuìl`y f~nuunu`y* Yn unocurùcj k`y wu`glilcjny gn olgnklg`g dlklwù `k un| nji~`jwc icd`jg`jwn nj bnon+ yn iunù ~j` jceknr` xcgnucy`+ `~jp~n wcg`vä` kn`k+ | ynnywèlklrù yceun k` wlnuu` ~j` ik`yn ycil`k gn i`dxnyljcy ylnuvcy*

Nj nk n}wundc klwcu`k `wkàjwlic gn k` xnjäjy~k` Leìuli`+ Xcuw~f k o~n k` òkwld`dcjùp~ä` on~g`k ldxcuw`jwn p~n `xùnilù nj N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k* K` unflùjjcuciilgnjw`k gn k` Mlyx`jl` ucd`j` mèä` unilelgc ` kcy y~nvcy+ òjlic x~nekcfnudàjlic gn k` xuldlfnjl` icjongnuìlùj p~n mèä` iu~r`gc nk Ulj nj nk 78? p~n yn`ynjwù nj k`y wlnuu`y xuldnu`dnjwn icjp~lyw`g`y* Kcy y~nvcy gnbùcj wu`y gn yä nkd`|cu icjb~jwc gn wcxùjldcy fnudàjlicy gn k` xnjäjy~k`+ nk xny`gc ù`gc gnk jcuwn |nk noädnuc uni~nugc gnk xuldnu un| eàueùc i`wùklic gn N~ucx`+ `jwny gn p~n o~nu`jicjp~lyw`gcy | èycuelgcy xcu nk unljc vlylfcgc nj nk ylfkc _L* Gnygn nyn dcdnjwc+k`y wlnuu`y ciilgnjw`kny gn Lenul` w~vlnucj ~j` mlywcul` d~| xcic glonunjwn ` k` gnkunywc gn k` xnjäjy~k`+ |` p~n+ icdc k` xucxl` Nyx`ð`+ icjcilnucj k` icjp~lyw`d~y~kd`j` | ~j ung~iwc dcjw`ðcyc iulywl`jc ylw~`gc o~nu` gn y~ `ki`jin* Y~ mlywcul`ljgnxnjglnjwn vckvlù ` icdnjrù i~ jgc Xcuw~f k ‗p~n njwcjiny yùkc nu` ~j`dcgnyw` n}wnjylùj gn wlnuu` njwun nk Dlðc | nk G~nuc‗ o~n icjinglgc icdcljo`jw`rfc gn I`ywlkk`$Knùj ` ~j vàyw`fc gnk g~p~n gn Ecufcð` nj nk `ðc 08<>*Ilji~njw` `ðcy gnyx~ìy+ y~ jlnwc o~jgù k` dcjùp~ä` xcuw~f~ny`* Nj nyw` glyw`jwnunflùj oucjwnulr` mèuä` gn unxnwluyn+ | n} fnuùyn+ k` d |cu xùwn gnk dcgnkcfnjnu`k gnk gnyùuckkc nyx`ðck* K` Unicjp~lyw` gnk y~u o~n d~imc dày uàxlg` p~n njNyx`ð` |+ xcu icjylf~lnjwn+ gnyndeciù nj ~j xcgnu un`k wcg`vä` dày xucj~jil`gc*

Wcgc nk x`äy p~ngù kleun gn k` ci~xìlùj d~y~kd`j` icj k` i`xw~u` gnk @kfùvn nj nk057<+ nywc ny+ gcy ylfkcy `jwny gn k` i`äg` gn Fu`j`g`* Gnelgc5> F* Bìaycj+ Wmn dàljf co wmn dngl`nv`k Yx`lj + Kcjguny+ 0<65+ xàflj`y =?$= QLjwucg~iilùj ` k` Nyx`ð`



dnglnv`k + D`gulg+ @kl`jr`+ 0<6>T*

QXàf* 067T

nj e~nj` xùwn ` nywn mnimc+ jc `xùnilù jljf~j` bnuùp~ä` ljwu`ynðcul`k ocud`klr`g` | nk ynxù`wlydc jcelklùlc o~n gìelk* Nk y~ev`y`kk`bn p~ngù kldlw`gc ` ~jcy xcicy | xcgnucycy d`fj`wny+ icdc k` i`y` gn Eu`f`jr`* ^j fu~xc unywuljflgc gn i`v`knlucy$ vlkécy ocudùcj ~j` ìklwn `kgn`j` unk`wlv`dnjwn xuùyxnu` icj ùunjg`dlnjwcynjolwì~wlicy* K` xnp~nð` xucxlng`g i`dxnylj` o~n däjld`+ n}inxwc nj nk knb`jcjcuwn+ |` p~n nj Xcuw~f`k jc m~ec ~j` o`yn ¡knjw`± gn Unicjp~lyw`+ icdxùèkn ` k`gn I`ywlkk` | Knùj* K` fu`j d`y` gn k` xcekìlùj u~u`k k` icjywlw~ä`j kcy ùunjg`wùlcyp~n x`fè`j unjw`y on~g`kny nj fu`jgny olji`y icj unynuv`y ynðcul`kny unk`wlv`dnjwnnyi`y`y* K`y ceklfìlcjny xungl`kny | olyi`kny b~jw`y xcgä`j `yinjgnu m`yw` nk 68 xcuilnjwc gn k` xucg~iilùj gnk xucg~iwcu gluniwc | k`y xunywìlcjny `glilcj`kny gnwuè`bc xcgä`j ynu gn ~jc ` wuny gä`y ` k` ynd`j`+ `~jp~n ìyw`y jc nu`j ~jlvnuy`kny 5?*Xcu cwu` xùwn+ k` ynuvlg~deun gn k` fkne` |` nywè` gny`xùnilnjgc nj nk ylfkc ]LLLgnelgc+ `k dnjcy nj xùwn+ ` k` è~jg`jil` gn i`~wlvcy d~y~kd`jny nj nk y~u+dlnjwu`y p~n nk icdnuilc dùäwldc icj Ljfk`wnuu` | Ou`jil` iuniä` w`delìj gn ocud`ylfjloli`wlv`* @k dlydc wlndxc+ k` ldxcuw`jil` gn k`y ùugnjny unklflcy`y dlklwùny xù`nk dcgnkc ycil`k gnk Xcuw~f`k dnglnv`k o~n ljik~yc y~xnulcu ` k` gn Nyx`ð`* K`glywule~ilùj gn k` xucxlng`g wnuulwcul k gnjwuc gn k` ik`yn gcdlj jwn o~nxuceèkndnjwn òjli` nj N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k* M`yw` k` unvck~ilùj gn @vly+ nj nk `ðc09=9+ kcy ljfunycy `j~`kny gn k` dcjùp~ä` nu`j `xuc}ld`g`dnjwn lf~`kny ` kcy gn k`Lfknyl` | `decy b~jwcy unxunynjwè`j njwun i~`wuc | cimc vniny dày p~n kcy ljfunycywcw`kny gn k` jceknr`56* Nyw` injwu`klrìlùj n}wund` gn k` xucxlng`g on~g`k nu` ~j vlvcljgli`gcu gn k` yljf~kùlg`g gn k` ocudìlùj ycil`k xcuw~f~ny`* Icdelj`g` icj k``~ynjil` gn ~j ynuvlg~deun `gyiulxwlil` | icj nk ljiundnjwc gnk icdnuilc~kwu`dùljc ` xùwlu gnk ylfkc ]LLL+ ny` injwu`klrìlùj gnywljù gnygn d~| xucjwc `Xcuw~f`k ` ~j o~w~uc glonunjwn*5? @* M* gn Cklvnlu` Dùp~ny+ @ ycilng`gn dnglnv`k xcuw~f~ny` + Klyec`+ 0<?7+ xx* 079$7*56 @ud`jgc I`ywuc+ Xcuw~f`k j` N~ucx` gc yn~ wndxc + Klyec`+ 0<68+ xàflj`y 09>$=*

QXàf* 06>T

9* NK KNB@JC JCUWN

Nk iùàiwnu | k` wu`|niwcul` glonunjil`k gn k`y ocudìlcjny ycil`kny nyi`jglj`v`y `xùwlu gn k` Ng`g Cyi~u` icjywlw~|nj ~j xuceknd` o`yilj`jwn xù` nk d`wnul`klydcmlywùulic | ~j icjwuck jninyùlc ‗| w`j ` dnj~gc ckvlg`gc‗ xù` i~`kp~lnu wlxckcfä`dù}lyw` fnjnu`k gnk gnyùuckkc unflcj`k n~ucxnc 0* @p~ä glyxcjndcy gn xcic nyxìlcxù` n}xkcuù nyw` icdxknb` | nyi`y`dnjwn gci~dnjw`g` i~nywlùj* Xnuc ny nynjil`k~j eunvn nyecrc gn k` wndxu`j` nvck~ilùj gn nyw` àun` xù` icdxunjgnu nk x`xnkiu~il`k gnyndxnð`gc gnyx~ìy xcu Y~nil` nj k` mlywcul` gn k` N~ucx` dcgnuj`*

E`ywùà gnilu gnygn `mcu` p~n nk gnwnudlj`jwn mlywùulic o~jg`dnjw`k gn k`¡nyxnilolilg`g± nyi`jglj`v` o~n k` xni~klù j`w~u`knr` gn k` nywu~iw~u` ycil`k vlaljf`+p~n gnygn nk xuldnu dcdnjwc ynxùù ` wcg` k` rcj` gnk unywc gnk icjwljnjwn*Nyi`jglj`vl` mèä` p~ng`gc icdxknw`dnjwn o~nu` gnk d~jgc ucd`jc+ icdc ny cevlc*Nj kcy ylfkcy gn k` x`} ucd`j` + k` vlg` gn y~y xcekìlcjny wule`kny jc yn mèä` vlywcglykci`g` jl ìnknu`g` xcu k` icjwlfûlg`g gn kcy knflcjùlcy | kcy dnui`gnuny gnkkldny * @~jp~n k` fu`j ckn`g` gn ljv`ylcjny eàueù`y gn kcy0 Nj ~j` iìkneun ceynuvìlùj+ Mniaymnu icdnjwù p~n ¡kcy x`äyny gn ynf~jg` olk`± jc wnjä`j gnunimc `nyxnuù p~n y~ mlywcul` o~nyn nyw~gl`g` fnjnu`kdnjwn* @uf~dnjw`jgc p~n ¡wcgc nyw~glc mlywùulic gnenicjg~ilu `k gnyi~euldlnjwc gn kn|ny fnjnu`kny c `k glyinujldlnjwc gn kcy dni`jlydcy gn ~j` ldxcuw`jwnnvck~ilùj±+ Mniaymnu icjik~ä` p~n k` nvck~ilùj gn wlnuu`y w`kny icdc Y~nil` yùkc wnjä` ldxcuw`jil` nj k`dnglg` nj p~n ecyp~nbù` ~j dcgnkc ljwnujìlcj`k dày `dxklc c yn icjocudù` ` ìk* Nk unywc xcgä`è`jgcjùyn ylj dày2 ¡Jc icdxklp~ndcy ljjninyùl`dnjwn k`y wùn`y gn k` ilnjil`± -N* Mniaymnu+ ¡^j



fu`jg im`xlwun gn k“mlywclun g~ onu2 kn dcjcxckn y~ìgcly±+ @ud`kny + jòd* 07+ dùrc gn 0<95+ x* 056,* Njun`klg`g+ k`y wùn`y gn k` ilnjil` mlywùuli` jc x~ngnj icjylgnuùyn i~dxklg`y yl ìyw` lfjcu` ~j` unflùjp~n icjwu`glin d~im`y gn y~y i`wnfcuä`y ìnxw`g`y* K` nvck~ilùj nyi`jglj`v` jc ny ~j dnuc i`wàkcfcgn xùwli~kùlg`gny p~n x~glnu` `ð`gluyn cxilcj`kdnjwn ` ~j ljvnjwùlc ljgnoljlgc gn ocud`y ycil`kny*Y~y dlyd`y gnyvlìlcjny njwu`ð`j+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ `kf~j`y kniilcjny fnjnu`kny xù` i~`kp~lnu wncuä`fkce`k gnk on~g`klydc n~ucxnc nj k` ìxci` dnglnv`k icdc nj k` dcgnuj`*

QXàf* 06?T

ylfkcy L_ | _ mèä` ljik~lgc njwun nkk`y ` d~imcy x~nekcy gn culfnj nyi`jglj`vc+nyxnil`kdnjwn kcy fcgcy | kcy e~uf~jglcy 5+ ìywcy |` mìä` d~imc wlndxc p~n ynmèä`j `ynjw`gc njwun nk unywc gn k`y xcekìlcjny fnudàjli`y gnk cwuc k`gc gnkEàkwlic `jwny gn y~ luu~xilùj nj nk Ldxnulc* K` Nyi`jglj`vl` xucxl`dnjwn glim` y`klù+x~ny+ xuàiwli`dnjwn ljgndjn gnk fu`j gu`d` gnk ick`xyc gn k` @jwlfûng`g* @yä+ òlj`kny gn k` Ng`g Cyi~u`+ gnyx~ìy gn wuny ylfkcy gn gcdljlc ou`jic c kcdeùgc yceunk`y `jwlf~`y xucvljil`y gnk Ciilgnjwn ucd`jc | k` icuunyxcjglnjwn nvck~ilùj |yäjwnyly ycil`k p~n mèä` nim`gc kcy ildlnjwcy gn ~j on~g`klydc xknj`dnjwngnyùuckk`gc+ k`y ocudìlcjny ycil`kny gnk knb`jc jcuwn icjynuvùcj vluw~`kdnjwnljwìwc nk xuldlwlvc dcgnkc ljwnujc gn k`y icd~jlg`gny wule`kny fnudàjli`y gnkwlndxc gn Wàilwc2 ~j i`dxnylj`gc ùd`gc - ecjgl ,+ ~j icjynbc kleun gn `fuli~kwcuny$f~nuunucy -wmljf ,+ ~j` ik`yn glulfnjwn gn kcy bnony gn ik`j -glulflgcy xcu kcy bùky ,+ ~jylywnd` gn yìp~lwc xù` k`y n}xnglilcjny gn y`p~nc - mlugm , | ~j` dcjùp~ä` xuniùl`

| yndlnkniwlv` 9* Nj nk ylfkc _LLL+ nyw`y u~gldnjwùl`y ycilng`gny nyi`jglj`v`y ynicjvluwlnucj+ ` y~ vnr+ nj ~j` gn k`y oucjwnu`y eàueù`y gnk ¡unyw`~u`gc± Ldxnulciùckljflc `k n}x`jgluyn xcu @knd`jl` gnk Jcuwn m`yw` Y`bcjl`+ ylf~lnjgc ~j` käjn``g|ìnjwn ` k` icjwndxcuàjn` Glj`dùi`* Nk icjwìwc o~n ynf~lgc gn ~j` unxnjwlj`

| gnv`yw`gcu` unxucg~iilùj gn k`y ljv`ylcjny eàueù`y k`jr`g`y mìl` nk y~u xù``wìù `k Ldxnulc ucd`jc* Gnygn nk ylfkc _LLL `k L]+ k`y e`jg`y vlaljf`y `yckùcjLuk`jg`+ Ljfk`wnuu`+ kcy X`äyny E`bcy | Ou`jil` | kknfùcj nj y~y dnucgncy m`yw`Nyx`ð`+ Lw`kl` | Elr`jilc* Kcy `fuli~kwcuny vlaljfcy ickcjlrùcj Lyk`jgl` |Fucnjk`jgl` | kcy yckg`gcy | icdnuil jwny vlaljfcy iunùcj nk xuldnu Nyw`gc

wnuulwcul`k nj U~yl`*Nyw`y ljv`ylcjny yn m`j icjylgnu`gc ` dnj~gc icdc nk ¡ynf~jgc `y`kwc± icjwu` k`N~ucx` iulywl`j`* Nj un`klg`g+ y~ ny wu~iw~u` o~ngnilylv`dnjwn glywljw` gn k` gn kcyeàueùcy fnudàjlicy p~n mèä`j xucvci`gc nk olj gn k` @jwlfûng`g nj Ciilgnjwn* Njxuldnu k~fù+ xcup~n jc o~nucj vnug`gnu`y _ÿkanu `jgnu~jfnj + gnelgc ` p~n nj nkk`yjc yn xucg~bnucj dlfu`$5 Xucingnjwny p~lrà gn Fcwk`jg | Ecujmckd+ unyxniwlv`dnjwn*9 ^j yèucyc nyw~glc unilnjwn nj ~j lglcd` jc nyi`jglj`vc ny nk gn Fvv|j Bcjny+ @ mlywcu| co wmn _laljfy + C}ocug+ 0<?=+ xx* 07>$>>* A~mj xunwnjgn p~n nkmlugm o~n ~j` wùgä` ljjcvìlùj `jfkcg`jny` gnkcy ylfkcy ] | ]L+ unldxcuw`g` gn j~nvc xcywnulcudnjwn ` Nyi`jglj`vl`+ xnuc k` y~|` ny ~j` cxljlùj`lyk`g`2 ¡Gln Funjrnj gnu fnud`jlyimnj Fnockfyimòw±+ xx* 79$6*

QXàf* 066T

ilcjny wnuunywuny gn x~nekcy njwnucy+ yljc p~n o~nucj n}xnglilcjny dùäwld`y jninyùl`dnjwn gn ~j jòdnuc d~imc dày kldlw`gc* K` ljvnywlfìlùj dcgnuj` mùng~ilgc guàywli`dnjwn kcy iàki~kcy n}`fnu`gcy p~n mèä`j un`klr gc k`y`wnuuculr`g`y väiwld`y gn k`y n}xnglilcjny vlaljf`y* K` d`|cuä` gn k`y e`jg`y gndnucgn`gcuny jc `yinjgä`j ` dày gn 988 ù 788 mcdeuny1 nk d`|cu fu~xc p~n `wìù `Ljfk`wnuu` nj nk ylfkc L] jc kknfù b`dày ` kcy 0*888 7* Nj ynf~jgc k~f u+ |xuljilx`kdnjwn+ k` n}x`jylùj vlaljf` w~vc ~j jcwèkn iùàiwnu icdnuil`k 2 kcy cebnwlvcygn y~y n}xnglilcjny ~kwu`dùlj`y jc ljik~ä`j yck`dnjwn wlnuu` xù` ickcjlrù+ yljcw`delìj dcjng` | dnui`jiä`y* Nj kc p~n o~n ~j icjwu`ywn gl`dnwu`k icj y~yxungninycuny+ kcy vlaljfcy y`p~nùcj `kf~j`y il~g`gny nj y~ `v`jin+ xnuc o~jgùcj |icjywu~|nucj d~im`y dày* K`y il~g`gny o~nucj+ noniwlv`dnjwn+ kcy f`jfklcy gn y~icdnuilc* @gndày+ k` d`wnul` eàyli` gn nywn icdnuilc nywè` icjywlw~lg` xcu kcy



nyik`vcy+ p~n yn i`xw~uè`j | wu`jyxcuwè`j gnygn wcg` N~ucx`+ xnuc yceun wcgcgnygn nk ciilgnjwn inkw` | nk culnjwn nyk`vc* J`w~u`kdnjwn+ ny jninyùlc glywljf~lu njnyw` ìxci` kcy unyxniwlvcy dcgnkcy gn n}x`jylùj jcu~nf`+ g`jny` | y~ni`+ |` p~n k`yglonunjil`y njwun nkkcy o~nucj d~imc dày p~n dnucy d`wliny unflcj`kny >* Nj nkn}wundc ok jic ciilgnjw`k gnk `w`p~n ~kwu`dùljc+ kcy vlaljfcy jcu~nfcy o~nucjldx~ky`gcy+ xuceèkndnjwn+ xcu k` nyi`ynr gn wlnuu`y gn y~y dcjw`ð`y gn culfnj1`xùwn gnk yldxkn ecwäj+ kcy jcu~nfcy e~yiè`j jcud`kdnjwn wlnuu` xù` `ynjwùyn+ylj p~n kny ldxcuwù` kc ljmùyxlwc gnk dnglc2 `gndày gn ljv`glu Luk`jg` | Nyicil`+nkkcy o~nucj p~lnjny xcekùcj k`y mnk`g`y lyk`y Onucn | gnyi~eulnucj | ickcjlrùcjLyk`jgl`* K`y n}xnglilcjny g`jny`y xcu nk injwuc+ p~n icjp~lywùcj | xcekùcj nkjcugnywn gn Ljfk`wnuu` | Jcud`jgä`+ o~nucj `y`kwcy d~imc dnbcu cuf`jlr`gcy+ e`bc~j` glyilxklj`g` bno`w~u` i~`yl dcjàup~li` | iunùcj ~j`y ycilng`gny ~kwu`dùlj`ydày icdxìw`y | bnuàup~li`y+ nj k`y p~n nk wnycuc n}wcuylcj`gc | nk ldx~nywc ì`delc gn xucwniilùj -icdc nk g`jnfnkg , yn ndxknùcj kci`kdnjwn xù` kìcjywu~iilùj gn ~j` ci~xìlùj wnuulwcul`k nywèkn* Nj nk ok`jic culnjw`k n}wundc+ k`n}x`jylùj gn k`7 X* M* Y` |nu+Wmn `fn co _laljfy + Kcjguny+ 0<?5+ x* 05>* Nywn ny nk nyw~glc dày yceulc | ulf~ucyc yceunnywn wnd`+ `~jp~n ny w`delìj nk dày icjilyc yceun k`y nywu~iw~u`y ycil`kny ljwnuj`y gn Nyi`jglj`vl`*> _ì`yn K~ilnj D~yynw+ Kny ljv`ylcjy2 kn ynicjg `yy`~w icjwun k“N~ucxn imuìwlnjjn -_LL n$]L n ylíikny, +Xùäy+ 0<?>+ xx* 00>$= QK`y ljv`ylcjny* Nk ynf~jgc `y`kwc icjwu` k` N~ucx` iulywl`j` + Eùinkcj`+ Kècu+0<??T1 Bcm`jjny Eucjywng+Wmn _laljfy + Kcjguny+ 0<?6+ xx* 90$?+ counin ~j` n}xcylilùj yldlkù+ `~jp~ndnjcy gni~`g`*

QXàf* 06=T

xlu`wnuä` y~ni` w~vc ~j` culnjwìlùj xungcdlj`jwndnjwn icdnuil`k2 k` xnjnwuìlùjgn kcy vùnfcy nj U~yl` jc nywè` ldx~ky`g` xcu k` ickcjlrìlùj gn wlnuu`+ yljc xcu nkicjwuck gn k`y u~w`y gnk icdnuilc ok~vl`k mìl` Elr`jilc | nk culnjwn d~y~kdàj*Dlnjwu`y p~n kcy wäxlicy Nyw`gcy vlaljfcy o~jg`gcy nj nk @wkàjwlic -Cui`g`y+ Lyk`jgl`c Fucnjk`jgl , nu`j icd~jlg`gny gn ickcjcy `fuäick`y+ nk unljc vùnfc gn U~yl` o~n

~j ldxnulc icdnuil`k icjywu~lgc yceun k` vnjw` gn nyik`vcy `k d~jgc lykàdlic+ljlil`kdnjwn ` wu`vìy gn kcy b`j`wcy bàrùc | eòkfùc | dày wùgn gluniw`dnjwn gnygnnk dlydc ndxculc injwu`k gn Alnv*

Nk icdnuilc vùnfc nj nk culnjwn nyk`vc o~n gn w`k d`fjlw~g p~n+ icdc |` mndcy vlywc+ iunù k` j~nv` | xnud`jnjwn x`kèu` xù` gnylfjù k` nyik`vlw~g nj wcg`N~ucx`* Y~ ldxcuw`jil` o~n nyxnil`kdnjwn fu`jgn xù` Y~nil`+ gnelgc ` y~ jcwèknnyxnil`klrìlùj nj nyw` ocud` gn xlkk`bn nyi`jglj`vc* Xnuc nk wuàolic u~yc jc o~n dàyp~n nk icjinjwu`gc unflcj k gn ~j` iùìwnuäywli` fnjnu`k | o~jg`dnjw`k gn k`n}x`jylùj vlaljf`* Nj k` dlyd` Lyk jgl`+ knb`j` `jwäxcg` gn Alnv+ k`y wlnuu`y gn k`jceknr` yìnugcw`k gn kcy fcgù o~nucj i~kwlv`g`y gnygn nk xuljilxlc xcu nyik`vcyinkw`y+ i`~wlv`gcy | wu`jyxcuw`gcy gnygn Luk`jg`* K` d`fjlw~g | k` x`~w` gn k`yn}xnglilcjny vlaljf`y nj e~yi` gn nyik`vcy xcu wcg` N~ucx` nywàj wcg`vä` ` k` nyxnu`gn ~j nyw~glc mlywùulic `gni~`gc ?* Xnuc+ xù` j~nywuc ìw~`k xucxùylwc+ nj kc p~n nyxunilyc ljylywlu icj dày o~nur` ‗| nj kc p~n ` dnj~gc dnjcy yn ljylywn‗ ny nj nkldxìwc o~jg`dnjw`k p~n nk ~yc fnjnu`klr`gc gn k` d`jc gn ceu` nyik`v` w~vc gnjwuc gn k`y xucxl`y wlnuu`y nyi`jglj`v`y* Xcup~n nk uny~kw`gc gn nywn icdnuilc gnxung`gcunj nk n}wnulcu ynuä`+ xù`gùbli`dnjwn+ k` icjynuvìlùj gn e~nj` xùwn gn k` xuldlwlv`nywu~iw~u` gn k` ycilng`g vlaljf` nj nk ljwnulcu* K`y ocudìlcjny ycil`knynyi`jglj`v`y o~nucj k`y òkwld`y gn N~ucx` p~n mlilnucj ~j ~yc `dxklc | jcud`k gn k`d`jc gn ceu` nyik`v`* ¡Nk nyik`vc o~n k` xlngu` `jf~kù gn k` vlg` vlaljf` nj nkljwnulcu±6* Icdc mndcy? N* L* Eucdenuf+ ¡V`kny `jg wmn dngl`nv`k yk`vn wu`gn±+ Yxni~k~d + vck~dnj ]_LL+ jòd* 5+ èulk gn0<75+ xx* 5?9$<+ icjylgnu` k`y cxnuìlcjny vlaljf`y nj k` rcj` gnk dù gn Luk`jg` | ocud~k` `kf~jcy b~lilcy njoàwlicy yceun k` ìwlw~g gn k` Lfknyl` iulywl`j` mìl` nk icdnuilc nj k` @kw` Ng`g Dngl`*6 Bcjny+ @ mlywcu| co wmn _laljfy + x* 07=* Nk nyw~glc dày icdxknwc gn k` nyik`vlw~g nyi`jglj`v` kc couninjX* Occwn | G* D* Vlkycj+ nj Wmn _laljf ìmlnvndnjw + Kcjguny+ 0<68+ xx* ?>$6=* Nyw` ceu y~eu`|



icuuniw`dnjwn k` ldxcuw`jil` o~jg`dnjw`k gn k` d`jc gn ceu nyik`v` xù k`y un`klr ilcjnynicjùdli`y | i~kw~u`kny gn k` ycilng`g vlaljf`+ x* 6=*

QXàf* 06<T

vlywc+ nk dcgnkc wäxlic gn k`y icd~jlg`gny wule`kny nj k` o`yn ljlil`k gn k`glonunjilìlùj ycil`k o~n nk xungcdljlc gn ~j` ùlywciuìl` f~nuunu` i~|`y wlnuu`y

nu`j i~kwlv`g`y xcu nyik`vcy i`~wlvcy* K` xunynjil` gn nyw` d`jc gn ceu` n}wnulcu o~nxunily`dnjwn kc p~n xnudlwlù k` icn}lywnjil` gn ~j` jceknr` icj ~j i`dxnylj`gcljgäfnj` kleun+ cuf`jlr`gc nj ik`jny `fj`wlilcy* Nk xk~ywuè`bc jninyùlc xù` k``xùlilùj gn ~j` jceknr` wnuu`wnjlnjwn wcg`vä` jc w~vc p~n n}wu`nuyn gn kcy xùlnjwnyndxceunilgcy1 nj nywn nyw`glc+ k` nyik`vlw~g ny jcud`kdnjwn ~j` ¡y`kv`f~ùgl`±icjwu` k` ynuvlg~deun* K`y ocudìlcjny ycil`kny vlaljf y+ nj k`y p~n mèä` ~jìcjyw`jwn ldxcuwìlùj | unxcylilùj gn nyik`vcy n}wu`jbnucy - wmu`kky ,+ jc n}xnuldnjwùcj x~ny jljfòj wlxc gn nvck~ilùj mìl` k` gnxnjgnjil on~g`k | k``gyiulxilùj gn k` d`jc gn ceu`+ yljc p~n+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ yn d`jw~vlnucj icdcicd~jlg`gny gn ik`jny n}wund`g`dnjwn vlfcucy`y | xuldlwlv`y ‗gn k`y p~n Lyk`jgl`counin nk nbndxkc mnuclic‗ nj nk undcwc n mlxnueùunc ecugn gn k` N~ucx` dnglnv`k*M`yw` nk ylfkc ]LL+ k`y `kgn`y gn i`dxnyljcy nyi`jglj`vcy icjynuvùcj ~j dcgnkcycil`k d~| inui`jc `k gn kcy x~nekcy fnudàjlicy gnk ylfkc L* Wcgcy kcy `ðcy ynunxùwä`j ickniwlv`dnjwn kcy kcwny gn wlnuu` ` i`g` o`dlkl`+ gn ì~nugc icj k`y jcud`yicjvnjilcj`kny | gnjwuc gn ~j` icd~jlg`g b~uägli` p~n yn unfä` xcu y~y xucxl`yicyw~deuny =* K`y wlnuu`y icd~jny gn wlxc cuwcgc}c ‗ecyp~ny+ x`ywcy | gnmny`y‗nu`j icdxùwlg`y xcu k`y `kgn`y c k`y icd~jlg`gny vnilj`kny* K` xknj` xucxlng`gljglvlg~`k yùkc yn unicjciä` gnyx~ìy gn i~`wuc+ ynly c dày fnjnuìlcjny gn xcynylùj |xcu kc fnjnu`k yn kldlwè` ` kcy jcekny* ^j `fuli~kwcu cugljùlc c ecjgl xcgä` wnjnu~j` d`jc gn ceu` gn wuny nyik`vcy+ | ~j jcekn xcylekndnjwn kknfè` ` wunljw` <* @decy`ylywä`j b~jwcy ` k`y `y`dekn`y ilàjli`y kleuny= K~gnj D~yynw+Kny xn~xkny yi`jglj`vny `~ Dc|nj @fn + Xùäy+ 0<>0+ xàflj`y =6$<0* Xù` p~lnjny nywìjkldlw`gcy ` cwu`y knjf~`y ciilgnjw`kny+ nywn kleuc n}inknjwn icjywlw~|n icj d~imc nk dnbcu nyw~glc gn k`Nyi`jglj`vl` dnglnv`k* D~yynw `ð`gn p~n ljik~yc nj Jcu~nf` n Lyk`jgl`+ gcjgn mèä` ickcjl`y glyxnuy`y | ~j` `fuli~kw~u` wu`ym~d`jwn | x`ywculk+ ~j` n}wnjy` icd~jlg`g ¡vnilj`k± unglywule~ä` k` wlnuuì~kwlvèkn | icdxùwä` k`y xu`gnu`y* M`| ~j` n}xcylilùj d~| ljwnuny`jwn gn k` ocud` cg`k gn wnjnjil` gnk` wlnuu` nj Nyi`jglj`vl` | gn y~y dòkwlxkny icjjcwìlcjny ycil`kny nj @* F~unvlim+ ¡Unxuìynjw`wlcjy nw`kwlw~gny è k“ìfùg gn k` xucxulìwì xnjg`jw kn M`~w Dc|nj @fn±+ @jj`kny NYI + d`|c$b~jlc gn 0<65+ xx*>5>$<* Nk wìudljc ¡`kcglc± x~ngn nywù klf`gc nwldckùfli`dnjwn ` ¡cg`k± xcu dnwàwnyly1 nj i~`kp~lnui`yc+ kcy kädlwny gn k` xucxlng`g `kcgl`k vlnjnj ljgli`gcy+ nj ~j` ocud` n}wund`+ xcu k` xcynylùj cg`k

vlaljf`*< Bcjny+ @ mlywcu| co wmn _laljfy + x* 07=*

QXàf* 0=8T

gn wmljfù + p~n nywè`j cuf`jlr`g`y nj y~inylvcy jlvnkny+ gnygn nk gn ¡injwnj`± nj

`gnk`jwn* @~jp~n un`kdnjwn nywè`j gcdlj`g`y xcu kcy cxwld`wny kci`kny+ nyw`y`y`dekn`y unxunynjwè`j ` wcg` k` icd~jlg`g u~u`k | xcgä`j vnwù k`y ljlil`wlv`y gnkcy jcekny+ icdc |` ci~uuä` nj kcy wlndxcy gn Wàilwc* Wcgcy kcy mcdeuny kleuny nu`junik~w`gcy nj ~j` knv` j`v`k c kngljf xù` nk d`jwnjldlnjwc gn kcy j`vlcy gn f~nuu`*K`y glj`ywä`y un`kny+ gnelklw`g`y xcu ~jcy dni`jlydcy gn y~inylùj ocuw~lwcy nljnywèkny+ y~dljlywuè`j ~jcy un|ny p~n wnjä`j p~n ynu ¡nknflgcy± xcu ~j` wmljf xucvljil`k xù` icjoludù y~ ìinylùj `k wucjc* K`y n}xnglilcjny vlaljf`y gn u`xlð` |nyik`vlrìlùj nj nk n}wnulcu icjynuvùcj+ x~ny+ ~j` unk`wlv` klenuw`g gn ik`jny | ~j`lf~`kg`g b~uägli` nj nk ljwnulcu*

Gnyx~ìy gn wuny ylfkcy gn lji~uylcjny | ickcjlrìlcjny nj nk n}wu`jbnuc+ k` gljàdli`gn k` n}x`jylùj vlaljf` kknfù ` y~ olj icj nk òkwldc fu`j `w`p~n jcu~nfc ` Ljfk`wnuu`

nj nk `ðc 08??+ nj nk p~n Mù`kg Mùgu`gn+ `jwlf~c bnon vùnfc nj Elr`jilc+ o~ngnuucw`gc | d~nuwc nj Yw`docug Eulgfn* Yldeùkli dnjwn+ kcy ou~wcy gn nyw`n}xnglilùj o~nucj unicflgcy wuny ynd`j`y gnyx~ìy nj M`ywljfy xcu kcy jcud`jgcy+



icd~jlg`g ~kwu`dùlj` g`jny` p~n mèä` mnimc y~|`y k`y j~nv`y nywu~iw~u`ydlklwùny | ycil`kny gnk on~g`klydc n~ucxnc 08* K`y xuldnu`y ljv`ylcjny vlaljf ymèä`j xunilxlw`gc k` iulyw`klrìlùj gnk on~g`klydc nj nk ylfkc L] nj dnglc gn k`gnyljwnfuìlùj gnk Ldxnulc iùckljflc* @mcu` nywn on~g`klydc o~n xnuoniilcj`gc |ocuw`knilgc nj ~j n}wnjyc ylywnd` ljywlw~ilcj`k | yn unvnkù gnilylv`dnjwn y~xnulcu `kcy ldxucvly`gcy | gnywùw`k`gcy `w`p~ny gn k`y wu`glilcj`kny i`dx`ð`y vlaljf`y* Kìè`kknuä` xny`g` icjp~lywù Ljfk`wnuu`+ p~n mèä` unim r`gc ` kcy fu`jgny j`väcy* @ xùwlu gn njwcjiny+ k` unkìlùj gn o~nur` njwun nk knb`jc jcuwn | nk unywc gn N~ucx`ciilgnjw`k yn ljvluwlù2 gnygn `mcu` nk on~g`klydc ciilgnjw`k mèuä` gn nbnuinu ~j`knjw` | icjyw`jwn xunylùj yceun Nyi`jglj`vl` | wu`jyocudùk` fu`g~`kdnjwn nj y~xucxlc dcgnkc* Xù` ndxnr u+ nk olj gn k` n}x`jylùj n}wnulcu vlaljf` icjg~bcljnvlwèkndnjwn xcu yä dlydc ` i`delcy njgùfnjcy u`gli`kny gnjwuc gn Nyi`jglj`vl`+xcup~n nywn mnimc njwu`ðè` p~n k` conuw` gn d`jc gn ceu` nyik`v` gnbè` un`kdnjwngn n}lywlu | icj nkk` k`y vlnb`y nywu~iw~u`y ycil`kny yn p~neuùcj xucfunylv`dnjwn 00*Nj noniwc+ ~j` vnr p~n gnbù gn n}lywlu k`08 I~| xucnr `k k`jrù ~j` vliwculcy` ljv`ylùj on~g`k xcu dù yn gneä`+ j`w~u`kdnjwn+ ` y~y`jwningnjwny nyi`jglj`vcy*00 K` nyik`vlw~g gny`xùnilù olj`kdnjwn gn Lyk`jgl`+ Glj`dùi` | Y~n$

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icjyw`jwn unynuv` gn wuè`bc ocurcyc xucingnjwn gnk n}wnulcu+ k` glonunjilìlùj ycil`kyùkc xcgä` `v`jrù ` xùwlu gnk xucfunylvc ycdnwldlnjwc gn kcy `fuli~kwcuny ecjgl ` k`jceknr` kci`k | gn k` `xùlilùj gn ùunjg`wùlcy gnxnjglnjwny p~n i~kwlvè`j k`ywlnuu`y gn ~j` ùlywciuìl` icj o~nuwny u`äiny+ i~|c xcgnu ycil`k nu` `mcu` dàywnuulwcul`k p~n dùäwldc* Nk icuckùlc gn nywn xucinyc o~n k` nywèlklrìlùj fu`g~`k gnkfcelnujc un`k | k` icjvnuylùj gnk bùkù unflcj`k nj fcelnujcy xucvljil`kny p~ngcdljùcj nk wuè`bc gnk wmljf kci`k* K` ljwucg~iilùj fu`g~`k gnk iulywl`jlydc njNyi`jglj`vl` ‗icjvnuylùj p~n jc yn icdxknwù m`yw` olj`kny gnk ylfkc ]LL‗ `xc|ù |ìnknuù nj wcg`y xùwny k` wu`jylilùj gn k`y wu`glilcj`kny icd~jlg`gny yndlwule`kny `kcy ylywnd`y nyw`w`kny dcjàup~licy1 icj nkk`y i`|nucj+ j`w~u`kdnjwn+ k`y x`f`j`yunklflcjny jùugli`y p~n mèä`j ylgc k` lgnckcfä` ljgäfnj` gnk vlnbc cugnj gn ik`jny*Nywcy i`delcy ljwnujcy |` nu`j vlylekny g~u`jwn nk ylfkc ]LL* Wcgc nk ldxìwc n}wnulcugnk on~g`klydc n~ucxnc yceun kcy icjoljny jùuglicy gnk icjwljnjwn yn gnbù ynjwlu nj nkylfkc ]LLL* K` xuldnu` | vliwculcy` ~wlklrìlùj gn k` iè`kknuä` xny`g` w~vc k~fù nj nk`ðc 0097+ nj k` e`w`kk` gn Ocwnvla+ gcjgn kcy iè`kknucy dnuinj ulcy fnud`jcygndcywuùcj y~ v`kcu nj Nyi`jl`* Xnuc k` cuf`jlrìlùj dlklwù gnk on~g`klydc jc ynwu`jyxk`jwù gnoljlwlv`dnjwn | icj wcg`y y~y icjyni~njil`y ycil`kny `k jcuwn m`yw`gnyx~ìy gn p~n nk nbìuilwc g`jìy gn _`kgnudù LL ‗nk glulfnjwn nyi`jglj`vc dàyxcgnucyc gn wcg` k` Ng`g Dngl`‗ o~nyn `xk`yw`gc xcu k`y m~nywny gn kcy xuäjilxnyfnud`jcy gnk jcuwn nj Ecujmÿvng nj nk `ðc 0556+ ` i`~y` gn k` y~xnulculg`g

ni~nywun gn nywcy òkwldcy05

* Yimkny lf o~n nk xuldnu on~gc xucxl`dnjwn glimc p~nicjinglù k` dcjùp~ä` g`jny` nj 05>9* K`y ùd`y mnuàkgli`y+ kcy ylywnd`y gn wäw~kcy | k`y inundcjl`y gn mcdnj`bn ylf~lnucj d~| xucjwc* Nj kcy `ðcy 056<$=8+ k`ùlywciuìl` y~ni` icjylf~lù k` n}njilùj b~uägli` gn kcy ldx~nywcy - ouçykn , ` i`delcgn k` ceklf ilùj ocud`k gnk ynuvlilc gn iè`kknuä` - u~ywwbçjyw , `k dcjùi`* K` jceknr`yn icjvluwlù+ x~ny+ nj ~j` ik`yn knf`kdnjwn ynxù`g` gn ì~nugc icj kcy iulwnulcyicjwljnjw`kny n ljvnywlg` icj on~gcy - kçjù , xcu kcy dcjùi`y* K` icjycklgìlùj gn k`yùlywciuìl`y kci`kny nj ~j` jceknr` on~g`k o~n ynf~lg` gn ~j`

il` g~u`jwn kcy ylfkcy ]LL+ ]LLL | ]L_ unyxniwlv`dnjwn+ Occwn | Vlkycj+ Wmn _laljf ìmlnvndnjw + xx* 66$=*05 Nula Kÿjucwm+ ¡Wmn E`kwli ic~jwulny±+ njI`deulgfn Nicjcdli Mlywcu| co N~ucxn + LLL+ I`deulgfn+0<?9+ x* 965 Q¡Kcy x`äyny eàkwlicy±+ njMlywcul` nicjùdli` gn N~ucx` + LLL+ D`gulg+ Unvlyw` gn GnunimcXulv`gc* 0<?6*T

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icjyw`jwn gnfu`gìlùj gn k` icjglilùj i`dxnylj` nj wcgcy kcy x`äyny nyi`jglj`vcyg~u`jwn kcy ylfkcy gn k` òkwld` gnxunylùj dnglnv`k* Mìl` 09>8+ kcy i`dxnyljcyjcu~nfcy yùkc xcynä`j k`y gcy p~ljw`y xùwny gn k` wlnuu` 09* Nj nk ylfkc ]L_+ k` jceknr`y~ni` xucmlelù nk xcuwn gn ùd`y ` k` `jwlf~` ik`yn gn kcy ecjgl | Yn nyocurù xcu

vlji~kùkcy ` k` wlnuu`+ gliw`jgc kn|ny p~n n}lfä`j xunywìlcjny gn wuè`bc ocurcyc ` k`xcekìlùj u~u`k nuu`jwn 07* Kcywmljfù p~ngùcj ung~ilgcy ` o~jilcjny b~glil`kny d~|kldlw`g`y | nk xcgnu xckäwlic injwu`k yn icjinjwuù nj ~j icjynbc gn d`fj`wny c uîg +p~n jcud`kdnjwn gcdljù k` xckäwli` dnglnv`k gn nywn xnuäcgc* K` wnjgnjil` mìl` ~jdcgnkc icjwljnjw`k nu` |` ljnp~ävci` nj k` ìxci` gn k` ^jlùj gn A`kdù+ p~n nj nk`ðc 09<6 ~jlù ocud`kdnjwn ` kcy wuny unljcy nyi`jglj`vcy nj ~j yckc Nyw`gc*

@ xnyù gn wcgc+ nk on~g`klydc nyi`jglj`vc j~ji` icjylf~lù uni~xnuù nk wlndxcxnuglgc xcu y~ wùgäc icdlnjrc | yn dcywuù lji`x`r gn nuu`gliù icdxknw`dnjwn k`yxcgnucy`y ljywlw~ilcjny | wu`glilcjny u~u`kny gn ~j i`dxnylj`gc ljgnxnjglnjwn+i~|cy gnunimcy xcx~kùny | i~|`y `y`dekn`y gn `fuli~kwcuny nu`j wcg`vä` ~j vlvcuni~nugc nj nk i`dxc* M~ec+ `gndày+ cwuc gnwnudlj`jwn o~jg`dnjw`k gn nyw`n}inxilùj jùugli`2 k` d`|cu xùwn gn k` rcj` y`klù vluw~`kdnjwn ljgndjn gn k`yljv`ylcjny n}wu jbnu`y g~u`jwn k` E`b` Ng`g Dngl` | nk icdlnjrc gn k` ìxci`

dcgnuj` |+ xcu w`jwc+ nk icnolilnjwn gn f~nuu` on~g`k+ i~|c icjwlj~c gnyf`ywn wnjä`ljvùl ekndnjwn noniwcy gnxunylvcy yceun k`y klenuw`gny i`dxnylj`y+ o~nicjylgnuèkndnjwn dnjcu p~n nj cwu`y rcj`y* Glj`dùi` xunynjw` ~j i`yc nyxnil`k+

|` p~n nu` ~j` n}wnjylùj gnk wnuulwculc icjwljnjw`k |+ xcu w`jwc+ nywè` dày y~bnw` `k`y ljok~njil`y n ljwu~ylcjny fnud`j`y ` wu`vìy gn k` rcj` oucjwnulr` gn Yimkny lf$Mckywnlj+ | olj`kdnjwn yn `kljnù d~| nywunim`dnjwn icj nk dcgnkc ycil`k gn y~njwcujc ldxnul`k* @ xnyù gn nkkc+ nk i`dxnylj`gc g`jìy jc o~n xknj`dnjwn ung~ilgc` k` ynuvlg~deun m`yw` d~| wùgn+ nj nk ylfkc ]_LL+ | o~n j~nv`dnjwn nd`jilx`gcilnj `ðcy gnyx~ìy* Jcu~nf`+ p~n olj`kdnjwn i`|ù e`bc nk gcdljlc gn Icxnjm`f~n+09 Occwn | Vlkycj+ Wmn _laljf ìmlnvndnjw + x* ==*07 D~yynw+ Kny xn~xkny yi`jglj`vny `~ Dcfnj @fn + xx* 56=$=8*Ouçkyn ylfjloliè` ¡kleun± |culfljùl`dnjwn yn cxcjä` ` ¡nyik`vc± i~`jgc yn `xkliè` mèlw~`kdnjwn+ ` k` ik`yn ycil`k gn`fuli~kwcuny ecjgl * Nk i`delc yndàjwlic gn k` x`kèu` m`yw` gnjcwù kcy xulvlknflcy jcelklùlcy+ xcunjild` | ounjwn ` k`y ceklf ilcjny gn kcy i`dxnyljcy+ icjgnjyè` wcg` k` nvck~ilùj ycil`k gn k`Nyi`jglj`vl` gn k` E`b` Ng`g Dngl`* _ì`jyn Occwn | Vlkycj+ Wmn _laljf ìmlnvndnjw + xx* 05?$6*

QXàf* 0=9T

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Y~nil`+ ylj ndeùfc+ unxunynjwù nk nbndxkc dày x~uc gnk wlxc fnjnu`k gn k`yocudìlcjny ycil`kny nyi`jglj`v`y nj k` E`b` Ng`g Dngl`* G~u`jwn wcgc nywn xnuäcgc+Y~nil o~n k` rcj` dày `wu`y`g` gn wcg` k` unflùj 0>* O~n nk òkwldc x`äy p~n icjynuvù

k` nyik`vlw~g+ p~n un`kdnjwn mèä` xnug~u`gc m`yw` icdlnjrcy gnk ylfkc ]L_+ |` p~nyùkc o~n ècklg` ocud`kdnjwn nj 095>1 nk òkwldc x`äy p~n o~n iulywl`jlr`gc | nk òkwldcx`äy p~n icjylf~lù ~j` dcjùp~ä` ~jloli`g`+ p~n yn unvnkù dày gìelk p~n k`y gn y~y

vniljcy* I~`jgc nk ynuvlilc gn iè`kknuä` o~n ljwucg~ilgc ` olj`kny gnk ylfkc ]LLL+ jcwnjä` |` nk xnyc cxunycu gn y~ np~lv`knjwn g`jìy+ gnelgc nj xùwn `k uno~flcnywu`wìflic gn k` k`wlw~g y~ni` | nj xùwn ` p~n k` wcxcfuòä` kci`k ‗~j` `kocdeu` gnecyp~ny+ k fcy | uäcy‗ ylndxun o~n ljmùyxlw` ` k` iè`kknuä` dcjw`g`* @yä+ k`yunkìlcjny u~u`kny gn xucg~iilùj j~ji` o~nucj icdxknw`dnjwn on~g`klr`g`y* Mìlòlj`kny gn k` Ng`g Dngl`+ | ` xnyù gn k`y ~y~ux ilcjny gn k` ùlywciuìl`+ nk iknuc |k` dcjùp~ä`+ nk i`dxnylj`gc y~nic wcg`vä` nywè` nj xcynylùj gn k` dlw`g gn wcg`yk`y wlnuu`y i~kwlv`g`y gnk x`äy* @~jp~n nyw`y wlnuu`y ynuä`j gnikù`g`y gnyx~ìygcdljl~d gluniw~d gnk dcjùi` xcu kcy b~ulyw`y un`kny | ucgn`g`y gn unywuliilcjnyun`kny `k ùunjg`dlnjwc | k` glvlylùj gn k`y xùink`y 0?+ nj k` xuàiwli` icjywlw~|nucj ~j`dxklc yniwcu `kcgl`k ceklf`gc ` x`fù ldx~nywcy ` kcy un|ny+ xnuc jc y~bnwc ` cwu`yiùf`y c xunywìlcjny* K` cwu` dlw`g gnk i`dxnylj`gc i~kwlvè` wlnuu`y xucxlng`g gn



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gnk ylfkc L1 k`y gcy glonunjil`y xuljilx`kny ycj k` gny`xùlilùj gn k`y wule~y | k` n}lywnjil` gn ~j``~wculg`g nyw`w`k injwu`k2 A* V~munu+ ¡Gln Yim nglyimnj K`jgyimòwyunimwn ~jg Wìlw~y“ Fnud`jl`±+Rnlwyimulow gnu Y`vlfj|$Ywlow~jf oûu Unimwyfnyimlimwn -Fnud* @ewnlk~jf, + K]]]L]+ 0<><+ xx* 0$5*0? Cyi u Eb~ukljf y~eu`| nyw`y unywuliilcjny2 ¡Gln çkwnun yim nglyimn K`jg luwyimòwyxcklwla ljênueklia±+ Rnlwyimulow oûu @fuùfnyimlimwn ~jg @fuù Ycrlckcfln + Bf* 05+ Mow* L+ 0<?7+ xx* 9<$70* Xnuc nj~j` xnuyxniwlv` icdxù`g` jc `kwnu j k` ldxcuw`jil` o~jg`dnjw`k gn kcy xnp~nðcy xucxlnwùlcyi`dxnyljcy*

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vnr wu`r`g`y `kf~j`y gn y~y glvnuy`y vä`y gn ldxk`jwìlùj nj kcy xuljilx`kny x`äyny gnN~ucx` ciilgnjw`k+ xcgndcy `mcu` nyw~glù nk jcwèkn xucfunyc nicjùdlic | ycil`kp~n nk on~g`klydc unxunynjwù0* Nj nk ylfkc ]LLL+ nk on~g`klydc n~ucxnc mèä` xucg~ilgc~j` ilvlklrìlùj ~jloli`g` | gnyùuckk`g` p~n unxunynjwè` ~j `v`jin wundnjgc yceun

k`y u~gldnjwùl`y | icjo~y`y icd~jlg`gny gn k` Ng`g Cyi~u`* Kcy äjgliny gn nywn`v`jin o~nucj dòkwlxkny* Nk xuldnuc | dày o~jg`dnjw`k gn nkkcy o~n nk fu`j y`kwc0 ^jc gn kcy `v`jiny dày ldxcuw`jwny gn k` mlywculcfuòä` dnglnv`k nj k`y òkwld`y gìi`g`y m` ylgc k`



xknj` icjilnjil` gnk glj`dlydc gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj on~g`k* Ljdngl`w`dnjwn gnyx~ìy gn k` ynf~jg`f~nuu` d~jgl`k+ D`~ulin Gcee xcgä` nyiulelu unxnwlg`dnjwn nj y~y ikàylicy Yw~glny lj wmn gnvnkcxdnjw co i`xlw klyd + nk ¡e`bc jlvnk gn k` wìijli`±+ nk ¡nyi`yc xucg~iwc gn k` wlnuu`±+ k` ¡ljnoliìl` gnkon~g`klydc icdc ylywnd` gn xucg~iilùj± | nk ¡nywìlcjùlc jlvnk gn k` xucg~iwlvlg`g gnk wuè`bc nj ny`ìxci`± -Kcjguny+ 0<?6+ unnglilùj+ xx* 9?+ 75$9 Q Nyw~glcy yceun nk gnyùuckkc gnk i`xlw`klydc + E~njcy

@luny+ Ylfkc ]]L+ xx* >>+ ?0$5T,* @ xnyù gn k`y `gvnuwnjil`y gn Njfnky+ ny`y cxljlcjny nyw~vlnucjxuceèkndnjwn d~| n}wnjglg`y njwun kcy dù}lyw`y g~u`jwn nycy `ðcy+ `~jp~n gnen `gvnuwluyn p~nUcgjn| Mlkwcj x~yc cebnilcjny nyxniäoli`y+ iulwli`jgc ` Gcee+ xcu y~ ¡wnjgnjil` ` gù xcu y~x~nywc p~n

nk on~g klydc o~n ~j ylywnd` nicjùdlic | ycil`k ylndxun n ljnvlwèkndnjwn `wu`y`gc Q***T Nj un`klg`g+m`yw` inui` gnk olj`k gnk ylfkc ]LLL+ nk on~g`klydc o~n nj icjb~jwc ~j ylywnd` n}x`jylvc* Nj nk ylfkc L] nljik~yc `jwny yn xucg~bnucj ilnuwc jòdnuc gn ljjcvìlcjny wìijli`y nj kcy dìwcgcy xucg~iwlvcy p~ny~x~ylnucj ~j fu`j `v`jin yceun kcy dìwcgcy gn k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli`* Fu`jgny rcj`y gn ecyp~ny |x`jw`jcy o~nucj wu`jyocud`gcy `k i~kwlvc+ k` xcekìlùj `~dnjwù+ yn icjywu~|nucj j~nv`y il~g`gny | njwcgcy kcy injwucy i~kw~u`kny gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k yn xcgä` njicjwuù ~j` vlfcucy` | xucfunylv` vlg`ùwäywli` n ljwnkniw~`k± -Wmn Dcgnuj P~ùwnuk| + vck* 5+ jòd* 9+ 0<76+ xàflj`y 5?6$=,* Nj k` ìw~`klg`g+ k`d`|cuä` gn kcy `~wcuny+ dù}lyw`y | jc dù}lyw`y+ nywùä`j gn ì~nugc icj k` òludìlùj fnjnu`k gnYc~wmnuj i~`jgc mèk` gn k` ¡yniunw` unvck~ilùj gn nywcy ylfkcy±2 vì`jyn y~y ceynuvìlcjny nj Wmn dàljf co wmn Dlggkn @fny + xx* 05$09+ xù` k` ldxcuw`jil` p~n nywn xnuäcgc gn k` nvck~ilùj n~ucxn` w~vcxù` k` mlywcul` gnk d~jgc*

QXàf* 0=?T

`gnk`jwn nj nk n}ingnjwn `fuùlc xucg~ilgc xcu nk on~g`klydc* K`y j~nv`y unkìlcjnyu~u`kny gn xucg~iilùj xnudlwlnucj+ nj noniwc+ ~j ycuxunjgnjwn ljiundnjwc nj k`xucg~iwlvlg`g `fuäick`* K`y ljjcvìlcjny wìijli`y p~n icjywlw~|nucj kcy ljywu~dnjwcyd`wnul`kny gn nywn `v`jin o~nucj+ nynjil`kdnjwn+ k` ~wlklrìlùj gnk ù`gc gn mlnuucxù nk i~kwlvc+ kcy ùuncy uäflgcy xù` k` wuìilùj np~lj`+ nk dckljc gn `f~` xù` k`njnufä` dniàjli`+ kcy ècjcy xù` k` dnbcu` gnk y~nkc | nk ylywnd` gn ucwìlùj wulnj`kgn kcy i~kwlvcy* K` ljdnjy` ldxcuw`jil` gn nywcy gnyi~euldlnjwcy xù` k` `fuli~kw~u`dnglnv`k ‗nj kcy p~n w~vlnucj ~j` fu`j unxnui~ylùj k`y xunvl`y wu`jyocudìlcjnylgnckùfli`y `xcuw`g`y xcu k` Lfknyl`‗ ny ljglyi~wlekn+ xnuc jc gnenj `lykùyn icdc

vùlèkny onwlimlr`g`y | gnwnudlj`jwny nj k` mlywcul` nicjùdli` gn k` ìxci` 5* Njun`klg`g+ ny nvlgnjwn p~n k` yldxkn n}lywnjil` gn nyw`y dnbcu`y jc nu` ~j` fù`jwä`gn y~ `dxkl` ~wlklrìlùj* @k icjwuùlc+ m`| ~j k`xyc gn ~jcy gcy c wuny ylfkcy njwun y~ljlil`k | nyxcuàgli` `xùlilùj nj k` Ng`g Cyi~u` | y~ icjywlw~ilùj nj ~j ylywnd`glonunjil`gc | xungcdlj`jwn nj k` Ng`g Dngl` 9+ xcup~n yùkc k` ocudìlùj |icjycklgìlùj gn k`y j~nv`y unkìlcjny ycil`kny gn xucg~iilùj o~n xunily`dnjwn kcp~n xcylelklwù y~ ndxknc nj ~j` nyi`k` fnjnu`k1 yùkc gnyx~ìy gn k` iulyw`klrìlùj gn~j on~g`klydc gnyùuckk`gc nj nk i`dxc x~glnucj ynu `dxkl`dnjwn `xucxl`g`y* Nj k`gljàdli` ljwnuj` gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj+ | jc nj k` kknf`g` gn ~j` j~nv` wnijckcfä`+p~n o~n ~j` gn y~y n}xunylcjny d`wnul`kny+ ny gcjgn m`| p~n e~yiù nk dcwcu eàylicgnk xucfunyc `fuäick`*

Mndcy ljgli`gc gnygn nk xuljilxlc p~n nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj on~g`k yn gnoljä`+ njwuncwu`y iùìwnuäywli`y+ xcu ~j` fu`gìlùj nyi`kcj`g` gn k` xucxlng`g p~n+ xcu w`jwc+

j~ji` o~n xnuoniw`dnjwn glvlylekn nj ~jlg`gny mcdcfìjn`y n ljwnui`del`$5 Nk vck~dnj gn K|jj Vmlwn+ Dngl`nv`k wnimjckcf| `jg ycil`k im`jfn + Kcjguny+ 0<?9 ‗nk nyw~glc dàygnw`kk`gc gn kcy ljvnjwcy on~g`kny‗ mìn xunily`dnjwn nyc2 nk dckljc | nk ù`gc yn icjvlnuwnj njgndl~ufcy gn fu`jgny ìxci`y mlywùuli`y* Nk onwlimlydc gn nycy ùwnoìwcy | k` d`jlx~kìlùj gn k`yxu~ne`y xcu Vmlwn m`j ylgc àyxnu`dnjwn iulwli gcy xcu U* M* Mlkwcj | X* M* Y` |nu+ ¡Wnimjli kgnwnudljlyd2 wmn ywluu~x jg wmn xkc~fm±+X`yw jg Xunynjw + jòd* 57+ eulk gn 0<?9+ xx* <8$088*9 G~e| ynð`k` p~n k`y dnbcu`y nj kcy ù`gcy | kcy ùuncy nu`j wcg`vä` e`yw`jwn uù`y njwun nki`dxnylj`gc n~ucxnc gn kcy ylfkcy L] | ] | p~n k` wuìilùj np~lj` jc yn n}wnjglù m`yw` nk ylfkc ]LL2U~u`k nicjcd| `jg ic~jwu| klon lj wmn dngl`nv`k Vnyw + x* 50* K` d`|cu i`~wnk` gn G~e| icjwu`yw` icjk`y icjbnw~u`y ylj ounjc gn Vmlwn2 k` glonunjil` nj y~y onim`y jc ny ~j x~uc xuceknd` gn xunilylùjiucjckùfli`+ yljc gn xcylilùj i`~y`k gn k` wìijli gnjwuc gn k` `fuli~kw~u` on~g`k* Nywn wnd` yngnyùuckk` dày uule`*

QXàf* 0=6Tekny* Nywn xuljilxlc cuf`jlr`wlvc fnjnuù nk gcdljlc ndljnjwn | nk on~gc unvcièkn nj



nk xk`jc iè`kknunyic1 nj nk xk`jc gn k` `kgn`+ gnwnudljù k` glvlylùj gn k` wlnuu` njwunnk gcdljlc ynðcul`k | k`y xùink`y gn kcy i`dxnyljcy+ yceun k`y p~n kcy gnunimcy gnkynðcu nywè`j+ ` y~ vnr+ glonunjil`gcy xcu fu`gcy* Nyw` glvlylùj o~n xunily`dnjwn k`p~n dcgnkù k` gcekn ocud` gn icjoucjwìlùj gn ik`yn njwun ynðcuny | i`dxnyljcy njnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj on~g`k* Xcup~n+ xcu ~j` xùwn+ nk ynðcu ljwnjwè`j`w~u`kdnjwn d`}ldlrù k`y xunywìlcjny gn wuè`bc xnuycj`k nj y~ unynuv` ynðcul`k |k`y njwunf`y nj nyxniln xucingnjwny gn k`y xùink`y gn kcy i`dxnyljcy 7* Nk jlvnk gncuf`jlrìlùj `ki`jr`gc xcu nk jcekn on~g`k nj y~ gcdljlc wnjä` ouni~njwndnjwn ~j`ldxcuw`jil` o~jg`dnjw`k xù` k` `xkliìlùj gn k`y j~nv`y wìijli`y* Nk nbndxkc dàycevlc gn nywc+ `dxkl`dnjwn gci~dnjw`gc xcu Ekcim+ kc icjywlw~|n k` ljwucg~iilùj gnkdckljc gn `f~`+ p~n jninylwè` ~j` i~nji` gn ilnuw` n}wnjylùj xù` ynu unjwèkn |p~n glc `yä culfnj ` ~j` gn k`y xuldnu`y | dày g~u`gnu`y gn wcg`y k`y e`j`klwìy cdcjcxcklcy gn n}xkcwìlùj ynðcul`kny2 k` ceklfìlùj gnk i`dxnylj`gc kci`k gn kknvùy~ fu`jc xù` ynu dcklgc nj kcy dckljcy gnk ynðcu >* Nj nywn i`yc+ nk ynðcu on~g`k nu`

vnug`gnu`dnjwn+ nj x`kèu`y gn Dù}+ ¡nk gluniwcu | gcdlj`gcu gnk xucinyc gnxucg~iilùj | gn wcgc nk xucinyc gn k` vlg` ycil`k± ?+ c+ glimc gn cwu` ocud`+ ~j`jninylg`g o~jilcj`k gnk xucfunyc `fuäick`* @k dlydc wlndxc+ ikùc nywà+ nywn xucfunycyn `ki`jrù nj enjnolilc unxunylvc gnk xucxlnwùlc gnk dckljc | ` icyw` gnk vlkk`jc*

Cwu`y e`j`klwìy w~vlnucj ~j iùàiwnu dày nywuliw`dnjwn icjolyi`gcu+ xnuc nj y~d`|cu xùwn yn gnulvùcj gnk ~yc icnuilwlvc gn kcy y~xnulcuny dnglcy7 _`j E`wm ljgli` p~n w~vc p~n njicjwuùyn ~j np~lkleulc njwun k` n}xkcwìlùj gn k` unynuv` ynðcul`k | gnk`y xùink`y gn kcy i`dxnyljcy gn `xuc}ld`g`dnjwn 0 2 5+ icj cebnwc gn jc `fcwù k` o~nur` gn wuè`bcgn kcy vlkk`jcy | xcjnu `yä nj xnklfuc nk i~kwlvc gn k` xucxl` unynuv` ynðcul`k+ ` dnjcy p~n m~elnu` ~j`conuw` `glilcj`k gn wuè`bc `y`kùl`gc+ Wmn `fuùl`j mlywcu| co Vnywnuj N~ucxn + xx* 7>$?* K` n}xnulnjil`gn N~ucx` culnjw`k jc xùnin icjoludù nyw` mlxùwnyly+ |` p~n+ icdc vnundcy+ k`y xunywìlcjny gnwuè`bc xnuycj`k x~glnucj ynu `kkä d~| y~xnulcuny ` k`y gn Ciilgnjwn*> Ekcim wu`rù k` `xùlilùj | k` ldxcuw`jil` gn nywn òkwldc nj ~j iìkneun njy`|c+ ¡Wmn `gvnjw `jg wul~dxmco wmn `wnu$dlkl±+ unldxunyc `mcu` njK`jg `jg cua lj dngl`nv`k N~ucxn + Kcjguny+ 0<?6+ xx* 09?$?=*K`y e`j`klwìy o~nucj ljwucg~ilg`y jcud`kdnjwn nj kcy ylfkcy ] | ]L+ gnyx~ìy gn p~n nk ylywnd` ynðcul`kyn m~ec icjycklg`gc+ nj ~j j~nvc fckxn gnk dùwlkkc ynðcul`k*? I`xlw`k + LLL+ xx* =?8$0 QNL i`xlw`k + kleuc LLL+ vck* =+ x* 0058T* Dù} yn unolnun unwucyxniwlv`dnjwn ` wcg` k`ìxci` jwnulcu k` kknf`g` gnk i`xlw`klydc*

QXàf* 0==T

gn xucg~iilùj icjwuck`gcy xcu k` jceknr`* K`y e`j`klwìy o~nucj xuco~jg`dnjwncgl g`y ` kc kùfc gn wcg` k` Ng`g Dngl` | ylndxun icjywlw~|nucj ~jc gn kcyxuljilx`kny cebnwcy gnk `w`p~n xcx~kù g~u`jwn kcy knv`jw`dlnjwcy i`dxnyljcy* Nkx`xnk gluniwc gnk ynðcu nj k` gluniilùj | k` y~xnuvlylùj gnk xucinyc gn xucg~iilùjgnyinjglù ` dnglg` p~n `~dnjwè` nk n}ingnjwn1 gnygn d~| xucjwc+ `gdljlywu`gcuny

| `fnjwny `gdljlywuùcj k`y fu`jgny olji`y xù` ~j` `kw` jceknr` p~n mèä` x`y`gc `ynu nicjùdli`dnjwn xù`ylwùl`* Xcu gne`bc gnk jlvnk gn kcy d`fj`wny+ ylj ndeùfc+kcy jcekny dày xnp~nðcy | kcy ljwnudnglùlcy dljlywnul`kny nbnuiä`j jcud`kdnjwn ~jò~nuwn xunylùj yceun k` wlnuu` | nk wuè`bc xù` wnjnu ~j` d |cu xucg~iilùj `glyxcylilùj gn kcy xucxlnwùlcy1 k` ldxcuw`jil` ycil`k | nicjùdli` gn nywn nywu`wcwnjglù ` iuninu ljljwnuu~dxlg`dnjwn g~u`jwn nk xnuäcgc dnglnv`k* @ xùwlu gnk `ðc0888+ k` ik`yn ùlywciuàwli` nj y~ icjb~jwc yn icjycklgù fuìl`y ` j~nv`y x`~w`y gnmnunjil`+ gnywlj`g`y ` xucwnfnu k` xucxlng`g jcelklùl` icjwu` k` glvlylùj+ | wcgcy kcyyniwcuny gn k` jceknr` gnyùuckkùcj ~j iunilnjwn `xnwlwc xcu nk icjy~dc gn cebnwcy`fu`gèkny | k~bcycy p~n ìw~ù icdc xcgnucyc nywäd~kc xù` k` n}x`jylùj gn k` conuw`gn elnjny gnk i`dxc+ `yä icdc xù` k` ljwucg~iilùj gn j~nv`y n}ìilcjny+ icdc k`w`lkkn + p~n yn uni`~gù xcu vnr xuldnu` gn kcy i`dxnyljcy mìl` olj`kny gnk ylfkc ]L* ^jylfjc iùìwnuäywlic gnk x`xnk ynðcul`k nj nk gnyùuckkc gn k` nicjcdä` on~g`k gn nyw`ìxci` o~n k` n}x`jylùj gn k` vlwli~kw~u` g~u`jwn nk ylfkc ]LL2 nk vljc nu` ~j` enelg`ynkniw` | kcy vlðngcy nu`j ndxuny`y wäxli`dnjwn ùlywciuàwli`y p~n njwu`ðè`j ~jfu`gc dày `kwc gn wuè`bc nyxnil`klr`gc | gn unjwèlklg`g p~n kcy i~kwlvcy gninun`kny6* Gn ocud` dày fnjnu`k+ gnjwuc gnk icjb~jwc gnk ylywnd` ynðcul`k+ k`xucg~iwlvlg`g jnw` gnk gcdljlc gnk ynðcu nu` y~yw`jil`kdnjwn y~xnulcu ` k` gn k`y



xùink`y i`dxnylj`y p~n kc ucgnè`j =+ kc p~n icjywlw~|n ~j` xu~ne` jc yùkc gn k``xucxlìlùj gn k` dnbcu wlnuu` xcu k` ik`yn gcdlj`jwn+ yljc w`delìj gn k` unk`wlvùìlcj`klg`g nicjùdli` gn y~ n}xkcwìlùj*

Xcu cwu` xùwn+ nk ldx~kyc d`ylvc gnk gnyùuckkc `fuäick` dnglnv`k xucvnjä` gn kìk`yn ycil`k gn kcy xucg~iwcuny ljdngl`$

6 G~e|+ F~nuulnuy nw x`| y`jy + xx* 5??$6*= D* Xcyw`j+ ¡Njfk`jg±+ Wmn I`deulgfn Nicjcdli Mlywcu| co N~ucxn + vck~dnj L+Wmn `fuùl`j klon co wmn Dlggkn @fny + x* ?85 Q¡Ljfk`wnuu`±+Mlywcul` nicjùdli` gn N~ucx` + L+K` vlg` `fuùl` nj k` Ng`g Dngl` +D`gulg+ Unvlyw` gn Gnunimc Xulv`gc+ 0<7=T1Wmn dngl`nv`k nicjcd| `jg ycilnw| + x* 057*

QXàf* 0=<T

wcy+ xcup~n nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj on~g`k p~n y~uflù nj N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k couniä`fnjnu`kdnjwn `k i`dxnylj`gc nk nyxìlc däjldc xù` `~dnjwù nk xucg~iwc p~np~ngè` ` y~ glyxcylilùj nj nk dùic gn k`y g~u`y ceklfìlcjny gnk ylywnd` ynðcul`k+Nk i`dxnyljc jcud`k wnjä` p~n xucxcuilcjù xunywìlcjny gn wuè`bc nj nk gcdljlcgnk ynðcu ‗` dnj~gc m`yw` wuny gä`y xcu ynd`j`‗ | j~dnucy`y ceklfìlcjny

`glilcj`kny1 ylj ndeùfc+ p~ngè` kleun xù` ljwnjwù g~u`jwn nk unywc gn k` ynd`j``~dnjwù k` xucg~iilùj nj y~y xucxl`y xùink`y* Dù} ceynuvù p~n ¡k` xucg~iwlvlg`ggn kcy unyw`jwny gä`y gn k` ynd`j` gn kcy p~n glyxcjn nk xucxlc xucg~iwcu gluniwc ny~j` d`fjlw~g vùlèkn+ p~n gnen gnyùuckkùyn nj nk i~uyc gn y~ n}xnulnjil` Q***T @p~änywà g`g` k` xcylelklg`g gn ilnuwc gnyùuckkc nicjùdlic± <* K`y unjw`y on~g`knyuni`~g`g`y yceun k` xucg~iilùj gn k`y xùink`y i`dxnylj`y wnjglnucj ` `gp~luluilnuw` unf~kùlg`g | nywèlklg`g+ i~|c iùàiwnu icjy~nw~gljùlc yùkc xcgä`j dcgloliùkcy ynðcuny icdc uny~kw`gc gn ~j i`delc u`gli`k nj nk np~lkleulc kci`k gn o~nur`ynjwun `de`y ik`yny ycil`kny 08* Mèä`+ x~ny+ ~j dùfnj xù` p~n kcy uny~kw`gcy gn ~j`dnbcu xucg~iwlvlg`g enjnolilù`j `k xucg~iwcu gluniwc* @yä+ k` @kw` Ng`g Dngl` yniùìwnulrù xcu ~j` icjwlj~` n}x`jylùj gnk i~kwlvc inun`klyw` |+ gnjwuc gn ìk+ xcu ~ji`delc m il` dnbcuny icynim`y gn wulfc+ p~n o~n ceu` nynjil kdnjwn gn ~ji`dxnylj`gc p~n icjy~dä` x`j icdc `kldnjwc eàylic* Yn xucg~bc w`delìj ~j`wu`jylilùj fu`g~`k mìl` nk ~yc gn iè`kkcy xù` k`y o`nj`y gn ù`gc+ dày uàxlgcy |dày noliìny p~n kcy e~n|ny p~n kny mèä`j xuninglgc+ `~jp~n w`delìj dày iùcy* ^jiunilnjwn jòdnuc gn `kgn`y kknfù ` xcynnu ocub`y xù` k` xucg~iilùj kci`k gnmnuu`dlnjw`y gn mlnuuc+ ` dnglg` p~n yn gnyùuckkè` ~j< I`xlw`k + LLL+ x* 667 QNk i`xlw`k + kleuc LLL+ vck* =+ x* 0808T*08 U* M* Mlkwcj+ ¡Xn`y`jw dcvndnjwy lj Njfk`jg enocun 09=0±+ nj Nyy`|y lj nicjcdli mlywcu| + vck* LL+icdx* N* D* Iù~y$Vlkycj+ Kcjguny+ 0<?5+ xx* 69$>* Dù} y~eu`|ù k` jninylg`g gn nyw` unf~kùlg`g xù`k` icmnunjil` gnk icjb~jwc gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj2 ¡@gndày+ nywà ikùc p~n `p~ä+ icdc ylndxun+ ` k`xùwn gcdlj`jwn gn k` ycilng`g kn ljwnuny` y`jwloliù kc n}lywnjwn icjolulìjgckn nk iùàiwnu gn kn| | olbùicdc knf`kny y~y eùunu`y+ g`g`y xcu nk ~yc | k` wu`glilùj* Xunyiljglnjgc gn wcgc kc gndày+ xcu cwu`xùwn+ nywc yn xucg~in xcu yä yckc `xnj`y k` unxucg~iilùj icjyw`jwn gn k` e`yn gn k`y icjglilcjny

ldxnu`jwny+ gn k` unkìlùj nj k` p~n yn e`y`+ `y~dn icj nk icuunu gnk wlndxc ~j` ocud` unf~k`g` |cugnj`g`1 | nyw` unfk` | nywn cugnj ycj+ gn xcu yä+ ~j oìwcu ldxunyiljglekn gn i~`kp~lnu dcgc gnxucg~iilùj p~n xunwnjg` `y~dlu ycklgnr ycil`k n ljgnxnjgnjil` gnk dnuc `rù | k` ùelwuùlng`g±+I`xlw`k + vck~dnj LLL+ xx* 669$7 QNk i`xlw`k + kleuc LLL+ vck* =+ x* 088<T*

QXàf* 0<8T

ùwny`j`gc u~u`k glyxnuyc 00* K`y dnbcu`y nj nk np~lxc wìijlic `yä iun`gc wnjglnucj ùne`bù k` gnd`jg` gn xunywìlcjny gn wuè`bc xnuycj`k nj kcy gcdljlcy ynðcul`kny+xnudlwlnjgc nk icuunyxcjglnjwn `~dnjwc gn k` xucg~iilùj nj k`y xùink`yi`dxnylj`y* @k dlydc wlndxc+ ylj ndeùfc+ | ` dnglg` p~n k` xcekìlùj iuniä` icj k`n}x`jylùj gn k` nicjcdä` dnglnv`k+ k` n}wnjylùj dngl gn k`y xùink`y gnki`dxnylj`gc glydlj~|ù ljiny`jwndnjwn ` i`~y` gn y~ ou`fdnjwìlùj+ gnyinjglnjgcp~lrà gn ~j`y 78 mniwàun`y nj nk ylfkc L] ` ~j`y = ù 05 mniwàun`y nj nk ylfkc ]LL L05* Nkuny~kw`gc jcud`k gn nywn xucinyc o~n k` iunilnjwn glonunjilìlùj ycil`k nj k`y `kgn`y+i~|` xuljilx`k käjn` glvlycul` ynxùè` ` `p~nkk`y o`dlkl`y p~n xcynä`j |~jw`y xù`



ùù gn `p~nkk`y p~n jc k`y xcynä`j* ^j ljilxlnjwn nywu`wc gn i`dxnyljcy ìcdcg`gcyì`xùè` jcud`kdnjwn k` d`|cu xùwn gn kcy enjnolilcy gnk xucfunyc u~u`k gnjwuc gnk` `kgn` | wnjgä` ouni~njwndnjwn ` ung~ilu ` kcy i`dxnyljcy dày xceuny ` k` xcylilùjgn bcuj`knucy gnxnjglnjwny p~n wuè`bè`j xù` nkkcy* Ylj ndeùfc+ w`jwc kcyi`dxnyljcy xuùyxnucy icdc kcy xceuny yn cxcjä`j nywu~iw~u`kdnjwn ` kcy ynðcunyp~n vlvä`j ` icyw` gn nkkcy | g~u`jwn wcg` k` ìxci` on~g`k yn kleuùcj njwun `decyicjyw`jwny | ylknjilcy`y k~im`y xcu kcy ùunjg`dlnjwcy -p~n ci`ylcj`kdnjwnnyw`kkùcj nj f~nuu`y èlnuw`y+ `~jp~n nj icjb~jwc nywc o~n xcic ouni~njwn nj kcyylfkcy p~n nyw`dcy nyw~gl`jgc,* K`y ocud`y p~n `gcxwù k` unylywnjil` i`dxnyljò~nucj d~| vùl`g`y2 uni~uyc ` k` b~ywlil` xòekli` -gcjgn n}lywä`+ icdc nj Ljfk`wnuu`,icjwu` k`y gnycuelw`g`y xunwnjylcjny ynðcul`kny1 lji~dxkldlnjwc ickniwlvc gn k`yxunywìlcjny gn wuè`bc -xucwcm~nkf`y,1 xunylcjny xù` cewnjnu ung~iilcjny gluniw`ygn k`y unjw`y c njf`ðcy nj kcy xnycy gnk xucg~iwc c nj k`y dnglilcjny gn wlnuu` 09* Xcuy~ xùwn+ kcy ynðcuny+ o~nynj k`licy c niknylàywlicy+ uni~uuä`j ` k` oèuliìlùj knf`k gnj~nv`y ceklfìlcjny+ ` k` vlcknjil` gluniw`dnjwn icnuilwlv` xù` ldxcjnu `~$00 _ì`yn G~e|+ F~nuulnuy nw x`|y`jy + xx* 509+ 506$50*05 Ucgjn| Mlkwcj+ Ecjg dnj d`gn ounn + Kcjguny+ 0<69+ x* 5= QYlnuvcy klenu`gcy + D`gulg+ Ylfkc ]]L+0<6=T*09 Xù nyw`y glonunjwny ocud`y gn k~im`y+ ik`jgnywlj`y ~j`y | èlnuw`y cwu`y+ vì`yn U* M* Mlkwcj+ @ dngl`nv`k ycilnw|2 wmn Vnyw Dlgk`jgy + xàflj`y 0>7$?81 ¡Xn`y`jw dcvndnjwy lj Njfk`jg enocun 09=0±+xx* 6?$<81 ¡Wmn wu`jylwlcj oucd on~g`klyd wc i`xlw`klyd±+Yilnjin `jg Ycilnw| + cwcðc gn 0<>9 xx* 979$=Q¡Icdnjwùlc±+ nj U* Mlkwcj+ icdx* K` wu`jylilùj gnk on~g`klydc `k i`xlw`klydc + Eùinkcj`+ Iuäwli`+0<66T+ | Vlwckg A~k`+Wmìculn nicjcdlp~n g~ y|ywídn oìcg`kn + K` M`|`$Xùäy+ 0<68 xx* >8$9+ 07? QWncuä` nicjùdli` gnk ylywnd` on~g`k + E~njcy @luny+ Ylfkc ]]L+ 5*¢ ng*+ 0<6?T*

QXàf* 0<0T

dnjwcy gn unjw`y | ` k` `xucxlìlùj gn wlnuu`y icd~j`kny c glyx~w`g`y* K`y k~im`yxcu k`y unjw`y xcgä`j fnjnuùyn+ x~ny+ nj `decy xckcy gn k` unkìlùj on~g`k | wnjgä`j` nywld~kù k` xucg~iwlvlg`g nj y~y gcy n}wundcy 07* Kcy ynðcuny | kcy i`dxnyljcynywè`j cebnwlv`dnjwn ljdnuycy nj ~j xucinyc icjokliwlvc i~| y icjyni~njil`yfkce`kny kknvùä`j mìl` `gnk`jwn `k icjb~jwc gn k` nicjcdä` `fuäick`*^j àun` gn icjokliwc ycil`k o~n nyxnil`kdnjwn ldxcuw`jwn nj y~y icjyni~njil`y xù`nk gnyùuckkc gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nj i~`jwc w`k* K`y glyx~w`y nj wcdc ` k` wlnuuò~nucj cevl`dnjwn njgìdli`y nj ~j` ylw~ìlùj nj k` p~n nk y~nkc icd~j`k gn k` `kgn`jc nu` nj èyck~wc ~j y~nkc xuldcugl`kdnjwn `fuäick` | nj k` p~n fu`jgnyn}wnjylcjny gn wlnuu` nu`j x`jw`jcy+ eunr`kny c ynkv`y väufnjny* K` ucw~uìlùj |icjvnuylùj gn wlnuu`y jc i~kwlv`g`y nu`+ xcu w`jwc+ k` vä` dày ou~iwäonu` gn n}x`jylùjgn k` nicjcdä` u~u`k nj k` Ng`g Dngl` | k` dày nyxniwì~kù n}xunylùj gn k` d`|cui`xìlg`g xucg~iwlv` gn k` `fuli~kw~u` on~g`k* Gn mnimc+ njwun kcy `ðcy 0888 | 05>8w~vc k~fù ~j v`ywc dcvldlnjwc gn ci~xìlùj | ickcjlrìlùj gn j~nv`y wlnuu`y* Yn$

07 G~e|+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ wule~|n òjli`dnjwn k i`dxnylj`gc nk ädxnw~ nicjùdlic eàylic gn nyw` ìxci`*Nj y~ cxljlùj+ k` jceknr` glulflù nk iunildlnjwc gn k` nicjcdä` n~ucxn` nj nk xnuäcgc icdxunjglgc njwunkcy `ðcy ?88 | 0888 xcu dnglc gn k` ì~d~kìlùj gn ecwljny | wlnuu`y nj k` f~nuu`1 nk i`dxnylj`gcglulflù nk gnyùuckkc gn k` nicjcdä` njwun kcy `ðcy 0888 | 0588 fuìl`y `k `v`jin gnk i~kwlvc u~u`k nj nkdùic gn ~j` j~nv` x`r1 k` e~uf~nyä` ~ue`j` glulflù nk gnyùuckkc gnk xnuäcgc p~n icdlnjr` nj nk 0588xcu dnglc gnk icdnuilc | k`y d`j~oìw~u`y gn k`y il~g`gny2 F~nuulnuy nw x`|y`jy+ x`yyld * K` yldnwuä` ~jxcic ycyxnimcy` gn nywn nyp~nd` jc nywà ycywnjlg`+ ylj ndeùfc+ xcu k`y dlyd`y xu~ne`y gn G~e|* Nyd~| g~gcyc p~n k` ljok~njil` fkce`k gn k` f~nuu` gnyinjglnu` ynul`dnjwn gnyx~ìy gnk `ðc 0888 -icdcG~e| icjingn nj ~j` ci`ylùj+ xàflj` 586,+ dlnjwu`y p~n nk ìwlvc x`xnk ynðcul`k nj k` nicjcdä` gn kcyylfkcy ]L | ]LL nywà `dxkl`dnjwn gci~dnjw`gc xcu nk xucxlc G~e|* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ ny gloäilk icdxunjgnuxcu p~ì gne` icjingnuyn ` k`y ìwlvlg`gny dlklwùny gn k` jceknr` ~j` xunndljnjil` nicjùdli` w`jfu`jgn nj nk xnuäcgc `jwnulcu `k `ðc 0888 ` n}xnjy`y gnk wuè`bc i`dxnyljc* Gn mnimc+ nk vciè~kùlc gnG~e| cyilk` ylfjloli`wlv`dnjwn nj k` kci`klrìlùj gn kcy ¡cuäfnjny gnk glj`dlydc nicjùdlic± nj i`gò`yn -icdxàunjyn k`y ocud~kìlcjny `xùnjwndnjwn icjwu`gliwcul`y gn k`y xx* 0?8 | 0?< | gn k`y xàflj`y588 | 596+ p~n `ylfj`j y~inylv`dnjwn ~j` xulculg`g i`~y`k ` k` f~nuu` | `k i~kwlvc nj k` o`yn 0+ | ` kcyjcekny dnjcuny | ` kcy i`dxnyljcy nj k` o`yn 5,* Nyw`y cyilkìlcjny unoknb`j vnug`gnu`y gloli~kw`gny gn`jàklyly gnjwuc gnk d`flywu`k nyw~glc gn G~e|* Nj un`klg`g+ ny èyck~w`dnjwn ldxcylekn `ylfjù ~j`n}ìw` xucxcuilùj nicjùdli` ` kcy uckny y~ebnwlvcy gn k`y ik`yny ycil`kny nj x~fj` gn nyw` ìxci`2 k`



nywu~iw~u` cebnwlv` gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj o~n kc p~n x~yc nj dcvldlnjwc y~y unyxniwlv`y | glvnuy`yun`klrìlcjny nj k` ocud` gn ~j` k~im` ycil`k `jw`fùjli`*

QXàf* 0<5T

ðcuny | i`dxnyljcy xùwlilxùcj gnilglg`dnjwn nj nywn xucinyc gn n}x`jylùj* K`yw`k`y gn kcy i`dxnyljcy o~nucj fnjnu`kdnjwn `dxklìlcjny xcic ylywndàwli`y gn kcy

kädlwny n}lywnjwny gn wlnuu` i~kwlvèkn ` icyw` gn kcy ecyp~ny | x`ywlr`kny gn kcy`kungngcuny* K`y ucw~uìlcjny jcelklùl`y o~nucj jcud`kdnjwn ndxuny`y xcywnulcuny |dày `dxkl`y p~n dcvlklrùcj d`|cuny uni~uycy xù` k` uni~xnuìlùj gn wlnuu`y dàygloäilkny0>* Nk unyi`wn dày ùg~c gn wlnuu`y undcw`y | |nud`y o~n ceu` gn k`y fu`jgnyùugnjny dcjàywli`y+ yceun wcgc gn kcy ilywnuilnjyny+ i~| y è`gä`y oucjwnulr`ycouniä`j ~j` xu~ne` w`jflekn gn kcy enjnolilcy gnk `jwlj`w~u`klydc i`wùklic* K`g~uìlùj gn k` vlg` gn ~j dcj`ywnulc jc nu` k` gn ~j eùùj* Nk dcj`ywnulc jc wnjä`p~n uni~xnuù nj ~j` yck` fnjnuìlùj k` ljvnuylùj nj wuè`bc m~d`jc jninyùl` xù`k`y ucw~uìlcjny gloäilkny* K` n}xkcwìlùj gn k`y unflcjny dày undcw`y n ljmùyxlw`y+p~n yn uni~xnuè`j xù` nk i~kwlvc c nk x`ywcunc | jninylwè`j ~j` xuc|niilùjnicjùdli` ` kùfc xk`rc+ nu` ndxunjglg` ouni~njwndnjwn xcu k`y ùugnjny unklflcy`y*Nyw`y+ ` y~ vnr+ nu`j w`delìj icj ouni~njil` nyxnil`kdnjwn cxunylv`y xù` nki`dxnylj`gc+ |` p~n y~y icd~jlg`gny iknuli`kny unylgä`j dày wlndxc nj y~y wlnuu`yp~n kcy iè`kknucy c eùcjny+ p~n ` dnj~gc xcgä`j nywù o~nu`+ nj k`y n}xnglilcjnydlklwùny* K`y xunylcjny | xunwnjylcjny icjokliwlv`y p~n yn culfljè`j ` icjyni~njil`gn nyw`y glyx~w`y xcu k`y j~nv`y unflcjny icjywlw~ä`j+ x~ny+ ~j` j~nv` ocud` gnk~im` gn ik`yny xcu k` wlnuu`* Nj `kf~jcy i`ycy+ | icj cebnwc gn icjynf~lu d`jc gnceu` xù` k` ucr` gn ecyp~ny | eunr`kny+ kcy jcekny klenuè`j ` kcy i`dxnyljcy gn kìcjglilùj ynuvlk1 xù` k`y fu`jgny ndxuny`y+ y~y `fnjwny c kci`wcuny wnjä`j p~nxucdnwnu jcud`kdnjwn ` kcy `klyw`gcy nyxnil`kny n}njilcjny on~g`kny* Nj cwucy i`ycy+k`y ucw~uìlcjny i`dxnylj`y nu`j wcd`g`y | n}xucxl`g`y xcywnulcudnjwn xcu kcyjcekny+ | kcy xnp~nðcy xucxlnwùlcy p~n vlvä`j nj nkk`y p~ngè`j ung~ilgcy+ xcuw`jwc+ ` k` ynuvlg~deun*

Gn ~j dcgc dày fnjnu`k+ ` olj`kny gnk ylfkc ]LL | g~u`jwn nk ]LLL x~glnucj ceynuvùyndcvldlnjwcy xuco~jg`dnjwn icjwu`gliwculcy nj k` ycilng`g u~u`k gn N~ucx`ciilgnjw`k* Xcu ~j` xùwn+ k`y wlnuu`y ynðcul`kny yn ung~bnucj | k`y xunywìlcjny gnwuè`bc xnuycj`k glydlj~|nucj nj k` d`|cu xùwn gn k`y unflcjny+ icj k` jcwèknn}inxilùj gn Ljfk`wnuu`* Nj kcy gcdljlcy ynðcul`kny yn mlilnucj dày ouni~njwny kcywuè`b`gcuny nywìlc$0> _ì`yn nk nyw~glc gn G~e|+ U~u`k nicjcd| `jg ic~jwu| klon lj wmn dngl`nv`k Vnyw+ xx* 65$=8*

QXàf* 0<9T

j`kny+ x`f`gcy nj y`kùlcy xnuc y~bnwcy ` ceklfìlcjny icjy~nw~gljùl`y+ dlnjwu`y p~nnk ùunjg`dlnjwc gn k`y unynuv`y ynðcul`kny ` ùunjg`wùlcy i`dxnyljcy `~dnjwè`njcudndnjwn ` icyw` gnk i~kwlvù gluniwc* Nj `kf~j`y rcj`y+ nyxnil`kdnjwn p~lrà nj nkjcuwn gn Ou`jil`+ k`y icd~jlg`gny gn i`dxnyljcy | `kgn`y icdxuè`j y~ klenuw`g `~jcy ynðcuny `jylcycy gn cewnjnu ljfunycy nj dnwàklic 0?* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ k` dlyd`ìxci` xunynjilù w`delìj ~j` j~nv` ckn`g` gn ynuvlg~deun+ p~n xulvù gn y~ klenuw`g` fu~xcy ycil`kny `jwnulcudnjwn kleuny | `ð`glù ~j j~nvc ulfcu | xunilylùj ` k`ygnoljlilcjny b~uägli`y gn k` o`kw` gn klenuw`g+ icj k` ocud~kìlùj xcu vnr xuldnu` `xùwlu gn olj`kny gnk ylfkc ]L gn k` gciwulj` gn k` ¡ynuvlg~deun gn k` fkne`±* K`ywlnuu`y gn kcy i`dxnyljcy kleuny+ p~n ` glonunjil` gn k`y wnjnjil`y gn kcy vlkk`jcynywè`j y~bnw`y ` unxùwc xcu mnunjil`+ inglnucj yld~kwàjn`dnjwn nj d~im`yunflcjny `jwn k`y xunylcjny ynðcul`kny | yn icjvluwlnucj nj wnjnjil`y gnxnjglnjwny*

K`y xcynylcjny `kcgl`kny unwucinglnucj | yn nyo~dùcj fnjnu`kdnjwn nj nyw` ìxci`+p~n o~n wnywlfc `gndày gn ~j` d`|cu n}x`jylùj gnk ylywnd` gn on~gc 06* Wcg`y nyw`yicjokliwlv`y wnjgnjil`y `fuùl`y nu`j d`jlonywìlcjny gn k` ylknjilcy` k~im` ycil`k xcuk` wlnuu` p~n glc ` nyw` nu` y~ vlw`klg`g nicjùdli`* Nyw` ci~kw` `~jp~n ljiny`jwn n



ldxkìèkn wnjylùj njwun gcdlj`jwny | gcdlj`gcy+ njwun kcy ynðcuny dlklwùny gn k`ycilng`g | kcy xucg~iwcuny gluniwcy ycdnwlgcy ` nkkcy+ o~n kc p~n xucg~bc k` fu`jn}x`jylùj dnglnv`k gn kcy ylfkcy ]LL | ]LLL*

Nk uny~kw`gc jnwc gn nyw`y xunylcjny gljàdli`y+ ljj`w`y ` k` nicjcdä` on~g`k gnCiilgnjwn+ o~n ^j `~dnjwc icjylgnuèkn gn k` xucg~iilùj fkce`k* J`w~u`kdnjwn+ nk`~dnjwc gn k` n}wnjylùj gn wlnuu` i~kwlv`g` jc x~ngn i~`jwloliùyn ` nyi`kìcjwljnjw`k gnelgc ` k` ldxcylelklg`g gn nywèkninu xucxcuilcjny dngl`y ` i`~y` gn k`glvnuylg`g gn ikld`y | wlnuu`y+ `~jp~n jc m`| g~g` gn p~n xuàiwli`dnjwn nj wcg`yxùwny o~n d~| icjylgnuèkn* Kcy mlywcul gcuny m`j i`ki~k`gc+ ylj ndeùfc+ icj`kf~j` d`|cu xunilylùj+ `~jp~n wcg`vä` icj i`~wnk`+ kcy `~dnjwcy nj k`y icynim`y* Nkiàki~kc gn G~e| ny p~n njwun kcy ylfkcy L] | ]LLL kcy unjgldlnjwcy dnglcyicynim`#ylndeu` `~dnjwùcj icdc däjldc gn 5+>#0 ` 7#0+ | p~n k` xùwn gn kìcynim` p~n p~ngè` ` glyxcylilùj gnk xucg~iwcu yn g~xkliù2 ¡Nj kcy0? Jcud`kdnjwn ny`y icdxu`y o~nucj ceu` gn i`dxnyljcy ulicy p~n gcdljè`j k`y `kgn`y ylw~`g`y njunflcjny icj unkìlcjny gn dnui`gc+ |` o~nyn nj Ou`jil` c nj Lw`kl`2 Mlkwcj+ Ecjg dnj d`gn ounn + xx* =8$>*06 Ec~wu~imn+Ynlfjn~uln nw oìcg`klwì + LL+ xx* 66$=5+ 085$7+ 56?$=7*

QXàf* 0<7T

i`dxcy gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k w~vc k~fù+ njwun nk xnuäcgc iùckljflc+ | nk `d`jninugnk ylfkc ]LLL+ ~j fu`j i`delc nj k` xucg~iwlvlg`g+ nk òjlic gn k` mlywcul` m`yw` kcyfu`jgny `v`jiny gn kcy ylfkcy ]_LLL | ]L] Q***T @ olj`kny gnk ylfkc ]LLL+ k` `fuli~kw~u`dnglnv`k mèä` `ki`jr`gc ~j jlvnk wìijlic np~lv`knjwn `k gn kcy `ðcy p~n xuninglnucjljdngl`w`dnjwn ` k` unvck~ilùj `fuäick`± 0=* K` nyxniwì~kù ìnknu ilùj gn k`yo~nur`y gn xucg~iilùj gnynji`gnjù+ ` y~ vnr+ k` icuunyxcjglnjwn n}x`jylùjgndcfuàoli`* Njwun kcy `ðcy <>8 | 097=+ k` xcekìlùj wcw`k gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`kxcylekndnjwn iunilù dày gnk gcekn+ x`y`jgc gn ~jcy 58 ` >7 dlkkcjny gn xnuycj`y 0<*Yn m` i`ki~k`gc p~n k` nyxnu`jr` dngl` gn vlg`+ p~n mèä` ylgc gn ~jcy vnljwliljic`ðcy nj nk Ldxnulc ucd`jc+ yn nknvù ` wunljw` | iljic `ðcy nj nk ylfkc ]LLL nj k`Ljfk`wnuu` on~g`k58* Nj nk dùic gn nyw` ycilng`g p~n yn d~kwlxkliè`+ nk icdnuilc ynunvlw`klrù gnyx~ìy gn y~ kùf` gni`gnjil` g~u`jwn k` Ng`g Cyi~u`+ | ~j d`|cujòdnuc gn il~g`gny iunilnucj | xucyxnuùcj icdc x~jwcy gn ljwnuyniilùj gn kcydnui`gcy unflcj`kny | icdc injwucy d`j~oìw~unucy*

Nk `~fn gn nywcy njik`vny ~ue`jcy jc x~ngn ynxùùyn gn k` knv`g~u` `fuäick` p~n kcyucgnè`* Ny èyck~w`dnjwn ljicuuniwc `lykù ` ~jc gn cwuc nj i~`kp~lnu `jàklyly p~nyn m`f` gn k` @kw` Ng`g Dngl` 50* Xcu ~j k`gc+ k` d`|cu xùwn gn k`y j~nv`y il~g`gnyo~nucj+ nj y~ culfnj+ xucdcvlg`y c xucwnflg`y xcu ynðcuny on~g`kny+ xù` p~lnjnyicjywlw~ä` ~j cebnwlvc j`w~u`k ì`xùù kcy dnui`gcy kci kny ~ cewnjnu fu`jgnyenjnolilcy gnk icdnuilc gn kùf` glyw`jil` icjinjwuàjgckc e`bc y~ ìflg`* Xcu cwuc+ nko~nuwn `~dnjwc nj kcy xunilcy inun`käywlicy n}xnuldnjw`gc njwun 0088 | 0988 ‗~jy`kwc gn `kungngcu gnk 988 xcu0= U~u`k nicjcd| `jg ic~jwu| klon lj wmn dngl`nv`k Vnyw + xx* 089$05* Nyw` xunwnjylùj gn G~e| yceun k`ìxci` dnglnv`k xùnin n}`fnu`g`+ vì`jyn kcy iàki~kcy un`klr`gcy xcu _`j E`wm yceun k`y icynim`y nj k``fuli~kw~u` xcydnglnv`k+ ljou` + xx* 5?6$=* Xnuc y~ ìjo`yly nj k` d`fjlw~g gnk gnyùuckkc dnglnv`k n}lfn~j icjynjyc fnjnu`k*0< B* I* U~yynkk+K`wn `jilnjw `jg dngl`nv`k xcx~k`wlcjy + Olk`gnkol`+ 0<>=+ xàflj`y 085$09* Xùnin ynu p~n+gn mnimc+ k` xcekìlùj gn Ou`jil`+ Fu`j Eunw`ð`+ @knd`jl` | Nyi`jglj`vl` yn wulxkliù g~u`jwn nycyylfkcy1 kcy äjgliny dày knjwcy gn iunildlnjwc nj Lw`kl` | Nyx`ð` mìnj p~n glydlj~|` k` dngl` fkce`k*58 U* Y* Kcxnr+Wmn eluwm co N~ucxn + Kcjguny+ 0<?6+ x* 9<=*50 ^j` cxljlùj n}xuny`g` icj ouni~njil` ny p~n+ nj x`kèu`y gn Xcyw`j+ k`y il~g`gny gn nyw` ìxciò~nucj ¡lyk`y jc on~g`kny nj ciì`jcy on~g`kny± - Wmn dngl`nv`k nicjcd| `jg ycilnw| + x* 505,* Ny`

gnyiulxilùj ny ljicdx`wlekn icj i~`kp~lnu `jàklyly icdxù`gc gn k`y il~g`gny dnglnv`kny gnjwuc gn ~j`wlxckcfä` mlywùuli` dày dxkl` gnk gnyùuckkc ~ue`jc*

QXàf* 0<>T



ilnjwc‗ xucxcuilcjù k` e`yn ljokìlcjlyw` xucxlil` xù` k` vnjw` gn wcg`y k`ydnui`jiä`y ~ue`j`y* Ylj ndeùfc+ ~j` vnr ildnjw`g`y | x~nyw`y nj dùim`nicjùdli`dnjwn+ k`y il~g`gny dnglnv`kny icjylf~lnucj d~| xucjwc ~j` `~wcjcdäùnk`wlv`+ p~n `gcxwù ~j` ocud` xckäwli` vlylekn* Gcdlj`g`y nj ~j xuldnu dcdnjwc xcu`fnjwny ynðcul`kny -Ljfk`wnuu`, c xcu xnp~nðcy jcekny unylgnjwny nj nkk`y -Lw`kl`,+xcywnulcudnjwn iunùcj ~jcy x`wulil`gcy nyxniäoli`dnjwn ~ue`jcy+ xucingnjwny nj y~d`|cu xùwn gn k`y olk`y gn kcy `jwlf~cy ljwnudnglùlcy on~g`kny c gn wul~jo`jwnydnui`gnuny | d`j~oìw~unucy 55* Nywcy j~nvcy nywu`wcy x`wulilcy icjwuckè`j ~j`nicjcdä` ~ue`j` nj k` p~n k` xucg~iilùj kknfù ` nywù o~nuwndnjwn unf~k`g` xcu kcyfundlcy+ p~n fnjnu`kdnjwn `xùnilnucj nj k`y òkwld`y gìi`g`y gnk ylfkc ]LL* Nj nyw`yicuxcuìlcjny jc n}lywä` ynxùìlùj `kf~j` njwun nk xucg~iwcu ùwny`jc | kcy dnglcygn xucg~iilùj+ | kcy xnp~nðcy d`nywucy ocudè`j ~j d`y` xknen|` ylw~`g`ljdngl`w`dnjwn gne`bc gn k` xucxl` cklfùp~ä` dnui`jwlk$d`j~oìw~unu`* Yùkc nj k`yil~g`gny ok`dnji`y n lw`kl`j`y `xùnilù xcu gne`bc gn nywn ùwny`j`gc+ | icj ~j`lgnjwlg`g | ~jcy ljwnunyny nyxniäolicy+ ~j` ik`yn ycil`k `y`kùl`g` gn wuè`b`gcuny~ue`jcy gn ilnuw` d`fjlw~g* Nk dcgnkc gn fcelnujc d~jlilx`k vùlè` gn ì~nugc icjnk xnyc unk`wlvc gn k` ìwlvlg`g ¡d`j~oìw~unu`± c ¡dnui`jwlk± gn k`y unyxniwlv`yil~g`gny* Gcjgn k` xuldnu` ìwlvlg`g wnjä` ~j` ldxcuw`jil` o~jg`dnjw`k+ kcy fundlcy

ùwny`jcy wnjglnucj olj`kdnjwn ` icjynf~lu `kf~j` xùwlilxìlùj nj nk xcgnu ilvlk-Okcunjil`+ E`ylkn`+ Nywu`ye~ufc+ F`jwn,1 dlnjwu`y p~n `kkä gcjgn xungcdljè` gnocud` gnilylv` k` ynf~jg`+ k`y `~wculg`gny gn k` il~g`g jcud`kdnjwn yn ung~iä`j `kcy dnui`gnuny -_njnil`+ _lnj`+ J~undenuf+ Kûenia, 59* K`y d`j~oìw~u`y ` fu`jnyi`k` nywè`j icjinjwu`g`y nynjil`kdnjwn nj k`y gcy unflcjny gnjy`dnjwn xcek`g`ygn Ok`jgny | nk jcuwn gn Lw`kl`* Kcy wnblgcy gn k`j` nu`j j`w~u`kdnjwn nk yniwcu dàyn}x`jylvc+ |` p~n y~ xucg~iwlvlg`g xuceèkndnjwn yn d~kwlxkliù xcu dày gn wuny icjk` ljwucg~iilùj gnk wnkù mculrcjw`k gn xng`k* Ylj ndeùfc+ kcy d`|cuny enjnolilcyicynim`gcy xcu nk i`xlw`k ~ue`jc dnglnv`k xucingä`j ljg~gèkn$55 B* Knywcip~c|+ @~} culfljny gn k` ec~ufnclyln2 kny vlkkny gn Ok`jgun nw gn k“Lw`kln yc~y kn fc~vnujndnjw gny x`wulilnjy -]L n$]_ n ylíikny, + Xùäy+ 0<>5+ xx* 7>$>0+ nyw~gl` kcy cuäfnjny gn k`y cklfùp~ä`y okcunjwlj`+fnjcvny` | ylnjny`+ @* E* Mleenuw+ ¡Wmn culflj co wmn dngl`nv`k wc j x`wulil`wn±+ X`yw `jg Xunynjw + jòd*9+ oneunuc gn 0<>9+ xx* 0>$56+ ny nk dnbcu `jàklyly gnk xuceknd`*59 _ì`jyn k`y ceynuvìlcjny gn F~| Oc~up~lj+ Mlywclun ìicjcdlp~n gn k“Ciilgnjw dìglìv`k + Xùäy+ 0<?<+xx* 578$0*

QXàf* 0<?T

dnjwn gnk icdnuilc gn kùf` glyw`jil` | gn k` ~y~u`* G`gc nk icjwlj~c -`~jp~ngni`gnjwn, xungcdljlc gn ~j` nicjcdä` j`w~u`k | k` wcg`vä` u~gldnjwùl` ung gnwu`jyxcuwny | icd~jliìlcjny gn N~ucx`+ k`y cxcuw~jlg`gny gn icdxuù eù`wc |unvnjgnu iùc nj dnui`gcy ldxnuoniwcy nu`j gnyxucxcuilcj`g`dnjwn k~iu`wlv`y* Nki`xlw`k dnui`jwlk x~gc cewnjnu enjnolilcy d~| `kwcy xcu k` yldxkn dnglìlùj njwunnyonu`y ynxù`g`y gn v`kcuny gn ~yc 57* Nk ylywnd` gn onul`y gn k` Im`dx`ð`+ p~n ~jlù` kcy X`äyny E`bcy icj Lw`kl` gnygn nk ylfkc ]LL m`yw` xuljilxlcy gnk ]L_+ yn icjvluwlù njnk iìkneun nbn gn nyw`y wu`jyìilcjny ljwnuunflcj`kny*

Xcu cwu` xùwn+ ko~ylùj nywu~iw~u`k gn kc nicjùdlic | kc xckäwlic p~n gnoljlù `k dcgcgn xucg~iilùj on~g`k jc xcgä` ung~iluyn òjli`dnjwn ` k` n}wuìilùj ynðcul`k gnkxk~yxucg~iwc `fuäick`* K` icnuilùj n}wu`nicjùdli` gn iùàiwnu xckäwlic$dlklwù o~n~wlklr g` w`delìj icj wcg` klenuw`g xcu k`y cklfùp~ä`y x`wulil`y p~n kknfùcj `gcdljù k`y il~g`gny dnglnv`kny2 n}xnglilcjny ùd`g`y xù` ldxcjnu dcjcxcklcy+lji~uylcjny gn i`ywlfc icjwu` kcy ulv`kny+ i`dx`ð`y xù` ldxcjnu xn`bny | knv`y `ki`dxc ilui~jg`jwn* Nk x~jwc dày `kwc gn nyw` `xkliìlùj gn k` vlcknjil` xckäwli` xù`k` gcdljìlùj ocurcy` gn k` xucg~iilùj | nk icdnuilc yn `ki`jrù+ xcu y~x~nywc+ icj nk`jn}lcjlydc gn k`y il~g`gny lw`kl j`y+ icj y~ àvlg` y~bnilùj | n}wcuylùj gn k`yxucvlylcjny | k` d`jc gn ceu` gn y~y icjp~lyw`gcy icjw`gcy u~u`kny* Nk iùàiwnu`jwlynðcul`k gn k`y lji~uylcjny ~ue`j y nj Kcdeùgä` c Wcyi`j` jc k`y mìä``jwlon~g`kny nj ynjwlgc nywuliwc2 nu`j dày elnj dcg`klg`gny ~ue`j`y gnk dni`jlydc



fnjnu`k xù` k` n}wuìilùj gnk xk~yxucg~iwc iùìwnuäywlic gn k` ìxci` | glulflgcicjwu` kcy icdxnwlgcuny u~u`kny* @ xnyù gn nkkc+ k`y icd~jlg`gny icuxcu`wlv`y~ue`j`y unxunynjwùcj ljg~gèkndnjwn ~j` o~nur` gn v`jf~ùgl` nj nk icjb~jwc gnk` nicjcdä` dnglnv`k+ xcup~n yùkc nkk`y nywè`j gngli`g`y òjli dnjwn ` k`xucg~iilùj dnui`jwlk | yn e`yè`j n}ik~ylv`dnjwn nj nk ljwnui`delc dcjnwùlc*J`w~u`kdnjwn+ nk dlydc vck~dnj gn kcy enjnolilcy un`klr`gcy xcu k` cwu` fu`j

vciìlùj icdnuil`k gn kcy dnui`gnuny ny xu~ne` gn y~ x`xnk o~jg`dnjw`k ` nywnunyxniwc nj nk dùic gn k` uùnoìilùj dcjnwùl` fnjnu`k gn k` ìxci`* Nk xljài~kc gnk`y ocuw~j`y x`wulil`y o~n k` e`ji`+ gcjgn xcgä`j cewnjnuyn `ywucjùdlicy wlxcy gnljwnuìy xcu kcy n}cuelw`jwny xuìyw`dcy icjinglgcy ` xuäjilxny | jcekny o`kwcy gngljnuc käp~lgc* Dù} ynð`kù p~n ¡k`57 _ì`yn Dù}+ I`xlw`k + LLL+ xx* 958$>*

QXàf* 0<6T

~y~u` xùnin vlvlu nj kcy xcucy gn k` xucg~iilùj+ `yä icdc nj Nxli~uc kcy glcyny vlvnjnj kcy ljwnud~jgcy* Ny w`jwc dày gloäilk icjynf~lu gljnuc i~`jwc dnjcy ocud`dnui`jwlk yn icjywlw~|` nj k` ocud` fnjnu`klr`g` gnk xucg~iwc* Xcu nyc+ nk ~y~unuc jcicjcin kldlwìlùj `kf~j` y`kvc k` i`xìlg`g gn x`fc c gn unylywnjil` gn p~lnjjninylw` gljnuc± 5>* Nk iùàiwnu ¡xù`ylwùlc± gn nyw`y cxnuìlcjny jc k`y mìä`+ yljndeùfc+ jninyùl`dnjwn ldxucg~iwlv`y gnygn nk x~jwc gn vlyw` nicjùdlic2 gn kcyn}~enu`jwny uäcy gn k` ~y~u` icuuä`j ` dnj~gc i`~g`kcycy òk~njwny gn ljvnuylcjnymìl` k`y d`j~oìw~u`y c kcy wu`jyxcuwny* K` v~nkw` gn k` dcjng` gn cuc ` N~ucx` `dngl`gcy gnk ylfkc ]LLL+ icj k` yld~kwàjn` ì~ðìlùj nj 05>5 gnk b`j~ùl~y | nk okcuäjnj Fìjcv` | Okcunjil`+ o~n nk yädeckc unyxk`jgnilnjwn gn k` vlw`klg`g icdnuil`k gn k`yil~g`gny*

O~nucj nkk`y w`delìj k`y p~n gnvckvlnucj ` k` N~ucx` on~g`k nk gcdljlc gn kcy dùnykldäwucony+ xunjg` gnilylv` gn y~ n}x`jylùj* K` nicjcdä` ~ue`j` gn k` Ng`g Dngl`nu` èyck~w`dnjwn ljglycilèkn gnk wu`jyxcuwn | nk icdnuilc dùäwldc1 jc o~nìilgnjw`k p~n y~y gcy fu`jgny injwucy unflcj`kny+ nj nk jcuwn | nk y~u gn N~ucx`+nyw~vlnu`j inui` gnk klwcu`k* K` xuldnu` icjglilùj xù` nk `~fn gn k`y il~g`gnylw`kl`j`y o~n nk nywèknildlnjwc gn y~ y~xundìä` j`v`k nj nk Dnglwnuuàjncciilgnjw`k+ p~n p~ngù kldxlc gn okcw`y lykàdli`y ` xuljilxlcy gnk ylfkc ]L* Nyw`y~xund iä` o~n ynf~lg` gn gcy j~nvcy `v`jiny ljwnujìlcj`kny2 nk gcdljlc gnkDnglwnuuàjnc culnjw`k+ icj k` vliwcul` gn k` xuldnu` iu~r`g`+ | k` `xnuw~u` gn u~w`yunf~kùny xù` nk icdnuilc `wkàjwlic+ gnygn nk Dnglwnuuàjnc m`yw` nk i`j`k gn k`D`jim` 5?* Nk xcgnuäc dùäwldc gn Fìjcv` | _njnil` o~n kc p~n fù`jwlrù ` N~ucx`ciilgnjw`k ~j icjwlj~c y~xnuàvlw icdnuil`k icj @yl`+ y~xnuàvlw p~n olj`jilù y~ v~nkw``k cuc* Nk vck~dnj gn k` ulp~nr` ì~d~k`g` nj nyw`y il~g`gny dnglwnuuàjn`y x~ngn`xunilùyn xcu dnglc gn nyw` yldxkn icdxùìlùj2 nj nk `ðc 05<9+ yùkc kcy ldx~nywcy

dùäwldcy gnk x~nuwc gn Fìjcv` xucg~bnucj wuny vniny | dngl` dày p~n wcg`y k`yunjw`y un`kny gn k` dcjùp~ä` ou`jiny` 56*

Icdc |` mndcy ynð`k`gc+ k` icjglilùj nywu~iw~u`k p~n xc$5> I`xlw`k + LLL+ x* >=> QNk i`xlw`k + kleuc LLL+ vck* 6+ x* 665T*5? E`~wlnu+Wmn nicjcdli gnvnkcxdnjw co dngl`nv`k N~ucxn + xx* <?$088+ 05?$98+ y~eu`|` icuuniw`dnjwnk` ldxcuw`jil` gn nywcy `v`jiny*56 Kcxnr+ Wmn eluwm co N~ucxn + xx* 5?8$0* Nyn o~n ~j `ðc n}inxilcj`k nj Fìjcv`2 kcy ljfunycy o~nucji~`wuc vniny dày `kwcy p~n nj 056> | gcy vniny dày p~n nj 0997* Xnuc k` dlyd` xcylelklg`g gn `ki`jrùny` ild` ny w`delìj e`yw`jwn ycuxunjgnjwn*

QXàf* 0<=T

ylelklwù nywn xcgnu | nyw` xucyxnulg`g ~ue`j` o~n k` xùinkìlùj gn k` ycenu`jäìùìwnuäywli` gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj on~g`k nj N~ucx`* Yùkc nywn mnimc xnudlwlù k``~wcjcdä` xckäwli` gn k`y il~g`gny | y~ nd`jilxìlùj gnk icjwuck ynðcul k c



dcjàup~lic gluniwc+ p~n ynxùù u`gli`kdnjwn ` N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k gn kcy Nyw`gcyculnjw`kny gn k` dlyd` ìxci`+ icj y~y icjinjwuìlcjny d~jlilx`kny d~imc dàyn}wnjy`y* K` ocud` dày d`g~u` p~n `gcxwù nyw` `~wcjcdä` o~n k` icd~j`+ ljywlw~ilùjp~n uni~nug` k` glonunjil` luung~iwlekn p~n n}lywä` njwun k` il~g`g | nk i`dxc ljik~ycgnjwuc gn y~ ~jlg`g on~g`k* K` icd~j` nu`+ nj noniwc+ ~j` icjongnuìlùj e`y`g` njnk b~u`dnjwc gn kn`kw`g uniäxuci` njwun lf~`kny2 k` icjb~u`wlc 5=* Nyw` xucdny` b~u`gìcjywlw~ä` ~j` `jcd`kä` nj nk d~jgc dnglnv`k xcup~n+ `~jp~n k`y ljywlw~ilcjnyon~g`kny gn v`y`kk`bn | olgnklg`g w~vlnu`j ~j iùàiwnu njoàwli`dnjwn d~w~c+ nu`j+ yljndeùfc+ väji~kcy gn ceklfìlcjny njwun y~xnulcuny n ljonulcuny nj ~j` n}xuny`

bnuùp~ä` gn u`jfc* Yn gnoljä`j xcu k` gnylf~`kg`g dày ljik~yc p~n xcu kùnilxucilg`g* K` icjb~u`wlc ~ue`j`+ xìwc o~jg`gcu gn k` icd~j` | ~j` gn k`y`xuc}ldìlcjny mlywùuli`y un`kdnjwn dày inui`j` ` ~j ¡icjwu`wc ycil`k± ocud`k+njwu`ðè` ~j xuljilxlc j~nvc | glonunjwn2 ~j` icd~jlg`g gn lf~`kny* Xcu y~j`w~u`knr`+ nu` cgl`g` | wndlg` xcu jcekny+ xunk`gcy | dcjùi`y2 k` icd~j` nu` ~j¡jcdeun j~nvc | gnwnywèkn± xù` F~lenuw gn Jcfnjw+ ` xuljilxlcy gnk ylfkc ]LL 5<* Njk` xuàiwli`+ k` icd~j` p~ngù kldlw`g`+ j`w~u`kdnjwn+ ` ~j` nywunim` ìklwn gnjwuc gnk`y il~g`gny* Y~ nbndxkc ljyxluù klf`y ljwnuil~g`g`j`y nj nk jcuwn gn Lw`kl` | njUnj`jl` | olj`kdnjwn+ xcu n}wnjylùj+ klf`y gn iè`kknucy nj @knd`jl`* Ylj ndeùfc+ k`

jcvng`g dày xucdnwngcu` gn k` ljywlw~ilùj yn gnulvè` gnk `~wcfcelnujc gì k`yil~g`gny `~wùjcd`y+ p~n yn undcjwè` xunily`dnjwn ` k` ic|~jw~u` nj k` p~n k`yil~g`gny kcdeùg`y yn yì~glnucj k` gcdljìlùj ynðcul`k gn y~y celyxcy | icuwùcj`yä k` i`gnj` gn gnxnjgnjil` on~g`k nj k` p~n xun$5= Vnenu+ Nicjcd| `jg ycilnw| + LLL+ xx* 05>0$?5* K`y nyxniäoli`y ceynuvìlcjny gn Vnenu yceun k`yil~g`gny dnglnv`kny ycj i`yl ylndxun n}ìw`y | `f~g`y+ xnuc y~ wncuä` fnjnu`k kn ldxlglù i`xwù k`yu`rcjny nywu~iw~u`kny gn y~ glj`dlydc* Vnenu `wule~ä` nk i`xlw`klydc ~ue`jc gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`knynjil`kdnjwn ` k` xcywnulcu x~fj` njwun jìlcjnyNyw`gcy inuu`gcy2 Fnjnu`k nicjcdli mlywcu| + Kcjguny+0<56+ x* 996 QMlywcul` nicjùdli` fnjnu`k + D`gulg+ OIN+ 0<67T*5< Ou`yn p~n kk`dù k` `wnjilùj w`jwc gn Dù} - Ynkniwng icuunyxcjgnjin + x* =<, icdc gn Ekcim - On~g`k ycilnw| + x* 9>7,* Xù` cwuc xunk`gc+ Bìp~ny gn _lwu|+ k`y icd~j`y nu`j ¡vlcknjw`y | xnywlknjwny±+ Kcxnr+Wmn eluwm co N~ucxn + x* 597*

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vl`dnjwn nywè`j ljwnfu`g`y* K`y icd~j`y gn wlxc lw`kl`jc j~ji` w~vlnucj ~jiùàiwnu ~jlvnuy`k nj N~ucx`+ yljc p~n icjywlw~|nucj nk xulvlknflc gn k`y unflcjnynicjùdli`dnjwn dày `v`jr`g`y* @yä+ k`y cwu`y gcy fu`jgny rcj`y nj k`y p~n x~ngnjnjicjwuùyn ycj Ok`jgny | ‗~j ylfkc gnyx~ìy‗ Unj`jl`* Ylj ndeùfc+ nj nyw`y gcyrcj`y n}lywlnucj fuìl`y ` k`y iùw`y gn `~wcjcdä` icjinglg`y xcu ycenu`jcyon~g`kny+ dlnjwu`y p~n k`y il~g`gny lw`kl`j`y |` mèä`j gndcklgc gnoljlwlv`dnjwn |xù` ylndxun k` ycenu`jä` ldxnul`k yceun Kcdeùgä` nj nk ylfkc ]LL* K`y icd~j`yo~nucj w`delìj ldxcuw`jwny+ g~u`jwn ~j ylfkc `xuc}ld`g`dnjwn+ nj k`y unflcjny

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Dngl`+ k`y fu`jgny i`wngu`kny | k`y xuldnu`y ~jlvnuylg`gny* _`j E`wm ynð`k`2 ¡Nj nkylfkc ]LL yn èulù ~j xnuäcgc gn n}~enu`jwn gnyùuckkc nj k` N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k |dnulglcj`k* W`jwc nj nk i`dxc i~kw~u`k icdc nj nk d`wnul`k yn `ki`jrù ~j x~jwci~kdlj`jwn nj kcy `ðcy icdxunjglgcy njwun 00>8 | 0988 p~n jc o~n lf~`k`gc gnj~nvc m`yw` d~imc gnyx~ìy* Nywn `v`jin yn xucg~bc jc yùkc nj k` wnckcfä`+ kòlkcycoä`+ k` ùp~lwniw~u`+ k` nyi~kw~u`+ k` vlgulnuä` | k` klwnu`w~u`+ yljc w`delìj nj nkelnjnywù d`wnul`k± 95*98 I* Xnwlw$G~w`lkkly+Kny icdd~jny ou`jæ`lyny + Xùäy+ 0<76+ xx* ?5+ =0*90 Nj nk `ðc 0956+ Kcjguny unilelù gn Ng~ùgc LLL ~j` iùw` ocud`k gn klenuw`gny+ xnuc ` olj`kny gn k`Ng`g Dngl` k` il~g`g nywè` oludndnjwn ycdnwlg` k xcgnu injwu`k gn k` dcjùp~ä`*95 Wmn `fuùl`j mlywcu| co Vnywnuj N~ucxn + x* 095*

QXàf* 588T

Kcy cuäfnjny gn k` ùp~lwniw~u` fùwli`+ ùwnoìwc y~xundc gn nyw` ¡n}~enu`jil`±i~kw~u`k+ icjywlw~|nucj ~j` kk`d`wlv` n}xunylùj gn k`y njnufä`y ~jlwùl`y gn k` ìxci`2y~ k~fù gn jìldlnjwc o~n nk jcuwn gn Ou`jil`+ icu`rùj gnk on~g`klydc gnygnIùkcd`fjc+ | y~ o~jg`gcu o~n Ylfnulc+ è`g+ unfnjwn | x`wuùj+ i~|` wulxkn vciìlùj

o~n uncuf`jlrù | uìlcj`klrù nk ynðcuäc gn Y`ljw Gnjly+ icjycklgù | n}wnjgnu nkxcgnu gn k` dcjùp~ä` i`xnw` xù` K~ly _L | K~ly _LL | k`jrù yceun N~ucx` ~j nywlkc`ìunc gn icjywu~iilùj+ i~|c xucfu`d` xcìwlic nu` y~ xucxlc vnuyc unklflcyc 99* Nywcykcfucy ljwnulcuny gn k` ilvlklrìlùj dnglnv`k gn Ciilgnjwn w~vlnucj y~ unoknbc n}wnulcunj y~ n}x`jylùj fncfuàoli`* Gnk `ðc 0888 `k 05>8+ nk ndx~bn gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùjon~g`k xucg~bc nj y~ dcdnjwc i~kdlj`jwn k`y n}xnglilcjny ljwnujìlcj`kny gn k`yiu~r`g`y* K`y wuny fu`jgny x~jw`y gn nyw` n}x`jylùj yn kci`klrùcj nj nk Eàkwlic+ k`xnjäjy~k` Leìuli` | nk Culnjwn Xuù}ldc* Eu`jgnde~ufc+ Xu~yl` | Oljk`jgl` o~nucjicjp~lyw`g`y | ickcjlr`g`y xcu iè`kknucy fnud`jcy | y~nicy* Kcy dcucy o~nucjn}x~ky`gcy gnygn nk W`bc ` k` ylnuu` gn Fu`j`g`1 Xcuw~f`k p~ngù icdxknw`dnjwnkldxlc | `kkä yn o~jgù ~j j~nvc unljc* X`knywlj` | Imlxun o~nucj ùune`w`gcy ` kcyd~y~kd`jny* K` icjp~lyw` gn Icjyw`jwljcxk`+ p~n ìèù gnoljlwlv`dnjwn icj kcy

vnywlflcy gnk vlnbc Ldxnulc gn Culnjwn+ xùniä` icjy~dù | yldecklrù nk vlfcuwul~jo`jwn gnk on~g`klydc ciilgnjw`k*99 _ì`yn nk nywld~k`jwn njy`|c gn Nu lj X`jcoya| yceun Ylfnulc nj Dn`jljf lj wmn vly~`k ùwy + J~nv`

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n~wlk ~jn iulyn fìjìu`kn gn k` oìcg`klwì3±+ @jj`kny NYI + njnuc$dùrc gn 0<>0+ xàflj`y 59$98* G~e| mìulwli`gc unilnjwndnjwn k` lgn` ¡ucdàjwli`± gn ~j` iulyly fnjnu`k e`yàjgcyn nj p~n g~u`jwn kcy òkwldcyylfkcy gn k` Ng`g Dngl` w~vlnucj k~fù ldxcuw`jwny xucfunycy i~kw~u`kny | ~ue`jcy nj `kf~jcy yniwcuny*¡Kny ycilìwìy dìglìv`kny2 ~jn `xxucimn g“njyndekn±+ @jj`kny NYI + njnuc$oneunuc gn 0<60+ xx* 00$05*Ylj ndeùfc+ nywc ny icjo~jglu nk icjinxwc gn iulyly icj nk gn unwucinyc* Jljf~j` iulyly fnjnu`k gnjljfòj dcgc gn xucg~iilùj ny j~ji` ~j` yldxkn i`äg` vnuwli k* K` `xùlilùj kldlw`g` gn j~nv`yunkìlcjny | o~nur`y gn xucg~iilùj jc yùkc nu` icdx`wlekn icj nk x~jwc dày e`bc gn k` gnxunylùj+ `dngl`gcy gnk ylfkc ]L_+ yljc p~n ` dnj~gc nu` ~jc gn kcy `yxniwcy p~n k` ljwnfuè`+ xùwli~kùdnjwn nj

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QXàf* 585T

cwu` xùwn+ k`y wlnuu`y ycdnwlg`y gnygn mìä` dày wlndxc `k ù`gc ynjwä`j |` k` vnbnr | k` gni`gnjil` gnelgc ` k` dlyd` `jwlfûng`g gn y~y i~kwlvcy* Nk `v`jin gn k`y wlnuu`ygnywlj`g`y `k inun`k yn mèä` icjynf~lgc ouni~njwndnjwn ` icyw` gn k` glydlj~ilùjgn kcy x`ywlr`kny+ kc p~n j`w~u`kdnjwn òniwù ` k` iuä` gn `jld`kny |+ icj nkk`+ `ky~dljlywuc gn ècjcy xù` k` dlyd` wlnuu` i~kwlv`g` 5* Nk xucfunyc gn k` `fuli~kw~u`dnglnv`k y~oulù `mcu` y~ xucxlc i`ywlfc* K` ucw~uìlùj gn ecyp~ny | wlnuu`y e`kgä`y jco~n ìcdx`ð`g` gn ~j i~lg`gc yldlkù nj y~ icjynuvìlùj2 nj kcy e~njcy wlndxcy yn

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unkìlcjny gn xucg~iilùj gcdlj`jwny* Ljgli`j xunily`dnjwn kc p~n Dù} njwnjgä` xcu ~j` icjwu`gliilùjnywu~iw~u`k njwun `de`y* ^j` n}xkli ilùj `kwnuj`wlv` gn k` iulyly+ `v jr`g` nj y~ gä` | gn ocud`xucvlylcj`k xcu Gcee | Acydljya|+ ny ndxäuli`dnjwn i~nywlcjèkn | wnùuli`dnjwn ung~iilcjlyw`* Nywcy`~wcuny ùf~dnjwè`j p~n k` iulyly fnjnu`k gnk on~g`klydc nj nk ylfkc ]L_ yn gnelù nynjil`kdnjwn ` ~j`nyi`k`g` kljn`k+ ` xùwlu gnk ylfkc ]L+ gn k` n}xkcwìlùj jcelklùl` p~n xucvciù olj`kdnjwn ~j` ynuln gnunenklcjny i`dxnylj`y |+ nj icjyni~njil`+ ~j gnuu~de`dlnjwc gnk vlnbc cugnj* _ì`yn N* @* Acydljya|+¡Wmn nvck~wlcj c on~g`k unjw lj Njfk`jg oucd wmn 00wm wc wmn 0>wm injw~ulny±+X`yw `jg Xunynjw + jòd* 6+èulk gn 0<>>+ xx* 05$9?1 D* Gcee+Yw~glny lj wmn gnvnkcxdnjw co i`xlw`klyd + xx* 77$>8 QNyw~glcy yceun nk gnyùuckkc gnk i`xlw`klydc + xàflj y ?9$68T* Gcee ny dày d`wlr`gc* Xnuc nyw` ljwnuxunwìlùj jc xùnin`b~ywùyn ` k` wnjgnjil` fnjnu`k gn k`y unkìlcjny gn unjw` nj k` N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k gn nyw` ìxci` |+ xcucwu` xùwn+ wlnjgn ` icjvnuwlu k` wncuä` gn Dù} gn k`y icdxknb`y icjwu`gliilcjny cebnwlv`y nj ~j yldxknnjounjw`dlnjwc y~ebnwlvc gn k`y vck~jw`gny gn ik`yn* K` unyck~ilùj gn k`y iulyly nywu~iw~u`kny gn ~j dcgcgn xucg~iilùj gnxnjgn ylndxun gn k` ljwnuvnjilùj gluniw` gn k` k~im` gn ik`yny+ xnuc k` fnudljìlùj gnny`y iulyly x~ngn icfnu xcu ycuxuny` ` wcg`y k`y ik`yny gn ~j` wcw`klg`g mlywùuli` g`g`+ `k xucingnu gn

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QXàf* 589T

nj k` gnxnjgnjil` gn k`y ldxcuwìlcjny icj y~y xnklfucy icjylf~lnjwny 7*

Nj nk dùic gn nywn np~lkleulc nickùflic i`g` vnr dày xuniùlc+ k` n}x`jylùjgndcfuàoli` xcgä` i`nu nj k` y~xnuxcekìlùj `k xuldnu fckxn gn d`k` icynim`* Kcyxuldnucy `ðcy gnk ylfkc ]L_ nyw~vlnucj xk`f`gcy gn nycy gny`ywuny2 090>$090? o~nucj`ðcy gn m`deun nj N~ucx`+ K`y wlnuu`y icdnjrùcj ` è`jgcjùyn | nk äjglin gnj`w`klg`g ` i`nu ljik~yc `jwny gn kcy i`wìklydcy p~n dày `gnk`jwn `yckùcj `kicjwljnjwn* Nj `kf~j`y unflcjny+ icdc nk injwuc gn Lw`kl`+ k`y unjw`y n}cuelw`jwny gnki`dxnylj`gc |` nywè`j glydlj~|njgc y~ äjglin gn unxucg~iilùj nj nk ylfkc ]LLL >* @kdlydc wlndxc+ k` nicjcdä` ~ue`j` wucxnrù `mcu` icj `kf~jcy ceywài~kcy gnilylvcy



xù` y~ gnyùuckkc* Jc m`| jljf~j` u`rùj xù` iunnu p~n k` xnp~nð` xucg~iilùjdnui`jwlk nj k` p~n yn e`yè`j y~y d`j~oìw~u`y nyw~vlnu` nj nywn dcdnjwcynul`dnjwn g`ð`g` xcu k`y unywuliilcjny fundl`kny | xcu nk dcjcxcklydc x`wulilc p~ngcdljè`j k`y il~g`gny* Xnuc nk dnglc eàylic gn ilui~kìlùj xù` nk ljwnui`delcdnui`jwlk p~ngù ljg~gèkndnjwn xù`klr`gc xcu k` iulyly+ |` p~n ` xùwlu gn k`yxuldnu`y gìi`g`y gnk ylfkc ]L_ m~ec ~j` nyi`ynr fnjnu`klr`g` gn gljnuc p~n òniwùljnvlwèkndnjwn ` k` e`ji` | `k icdnuilc* K`y u`rcjny o~jg`dnjw`kny gn nyw` iulylydcjnwùl` ycj cyi~u`y | icdxknb`y+ xnuc ~jc gn y~y xuljilx`kny oìwcuny o~n k`kknf`g` `k kädlwn cebnwlvc gn k`y xucxl`y o~nur`y gn xucg~iilùj* Nj k` dljnuä`+ icdcnj k` `fuli~kw~u`+ yn `ki`jrù ~j` eùunu` wìijli` nj k` p~n k` n}xkcwìlùj yn mlrcljvlèkn c xnub~glil`k* K` n}wuìilùj gn xk`w`+ ` k` p~n nywè` icjniw`gc wcgc nk yniwcu~ue`jc | dcjnwùlc gn k` nicjcdä` on~g`k+ gnbù gn ynu xuìwlièkn c unjwèkn nj k`yxuljilx`kny rcj`y dljnu`y gn N~ucx` injwu`k+ xcup~n jc mèä` ocud` gn èulu xcrcydày xuco~jgcy c gn unoljù kcy dljnu`kny dày ldx~ucy* ¡K` n}wuìilùj gn xk`w` kknfùi`yl ` y~ olj nj nk ylfkc ]L_*7 Nyw` wnjgnjil` x~ngn n}`fnuùyn nj ci`ylcjny* E`~wlnu+ xcu nbndxkc+ ung~in xuàiwli`dnjwn wcg` kìulyly nicjùdli` gnk ylfkc ]L_ ` ~j `gvnuyc noniwc dùflj k gnk enjnolilcyc xucfunyc gn k`nyxnil`klrìlùj `fuäick`+ uny~kw`gc gn ~j` xucfunylv` glvlylùj ljwnujìlcj`k gnk wuè`bc2 Wmn nicjcdli gnvnkcxdnjw c dngl`nv`k N~ucxn + xx* 0<8$58<*> G* Mnuklm|+ ¡Xcx~k`wlcj+ xk`f~n `jg ycil`k im`jfn lj u~u`k Xlywcl`+ 0580$07>8±+ Nicjcdli Mlywcu| Unvln + ]_LLL+ jòd* 5+ 0<?>+ xx* 55>$77+ gci~dnjw` nywn onjùdnjc nj Wcyi`j`* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ k`nicjcdä` u~u`k gn Lw`kl` injwu`k o~n e`yw`jwn `wäxli` nj nk icjb~jwc gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k2 ynuä`+ x~ny+ljicuuniwc fnjnu`klrù k`y unkìlcjny gn unjw` ` xùwlu gnk i`yc gn Xlywcl`* M`| p~n ynð`kù+ `gndày+ p~nnk uny~kw`gc gn k` y~xnun}xkcwìlùj wcyi`j` o~n ~j gnyinjyc gn k` onuwlklg`g i`dxnylj` | jc k` unenklùj*

QXàf* 587T

Nj Fcykù m~ec p~nb`y xcu nk `~dnjwc gnk jlvnk gn k`y `f~`y y~ewnuuàjn`y | w`delìjm~ec xuceknd`y icj nk `f~` nj k`y dlj`y gn Ecmndl * K` uninylùj |` mèäìcdnjr gc nj @~ywul` nj nk ylfkc ]LLL* K` ìwlvlg`g dljnu` yn xù`klrù njGn~wyimeucg nj nk `ðc 09501 nj Ounlyìm+ `kungngcu gnk 09>8+ | nj Eu`jgny -@kxnyou`jinyny,+ nj wcdc `k 0958± ?* K` nyi`ynr gn dnw`kny xucvciù unxnwlgcynjvlknildlnjwcy gn k` dcjng` nj ~j x`äy wu`y cwuc |+ nj icjyni~njil`+ ~j` ljokìlùjf`kcx`jwn*

Nywc+ ` y~ vnr+ xucvciù ~j noniwc gn wlbnu`y nj k`y unkìlcjny njwun kcy xunilcy~ue`jcy | `fuäick`y 6* Nk gnyinjyc gn k` xcekìlùj icjg~bc ` ~j` icjwuìilùj nj k`gnd`jg` gn ùwäi~kcy gn y~eylywnjil`+ gn w`k ocud` p~n kcy xunilcy gnk fu`jc ynm~jglnucj ` xùwlu gn 0958* K`y d`j~oìw~u`y ~ue`j`y | kcy elnjny iùcy xucg~ilgcyxù` nk icjy~dc ynðcul`k fcrè`j+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ gn ~j` iklnjwnk` unk`wlv`dnjwnljnkàywli` | ynkniw` | `~dnjwùcj xucfunylv`dnjwn y~y xunilcy* Nywn xucinycicjwu`gliwculc òniwù u`gli`kdnjwn ` k` ik`yn jcekn+ |` p~n y~ dcgc gn vlg` yn mèä`mnimc i`g` vnr dày gnxnjglnjwn gn kcy elnjny gn k~bc xucg~ilgcy nj k`y il~g`gny -nkylfkc ]L_ mèuä` gn xunynjilù nk `xcfnc gn k` cywnjwìlùj on~g`k icj k`y dcg`y gn kìcuwn ecufcðcj`+ p~n yn n}wnjglnucj xcu wcg` N~ucx`,+ dlnjwu`y p~n nk i~kwlvc gn y~ywlnuu`y | k`y unjw`y ynuvlkny xucingnjwny gn y~y gcdljlcy xucg~iä`j ~jcy ljfunycyxucfunylv`dnjwn gniunilnjwny* Nk uny~kw`gc o~n ~j gnyinjyc nj k`y unjw`y ynðcul`kny+p~n+ ` y~ vnr+ gnynji`gnjù ~j` ckn`g` ylj xuningnjwny gn f~nuu`y+ |` p~n nj wcg`yxùwny kcy iè`kknucy ljwnjwùcj uni~xnuù y~y ocuw~j`y xcu dnglc gnk y`p~nc =* Nj

@knd`jl` n Lw`kl`+ nyw` eòyp~ng` gn ecwäj nj wlndxcy gn nyi`ynr xucg~bc nk onjùdnjcgnk e`jglg`bn gnycuf`jlr`gc | `jàup~lic gn kcy ynðcuny ljglvlg~`kny2 kcy ldxkìèknyU`~eulwwnuw~d + gn Y~èl` | Unj`jl`+ | kcy ljgnynèkny icjgcwwlnul + p~n yn n}wnjglnucjgnygn k` Ucd`ð` xcu wcgc nk jcuwn | nk injwuc gn Lw`kl`* Nj Nyx`ð`+ k`y dlyd`yxunylcjny fnjnuùcj ~j nyw`gc njgìdlic gn f~nuu` ilvlk nj I`ywlkk` `k nyiljgluyn k`

jceknr` nj oìilcjny ulv`kny nj wcdc ` kcy xuceknd`y gn k` y~inylùj gljàywli` | gnkxcgnu un`k* \ nj Ou`jil`+ yceun wcgc+ k` f~nuu` gn kcy Ilnj @ðcy? _`j E`wm +Wmn `fuùl`j mlywcu| co Vnywnuj N~ucxn + x* 08?*



6 _ì`yn M* Dlyaldlj+ ¡Dcjnwù| dcvndnjwy `jg dùanw ywu~iw~uny* Ocuiny ocu icjwuìwlcj lj oc~uwnnjwm`jg olownnjwm injw~u| Njfk`jg±+ Bc~uj`k co Nicjcdli Mlywcu| + ]]L_+ glilndeun gn 0<?9+ jòd* 5+ xx* 7=9$<81 Fìjlicw+ ¡Iulyly2 oucd wmn Dlggkn @fny wc Dcgnuj Wldny±+ x* ?<5*= Xù` k` iulyly gn kcy ljfunycy gn k` jceknr`+ vì`yn nk nyw~glc gn Oc~up~lj+ Mlywclun ìicjcdlp~n gn k“Ciilgnjw dìglìv`k + xx* 99>$78*

QXàf* 58>T

‗dnrik` onucr gn f~nuu` ilvlk njwun k`y i`y`y gn kcy I`xnwcy | Ecufcð` | gn k~im`ljwnujìlcj`k njwun Ljfk`wnuu` | Ou`jil`+ p~n w`delìj njvckvlù ` k`y xcwnjil`yok`dnji` n leìuli`‗ m~jglù `k x`äy dày ulic gn N~ucx` nj ~j gnycugnj | ~j` dlynul`ylj lf~`k* Nj Ljfk`wnuu`+ nk nxäkcfc gn k` gnoljlwlv` gnuucw` icjwljnjw`k nj Ou`jil` o~nnk ¡f`jfywnulydc± ynðcul`k gn k`y f~nuu`y gn k`y Ucy`y* K` f~nuu`+ vciìlùjiè`kknunyi` gnk jcekn+ yn icjvluwlù nj y~ ìwlvlg`g xuconylcj k2 kcy ynuvlilcy gniè`kknuä` glnucj x`yc xucfunylv`dnjwn ` kcy i`xlw`jny dnuinjùlcy | ` k` vlcknjil` `y~nkgc* K` xcekìlùj ilvlk o~n nj wcg`y xùwny k` väiwld`*

Xù` icdxknwù nywn x`jcu`d` gn gnyck ilùj+ k` iulyly nywu~iw~u`k nyw~vcyceungnwnudlj`g` xcu ~j` i`wàywucon ic|~jw~u`k2 k` ljv`ylùj gn k` xnywn jnfu`xucingnjwn gn @yl` nj nk `ðc 097=* Nywn o~n ~j onjùdnjc n}wnulcu ` k` mlywcul`n~ucxn` p~n yn nywunkkù icjwu` nkk` gn ocud` yldlkù ` icdc mèuä` gn mìnukc kìckcjlrìlùj n~ucxn` icjwu` k`y ycilng`gny `dnuli j`y c òuli j`y nj kcy ylfkcyxcywnulcuny -nk ldxìwc gn k`y nxlgndl`y nj nk Iùlen counin p~lrà ~j` `gni~`gìcdxùìlùj,* X`y`jgc gn Iuldn` ` kcy E`ki`jny xcu nk dù Jnfuc+ k` xnywn `wu`vnyùicdc ~j wloùj wcg` Lw`kl`+ Nyx`ð` | Xcuw~f`k+ yn i~uvù mìl` nk jcuwn nj gluniilùj Òu`jil`+ Ljfk`wnuu` | kcy X`äyny E`bcy | olj`kdnjwn yn vckvlù gn j~nvc mìl` nk nywnxcu @knd`jl`+ Nyi`jglj`vl` | U~yl`* Icj k` unylywnjil` gndcfuàoli` |` gnelklw`g`+ k`xnywn jnfu` yn èulù x`yc icj y~ f~`g`ð` njwun k` xcekìlùj gnk icjwljnjwn+ ynf`jgcp~lrà ~j` i~ùw` xùwn gn y~y mèlw`jwny* @ xùwlu gn njwcjiny+ kcy eucwny gn xnywn ynmlilnucj njgìdlicy nj d~im`y unflcjny* Yl yn i~njw`j ny`y unxnwlg`y nxlgndl`y`~}lklùny+ nk jòdnuc gn d~nuwcy mìl` 0788 o~n xcylekndnjwn gn gcy p~ljwcy gnk

wcw`k<

* Nk uny~kw`gc o~n ~j` gnv`yw`gcu` nyi`ynr gn d`jc gn ceu`+ xunily`dnjwni~`jgc k` nicjcdä` on~g`k nywè` ekcp~n`g` xcu y~y fu`vny icjwu`gliilcjny ljwnuj`y*Ny` ì~d~kìlùj gn gny`ywuny xucvciù ~j` gnynyxnu`g` k~im` gn ik`yny xcu k` wlnuu`*K` ik`yn jc$< U~yynkk+K`wn `jilnjw `jg dngl`nv`k xcx~k`wlcj + x* 090* Nj un iilùj icjwu` k`y ljwnuxunwìlcjnywu`glilcj`kny+ yn m` x~nywc gn dcg` njwun kcy mlywcul`gcuny dcgnujcy ung~ilu nk mlji`xlì nj nk ldxìwcgn k`y nxlgndl`y gnk ylfkc ]L_ nj k` nicjcdä` | k` ycilng`g n~ucxn`y* Nj i~`kp~lnu vlylùj icdxù`wlv`+nyw` ìwlw~g unvnk` ~j ynjwlgc gn k` xucxcuilùj n}wu`ð`dnjwn gnoniw~cyc* Nk icjb~jwc gn d~nuwcy gn k`ygcy f~nuu`y d~jgl`kny gnk ylfkc ìw~`k ljoklflù dnjcy g`ðcy ` k` vlg` p~n k` xnywn jnfu`* Ljik~yc nygloäilk icjinelu i~àkny mèuä`j ylgc k`y icjyni~njil`y nj ~j` ìxci` xcywnulcu gn ~j` xìuglg` jnw` gnk 78xcu ilnjwc gn k` xcekìlùj wcw`k gn N~ucx` nj nk nyxìlc gn gcy fnjnuìlcjny*

QXàf* 58?Tekn+ `dnj`r`g` xcu k`y gn~g`y | k` ljokìlùj+ yn njounjwè` `mcu` ` ~j` d`jc gn ceu`gnyinjgnjwn | mcywlk* Y~ unìilùj ljdngl`w` o~n nk ljwnjwc gn uni~xnuù y~ n}ingnjwn`w`jgc ` kcy i`dxnyljcy `k ynðcuäc c ung~ilnjgc guàywli`dnjwn kcy y`kùlcy nj kìl~g`g | nj nk i`dxc* Kcy Yw`w~wny c Kèc~unuy gniunw`gcy nj Ljfk`wnuu` nj kcy `ðcy097<$09>0+ ljdngl`w`dnjwn gnyx~ìy gn k` xnywn jnfu`+ yn i~njw`j njwun kcyxucfu`d`y dày ouä`dnjwn n}xkäilwcy gn n}xkcwìlùj nj wcg` k` mlywcul` gn k` k~im` gnik`yny nj N~ucx` 08* K` Cugcjj jin ou`jiny` gn 09>0 unxlwlù nj kc nynjil`kglyxcylilcjny yldlkùny ` kcy nyw`w~wcy ljfknyny 00* K`y Icuwny gn I`ywlkk`+ un~jlg`y nj

_ kk`gcklg+ gniunwùcj nyn dlydc `ðc k` unf~kìlùj gn kcy y`kùlcy* Kcy xuäjilxny`knd`jny ylf~lnucj d~| xucjwc nyn i`dljc2 nj E`vlnu` yn ldx~ylnucj icjwucknyyndnb`jwny nj nk `ðc 09>5 05* K` dcjùp~ä` xcuw~f~ny` `xuceù y~y kn|ny gn k`yynlydùä`y gcy gìi`g`y gnyx~ìy+ nj 096>* Ylj ndeùfc+ nywn ljwnjwc ynðcul`k gnunocurù k` icjglilùj ynuvlk | mìnu p~n k` ik`yn xucg~iwcu` x`fù` nk icywn gn k`



iulyly yn njounjwù `mcu` icj ~j` onucr | vlcknjw` unylywnjil`+ glulflg` ` dnj~gc xcukcy i`dxnyljcy dày i~kwcy | xuùyxnucy+ p~n dcvlklrù k`y dày xuco~jg`y x`ylcjnyxcx~kùny* Kcy icjokliwcy ycugcy | kci`klr`gcy p~n mèä`j08 ¡\ `yä o~n xcywnulcudnjwn cugnj`gc xcu j~nywuc ynðcu nk un|+ | icj nk `ynjwldlnjwc gn kcy xunk`gcy+icjgny+ eùcjny | nk unywc gn y~ icjynbc+ icjwu` k` d`klil` gn kcy ynuvlgcuny+ p~n nywè`j cilcycy | jcgnynè`j ynuvlu gnyx~ìy gn k` xnywn ylj y~nkgcy n}inylvcy+ p~n w`k wlxc gn ynuvlgcuny+ w`jwc mcdeunyicdc d~bnuny+ gneä`j ynu ceklf`gcy ` ynuvlu+ unilelnjgc kcy y~nkgcy | y`kùlcy ìcyw~deu`gcy+ nj kcyylwlcy nj p~n wnjä`j p~n ynuvlu nj nk vlfìyldc `ðc gnk unlj`gc gnk ìw~`k un|+ c iljic c ynly `ðcy `jwny+ |p~n kcy dlydcy ynuvlgcuny p~n yn jnfù`j ` ynuvlu nj nyw`y icjglilcjny gneä`j ynu i`ywlf`gcy icj nknjiùink`dlnjwc gn y~y i~nuxcy Q***T kcy ynuvlgcuny+ ylj wnjnu nj i~njw` k` cugnj`jr`+ yljc y~ icdcglg`g

| y~ yljf~kù icglil`+ yn jlnf`j ` ynuvlu ` kcy fu`jgny | ` kcy cwucy+ ` jc ynu p~n wnjf`j ucx`y | y~nkgcygcekny c wulxkny gn kcy p~n f`jè`j nj nk `ðc 58 c `jwny+ xù` fu`j g`ðc gn kcy fu`jgny | nkndxceunildlnjwc gn wcg` k` icd~jlg`g±+ @* U* D|nuy -icdx*,+ Njfklym mlywculi`k gci~dnjwy + vck* L_+095607=> + Kcjguny+ 0<?<+ x* <<9* Nk nyw`w~wc yn `xkliù ` wcgcy `p~nkkcy p~n jc xcynä`j wlnuu` y~olilnjwnxù` y~ xucxl` y~eylywnjil`+ ceklfàjgckny ` wuè`bù xù` kcy ynðcuny ` y~nkgc olbc1 gn `mä p~n w`delìjòniwù` kcy xnp~nðcy xucxlnwùlcy*00 N* Xnuuc|+ ¡Kny iulyny g~ ]L_ n ylíikn±+ @jj`kny NYI + èulk$b~jlc gn 0<7<+ xx* 0?6$=5* Xnuuc| ynð`k` p~nm~ec ~j wulxkn gnwnudlj`jwn gn k` gnxunylùj gn dngl`gcy gnk ylfkc nj Ou`jil`2 ~j` iulyly inun`klyw`gnelg` ` k`y d`k`y icynim`y nj 090>$581 ~j` iulyly olj`jilnu` | dcjnwùl` p~n kknvù ` k`y y~inylv`ygnv`k~ìlcjny gn 0999$7>+ | ~j` iulyly gndcfuàoli` icdc icjyni~njil` gn k`y nxlgndl`y gn 097=$>8*05 Oulngulim Kûwfn+ ¡Wmn oc~uwnnjwm jg olownnjwm injw~ulny lj ycil`k jg nicjcdli mlywcu|±+ nj F* Ywu`~yy-icdx*,+ Xun$Unocud`wlcj Fnud`j| + Kcjguny+ 0<65+ xx* 97<$>8*

QXàf* 586T

iùìwnulr`gc k` kùf` n}x`jylùj on~g`k yn o~jglnucj unxnjwlj`dnjwn nj fu`jgnyn}xkcylcjny unflcj`kny c jìlcj`kny g~u`jwn k` gnxunylùj on~g`k nj ~j`y ycilng`gnydnglnv`kny p~n `mcu` nywè`j |` d~imc dày ljwnfu`g`y nicjùdli` | xckäwli`dnjwn 09*K` xnjnwuìlùj gnk ljwnui`delc dnui`jwlk nj nk i`dxc mèä` gnelklw`gc k`y unkìlcjnyicjy~nw~gljùl`y | k` kknf`g` gn kcy ldx~nywcy un`kny yn y~xnux~yc icj ouni~njil` njk`y `kgn`y ` k`y wu`glilcj kny n}ìilcjny jcelkl ul y2 `decy mnimcy wnjglnucj ìnjwu`klrù nj fu`jgny dcvldlnjwcy ickniwlvcy k`y unìilcjny xcx~kùny icjwu` k`n}wcuylùj | k` unxunylùj ynðcul`k* \` nj k` gìi`g` gn 0958+ Ok`jgny ciilgnjw`k mèä`ylgc nyinjùlc gn ~j` onucr f~nuu` i`dxnylj` icjwu` k`y n}ìilcjny olyi`kny gn y~ycenu`jc ou`jiìy | icjwu` k`y unjw`y | glnrdcy gn y~ jceknr` | gn y~ Lfknyl` kci`k* Nj09>=+ nk jcuwn gn Ou`jil` ùglù nj kk`d`y icj k` fu`j bìp~nuln + xcylekndnjwn nkd`|cu knv`jw`dlnjwc i`dxnyljc unflywu`gc nj N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k gnygn kcy e`f`~gny +gnynji`gnj`g` xcu k`y icjolyiìlcjny | nk xlkk`bn dlklwù gn k` f~nuu` gn kcy Ilnj

@ðcy* Dày wùgn+ nj 09=0+ nyw`kkù k` unenklùj gn kcy i`dxnyljcy nj Ljfk`wnuu`+xunilxlw`g` xcu ~j` j~nv` i`xlwìlùj+ icj kcy cebnwlvcy dày `v`jr`gcy | u`gli`kny gnwcgcy nywcy knv`jw`dlnjwcy2 j`g` dnjcy p~n k` icdxknw` ècklilùj gn k` ynuvlg~deun

| k` èucfìlùj gnk n}lywnjwn ylywnd` knf`k* Nj nk ylfkc ylf~lnjwn kny wciù ` kcyi`dxnyljcy i`kèunyny unenkùyn icjwu` y~y ynðcuny gn @u`fùj nj k`y fu`jgnyunenklcjny gn 07?<$076>* Nj Nyx`ð`+ kcy ylnuvcy undnjy`y yn dcvlklrùcj icjwu` k`

n}wnjylùj gn kcy ¡d`kcy ~ycy± ldx~nywcy xcu y~y ynðcuny | yn xucg~bnucj k`y `dùf`yf~nuu`y ilvlkny gn 07?5 | 07=7 07* Nywcy o~nucj yùkc kcy xuljilx`kny nxlycglcy gn ~jonjùdnjc gn `dxklw~g icjwljnjw`k p~n yn n}wnjglù gnygn Glj`dùi` m`yw` D`kkcui`*Dlnjwu`y w`jwc+ nj k`y unflcjny dày gnyùuckk`g`y+ Ok`jgny n Lw`kl gnk Jcuwn+ wnjä`jk~fù unvck~ilcjny icd~j`kny `~wùjcd`y2 nj 098<+ kcy xnp~nðcy d`nywucy |wnbngcuny gn F`jwn ùune`wùcj nk xcgnu `k x`wulil`gc | gnuucwùcj nj Ic~uwu`l `knbìuilwc jcelkl ulc njvl`gc xù` `xk`ywùkcy* Nj 096=+ Okcunjil` n}xnuldnjwù ~j`ljy~uuniilùj wcg`vä` dày u`gli`k i~ jgc kcy m`deulnjwcy iùg`gcuny gn k`j cilcdxl ‗p~n jc nu`j ùwny`jcy+ yljc ceunucy `y`kùl`gcy‗ nywèknilnucj ~j` eunvngliw`g~u`*09 _ì`yn Mlkwcj+ Ecjg dnj d`gn ounn + xx* <? yy*07

Nj nk ylfkc ]L_ |` yn mèä`j xucg~ilgc ynulcy glyw~uelcy nj `de`y rcj`y2 nj k`y wlnuu`y j`xcklw`j`ye`bc nk gcdljlc `jfnvljc gn Ucenuwc L -098<$79, | nj I`w`k~ð` nj k` gìi`g` gn 09=8*

QXàf* 58=T



Wcg`y nyw`y unenklcjny gn kcy n}xkcw`gcy o~nucj gnuucw`g`y | unxuldlg`yxckäwli`dnjwn+ icj k` n}inxilùj xùil`k gnk dcvldlnjwc undnjy` 0>+ xnuc y~ ldxìwc njnk uny~kw`gc olj`k gn k` fu`j iulyly gnk on~g`klydc nj N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k o~n+ ` xnyù gnwcgc+ d~| xuco~jgc* ^j` gn k`y icjik~ylcjny dày ldxcuw`jwny p~n x~ngnj gng~iluyngn ~j n}`dnj gn k` fu`j iulyly gnk on~g`klydc n~ucxnc ny p~n ‗icjwuùl`dnjwn ` k`yiunnjil`y `dxkl`dnjwn icdxùwlg`y xcu kcy dù}lyw`y‗ nk ¡dcgnkc± iùìwnuäywlic gn~j` iulyly nj ~j dcgc gn xucg~iilùj jc ny `p~nk nj p~n ~j`y vlfcucy`y o~nur`y-nicjùdli`y, gn xucg~iilùj luu~dxnj wul~jo`kdnjwn nj ~j`y unwuùfu`g`y unkìlcjny-ycil`kny, gn xucg~iilùj | nywèkninj uàxlg`dnjwn yceun y~y u~lj y ~jxucg~iwlvlg`g | ~j ycilng`g dày nknv`g`y* Xcu nk icjwuùlc+ k`y o~nur`y gnxucg~iilùj wlnjgnj jcud`kdnjwn ` nyw`jiùyn | unwucingnu gnjwuc gn k`y n}lywnjwnyunkìlcjny gn xucg~iilùj1 ìyw`y wlnjnj p~n ynu njwcjiny u`gli`kdnjwn i`del`g`y |uncugnj`g`y `jwny gn p~n k`y j~nv`y o~nur`y gn xucg~iilùj x~ng`j iunùyn |icdeljùyn nj ~j dcgc gn xucg~iilùj fkce`kdnjwn j~nvc* Glimc gn cwu` ocud`1 nj~j` ìxci` gn wu`jylilùj+ k`y unkìlcjny gn xucg~iilùj i`del`j xcu kc fnjnu`k `jwny p~n k`y o~nur`y gn xucg~iilùj+ | jc `k unvìy* @yä x~ny+ k` icjyni~njil` ljdngl`w` gnk` iulyly gnk on~g`klydc ciilgnjw`k jc o~n ~j` uàxlg` klenuìlùj gn j~nv` wnijckcfä` jlnj k` ljg~ywul` jl nj k` `fuli~kw~u`+ p~n wnjguä` k~fù òjli`dnjwn gnyx~ìy gn ~j

ljwnuv`kc icjylgnuèkn* K` icjyni~njil` gluniw` | gnilylv` o~n dày elnj ~j` n}wnjy`wu`jyocudìlùj ycil`k nj nk i`dxc gn Ciilgnjwn+ xcup~n k`y vlcknjw`y unenklcjnyu~u`kny gn k` ìxci` icjg~bnucj ldxnuinxwlekndnjwn+ ` xnyù gn y~ gnuucw`+ ` i`delcynj nk np~lkleulc gn k`y o~nur`y gn ik`yn nj x~fj` xcu k` wlnuu`* Nj Ljfk`wnuu`+ kcyy`kùlcy u~u`kny mèä`j gnyinjglgc jcwèkndnjwn icj k` xucik`dìlùj gnk Yw`w~wn co Kèc~unuy+ xnuc gnyx~ìy gn k` unenklùj gn kcy i`dxnyljcy icdnjrùcj ` y~elu nj ~jì~uv` `yinjgnjwn p~n icjwlj~ù g~u`jwn wcgc nk ylfkc yl$0> Yùkc ~j i`dxnylj`gc gnyòlù vliwculcy`dnjwn ` k` ik`yn on~g`k nj N~ucx`* Nk i`yc gn Y~lr` ny lfjcu`gcicj ouni~njil` nj kcy nyw~glcy yceun k`y fu`jgny ljy~uuniilcjny u~u`kny gn k` E`b` Ng`g Dngl` njN~ucx`* Xnuc+ `~jp~n nk dcvldlnjwc i`jwcj`k y~lrc unxunynjw` ilnuw`dnjwn nj d~imcy `yxniwcy ~j`n}xnulnjil` mlywùuli` y~l fnjnuly + glywljw` gn k`y unenklcjny i`dxnylj`y gn Ljfk`wnuu`+ Ou`jil`+ Nyx`ð`+Lw`kl` c kcy X`äyny E`bcy+ jc x~ngn ynxùùyn icdxknw`dnjwn gn nkk`y+ |` p~n o~n ~jc gn kcy nxlycglcyinjwu`kny gn k` dlyd` ìxci` gn gnxunylùj `fuäick` | gn k~im` ycil`k xcu k` wlnuu`* Y~ wu`yinjgnjil`mlywùuli` yn `j`klr` nj k` icjwlj~ìlùj gn nywn nyw~glc+ Kljn`fny co wmn èyck~wlyw Yw`wn + xx* 980$5 QNk Nyw`gc èyck~wlyw` + D`gulg+ Ylfkc ]]L+ 0<6<+ xx* 98?$986T*

QXàf* 58<T

f~lnjwn 0?* Nj @knd`jl` o~n nvlgnjwn nk dlydc xucinyc* Nj Ou`jil`+ nk i`cy nicjùdlicxucvci`gc xcu k` f~nuu` gn kcy Ilnj @ðcy glykciù wcgcy kcy oìwcuny gn xucg~iilùj |+xcu w`jwc+ kcy y`kùlcy yn d`jw~vlnucj nj ~j xuldnu xnuäcgc unk`wlv`dnjwn nywèkny+`b~yw`gcy ` kcy ljonulcuny jlvnkny gn xucg~iilùj1 xnuc w`delìj `p~ä icdnjrùcj `y~elu `xunil ekndnjwn ` olj`kny gnk ylfkc 06* Nj I`ywlkk`+ kcy jlvnkny y`kùl`kny yni~`gu~xkliùcj nj k` gìi`g` gn 097=$>=+ gnyx~ìy gn k` xnywn jnfu` 0=* K` iulyly

fnjnu`k gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj on~g`k+ knbcy+ x~ny+ gn ndxncuù k` icjglilùj gn kcyxucg~iwcuny gluniwcy nj nk i`dxc+ ìèù dnbcuàjgck` | nd`jilxàjgckcy* Gn mnimc+o~n nk dcdnjwc gnilylvc nj k` glyck~ilùj gn k` ynuvlg~deun nj Ciilgnjwn*

Ljg~gèkndnjwn+ k`y u`rcjny gn ~j uny~kw`gc gn w`j ljdnjy` ldxcuw`jil` m`| p~ne~yiùk`y+ `jwn wcgc | yceun wcgc+ nj k` gcekn ùwli~kìlùj gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùjon~g`k+ p~n mndcy y~eu`|`gc gnygn nk xuljilxlc gn nywn nyw~glc* O~n xuljilx`kdnjwnnk yniwcu~ue`jc + nywu~iw~u`kdnjwn xucwnflgc xcu k` xùinkìlùj gn k` ycenu`jä` nj nkylywnd` xckäwlic dnglnv`k+ nk p~n yn gnyùuckkù m`yw` ~j x~jwc nj nk p~n xcgäì`delù gnilylv`dnjwn nk uny~kw`gc gn k` k~im` gn ik`yny nj nk yniwcu u~u`k 0<* K`kci`klrìlùj fncfuàoli` gn k`y fu`jgny unenklcjny i`dxnylj`y gn olj`kny gn k` Ng`gDngl` nj Ciilgnjwn ny xcu yä dlyd` nkci~njwn* Xuàiwli`dnjwn nj wcgcy kcy i`ycy+ k`yunenklcjny ì`nilnucj nj rcj`y icj xcgnucycy injwucy ~ue`jcy+ p~n ìw~ùcjcebnwlv`dnjwn icdc onudnjwc gn ny`y ljy~uuniilcjny xcx~kùny2 Eu~b`y | F`jwn+ njOk`jgny1 Xùäy+ nj nk jcuwn gn Ou`jil`1 Kcjguny+ nj nk y~gnywn gn Ljfk`wnuu`+ |



Eùinkcj`+ nj I`w`k~ð`* K` xunynjil` gn fu`jgny il~g`gny ylndxun icdxcuwè` k`luu`glìlùj gn k`y unkìlcjny dnui`jwlkny nj kcy i`dxcy gn kcy `kungngcuny |+ nj ~j`ìxci` gn wu`jylilùj+ k`y wnjylcjny0? N* Acydljya|+ ¡Wmn nvck~wlcj co on~g`k unjw lj Njfk`jg oucd wmn 00wm wc wmn 0>wm injw~ulny±+ x* 5=1 U*Mlkwcj+Wmn gnikljn co ynuogcd lj dngl`nv`k Njfk`jg + Kcjguny+ 0<?<+ xx* 9<$78*06 N* Xnuuc|+ ¡V`fn$kèc~u lj Ou`jin lj wmn k`wnu Dlggkn @fny±+ Nicjcdli Mlywcu| Unvln + ynf~jg` ynuln+

_LLL+ jòd* 9+ glilndeun gn 0<>>+ xàflj`y 59=$<*0= Bìaycj + Wmn dàljf co wmn dngl`nv`k Yx`lj+ x* 07?*0< K`y ljwnuicjn}lcjny nywu~iw~u`kny njwun nk xungcdljlc u~u`k | k` `~wcjcdä` ~ue`j` gnk dcgc gnxucg~iilùj on~g`k nj N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k x~ngnj `xunilùyn icj wcg` ikùlg`g nj nk nbndxkc xù`gùblic gnX`knywlj`* @kkä+ xuàiwli`dnjwn+ wcg` k` icd~jlg`g gn iu~r`gcy ‗d`fj`wny+ iè`kknucy+ icdnuil`jwny+ikìulfcy | ùwny`jcy‗ nywè` icjinjwu`g` nj k`y il~g`gny -k` xucg~iilùj u~u`k yn gnbù nj d`jcy gn kcyi`dxnyljcy ljgäfnj`y,* Nj icjyni~njil`+ o~n ~j` rcj` nj k` p~n jc n}lywlù jljf~j` `~wcjcdä` d~jlilx`k

| gcjgn j~ji` y~uflù ~j nyw`dnjwc kci`k gn e~uf~nyny*

QXàf* 508T

gn ~j` `fuli~kw~u` yndlicdnuil`klr`g` uny~kwùcj ynu d~imc dày fu`vny xù` nkùd`rùj gn k` ycilng`g u~u`k* Nj nk y~gnywn gn Ljfk`wnuu`+ kcy ùunjg`wùlcy nu`jdnjcy j~dnucycy p~n kcy ynuvlgcuny | wuè`b`gcuny ylj wlnuu`y nj kcy glywulwcy dàyòniw`gcy xcu k` unenklùj gn kcy i`dxnyljcy 58* Nj k` f~nuu` gn Ok`jgny+ kcy ùwny`jcyu~u`kny w~vlnucj d~im` ldxcuw`jil`* K`y unflcjny gn Xùäy | Eùinkcj` nu`j k`y rcj`ynicjùdli`dnjwn dày `v`jr`g`y gn Ou`jil` | Nyx`ð` unyxniwlv`dnjwn+ icj k` dày`kw` gnjylg`g gn ljwnui`delc dnui`jwlk gn i`g` x`äy* Xcu kc gndày+ nk x`xnk gn k`yil~g`gny nj k`y unenklcjny i`dxnylj`y gn k` ìxci` jc yn kldlwù ` y~y noniwcy gn r`x`yceun nk wu`glilcj k cugnj ynðcul`k ylw~`gc nj y~y inui`jä`y* D~im`y il~g`gny`xc|ùcj c `|~gùcj ìwlv`dnjwn gn ~j` ~ cwu` ocud` ` k`y unenklcjny u~u`kny+ elnjxcu ~j` ljilxlnjwn yldx`wä` xcx~kù+ gnygn k` e`yn+ c elnj xcu nk iàki~kc x`wulilc gny~y xucxlcy ljwnunyny+ gnygn ùule`* K`y xceuny fnjwny gnk icdòj gn Kcjguny yn~jlnucj ` k` unenklùj gn kcy i`dxnyljcy xcu ycklgùlg`g ycil`k+ dlnjwu`y p~n kcy ulicy

e~uf~nyny gnk uìfldnj gn Nwlnjjn Dùink nj Xùäy xunywùcj ~j `xc|c wàiwlic ` k` bìp~nuln nj e~yi` gn y~y xucxlcy cebnwlvcy xckäwlicy* Kcy icdnuil`jwny | kcy fundlcygn Eùinkcj` yn d`jw~vlnucj `knb`gcy gn k`y ljy~uuniilcjny gn kcy undnjy`y+ xnuc kcywnbngcuny gn Eu~b`y n \xuny o~nucj kcy `kl`gcy j`w~u`kny gn kcy i`dxnyljc gnk Ok`jgnydùäwldc* @yä x~ny+ cebnwlv` |+ ` dnj~gc+ y~ebnwlv`dnjwn+ k`y il~g`gny ljok~|nucj njnk iùàiwnu | k` gluniilùj gn k`y fu`jgny unenklcjny gn k` ìxci`*

Ylj ndeùfc+ k`y il~g`gny jc ljwnuvljlnucj nj nk gnywljc gnk i`dxc òjli` cxuljilx`kdnjwn g~u`jwn nyw`y n}xkcylcjny iuäwli`y+ |` p~n j~ji` gnbùcj gn mìnukcnj ylw~ìlcjny gn ~j` y~xnuolil`k x`r ycil`k* Nj Ciilgnjwn+ k` ung unk`wlv`dnjwn gnjy`gn il~g`gny nbnuilù ~j` icjwlj~` ljok~njil` fu`vlwìlcj`k yceun k` unkìlùj gn o~nur`yycil`kny gnk i`dxc* Xcu ~j` xùwn+ nk xungcdljlc gn nywcy injwucy icdnuil`kny mìä`

p~n nyi`xù ` k` ynuvlg~deun o~nu` ~j` xnud`jnjwn xcylelklg`g xù` kcy i`dxnyljcygnyicjwnjwcy* Nk glimc `kndàj Yw`gwk~ow dìmw ounl -¡nk `lun gn k` il~g`g mìn kleun±,nu` k` jcud` gn kcy fcelnujcy gn k`y il~g`gny gn wcg` N~ucx`+ |` p~n kcy ylnuvcyo~flwlvcy unxunynjwè`j ~j` njwu`g` gn d`jc gn ceu` xcylwlv` xù` k`y d`j~oìw~u`y~ue`j`y* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ k` xunynjil` gn nyw`y il~g`gny xunylcjè` icjyw`jwndnjwn `kcy jcekny enklicycy ` unilelu y~y ljfunycy nj ocud` dcjnwùlr`g`* Kcy ynðcuny jn$58 Mlkwcj+Ecjg dnj d`gn ounn + xx* 068$5*

QXàf* 500T

inylwè`j gljnuc | jc xcgä`j ùulnyfùyn+ dày `kkà gn ilnuwc x~jwc+ ` ndx~bù ` y~y

i`dxnyljcy mìl` k` v`f`jil` c kcy ndxkncy ~ue`jcy* Yn vnä`j ceklf`gcy+ njicjyni~njil`+ ` ìnxwù ~j` unk`bìlùj gn kcy väji~kcy ynuvlkny nj nk i`dxc* Nkuny~kw`gc o~n ~j` knjw` xnuc ljljwnuu~dxlg` icjd~wìlùj gn k`y xunywìlcjny xcuunjw`y nj gljnuc | ~j iunilnjwn ùunjg`dlnjwc gn k` unynuv` ynðcul k ` kcy



i`dxnyljcy* Nywn xucinyc icdnjrù `jwny+ | kknfù dày knbcy+ nj Ljfk`wnuu`+ gcjgn k`xucxcuilùj gnk i`dxnylj`gc kleun mèä` ylgc ylndxun unk`wlv`dnjwn `kw`* K`ywnjnjil`y wu`glilcj`kdnjwn ynuvlkny yn mèä`j icjvnuwlgc ylknjilcy`dnjwn+ mìl` nk`ðc 0788+ nj ùunjg`dlnjwcy jc ynuvlkny+ | kcy vlkk`jcy mèä`j x`y`gc ` ynunjolwn~w`y50* Nj nk ylfkc ylf~lnjwn w~vc k~fù xuceèkndnjwn ~j `~dnjwc y~yw`jil`k njkcy ljfunycy wcw`kny gn kcy i`dxnyljcy ljfknyny+ p~n yn icdeljù icj ~jglonunjilìlùj ycil`k xuco~jg`dnjwn ìnjw~`g` nj y~ ynjc ` dnglg` p~n ~j nywu`wcgn i`dxnyljcy ulicy - |ncdnj , yn mlrc icj nk xungcdljlc nj d~im`y `kgn`y | nkwuè`bc `y`kùl`gc yn n}wnjglù xcu kcy i`dxcy* K` nyi`ynr gn d`jc gn ceu` nu`+ yljndeùfc+ w`j fu`vn nj k` `fuli~kw~u` p~n yld~kwàjn`dnjwn ` k` ung~iilùj gn k`yn}wnjylcjny i~kwlv`g`y+ k`y unjw`y `fuäick`y gnyinjglnucj+ kcy xunilcy gn kcy inun`knyi`|nucj | kcy y`kùlcy `~dnjwùcj2 òcuw~j`g` `~jp~n noädnu` ic|~jw~u` xù` nkxucg~iwcu gluniwc55* K` jceknr` unìilcjù+ xcu ~j` xùwn+ gngliàjgcyn icj dàyljwnjylg`g `k x`ywcunc xù` è`ywninu ` k` ljg~ywul` k`jnu` p~n yn mèä` gnyùuckk`gcnj k`y j~nv`y il~g`gny x`ðnu`y+ icdnjr`jgc |` ~j dcvldlnjwc gn inui`dlnjwcy-njikcy~uny ,+ |+ xcu cwu`+ ldxcjlnjgc nk icdxknbc ylywnd` gn yni~ìny `y`kùl`gcy |gn vlcknjil` ` y~nkgc+ k` iùw` xùwlg` - ljgnjw~un , | k`y knwu`y x`wnjwny -knwwnu x`wnjw ,+p~n m` ylgc gnylfj`gc icdc nk ¡on~g`klydc e`ywùgc± gnk ylfkc ]_ 59+ | i~|c xuljilx`k

wn`wuc gn cxnuìlcjny o~n nk gn k`y f~nuu`y njwun kcy \cua | kcy K`ji`ywnu* K` j~nvìc|~jw~u` o~n xuceèkndnjwn50 U* M* Mlkwcj+Wmn gnikljn co ynuogcd lj dngl`nv`k Njfk`jg + xàflj`y 77 yy*55 D* Xcyw`j+ ¡Wmn olownnjwm injw~u|±+Nicjcdli Mlywcu| Unvln + vck~dnj L]+ 0<9=$<+ xx* 0?8$6+ gnyiulennyw` icji`wnjìlùj* Xcyw`j m` ynð`k`gc unilnjwndnjwn p~n k` iunilnjwn xucyxnulg`g i`dxnylj` x~gcmènu icjg~ilgc w`delìj g~u`jwn ilnuwc wlndxc ` ~j gnyinjyc nj nk jlvnk gn icdnuil`klr ilùj nj nki`dxc+ |` p~n k`y o`dlkl`y gn k`y `kgn`y unw~vlnucj ~j` d`|cu xùwn gnk xucg~iwc `fuäick` xù` y~ xucxlcicjy~dc2 Wmn dngl`nv`k nicjcd| `jg ycilnw| + xx* 580$7*59 A* E* DìOùk`jn+ ¡E`ywùg on~g`klyd±+ E~kknwlj co wmn Ljywlw~wn co Mlywculi`k Unynùim + vck* ]]+ jòd*?0+ d`|c$jcvlndeun gn 0<7>+ xx* 0?0$=0*

QXàf* 505T

dày xucxlil` xù` k` ik`yn iè`kknunyi`+ enjnolilùl` gnk ylywnd` gn yni~ìny+ p~nxù` k`y wu`glilcj`kny o`dlkl`y gn d`fj`wny*

Nk xucinyc gn icjd~wìlùj `gcxwù nj Ljfk`wnuu` k` ocud` gn ~j` wu`jylilùj gluniw` gnk`y xunywìlcjny gn wuè`bc xnuycj`k ` k`y unjw`y nj gljnuc* Nj nk icjwljnjwn ynxucg~bc+ nj käjn`y fnjnu`kny+ ~j nvck~ilùj `kfc dày knjw` p~n x`yù gn k`yxunywìlcjny gn wuè`bc ` k`y unjw`y nj nyxniln | xcywnulcudnjwn ` k`y unjw`y njgljnuc* Nywc o~n `yä w`jwc nj Ou`jil`+ gcjgn nk noniwc olj`k gn k` f~nuu` gn kcy Ilnj

@ðcy ynuä` p~n kcy i`dxnyljcy p~ngù`j nj xcynylùj gn y~y xùink`y+ icdc nj k` @knd`jl` y~gciilgnjw`k 57* Nk dcgnkc ou`jiìy yn iùìwnulrù xcu gcy jcw`y xni~klùny*Kcy ynðcuny uni~uulnucj ` k` vnjw` gluniw` gn k` nd`jilxìlùj icj dày ouni~njil`

p~n nj jljf~j` cwu` xùwn+ icj cebnwc gn cewnjnu nk dà}ldc enjnolilc ljdngl`wc gn k`wu`jylilùj* @k dlydc wlndxc+ k` b~ywlil` un`k wùgä` | nk gnunimc ucd jc ynicdeljùcj xù` mìnu p~n k`y wnjnjil`y i`dxnylj`y gnyx~ìy gn k` nd`jilxìlùjw~vlnu`j ~j iùàiwnu dày mnunglwùlc p~n nj Ljfk`wnuu`+ gn w`k ocud` p~n k` xnp~nð`xucxlng`g yn mlrc olj`kdnjwn dày oludn* Nj Ljfk`wnuu`+ k` fnjwu| + c fu`jgnyxucxlnwùlcy+ icjylf~lù ldxnglu nywn onjùdnjc+ d`jwnjlnjgc kcy wäw~kcy gnùunjg`dlnjwc njolwì~wlic ljynf~ucy | wndxcu`kny | xnudlwlnjgc `yä ~j` n}x~kylùjdày oàilk gn kcy i`dxnyljcy gn k` wlnuu` nj ~j` onim` xcywnulcu 5>* Nj Nyx`ð`+ k` k~im`gn kcy i`dxnyljcy undnjy`y gn I`w`k~ð` icjwu` kcy ¡ynly d`kcy ~ycy± wnudljùolj`kdnjwn icj k` Ynjwnjil` gn F~`g`k~xn gn 07=?+ xcu k` p~n Ond`jgc gn @u`fùjnd`jilxù ocud`kdnjwn ` kcy i`dxnyljcy gn ny`y iùf`y* @gp~lulnucj `yä ~j`xcynylùj nywèkn gn y~y xùink`y+ dlnjwu`y p~n kcy ynðcuny icjynuvè`j yceun nkkcygnunimcy b~ulygliilcj`kny | knf`kny* Xù`57 Acmìmluc Wà`m`yml+ ¡Wmn wu`jylwlcj oucd on~g`klyd wc i`xlw`klyd±+Yilnjin `jg ycilnw| + ]_L+ jòd*70+ cwcðc gn 0<>5+ xx* 95?$6 Q¡Icjwule~ilùj `k gne`wn±+ nj U* Mlkwcj+ icdx*+ K` wu jylilùj gnk



on~g`klydc `k i`xlw`klydc + Eùinkcj`+ Iuäwli + 0<66T* K` nvck~ilùj gn k`y xunywìlcjny gn wuè`bc ` k`yunjw`y nj gljnuc o~n dày gluniw` nj Ljfk`wnuu` gnelgc ` p~n k` lyk` jc mèä` n}xnuldnjw`gc xunvl`dnjwnk` wnjgnjil` icjwljnjw`k mìl` k`y unjw`y nj nyxniln g~u`jwn nk ylfkc ]LLL1 k`y n}ìilcjny gn wuè`bcmèä`j yceunvlvlgc+ x~ny+ nj y~ ocud` culflj`k g~u`jwn dày wlndxc p~n nj kcy cwucy x`äyny* Xù` k`ycyilkìlcjny n}xnuldnjw`g`y nj Ljfk`wnuu` g~u`jwn kcy ylfkcy ]LL | ]LLL -unk`bìlùj+ ynf~lg` gnljwnjyloliìlùj gn kcy ynuvlilcy,+ vì`yn D* Xcyw`j+ ¡Wmn imucjckcf| co kèc~u ynuvliny±+ Wu`jyìwlcjy co wmn Uc|`k Mlywculi`k Ycilnw| + ]]+ 0<96+ xx* 0?<$<9*5> D* Ekcim+Kny iùìwíuny culflj`~} gn k“mlywclun u~u`kn ou`jæ`lyn + xàflj`y 090$9* Ekcim ynð`k` p~n

xunily`dnjwn ` i`~y` gn nywn ùu`lfc i`dxnyljc kcy ynðcuny ou`jinyny k~imùcj g~u`dnjwn ` xùwlu gnkylfkc ]_ xù unicjywu~lu kcy fu jgny gcdljlcy+ xcu dnglcy knf kny | nicjùdlicy+ icj ~j ì}lwcicjylgnuèkn+ xx* 097$>7*

QXàf* 509T

gny`knjwù nk nbndxkc gn k` unenklùj+ nk dcjùi` ldx~yc d~kw`y yld~kwàjn`dnjwn `wcgcy `p~nkkcy p~n mèä`j xùwlilx`gc nj k`y unenklcjny gn kcy undnjy`y 5?* NjI`ywlkk`+ icdc nj Ljfk`wnuu`+ k` ik`yn wnuu`wnjlnjwn unìilcjù ` k` nyi`ynr gn d`jc gnceu` gnk ylfkc ]L_ xcu dnglc gn ~j` `dxkl` icjvnuylùj gn k` wlnuu` ` k` iuä` gn k`cvnb`+ p~n ` xùwlu gn njwcjiny yn icjvluwlù nj k` u`d` gcdlj`jwn gn k` `fuli~kw~u` njk` dnynw`* Nj wìudljcy fnjnu`kny+ k` xucg~iilùj gn k`j` o~n ~j gn k`y dàyldxcuw`jwny yck~ilcjny ynðcul`kny ` k` iulyly `fuäick`1 nj nk òkwldc xnuäcgc dnglnv`k+k` xucg~iilùj n~ucxn` iunilù w`k vnr gn wuny ` iljic vniny nj nk òkwldc xnuäcgcdnglnv`k 56* Nj k`y icjglilcjny gn I`ywlkk`+ k` ynuvlg~deun gn k` fkne` iùniä` |` gn~j` b~ywloliìlùj nicjùdli`+ | nj 07=0 k`y Icuwny gn Wckngc icjinglnucj olj`kdnjwn `kcy ylnuvcy nk gnunimc ` è`jgcjù ` y~y ynðcuny+ icj kc p~n yn èckä`j y~y väji~kcygn `gyiulxilùj* Nj @u`fùj+ gcjgn nk x`ywcunc j~ji` mèä` wnjlgc fu`j ldxcuw`jil`+k`y il~g`gny nu`j gìelkny | n}lywä` ~j` bnuùp~ä` on~g`k dày uäflg`+ nk ylywndùnxunylvc ynðcul`k jc yn vlc ynul`dnjwn òniw`gc g~u`jwn k` E`b` Ng`g Dngl`+ | k`ynuvlg~deun gn k` fkne` yn d`jw~vc elnj nju`lr`g` 5=* Nj Lw`kl`+ k`y icd~j`y i`ylylndxun mèä`j k~im`gc icjyilnjwndnjwn icjwu` k`y b~ulygliilcjny ynðcul`kny+ynxù`jgc nj y~ icjw`gc k`y o~jilcjny gn ynðcu | wnuu`wnjlnjwn* Eckcjl`+ xcu nbndxkc+mèä` nd`jilx`gc ` y~y ylnuvcy icj ~j` unycj`jwn gnikùìlùj |` nj 05>6* Gn mnimc+

k` ynuvlg~deun mèä` gny`xùnilgc i`yl xcu icdxknwc nj nk jcuwn gn Lw`kl` ` xuljilxlcygnk ylfkc ]L_+ nywc ny+ gcy c wuny fnjnuìlcjny `jwny gn p~n nk dlydc xucinyc w~vlnu`k~fù nj Ou`jil` c Ljfk`wnuu` 5<* Nyw` xunicilg`g icjolud`+ x~ny+ k` unfk` gn p~n kò~nur` glyckvnjwn gn k`y il~g`gny o~n kc p~n fù jwlrù o~jg`dnjw`kdnjwn k`gnyljwnfuìlùj gn k` ynuvlg~deun nj Ciilgnjwn* Nj k` Lw`kl` dnulglcj`k+ icj y~iùàiwnu o~nuwndnjwn ynðcul`k+ k` gny`ywucy` gnyxcekìlùj gnk ylfkc ]L_ icjg~bc ` k``jùp~ä` | ` k`y k~im`y ljwnuj`y gn k` jceknr` | ` ~j` j~nv` ckn`g` gn b~ulygliilcjnyynðcul`kny* W~vc k~fù ~j` `dxkl` unicjvnuylùj gn wlnuu`y i~kwlv`g`y `k x`ywcunc | ~j`~dnjwc nj k` n}wnjylùj gn kcy k`wlo~jglcy* Nk knv`j$5? _linjy _lvny+ Mlywcul` gn kcy undnjy`y nj nk ylfkc ]_ + xx* 5?0$<*56 E`~wlnu+Wmn nicjcdli gnvnkcxdnjw co dngl`nv`k N~ucxn + x* 508*5=

Xù` nk iùàiwnu | k` xnuylywnjil` gn k` ynuvlg~deun nj @u`fùj+ vì`yn Ng~ùgc gn Mljcbcy`+ ¡K`ynuvlg~deun gn k` fkne` nj @u`fùj±+ K` Nyx`ð` Dcgnuj` + 0<8+ ciw~eun gn 0<87+ xx* 99$77+5< Xmlklx Bcjny+ ¡Lw`k|±+ njWmn `fuùl`j klon co wmn Dlggkn @fny + xàflj`y 78?$6*

QXàf* 507T

w`dlnjwc i`kèuìy gn kcy `ðcy 0768+ ` glonunjil` gn xuàiwli`dnjwn wcg`y k`y cwu`yunenklcjny u~u`kny gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k+ iùnilù xcu icdxknwc gn unycj`jil` ~ue`j`2nk i`dxnylj`gc jc icjp~lywù y~ klenuw`g | nk i`dxc yn m~jglù nj ~j` kùf` gnxunylùjnicjùdli`* Xcu y~ xùwn+ nk wndxu`jc n lkldlw`gc xungcdljlc gn k`y il~g`gny nj nkjcuwn gn Lw`kl ìnknuù k` kknf`g` gn k`y xuldnu`y ocud`y gn i~kwlvc icdnuil`k ` fu`jnyi`k` icj k` ~wlklrìlùj gn wuè`bc `y`kùl gc ‗ljlil`gc nj Kcdeùgä`‗ | nkgnyùuckkc gn kcy ùunjg`dlnjwcy ` icuwc xk`rc | gn k` `xùinuä`+ p~n icdnjrù `n}wnjgnuyn knjw`dnjwn mìl` nk jcuwn+ `wu`vny`jgc kcy @kxny m`yw` kknfù nj nk i~uycgnk ylfkc `k y~u | `k cnywn gn Ou`jil`+ Ecufcð` | kcy X`äyny E`bcy culnjw`kny* Mìl` nk07>8+ nk gcdljlc ynðcul`k i~kwlv`gc xcu d`jc gn ceu` ynuvlk nu` ~j `jìucjlydc nj



Ou`jil`+ Ljfk`wnuu`+ @knd`jl` ciilgnjw`k+ Lw`kl` gnk Jcuwn | k` d`|cu xùwn gn Nyx`ð`*

QXàf* 50>T

YNF^JG@ X@UWN

LL* NÛCX@ CULNJW@K

QXàf* 506T

0* @K NYWN GNK NKE@

@k cwuc k`gc gnk Nke`+ nk uny~kw`gc nicjùdlic gn k` fu`j iulyly o~n gl`dnwu`kdnjwncx~nywc* Ny xunilyc vckvnu `mcu` ` k` mlywcul` gn k`y v`yw`y unflcjny ylw~`g`y `k nywngnk icu`rùj gnk on~g`klydc n~ucxnc+ dày `kkà gn k` käjn` gnk G`j~elc+ | ` k` glonunjwnj`w~u`knr` gn k`y ocudìlcjny ycil`kny p~n `kkä yn mèä`j gnyùuckk`gc 0* Xù` j~nywucyxucxùylwcy+ k` iùìwnuäywli` dày o~jg`dnjw`k gn k` fu`j kk`j~u` p~n yn n}wlnjgngnygn nk Nke` m`yw` nk Gcj x~ngn gnoljluyn icdc k` `~ynjil` xnud`jnjwn gn `p~nkk`nyxniäoli` yäjwnyly ciilgnjw`k njwun ~j dcgc gn xucg~iilùj wule`k$icd~j`k nj xucinycgn gnyljwnfuìlùj+ e`y`gc nj ~j` `fuli~kw~u` xuldlwlv` | gcdlj`gc xcu u~gldnjwùl`yùlywciuìl`y f~nuunu`y | ~j dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw` nj vä`y gn glyck~ilùj+ icj~j` `dxkl` ilvlklrìlùj ~ue`j` e`y`g` nj nk ljwnui`delc dnui`jwlk | nj ~j ylywnd`ldxnul`k gn Nyw`gc* @k cwuc k`gc gn k` käjn` gnkkldny ou`jic jc m~ec jljf~j` o~ylùjnywu~iw~u`k gn ocud`y mlywùuli`y glyxùny p~n x~ng` icdxùùyn ` k` p~n w~vc k~fùnj Ciilgnjwn*

Nywn mnimc iu~il`k o~n nk gnwnudlj`jwn mlywùulic eàylic gnk gnyùuckkc gnylf~`k gnN~ucx` | gnk xnuylywnjwn `wu`yc gnk nywn* K`y ljdnjy`y | `wu`y`g`y unflcjny ylw~`g`ydày `kkà gn kcy Iàux`wcy ylndxun mèä`j p~ng`gc o~nu` gn kcy kldlwny gn k`

@jwlfûng`g* K` ilvlklrìlùj fulnf` mèä` y`kxli`gc nk klwcu`k gnk dù Jnfuc gnickcjl y glyxnuy`y nj Nyilwl * Xnuc nyw`y wnj~ny `v jr`glkk`y dùäwld`y j~ji`kknfùcj ` xnjnwuù nj nk ljwnulcu gnk Xcjwc | o~nucj olj`kdnjwn n}x~ky`g`y xcu k`ci~xìlùj yàud`w` gn k`y nywnx`y gnk y~u gn U~yl`+ gnb`jgc yùkc wu`y gn yä `kf~jcyunywcy ùp~nckùflicy5* K` ilvlklrìlùj ucd`j` un`klrù k`0 @k y~u gnk G`j~elc+ k` xnjäjy~k` E`kiàjli` ocudè` ~j` unflùj glywljw`+ `xùw`g` gnk unywc gn N~ucx`culnjw`k xcu y~ ljwnfuìlùj nj nk Ldxnulc elr`jwljc2 Y~ glonunjwn gnywljc yn nyw~glùà nj ~j xcywnulcu`jàklyly gn k` N~ucx` y~gculnjw`k*5 Ucywcvwynv+ nj y~ xuldnu` ceu` ldxcuw`jwn+ y~eu`|è` p~n k`y ljok~njil`y culnjw`kny ylndxun o~nucjdày jcwèkny p~n k`y fulnf`y nj nk y~u gn U~yl`+ p~n j~ji` o~n mnknjlr`gc gn ocud` g~u`gnu`2 Lu`jl`jy `jg Funnay lj Yc~wm U~yyl` + C}ocug+ 0<55+ xx* _LLL$L]+ Xù` ~j nyw~glc dc$

QXàf* 50=T

m`r`ð` gnilylv` gn icjp~lywù | ickcjlrù k` d`|cu xùwn gnk icjwljnjwn gn N~ucx`ciilgnjw`k+ xnuc nyw` ldxunylcj`jwn n}x`jylùj fncfuàoli` gn k`y nywu~iw~u`y gn k`

@jwlfûng`g ikàyli` j~ji` yn unxlwlù icj ~j` xuco~jglg`g icdxùèkn nj N~ucx`culnjw`k* K` `jn}lùj gn Gìl` xcu Wu`b`jc unxunynjwù nk òjlic `v`jin ylfjloli`wlvc njnk ljwnulcu gn nywn icjwljnjwn2 `v`jin dcgnywc | xucjwc è`jgcj`gc* Nk ljwnulcuculnjw`k j~ji` p~ngù ljwnfu`gc nj nk ylywnd` ldxnul`k ucd`jc 9 | jl ylp~lnu` xcyn|ùkcy icjwìwcy dlklwùny | nicjùdlicy icj nk Ldxnulc p~n ylndxun d`jw~vc Fnud jl``~j ylj xnuwnjninu ` ìk* K` ljok~njil` glxkcdàwli`+ icdnuil`k | i~kw~u`k gn Ucd`ylf~lù ylnjgc xuco~jg` nj Fnud`jl` gnyx~ìy gn k` nvì~ìlùj gn k`y knflcjny+ | nkicjcildlnjwc p~n kcy ucd`jcy wnjä`j gn nkk`+ äjwldc | n}ìwc* Jljf~j` unkìlùj gnnywn wlxc n}lywlù j~ji` njwun nk Ldxnulc | kcy wnuulwculcy eàueùcy gnk nywn* Wàilwc+

`gdluèkndnjwn ljocud`gc ìnui` gn k` nywu~iw~u` ycil k | k` nwjcfuàolifnudàjli`y+ jc wnjä` xuàiwli`dnjwn lgn` gn kcy x~nekcy ylw~`gcy dày `kkà* Mìl` nknywn+ nk nyxìlc nywè` nj ek`jic+ nu` däwlic2 inwnu` l`d oè~kcy` 7*



gnujc gn k`y ickcjl`y gnk dù Jnfuc+ vì`yn B* Ecùgd`j+ Wmn Funnay cvnuyn`y + Kcjguny+ 0<?7+ xx* 57>$6=*9 M`| p~n ynð`kù p~n Gìl` ocudè` ~j y`klnjwn `lyk`gc+ ylw~`gc icdc ~j` i~ð` v~kjnuèkn o~nu` gn k`käjn` gn k`y oucjwnu`y ldxnul`kny nj gluniilùj ` k`y `kwlxk`jlilny wu`jylkv`j`y+ | p~n jc yn un`klrù jljfòjljwnjwc gn ci~xù kcy nyxìlcy vìäcy ocud`gcy xcu k`y kk`j~u`y mìl` X`jcjl` nj nk cnywn | mìl`

_ k`p~l` nj nk nywn* Ny xcylekn p~n k` unj~jil` ucd`j` ` xnjnwuù dày xuco~jg`dnjwn nj nk ljwnulcu gnN~ucx` culnjw`k nyw~vlnu` unkìlcj`g` icj k` o`kw` gn ìinyc j`v`k ` k` unflùj+ icdxù`g` icj nk n}wnjycklwcu`k gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k+ | gn `mä p~n x~ng` icjylgnuùyn icdc ~j uny~kw`gc gn k` nywu~iw~u`

ljwuäjyni` gn k` ilvlklrìlùj ikàyli`* P~lrà yn` ylfjloli`wlvc p~n @~f~ywc | Wlenulc xnjyù`j+ `k xùninu+nj ~j` n}x`jylùj nywu`wìfli` gnk xcgnuäc ucd`jc nj N~ucx` injwu`k gnygn nk Eàkwlic m`yw` Ecmndl`+ |`p~n nyw` käjn` xnudlwä` xcwnjil`kdnjwn ~j dcvldlnjwc gn xljr` gnygn nk jcuwn | nk y~u+ ~wlklr`jgcn}xnglilcjny `jolel`y xcu nk dù gnk Jcuwn | kcy uäcy fnud`jcy+ gnk dlydc wlxc p~n k`y glulflg`y xcuGu~yc | Fnudàjlic* K` o~jg`dnjw`k i`dx`ð` gn Ecmndl` gnk `ðc ? g* I* yn e`yù w`k vnr nj k`xuc|niw`g` ~jlùj gnk nbìuilwc gn Wlenulc+ `v`jr`jgc gnygn nk Lkäulic+ icj ~j ynf~jgc nbìuilwc p~n y~elnu`xcu nk Nke`2 Vnkky+Wmn Fnud`j xckli| co @~f~yw~y + x* 0?8* K`y wlnuu`y ljwnulcuny gn N~ucx` culnjw`kylw~`g`y dày `kkà gnk Nke` jc couniä`j nk dlydc wlxc gn ìinyc* Gn mnimc+ ljik~yc k` èycuilùj gnEcmndl` yn unvnkù ndxuny` n}inylv` xù` k`y o~nur`y ucd`j`y* Cwu` u`rùj gnk ouì`yc gnk Ldxnulc xù`n}wnjgnuyn xcu k`y unflcjny ylw~`g`y dày `k nywn x~ngn mènu ylgc nk iùàiwnu nywnxùlc gn B` d`|cuxùwn gnk wnuunjc+ mèlw`gc jcud`kdnjwn xcu jùd`g`y yàud`w`y -dùic j`w~u`k p~n yn nyw~gl` dày`gnk`jwn,*7 P~cg nfc ~w ljicdxnuw~d lj dnglc unkljp~`d 2 ¡nk unywc ycj kn|nj$

QXàf* 50<TJc ny+ xcu w`jwc+ ìilgnjw`k p~n wcg`vä` mc| yn icjcri` d~| xcic ìnui` gn k`ydlfuìlcjny | kcy gnyxk`r`dlnjwcy wule`kny nj N~ucx` culnjw`k ` xuljilxlcy gn k` nuìulywl`j`+ `~jp~n o~nu`j gn ~j` njcudn d`fjlw~g* Ny nvlgnjwn p~n k`y fu`jgnykk`j~u`y `k jcuwn gnk G`j~elc ‗p~n o~nucj nk k~fù gn unylgnjil` gn kcy cywucfcgcy+

vlylfcgcy | vàjg`kcy‗ p~ngùcj xùil`kdnjwn vìä`y xcu k`y _ÿkanu `jgnu~jfnj gnk`y wule~y fnudàjli`y mìl` F`kl`+ Lw`kl`+ Mlyx`jl` | Àouli` gnk Jcuwn g~u`jwn nk ylfkc

_* Noniwlv`dnjwn+ njwcjiny w~vc k~fù ~j` dùim` fnjnu`k gn k`y xcekìlcjnyfnudàjli`y mìl` nk cnywn | nk y~u+ p~n gnbùcj kleun nk wnuunjc xù` nk `v`jin gn cwucfu~xc ìwjlic gn x~nekcy wule`kny | `fuäick`y p~n vljlnucj gnwuày* Kcy nyk`vcy nu`jculflj ulcy xuceèkndnjwn gn k` unflùj gnk Gjlìxnu$XulxnwE~f | icdnjrùcj `n}wnjgnuyn xcu nk vìäc gnb`gc xcu kcy fnud`jcy nj nk nywn ` xùwlu gn kcy ylfkcy _ | _L>*

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g`y+ p~n |c è`jgcjc xcu jc nywù icdxuce`g`y±+ òkwld`y x`kèu`y icj k`y p~n Wàilwc ljwnuu~dxneu~yi`dnjwn y~ Fnud`jl` *> O* Gvcujla+Wmn Yk`vy +Wmnlu nùk| mlywcu| `jg ilvlklr`wlcj + Ecywcj+ 0<>?+ xx* 9$7>+ p~n wlnjgn ` kci`klrùk` i~j` gn kcy nyk`vcy `kfc dày mìl` nk cnywn+ njwun nk _äyw~k` | nk Cgnu1 | K* D~yynw+Kny ljv`ylcjy2 kn ynicjg `yy`~w icjwun k“N~ucxn imuìwlnjjn -_LL$L] n ylíikny, + xx* 6>$<+ p~n òlud`2 ¡Nywn ljdnjyc `v`jin

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QXàf* 558T



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QXàf* 550T

5* NK OUNJC JÙD@G@

@k dlydc wlndxc+ k` knjw` nvck~ilùj gn k`y icd~jlg`gny `fuäick`y nyk`v`y gnk nywnmìl` ~jcy ylywnd`y nywèkny gn Nyw`gc yn vlc unxnwlg`dnjwn ljwnuu~dxlg` | mnim`xng rcy xcu k`y y~inylv`y ckn`g`y gn ljv`ylcjny jùd`g`y xucingnjwny gnk @ylìnjwu`k p~n+ ` xùwlu gn k` Ng`g Cyi~u`+ yn n}wnjglnucj xcu wcg` N~ucx`+ kknf`jgc icjouni~njil` m`yw` k`y dlyd`y oucjwnu`y gn Ciilgnjwn* Nyw`y ljv`ylcjny+ p~n nbnuilnucj~j ljok~bc o~jg`dnjw`k nj k` mlywcul` gn N~ucx` culnjw`k+ o~nucj nk xunilc p~n w~vcp~n x`fù k` fncfuòä` gn k` unflùj* Nyw` rcj`+ nj noniwc+ jc yùkc nu` wnuulwcul`kdnjwn`g|ìnjwn ` k`y oucjwnu`y `ylàwli`y gnk x`ywcunc jùd`g` | w~vc p~n ycxcuwù+ xcuw`jwc+ nk xnyc gn kcy `w`p~ny dlklwùny jùd`g`y icjwu` N~ucx` ‗gn kcy p~n Ciilgnjwnyn vlc kleun xcu y~ ljwnudnglc‗+ yljc p~n nj y~ d`|cu xùwn icdxùwä` w`delìj ~j`yldlklw~g wcxcfuàoli icj k`y nywnx`y `ylàwli`y+ gn k`y p~n y`kä`j ` u`~g`knyxnulùgli`dnjwn kcy x~nekcy jùd`g`y* Gnygn k`y icyw`y gnk dù Jnfuc m`yw` kcyecyp~ny `k jcuwn gnk Gjlìxnu | gnygn nk Gcj m`yw` nk G`j~elc+ ~j` `dxkl` ou`jb` gnwlnuu` p~n ljik~ä` k` d`|cu xùwn gn k` dcgnuj` îu`jl` | Iuldn` | p~n yn ljwucg~iä`nj U~d`jä` |+ M~jfuä` ocudè` ~j` kk`j` xu`gnu` n~ucxn`+ j`w~u`kdnjwn ljiklj`g` `kx`ywcunc+ p~n+ `k ynu dnjcy àulg` p~n k` nywnx` `ylàwli`+ xnudlwä` w`delìj ~j`

`fuli~kw~u` yngnjwùl`0

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QXàf* 555T

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` wcgc nk d~jgc fnudàjlic* Dlnjwu`y k`y wule~y wn~wùjli`y m~ä j nj d`y`+glulflìjgcyn mìl` k`y oucjwnu`y ldxnul`kny+ ìk bnon m~jc @wlk` nywèkniä` ~j unljcgnxung`gcu `k cwuc k`gc gnk G`j~elc gnygn nk p~n y`p~nè` ` wcg` N~ucx` injwu`k*Dày wùgn+ nj nk ylfkc _L+ kcy àvùcy y`p~nùcj nj y~ `v`jin wcgc nk nywn+nywèknilnjgc y~ gcdljlc yceun k`y xcekìlcjny kci`kny nyk`v`y* Nj nk ylfkc _LL+ kìè`kknuä` eòkfù` o~n nk `rcwn gn k`y kk`j~u`y x`jcjl`y | wu`yg`j~el`j`y* Nj kcyylfkcy L] | ] o~nucj kcy jùd`g`y d`flùny p~lnjny `yckùcj fu`jgny unflcjny gnygny~y ung~iwcy gn N~ucx` culnjw`k* Nj kcy ylfkcy ]L | ]LL+ kcy xnimnjnfcy | kcy i~d`jcyxlkkùcj y~inylv`dnjwn îu`jl`+ kcy E`ki`jny | kcy Iàux`wcy* Xcu òkwldc+ nj nk ylfkc]LLL+ kcy nbìuilwcy dcjfckny ljv`glnucj U~yl`+ `xk`ywùcj k` unylywnjil` p~n knycx~ylnucj xckìcy | mòjfùcy |+ gnyx~ìy gn ljvnujù ` k`y x~nuw`y gn Ciilgnjwn+unwcujùcj ` @yl`+ y`p~n`jgc kcy E`ki`jny ` y~ x`yc* Nywn `y`kwc+ nk òkwldc | d`|cugn wcgcy+ gnbù k` m~nkk` ycil`k | xckäwli` dày xnud`jnjwn* K` Mcug` gn Cuc+ u`d`w~ui` gn k` m~nywn gn Fnjfly B`j `ynjw`g` inui` gnk I`yxlc+ d`jw~vc yceun U~yl` ~j

|~fc wule~wùlc g~u`jwn ilnjwc ilji~njw` `ðcy*

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QXàf* 559T

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QXàf* 557T

x~ny+ gn ocud` iùìwnuäywli` k` xucxlng`g ljglvlg~`k gnk f`j`gc icj k` `xucxlìlùjickniwlv` gn k` wlnuu`* Kcy `jld`kny xnuwnjniä`j ` k`y o`dlkl`y dlnjwu`y p~n y~y x`ywcynu`j ~y~ou~iwc gn kcy ik`jny c wule~y `fj`wlil`y* K` xucxlng`g gn k` wlnuu` jc yùkc nu`

ickniwlv`+ yljc p~n+ `gndày+ jc nu` ~j` xcynylùj olb`+ ` glonunjil` gn ~j` ycilng`g`fuäick` nj p~n k` wlnuu` ny cebnwc gn ci~xìlùj | i~kwlvc xnud`jnjwny+ xcup~n nkx`ywcunc jùd`g` njwu`ðè` xunily`dnjwn ~j wu`yk`gc icjyw`jwn gn une`ðcy |d`j`g`y gn ~jcy x`ywcy ` cwucy nj ~j icdxkli`gc ilikc nywìlcj`k* Nj x`kèu`y gnDù}+ ¡nj wule~y x`ywcu`y jùd`g`y k` wlnuu`+ `k lf~`k p~n k`y cwu`y icjglilcjnyj`w~u`kny+ `xùnin icj ~j iùàiwnu lkldlw`gc nkndnjw`k+ xcu nbndxkc nj k`y nywnx`y |`kwlxk`jlilny `ylàwli`y* Yn k` ~wlklr xù` x`yw`bn+ nwiìwnu`+ ny icjy~dlg` xcu kcyune`ðcy+ p~n ` y~ vnr ycj e`yn gn k` n}lywnjil` gn kcy x~nekcy x`ywcuny* Ynicdxcuw`j icj k` wlnuu` icdc icj y~ xucxlng`g+ `~j i~`jgc j~ji` olb`j ny`xucxlng`g Q***T Nj nywn i`yc+ gn kc p~n m`| xucxlìlùj | unxucg~iilùj ny gn mnimc gnkune`ðc | jc gn k` wlnuu`+ k` p~n+ jc ceyw`jwn + ny ylndxun ~wlklr`g` wndxcuùl`dnjwn+nj ocud` ickniwlv` + nj kcy x~jwcy nj p~n yn mìn `kwc± 7* K` ¡xucxlng`g± gn k` wlnuu`”ylfjloliè`+ x~ny+ nk glyou~wn gn ~j` i`ð`g` ljwnudlwnjwn | unf~k`g`* YnfòjK`wwldcun+ ¡k` ”xucxlng`g“ gnilylv` ny nk gnunimc ` dcvnuyn+ jc nk gnunimc `ì`dxù± >* K` wu`ym~d`jil o~n ~j ylywnd` gn ~yc iäiklic | jc gn gcdljlc èyck~wc*K` glonunjilìlùj ycil`k xcgä` xucfunyù+ x~ny+ uàxlg`dnjwn gnjwuc

Y* R* Rld`jcv‗ ycyw~vlnucj p~n k` wlnuu`+ | jcy kcy une`ðcy+ icjywlw~ä` nk dnglc o~jg`dnjw`k gnxucg~iilùj gn k`y ocudìlcjny ycil`kny jùd`g`y+ | nyw` xcyw~u` o~n y`jilcj`g` xcu ~j` ljwnuvnjilùjnglwcul`k `k olj`k gnk gne`wn -_cxucyl Lywcull + njnuc gn 0<>?+ jòd* 0+ x* 66,* Nk gnyì~nugc w~vc k~fùgnjwuc gn ~j icjynjyc fnjnu`k gn p~n k`y ycilng`gny jùd`g`y nu`j nj nynjil` ¡on~g`kny±+ `~jp~n icj~j` dnrik` gn vnywlflcy ¡x`wulùi`kny±1 gn `mä k` jcilùj gn ¡on~g`klydc x`wulùi`k± xù` gnylfjù k`ynywu~iw~u`y ycil`kny jùd`g`y* Wcklenacv o~n ì~y`gc xcu y~y icknf`y gn mènu gnelklw`gc ljgnelg`dnjwnk` o~nur` gn nyw` ik`yloliìlùj `k y~eu`|ù k`y glvnufnjil`y njwun kcy wlxcy gn xucxlng`g jùd`g` |ynðcul`k* Nj un`klg`g+ nk jcd`glydc unxunynjw` nvlgnjwndnjwn ~j dcgc gn xucg~iilùj icdxknw`dnjwn

glywljwc+ p~n jc x~ngn `yldlkùyn `k on~g`klydc `fuäick`+ icdc K`wwldcun m` d`jwnjlgc icj ìlnuwcgnygn mìn wlndxc2 Ljjnu @yl`j oucjwlnuy co Imlj` + xx* ?? yy* Nywà e`yw`jwn ikùc p~n nk xucxlc Dù}iunä` p~n nk x`ywcunc jùd`g` icjywlw~ä ~j dcgc gn xucg~iilùj glonunjwn+ icdc x~ngn `xunil uyn njy~y icdnjwùlcy yceun k`y ycilng`gny gn x`ywcuny nj y~ Ljwucg~iilùj gn 0=>62 Fu~jgulyyn gnu Aulwla gnu

xcklwlyimnj ßacjcdln -Nljknlw~jf, + xx* 0<+ 56 QNkndnjwcy***+ xx* 0=+ 5=T* Ylj ndeùfc+ Dù} yn unolulùnp~lvci`g`dnjwn kcy dcjfckny icdc x~nekc gngli`gc xuldcugl`kdnjwn k` f`j`gnuä`*7 A* Dù}+Xun$i`xlw`klyw ocud`wlcjy + xx* ==$< QNkndnjwcy***+ x* 7>0T*> K`wwldcun+Ljjnu @yl`j oucjwlnuy co Imlj` + x* ??*

QXàf* 55>T

gn k`y ycilng`gny jùd`g`y ylj ucdxnu xcu nkkc jninyùl`dnjwn y~ ~jlg`g ilàjli`+xcup~n k` ulp~nr` gn k` ùlywciuìl` x`ywculk nywè` e`y`g` nj k` d`fjlw~g gn y~y

une`ðcy | x~gc ynu icdx`wlekn g~u`jwn d~imc wlndxc icj ~j ilikc icd~j`k gndlfuìlùj | x`ywcunc* Ljik~yc kcy jùd`g`y dày xceuny xcynä`j jcud`kdnjwn `kf~jcy`jld`kny+ gn w`k ocud` p~n k` ik`yn jc xucxlnwùl` gn xucg~iwcuny gnxnjglnjwny nu`xuàiwli`dnjwn ldxcylekn+ `~jp~n k`y o`dlkl`y jùd`g`y gnk icdòj gneä`j glvnuy`y



xunywìlcjny | ynuvlilcy ` kcy bnony | jcwèkny gn kcy ik`jny* ^j` icjyw`jwn k~im`ljwnuj` xcu k`y nywnx`y gnyndeciù w`delìj nj nk onjùdnjc gn kcy ik`jny vlji~k`gcyicdc ¡yòeglwcy± p~n ndlfuè`j b~jwc `k ik`j vliwculcyc gnyndxnð`jgc ~j` o~jilùjy~ecuglj`g` ?+ dlnjwu`y p~n kcy i`~wlvcy nj ìilcjny dlklwùny xcgä`j icjvnuwluynw`delìj nj nyik`vcy gcdìywlicy+ `~jp~n ìywcy j~ji` o~nucj j~dnucycy* K`y`y`dekn`y gn kcy ik`jny yn un~jä`j xù` k`y gnilylcjny ldxcuw`jwny1 k` bno`w~u` wule`knu` wu`glilcj`kdnjwn yndlnkniwlv` 6* Nk nywu`wc ùlywùiu`w` icjwuckè` jcud`kdnjwn k``ylfjìlùj gn kcy x`ywcy | k` unf~kìlùj gn k`y wu`ym~d`jil`y =*

@yä cuf`jlr`g`y+ k`y ycilng`gny jùd`g`y dcywuùcj ~j` jcwèkn mèlklg`g nj k`~wlklrìlùj gn y~ ljmùyxlwc njwcujc* Nk ik`j wäxlic un~jä` ~j` dnrik` i~lg`gcy`dnjwn

vùl`g` gn `jld`kny+ nj k` p~n yn ljik~ä`j iè`kkcy+ vì`y+ i`dnkkcy | cvnb`y+ ylnjgcnyw`y òkwld`y k`y p~n xucxcuilcjè`j k` xuljilx`k ocud` ycil`k gn ulp~nr`* Nk i~lg`gcgn nywcy `jld`kny n}lfä` glonunjwny gnywunr`y | glvnuy`y ik`yny gn x`ywlr`kny* @gndày+kcy icdxknbcy ilikcy `j~`kny gn dlfuìlùj n}lfä`j ~j icjcildlnjwc n}ìwc gn wcg` k`f`d` gn wnuunjcy glonunjwny nj y~y unyxniwlv`y nywìlcjny* K` n}xkcwìlùj xuàiwli` gnnywcy dnglcy gn xucg~iilùj icdelj`gcy njwu`ðè` ~j fu`gc nknv`gc gn glyilxklj`? E* k`* _k`gldluwycv+Ceymimnywvnjjll Ywucl Dcjfckcv* Dcjfck“yall Acimnvcl Oncg`klrd + Knjljfu`gc+0<97+ xx* ?7$>* Nk kleuc gn _k`gldluwycv yceun kcy dcjfckny o~n ~j nyw~glc xlcjnuc nj nywn i`dxc+ i~|cljok~bc yceun kcy ljvnywlf`gcuny ycvlìwlicy ny wcg`vä` fu`jgn nj k` ìw~`klg`g* Nk icdnjwùlc nglwcul`k gn_cxucyl Lywcull + gn 0<>?+ ilw`gc `jwny+ kn uljgn mcdnj`bn+ `~jp~n unim`r` k` jcilùj gn _k`gldluwycv gn ~jon~g`klydc jùd`g` nyxniäolic+ glywljwc gnk on~g`klydc gn k`y ycilng`gny yngnjwùl`y - cx* ilw*+ x* 6>,*6 _k`gldluwycv+Ceymimnywvnjjll Ywcul Dcjfckcv + xx* 6<$=8*= L* L`* Rk`walj+ ¡A _cxucy~ c Y~ymimjcywl X`wulùb`k“jc$Oncg`k“jlb Cwjcymnjll ~ Acimnvlb Jùcgcv±+_cxucyl Lywcull + èulk gn 0<>>+ jòd* 7+ xàflj`y 6=$<* Rk`walj y~eu`|` p~n nk jùd`g` gnxnjglnjwn ‗i~|`ljilgnjil` | fu`gc gn y~bnilùj yceunnywld`‗ nywè` vlji~k`gc ` k` xnuycj` gn y~ ynðcu lwljnu`jwn+ | jc `k` wlnuu`2 ¡Nyw`y unkìlcjny yn jcd`glrùcj+ xcu gnilukc `yä+ b~jwc icj nk jùd`g`± -x* =8,*

QXàf* 55?T

ickniwlv`+ ~j` un`klrìlùj icjb~jw` gn k`y wùn`y | ~j` d`nywuä` wìijli`* Xù` xcjnu nk

nbndxkc dày cevlc2 nk gcdljlc jùd`g` gn k` np~lwìlùj icdxcuwè` xuceèkndnjwn~j jlvnk gn wuè`bc i~`kloli`gc dày `kwc p~n i~`kp~lnu kècu wìijli` nj k` `fuli~kw~uì`dxnylj` dnglnv`k* @k dlydc wlndxc+ ylj ndeùfc+ nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj jùd`g`wnjä` ~jcy kädlwny n}wund`g`dnjwn uäflgcy* Xù` ndxnrù+ yùkc xcgä` d`jwnjnu ` ~j`xnp~nð` d`jc gn ceu`2 kcy x~nekcy jùd`g`y ylndxun nu`j `dxkl`dnjwn y~xnu`gcynj jòdnuc xcu y~y une`ðcy+ |` p~n k` xucxcuilùj njwun `jld`kny | mcdeuny jninyùl`xù` d`jwnjnu k` wu`ym~d`jil` nj k`y nywnx`y yndlàulg`y nu` d~| nknv`g`* W`dxcicnu`j xcylekny fu`jgny `~dnjwcy gn k` xucg~iwlvlg`g+ icdxùèkny ` kcy gnk i~kwlvc gnk` wlnuu`+ |` p~n nk dnglc eàylic gn xucg~iilùj jc nu` nk y~nkc ‗i~`klw`wlv` |gluniw`dnjwn d`knèkn‗+ yljc kcy une`ðcy p~n gnxnjgä`j gn k` wlnuu`+ ` k` p~n nkjcd`glydc gnbè` ljwìw` | p~n+ xcu w`jwc+ nynjil`kdnjwn yùkc xnudlwä` ~j `~dnjwci~`jwlw`wlvc* Nk mnimc gn p~n nj nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj jùd`g` kcy cebnwcy | kcydnglcy eàylicy gn wuè`bc o~nynj lgìjwlicy ‗nk f`j`gc‗ xk`jwnè` kädlwnyljy~xnuèkny ` k` xucg~iwlvlg`g gnk wuè`bc* Kcy ilikcy x`ywculkny gn xucg~iilùj nu`jd~imc dày kùfcy p~n kcy `fuäick`y | iùniä`j gn ljwnuv`kcy xù` nk gnyùuckkc gn k`ùwny jä` u~u`k* @gndày+ wcgcy kcy dlndeucy gnk ik`j ‗ljik~lgcy kcy bnony‗xùwlilxè`j nj nkkcy |+ nj icjyni~njil`+ ldxcylelklwè`j k` `xùlilùj gn ~j` glvlylùjgnk wuè`bc d`j~`k | dnjw`k |+ xcu w`jwc+ gn k` nyiulw~u` <* Yceun wcgc+ nk jcd`glydcn}ik~ä`+ xuàiwli`dnjwn xcu gnoljlilùj+ k` ocudìlùj gn il~g`gny c nk gnyùuckkc~ue`jc+ dlnjwu`y p~n k` `fuli~kw~u` yngnjwùl` nj òkwld` ljyw`jil` ylndxun kcyxucdcvä`* @ki`jr`gc ilnuwc x~jwc+ nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj jùd`g` nywè` icjgnj`gc+x~ny+ `k nyw`ji`dlnjwc*

Nj y~y àulg`y wlnuu`y gn culfnj+ k`y ycilng`gny jùd`g`y jcud`kdnjwn nu`j xceuny |m`deulnjw`y* Uù` vnr nu`j `~wcy~olilnjwny | yckä`j ljwnui`delù xucg~iwcy icj k`yinui`j`y icd~jlg`gny `fuäick`y nj ~j xceun ylywnd` icdnuil`k 08* Xnuc wnjä`j ~j` vä`gn n}x`jylùj ` k` p~n mèlw~`kdnjwn uni~uulnucj gn ocud` nyxniwì~kù2 nk wule~wc |



k` icjp~lyw`* Xcup~n k` np~lwìlùj+ p~n nu` k` i~`kloliìlùj nicjùdli` eàyli` gn kcy< _ì`yn nk n}inknjwn `jàklyly gn Wcklenacv+ ¡C X`wulùb`k“jc$Oncg`k“jlb Cwjcymnjll`b±+ xx* 6=$<*08 D* D* Nonjglnv+ @* L* Xnuymlwy+ ¡C Y~ymimjcywl X`wulùb`k“jc$Oncg`k“jlb Cwjcymnjll ~ Acimnvlwacv$Yacwcvcgcv±+_cxucyl Lywcull + jcvlndeun gn 0<>>+ jòd* 00+ xx* ?>* 60$51 K`wwldcun+Ljjnu @yl`j oucjwlnuy co Imlj` + xx* 995$>*

QXàf* 556T

x`ywcuny jùd`g`y+ kcy np~lxè` w`delìj gn ocud` xunndljnjwn xù` k` f~nuu`* Kcyjùd`g`y xucxcuilcjùcj ljnvlwèkndnjwn k` dnbcu iè`kknuä` gnk d~jgc* Nkkcy o~nucjkcy xuldnucy nj gnyùuckkù kcy nbìuilwcy gn ùp~nucy dcjw`gcy+ | y~ y~xundìä` njnyw` ùd` o~n+ gnygn @wlk` m`yw` Fnjfly B`j+ nk yniunwc gn y~ ocudlgèkn xcgnuäcdlklwù* K` ljicdxùèkn mèlklg`g gn k` iè`kknuä` jùd`g` xù` i~eulu v`yw`yglyw`jil`y ` fu`j vnkcilg`g+ | y~ i`xìlg`g xù` nk d`jgc | k` cuf`jlrìlùj njn}xnglilcjny gn kùfc `ki`jin o~nucj cwu`y ùd`y j~nv`y | gnilylv`y xù` k` f~nuu`*

K`y iù iwnuäywli`y nywu~iw~u`kny gn k`y ocud ilcjny ycil`kny jùd`g`y wnjglnucj+x~ny+ ` fnjnuù ~j wäxlic ilikc gn n}x`jylùj | icjwuìilùj gnxung`gcu`y+ nj nk p~n

kcy ik`jny gn k`y nywnx`y xcgä`j wu`jyocudùyn unxnjwlj`dnjwn nj fu`jgny ldxnulcy |i`nu gn j~nvc icj lgìjwli` u`xlgnr nj k` dày xckvculnjw` cyi~ulg`g 00* Nk xucinycicdnjrè` jcud`kdnjwn icj icuunuä`y yceun kcy injwucy c k`y u~w`y icdnuil`knyinui`jcy+ cebnwcy ljdngl`wcy gn icjwuck | xlkk`bn -xuàiwli`dnjwn wcgcy kcy x~nekcyjùd`g`y dcywuùcj ~j xuco~jgc ynjwlgc gn k` ulp~nr` dcjnwùl` | gn k` ilui~kìlùjdnui`jwlk, 05* K` o`yn ylf~lnjwn icjylywä` nj k` o~ylùj gn ik`jny | wule~y ulv`kny gn k`nywnx` nj icjongnuìlcjny icj vlyw`y ` k` `funylùj n}wnd` 09* Ljdngl`w`dnjwn yngnynji`gnjè`j k`y f~nuu`y gn icjp~lyw`y+ p~n ` dnj~gc yn n}wnjgä`j ~j` wu`y cwu`xcu nyxìlcy ljdnjycy | njwu`ðè`j k`y dlfuìlcjny gn x~nekcy njwnucy* Nk uny`kw`gcolj`k xcgä` ynu ~j ldxnulc jùd`g` gn ~j` fu`j d`fjlw~g2 nj nk i`yc n}wundc gn kcydcjfckny+ ~j wnuulwculc ldxnul`k dày n}wnjyc p~n i~`kp~lnu cwuc ylywnd` nyw`w`k p~nm`|` n}lywlgc `jwny c gnyx~ìy* K` j`w~u`knr` gn nywcy ldxnulcy kcy icjgnjè`+ ylj00 Nk nyw~glc dày vlvlgc gn nywn xucinyc ny N* @* Wmcdxycj+ @ mlywcu| co @wwlk` `jg wmn M~jy + C}ocug+0<7=+ p~n wu`r` nk gnyùuckkc gn k` xuldnu` fu`j ljv`ylùj jùd`g` gn N~ucx`*05 Dù} icdnjwù nj ~j` ci`ylùj2 ¡Kcy x~nekcy jùd`g`y ycj kcy xuldnucy nj gnyùuckkù k` ocud` gngljnuc xcu gcy u`rcjny2 xcup~n wcg`y y~y xnuwnjnjil`y ycj dùvlkny | unvlywnj+ xcu w`jwc+ k` ocud` gngluniw`dnjwn nj`bnjèkny+ | xcup~n y~ dcgc gn vlg` kny xcjn gn icjwlj~c nj icjwìwc icj njwlg`gnyicd~jlwùl`y glywljw`y gn k` y~|`+ ljilwàjgckcy+ nj icjyni~njil`+ `k ljwnui`delc gn xucg~iwcy±+ I`xlw`k +L+ x* == QNk i`xlw k + kleuc L+ vck* 0+ x* 08=T* J`w~u`kdnjwn+ Dù} yn np~lvciè` `k iunnu p~n k`yocudìlcjny ycil`kny jùd`g`y o~nucj k`y xuldnu`y nj ljvnjwù nk gljnuc*09 _k`gldluwycv+ Ceymimnywvnjll Ywucl Dcjfckcv + x* =>* Nyw` o`yn w`delìj xucg~bc nj nk i`yc gn kcydcjfckny ~j xù`knklydc `~wìjwlic icj nk onjùdnjc gn kcy yìp~lwcy nj k`y ocudìlcjny ycil`knyxunon~g`kny+ nywc ny+ fu~xcy icjwuìkàjlicy gn f~nuunucy kleuny c jcacg `k ynuvlilc gn kcy glulfnjwnywule`kny+ _k`gldluwycv+cx* ilw*+ xx* =6$<?*

QXàf* 55=Tndeùfc+ ` ~j` icuw` vlg`+ xcup~n ljvùlèkndnjwn nywè`j icjywu~lgcy yceun ~jwule~wc nkndnjw`k2 k` n}wcuylùj gluniw` gnk wnycuc | k` d`jc gn ceu` gn k`y ycilng`gnyicjp~lyw`g`y | ycdnwlg`y+ p~n xcu unfk` fnjnu`k nu`j ycil`kdnjwn dày `v`jr`g`yp~n k` xucxl` ycilng`g jùd`g` p~n+ xcu kc gndày+ k`y gnbè` ljwìw`y* Nk ecwäjdcjnwùlc nu` nk cebnwc o~jg`dnjw`k gn kc p~n nk mlywcul`gcu u~d`jc Lcuf` kk`dù¡Nyw`gcy gnxung`gcuny± 072 y~ ylywnd` ldxcylwlvc nywè` yldxkndnjwn gnywlj`gc `d`jwnjnu ` k`y o~nur`y jùd`g`y gn ci~xìlùj | ` xucxcuilcjù ~jcy ljfunycyy`jn`gcy ` k` j~nv` ùlywciuìl` gn k` nywnx` p~n nywè` `k ounjwn gnk Nyw`gcwule~wùlc* Yni~jgùl dnjwn+ k`y ycilng`gny ycdnwlg`y yn vnä`j ceklf`g`y icjouni~njil` ` xucxcuilcjù yckg`gcy xù` ~j ylywnd` dlklwù jùd`g` njcudndnjwn`dxkl`gc+ | ùwny`jcy xù` ~j` i`xlw`k xckäwli` jùd`g` unilnjwndnjwn icjywu~lg` 0>*K`y cxnuìlcjny `gdljlywu`wlv`y gn kcy Nyw`gcy jùd`g`y yn kldlwè`j jcud`kdnjwn `k` uni`~gìlùj gn ldx~nywcy+ nk icjwuck gn k`y u~w`y icdnuil`kny+ k`y ung`g`y gn



yckg`gcy | k` gnxcuwìlùj gn ùwny`jcy* Nu`j+ xcu w`jwc+ icjywu~iilcjny x~u`dnjwnxù`ylwùl`y+ ylj u`äiny nj nk ylywnd` gn xucg~iilùj+ ` i~|` icyw` vlvä`j* Nk Nyw`gcwule~wùlc yn kldlwè` ` ì`xùù ~j n}ingnjwn n}cuelw`jwn gnk ylywnd` gn glywule~ilùjn}lywnjwn+ ylj wu`jyocudù xcu nkkc y~yw jil`kdnjwn k` nicjcdä` | k` ycilng`gycdnwlg`y dày p~n ekcp~n jgc | `wucol jgc y~ gnyùuckkc* Ylj ndeùfc+ icj nknywèknildlnjwc gn nywcy ldxnulcy+ k` ycilng`g jùd`g` n}xnuldnjwù ~jcy i`delcyuàxlgcy | u`gli`kny*

K` icjp~lyw` dlklwù | k` n}xkcwìlùj olyi`k nywu`wloliùcj ljnvlwèkn | uäflg`dnjwn k`yculfljùl`y icd~jlg`gny gn ik`j1 nk x`yc gn ~j` icjongnuìlùj wule`k ` ~j Nyw`gcwule~wùlc fnjnuù `~wcdàwli`dnjwn ~j` glj`ywä` dcjàup~li` | ~j` jceknr` glulfnjwn+ynxù`g` gn kcy jùd`g`y gnk icdòj cuf`jlr`gcy nj nbìuilwcy unf~kùny e`bc nk d`jgcgn `p~ìkk`* Nj kcy i`ycy nj p~n yn icjynuvù k` culfljùl` e`yn wnuulwcul`k gnkjcd`glydc+ k` iunìlùj gn nbìuilwcy gn i`dx`ð` xnud`jnjwny glvlglù vnuwli`kdnjwn `k` ycilng`g jùd`g`1 ~j ldxcuw`jwn yniwcu p~ngù yn$07 _ì`yn J* Lcuf`+ ¡K“ljwnuxìjìwu`wlcj gn k“Culnjw nw gn k“Ciilgnjw `~ Dc|nj @fn±+ E~kknwlj gn k` Yniwlcj Mlywculp~n + ]_+ 0<5<+ @i`gndl` Ucd`j`+ x* 0?* Lcuf` o~n ~jc gn kcy xuldnucy mlywcul gcuny n~ucxncyp~n i`xwù k` ldxcuw`jil` | k` nyxnilolilg`g gn nywcy Nyw`gcy xù` k` mlywcul` gn k`y unflcjny culnjw`kny

gnk icjwljnjwn1 kcy xcywnulcuny mlywcul`gcuny u~d`jcy kn gnenj d~imc*0> _ì`jyn k`y gnyiulxilcjny nj F* _nuj`gya|+ Wmn Dcjfcky `jg U~yyl` + \`kn+ 0<>9+ xx* 00=+ 509+ 99<$70*Kcy nbìuilwcy dcjfckny w`delìj `klywè`j ` ùwny`jcy xù` y~y i~nuxcy gn ljfnjlnuä`*

QXàf* 55<T

xù`gc gnygn njwcjiny gn y~ wlnuu` j`w`k x`ywculk xù` gngliùyn `k xulvlknfl`gc gnenugnk nbìuilwc gn f~ùjlilùj nj kcy wnuulwculcy n}wnulcuny icjp~lyw`gcy+ gcjgn k`yulp~nr`y nu`j y~xnulcuny* Nywn yniwcu wnjglù ` mìnuyn xucfunylv`dnjwn yngnjwùlc |` `yldlkùyn ` k`y xcekìlcjny dày gnyùuckk`g`y c dày j~dnucy`y p~n nywè`j e`bcy~ icjwuck* Nk uny~kw`gc olj`k ynuä` ~j` icdxknw` gnyjcd`glrìlùj gnk nbìuilwc | k``gdljlywuìlùj gn ci~xìlùj | k` o~ylùj unklflcy` | ìwjli` icj k` ik`yn gcdlj`jwn

kci`k0?

* @ nywn xucinyc ynf~ä` jcud`kdnjwn k` gnyljwnfuìlùj ycil`k | xckäwli` gn wcgcnk ldxnulc+ ` dnglg` p~n kcy ik`jny jùd`g`y dày xceuny | dày xuldlwlvcy gnk ljwnulcup~ngè`j gnyf`b`gcy gn k`y u`d`y xulvlknfl`g`y | icuucdxlg`y gnk n}wnulcu* Nj kcyi`ycy nj p~n wcgc ~j x~nekc jùd`g` ndlfuè` xù` ocudù ~j ldxnulc nj j~nv`ywlnuu`y+ un`xùniä j kcy dlydcy glknd`y2 c elnj k` jceknr` jùd`g` è jgcjè`fu`g~`kdnjwn | xcu icdxknwc nk x`ywcunc | yn dnrikè` icj k` ik`yn wnuu`wnjlnjwnljgäfnj`+ c elnj wcg` k` icd~jlg`g xnud`jniä` yndlx`ywculk | y~xnux~nyw` ` kcyx~nekcy ycdnwlgcy+ nj i~|c i`yc k` y~xnulculg`g gndcfuàoli` gn ìywcy icjg~iluäòlj`kdnjwn ` ~j` unenklùj vliwculcy` | ` k` gnywu~iilùj gn kcy icjp~lyw`gcuny 06* Njnoniwc+ nk nywu`wc gn icjwuck jùd`g` yceun kcy x~nekcy icjp~lyw`gcy o~n ylndxunj~dìuli`dnjwn d~| gìelk ` i`~y` gn k` kùfli` ljmnunjwn `k jcd`glydc2 nj nk i`ycn}wundc gn kcy gcdljlcy gn Fnjfly B`j+ k` xucxcuilùj gn dcjfckny icj unyxniwc ` kcyx~nekcy wule~wùlcy nu` gn 0 ` 088 0=* Kcy ldxnulcy jùd`g`y+ o~nynj n}xnglilcjùlcy cdlfu`wculcy+ nywè`j icjgnj`gcy `k dlydc ilikc gn n}x`jylùj | gnyljwnfu ilùj+gnelgc ` p~n nk x`ywcunc wu`ym~d`jwn+ icdc dcgc gn xucg~iilùj+ nu`nywu~iw~u`kdnjwn ljicdx`wlekn icj ~j` `gdl$0? K`wwldcun+Ljjnu @yl`j oucjwlnuy co Imlj` + xx* >0<$59+ p~n yn injwu` xuljilx`kdnjwn nj nk nbndxkcdcjfck* J`w~u`kdnjwn+ j~ji` yn xucg~bc ~j` icdxknw` `yldlkìlùj i~kw~u`k njwun kcy icjp~lyw`gcunydcjfckny jl d`jimòny gn Imlj`1 nj `decy i`ycy yn icjynuvù ~j` lgnjwlg`g ìwjli` ynxù`g` m`yw` nkgnuuci`dlnjwc gn k`y unyxniwlv`y glj`ywä`y xcu nkkcy iun`g`y*06 Wmcdxycj+ @ mlywcu| co @wwlk` `jg wmn M~jy + xx* 066$=9+ gnyiulen nk i`yc gn kcy m~jcy* Wmcdxycj ynnp~lvciè`+ ylj ndeùfc+ `k y~xcjnu p~n kcy m~jcy è`jgcjùcj nk x`ywcunc gnyx~ìy gn iunù y~Ldxnulc gn X`jcjl` ` kc kùfc gnk G`j~elc* Y~ n}lywnjil` o~n gnd`yl`gc icuw` xù` nkkc* Nk ljvnywlf`gcumòjfùc Mùd`ww` m` ynð`k`gc p~n ~j è`jgcjc uàxlgc gn k` iuä` gn iè`kkcy mèuä` yci`v`gc k` e`yn

ljdngl`w` gnk xcgnuäc dlklwù gn kcy m~jcy nj N~ucx` injwu`k+ B* Mùd`ww`+ ¡K` ycilìwì gny m~jy àk“ìxcp~n g“@wwlk`±+Unimnuimny Ljwnuj`wlcj`kny + jòd* 5+ d`|c$b~jlc gn 0<>6+ xx* 0<7+ 598*0= _nuj`gyal+ Wmn dcjfcky `jg U~yyl` + xx* 098$0*



QXàf* 598T

jlywuìlùj wule~wùl` nywèkn icdc ylywnd` xckäwlic* Kcy glulfnjwny jùd`g`y gnbè`jgn ynu jùd`g`y c gnbè`j gn fcenujù* Nk x`ywcunc wu`ym~d`jwn xcgä` n}lywlu+ |n}lywlù+ nj ~j` xuniùl` yldelcyly icj k` `fuli~kw~u` yngnjwùl` nj k`y àulg`y rcj`y gnk` nywnx`+ icjynuv`jgc i`g` ~jc y~ nyxniäolic iùàiwnu | y~ wnuunjc | gnxnjglnjgcgnk cwuc nj ~j kldlw`gc ljwnui`delc gn xucg~iwcy* Xnuc i~`jgc kcy ik`jny gn x`ywcunynywèknilnucj ~j Nyw`gc gnxung`gcu yceun k`y xcekìlcjny `fuùl`y yngnjwùl y | njy~ xucxlc wnuulwculc+ j~ji` x~glnucj ocudù icj nkk`y ~j` yäjwnyly 0<* Jc y~uflnucjj~nv`y ocud`y ycil`kny c nicjùdli`y* Nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj jùd`g` ylndxun o~n~j` vä` mlywùuli` d~nuw`*

Yl w`k o~n nk i~uyc jcud`k gn ~j ilikc icdxknwc gn icjp~lyw` jùd`g`+ w`delìj m~ec+ylj ndeùfc+ `kf~j`y ldxcuw jwny vùlìlcjny gnjwuc gn k` x`~w` icdòj gn kcynyxniäolicy x~nekcy x`ywcuny p~n i`|nucj yceun N~ucx` culnjw`k ` xùwlu gn k` Ng`gCyi~u`+ k`y i~`kny x~ngnj ynu ynð`k`g`y eunvndnjwn* K` xuljilx`k o~nur` gn `wuìilùjfncfuàoli` xù` kcy nbìuilwcy gn ùp~nucy dcjw`gcy p~n ljv`glnucj y~inylv`dnjwn nkicjwljnjwn nu` k` kk`j~u` x`jùjli` gn k` M~jfuä` dcgnuj`+ xcup~n k` unflùj gn @koÿkgp~n yn n}wlnjgn njwun nk G`j~elc | nk Wlyr` ‗k` x~yrw` mòjfù`‗ nu` k` rcj`wcxcfuàoli` gn N~ucx` p~n dày yn xùniä` nj ilnuwc `yxniwcy ` k`y nywnx`y gnk @ylìnjwu`k2 ~j` yè`j` kk`j`+ ylj àueckny+ lgn`k m`yw` nk gä` gn mc| xù` k` iuä` gniè`kkcy 58* @gndày+ k x~yrw` x`jùjli` couniä` vnjw`b`y0< Euc j m` icdxù`gc unilnjwndnjwn kcy unyxniwlvcy gnywljcy gn kcy Ldxnulcy ucd`jc | imljc+njounjw`gcy ` y~y ljv`ycuny eàueùcy+ icjgnj`jgc k` uäflg` lji`xìlg`g gnk xuldnuc xù` `yldlkù ` y~yicjp~lyw`gcuny fnud`jcy | yceunvlvlu ` nkkcy icdc ilvlklrìlùj+ ` glonunjil` gn k` nkàywli` i`xìlg`g gnkynf~jgc xù` wcknuù | èycuenu ` y~y ynðcuny dcjfckny2 Unklflcj `jg ycilnw| lj wmn @fn co Y`ljw

@~f~ywljn + xx* >?$61Wmn cukg co k`wn @jwlp~lw| + x* 05>* W`k icdxùìlùj ny+ ylj ndeùfc+ ~jxù`kcflydc p~n unvnk` kcy kädlwny gn k` ¡xylickcfä` mlywùuli`±+ p~n ny k` dùi` glywljwlv`+ | nk dìulwc+ gnk` oni~jg` ceu` gn Euc j* Xcup~n k` glonunjil` njwun `decy uny~kw`gcy jc o~n icjyni~njil` gn k`yìwlw~gny i~kw~u`kny y~ebnwlv`y Mn k`y ilvlklrìlcjny ikàyli`y gn Ucd` | Imlj`+ yljc gn k` j`w~u`knr`d`wnul`k gn k`y ocudìlcjny ycil`kny p~n njwuùcj nj icjokliwc nj N~ucx` | @yl`+ unyxniwlv`dnjwn* Nkjcd`glydc gnk gnylnuwc gn iùàiwnu n}wnjylvc jc xcgä` o~jgluyn icj k` `fuli~kw~u` gn unf`gäc gniùàiwnu ljwnjylvc gnk Nyw`gc ldxnul`k imljc+ | wcg` k` xckùlg`g nicjùdli` | gndcfuàoli` njwun `decyo~n+ nj icjyni~njil`+ èyck~w`dnjwn glywljw` gn k` p~n glc culfnj ` k` yäjwnyly ucd`jc$fnudàjli` njN~ucx` ciilgnjw`k* K`y u`rcjny gn k` ldxcylelklg`g gn ~j` yäjwnyly yndnb`jwn x~ngnj njicjwuùyn njK`wwldcun+Ljjnu @yl`j oucjwlnuy co Imlj` + xx* >05 yy*58 K`y xni~klùlg`gny ycilckùfli`y gn nyw` rcj`+ `kf~j`y gn k`y i~`kny m`j g~u`gc m`yw` j~nywuc ylfkc+`xùninj icj wcg` ikùlg`g nj @* J* B*

QXàf* 590T

nywu`wìfli`y j`w~u`kny gnelgc ` y~ kci`klrìlùj nj nk injwuc gn N~ucx` | couniä` ~jè`yn wnuulwcul`k gnygn k` p~n xcgä`j k`jrùyn `w`p~ny u`gl`kny nj i~`kp~lnu gluniilùjyceun nk unywc gnk icjwljnjwn* Kcy m~jcy nywèknilnucj `p~ä y~ ldxnulc1 kcy àvùcydcjwùcj y~y i`dx`dnjwcy ilui~kùny nj k` dlyd` unflùj1 kcy eòkfùcy k` nklflnucjicdc y~ xuldnu k~fù gn gnyi`jyc1 kcy d`flùny k` icjvluwlnucj olj`kdnjwn nj y~x`wul` xnud`jnjwn1 kcy xnimnjnfcy | kcy i~d`jcy e~yiùcj njwun nkkcy y~ uno~flcolj`k+ | kcy dcjfckny+ i~`jgc ljv`glnucj N~ucx`+ kknfùcj m`yw` `kkä xù` mìnu ~j`kwc | x`yù nk ljvlnujc* Gn nywcy x~nekcy+ yùkc kcy jùd`g`y d`flùny yn mlilnucjyngnjwùlcy gnyx~ìy gn y~ gnuucw` gnk `ðc <>> nj Knimonkg+ `ynjwàjgcyn olj`kdnjwnicdc icd~jlg`g `fuäick` xnud`jnjwn nj k` i~nji` gnk G`j~elc* Nk Ldxnulc gn kcym~jcy o~n gnywucr`gc ylj gnbù u`ywucy xcu ~j` unenklùj gn k` xcekìlùj ycdnwlg`+xuljilx`kdnjwn gn wule~y fnudàjli`y+ nj Jng`c ` dngl`gcy gnk ylfkc _+ | kcy m~jcygny`xùnilnucj xù` ylndxun gn k` mlywcul`* Nk Ldxnulc àvùc o~n gnuuci`gc nj nkylfkc _LL xcu y~ xcekìlùj wule~wùl` nyk`v`+ | jc gnbù gnwuày jljfòj vnywlflc ìwjlic njN~ucx`* Kcy eòkfùcy+ cwuc x~nekc w~uic$wàuwùc+ o~nucj n}x~ky`gcy gn X`jcjl`+ xnucldxk`jwùcj ~j b`j`wc nj kcy E`ki`jny y~gculnjw`kny+ i~|` jceknr` yn `yldlkùolj`kdnjwn ` y~ xcekìlùj ycdnwlg` | yn nyk`vlrù nj nk ylfkc L]* Kcy xnimnjnfcy | kcyi~d`jcy+ gnyx~ìy gn gcdljù k`y ìw~`kny unflcjny gn îu`jl` dnulglcj`k | U~d`jä`



g~u`jwn gcy ylfkcy+ o~nucj olj`kdnjwn glyxnuy`gcy nj kcy ylfkcy ]L | ]LLL xcu kcynbìuilwcy elr`jwljc | dcjfck unyxniwlv`dnjwn1 y~y unywcy n~ucxncy m~|nucj `M~jfuä`+ gcjgn k` ik`yn glulfnjwn d`flù kcy ljwnfuù xù` unocurù y~ ynxùìlùji~kw~u`k | ìwjli` gn y~y vniljcy nyk`vcy* Nj olj+ kcy nbìuilwcy dcjfckny è`jgcjùcj nkFcel nj nk ylfkc ]LLL xù` xùwlilxù nj k` k~im` gljàywli` p~n ylf~lù ` k` d~nuwn gnFnjfly B`j+ xnuc ~j y~eyniwcu w~uic gn k`y m~nywny dcjfckny+ k` Mcug` gn Cuc+ldx~yc yceun U~yl` ~j gnxung`gcu ylywnd` gn gcdljlc g~u`jwn ilnjwc ilji~njw` `ðcy`jwny gn p~n+ ` y~ vnr+ y`kwù` mnimc xng`rcy xcu ~j` lji~uylùj gn W`dnukàj nj y~ygcdljlcy gnk I`yxlc* K` n}inxilcj`k kcjfnvlg`g gnk xcgnuäc gn k` Mcug` gn Cuc yngnelù nynjil`kdnjwn ` y~ ocuw~j` fncfuàoli`* U~yl` nu` nk x`äy n~ucxnc ylw~`gc dàyinui` gn k`y nywnx`y gn @yl` | nk òjlic p~n xcgä` ynu ycdnwlgc `k |~fc wule~wùlc gnkcy icjp~lyw`gcuny jùd`g`y gnygn k`y oucjwnu`y gn y~ xucxlc wnuulwculc x`ywculk*

Gnj Mckk`jgnu+ ¡Wmn fun`w M~jfùl`j xk`lj* @ N~ucxn`j oucjwlnu ùn`±+ Icdxù`wlvn yw~glny lj ycilnw| `jg mlywcu| + LLL+ 0<?8$0+ xx* 67$==+ 0>>$?<*

QXàf* 595T

K` i`xlw`k gn k` Mcug` gn Cuc+ ylw~`g` inui` gnk I`yxlc+ nywè` xunxù`g` xù` k`ljwnuvnjilùj | nk icjwuck dlklwù gn k` U~yl` `fuùl`+ ` k` vnr p~n xnud`jniä` gnjwucgn k`y nywnx`y+ icj kc p~n nvlwè` kcy glknd`y gn ~j` gluniw` y~xnuxcylilùj c gn ~jknb`jc icjwuck dlklwù nj nk x`äy icjp~lyw`gc*

J`w~u`kdnjwn+ nk ldxìwc gn nywcy y~inylvcy `w`p~ny jùd`g`y icjwu` N~ucx` culnjw`ko~n gnylf~`k* Xnuc nk noniwc fnjnu`k icjylywlù nj unwu`yù | ou~ywuù nk gnyùuckkc`~wùiwcjc gn k`y o~nur`y gn xucg~iilùj | gn kcy ylywnd`y gn Nyw`gc nj nk nywn* @yä+ nkLdxnulc àvùc `jnfù | d`jlx~kù k`y fu`jgny dlfuìlcjny nyk`v`y gnk ylfkc _L+ gn w`kocud` p~n gn y~y `v`jiny wnuulwcul`kny jc y~uflnucj ~j y ocud`y xckäwli`ynp~lv`knjwny+ ` glonunjil` gn k` ocudìlùj gn Nyw`gcy g~u`jwn k` ìxci` gn k`ydlfuìlcjny fnudàjli`y nj Ciilgnjwn* Nk xuldnu Nyw`gc nyk`vc `~wùiwcjc+ kò`jw`yd`k Fu`j Dcu`vl` gnk ylfkc L]+ o~n gnuule`gc xcu kcy d`flùny* Nk xuljilx`kcugnj xckäwlic gn k` @kw` Ng`g Dngl nj nk nywn+ k` U~yl` gn Alnv+ p~ngùxuco~jg`dnjwn gnelklw`gc nj xuldnu k~fù xcu kcy `w`p~ny gn kcy xnimnjnfcy | kcyi~d`jcy ` y~y ok`jicy |+ gnyx~ìy+ o~n icdxknw`dnjwn ùu`y`gc xcu kcy dcjfckny* Njicdxùìlùj+ Xckcjl` | M~jfuä` yùkc unilelnucj d`f~kk`g~u`y gn k` ljv`ylùj dcjfck`1icj wcgc+ k`y gnuucw`y gn Knfjlwy` | Y`bc ìèùcj nj Xckcjl`+ | g~u`jwn ~j`fnjnuìlùj+ icj k` ~jloliìlùj gn kcy Xl`yw`+ | gnywucrùcj nj M~jfuä` ` k` glj`ywä`

@ux`g+ gnb`jgc ` `decy x`äyny nj nk gnycugnj | k` icjo~ylùj* Nk unglvlvc Nyw`gceòkfùc ‗~j ylywnd` xckäwlic nyk`vlr`gc gnygì mìä` wlndxc‗ o~n ùu`ywu`gc ` ~jèu~xwc olj`k xcu k` unwlu`g` p~n kcy dcjfckny noniw~ùcj ` wu`vìy gn y~ wnuulwculc* Njilnuwcy `yxniwcy+ k` unflùj dày òniw`g` gn wcg`y o~n nk àun` gn k` dcgnuj` U~d`jä`+p~n p~ngù ycdnwlg` ` k` gnxungìlùj | k` gcdlj ilùj jùd`g` gn ocud` w`j

icjwlj~`g` p~n jc x~gc y~uflu jljfòj ylywnd` nyw`w`k `jwny gn k` n}x~kylùj gn kcyi~d`jcy nj nk ylfkc ]LLL* @ icjyni~njil` gn nkkc+ wcg` k` mlywcul` xcywnulcu ` kùnwlu`g` ucd`j` gn Gìl` nj nk ylfkc LLL xnud`jnin njv~nkw` nj k` cyi~ulg`g* Nkd`jwc jùd`g` yluvlù gn ocjgc cyi~uc | uni~uunjwn xù` k` ocudìlùj gnk nywndnglnv`k*

QXàf* 599T

9* NK DCGNKC GN GNY@UUCKKC

Nj nk dùic gn nywn icjwn}wc mlywùulic fnjnu`k x~ngn `j`klrùyn `mcu` k` nvck~ilùjljwnuj` gn k`y ocudìlcjny ycil`kny gn N~ucx` culnjw`k* Dù} nyiulelù ~j` vnr+ nj ~j`

iùw` ` Njfnky nj k` p~n `j`klrè` nk gnyùuckkc xckìc+ p~n ¡`p~ä x~ngn icjylgnuùynp~n k` nyik`vlw~g y~uflù gn ocud` x~u`dnjwn nicjùdli`+ ylj nk väji~kc ljwnudnglc gnk` icjp~lyw` | gnk g~`klydc ìwjlic± 0* Nyw` ou`yn ljgli` icj e`yw`jwn n}ìwlw~g k`j`w~u`knr` gnk xuceknd` xk`jwn`gc xcu k` `xùlilùj gnk on~g`klydc `k nywn gnk Nke`*



Icdc |` mndcy vlywc+ ìywn yn iùìwnulrù o~jg`dnjw`kdnjwn xcu k` `~ynjil` gn k` @jwlfûng`g+ icj y~ ilvlklrìlùj ~ue`j` | y~ dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw`* Yljndeùfc+ mèkù gn ~j` vä` ¡x~u`dnjwn nicjùdli`± `k on~g`klydc nj N~ucx` culnjw`kny ~j` n}inylv` yldxkloliìlùj p~n ckvlg` nk mnimc gn p~n k`y wlnuu`y gnk nywn ynicjvluwlnucj xunily`dnjwn nj xùwn gnk icjwljnjwn p~n kknfù ` ynu N~ucx` | p~n+ xcuw`jwc+ jc x~glnucj nyi`xù ` `kf~jcy gnwnudlj`jwny fnjnu`kny ‗nywu~iw~u`kny |y~xnunywu~iw~u`kny‗ gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj on~g`k p~n mèä` y~uflgc nj Ciilgnjwn*Nk dcgnkc ljlil`k gn k`y icd~jlg`gny `fuäick`y nyk`v`y p~n ci~xùcj k` d`|cu xùwngn k` dlw`g culnjw`k gnk icjwljnjwn ylw~`g` `k jcuwn gnk G`j~elc |` yn m` ynð`k`gc`jwny* @kf~jcy ylfkcy gnyx~ìy gn k`y dlfuìlcjny+ nyw`y icd~jlg`gny nu`j wcg`vä``dcuo`y | xuldlwlv`y+ |` p~n y~ gnyùuckkc jc o~n ìnknu`gc xcu jljfòj icjwìwcxunvlc icj ocud`y ~ue`j`y c ldxnul`kny jl xcu ~j` o~ylùj xcywnulcu icj nkk`y+ g`gcp~n iùnilnucj gn ~j knf`gc xucingnjwn gn k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli`* K` wule~ | nk ik`jycil`k o~nucj g~u`jwn kùfc wlndxc k`y ~jlg`gny eàyli`y gn k` cuf`jlrìlùj ycil`k1 nkx`f`jlydc `jinywu`k p~ngù ljwìwc1 m`yw` nk ylfkc _LLL+ k`y wìijli`y `fuäick`y o~nucju~gldnjwùl`y+ icj xungcdljlc gnk i~kwlvc nj wlnuu`y gnyeucr`g`y xcu o~nfc nj kcyecyp~ny gn k`y kk`j~u`y gnk nywn1 jl ylp~lnu` yn unflywuùcj Nyw`gcy `~wùiwcjcy icdckcy gn kcy dùicd`jcy | i~`gcy+ p~n mèä`j n}lywlgc g~u`jwn eunvn wlndxc ` kc kùfc

gnkkldny ucd`jc* X`~k`wlj`dnjwn+ ylj ndeùfc+0 Dù}$Njfnky+ Ynkniwng icuunyxcjgnjin + Kcjguny+ 0<?>+ x* <>*

QXàf* 597T

o~n `v`jr`jgc k` glonunjilìlùj ycil`k | k` nywu`wloliìlùj xckäwli`* K` knjw` wu`jylilùjmìl` nk i~kwlvc unf~kù `~dnjwù nk n}ingnjwn glyxcjlekn xù` k` xknj` iulyw`klr ilùjgn ~j` jceknr` f~nuunu`+ gnyvlji~k`g` gn k` xucg~iilùj nicjùdli`* K`y ùlywciuìl`ygn ik`j icjycklgùcj y~ gcdljlc xcu dnglc gn k` `gp~lylilùj gn fu`jgny xucxlng`gny

| k` ~wlklrìlùj gn i`~wlvcy gn f~nuu` icdc d`jc gn ceu` nyik`v` xù` i~kwlvùk`y* Nkxnp~nðc i`dxnylj gc+ icj y~y xucxlng`gny ljglvlg~`kny+ icjynuvù nj ci`ylcjny y~y

ljywlw~ilcjny xcx~kùny gn `y`dekn` | b~ywlil`+ xnuc xcu kc gndày p~ngù ycdnwlgc `y~ xcgnu* @ xùwlu gn njwcjiny `xùnilnucj xuäjilxny | bnony+ i~|cy yni~ìny yn`fu~xùcj nj kcy mèlw~`kny yìp~lwcy ùd`gcy+ p~n icjywlw~|nucj gnygn njwcjiny nkjòiknc gn ~j` ik`yn gcdlj`jwn nywèlklr`g`* Nyw` d`g~uìlùj gn ~j` bnuùp~ä` ycil`k

| xckäwli` yn vlc ìcdx`ð`g` d~| xucjwc xcu ~j` ldxunylcj`jwn d~kwlxkliìlùj gnxnp~nð`y il~g`gny g~u`jwn kcy ylfkcy L] | ]+ onjùdnjc p~n o~n icdòj ` U~yl`+Xckcjl` | Ecmndl`* Ljlil`kdnjwn+ `k dnjcy nj Xckcjl`+ nyw`y il~g`gny o~nucj injwucywule`kny ocuwloli`gcy | gcdlj`gcy xcu kcy i`ywlkkcy kci`kny 5* Xnuc w`delìj ynicjvluwlnucj gn ocud` j`w~u`k nj nk jòiknc gnk icdnuilc | k` ùwny`jä` unflcj`k+ | njU~yl` ‗gcjgn ny dnjcy icjcilg` y~ cuf`jlrìlùj xckäwli`‗ unvnkùcj ~j` glvlylùj~ue`j` gnk wuè`bc unk`wlv`dnjwn `v`jr`g`* I~ jgc kcy nyi jglj`vcy kknfùcj Ù~yl`+ k` gnjcdljùcj Fùgùlal ‗k` wlnuu` gn k`y il~g`gny‗ gnelgc ` p~n `kkänjicjwuùcj d~imcy injwucy icdnuil`kny* K` `xùlilùj gn nyw`y fuùg| xckì`y |fcucg` u~y`y o~n p~lrà k` jcvng`g dày ldxcuw`jwn p~n yn xucg~bc nj wlnuu`y nyk`v`yg~u`jwn nywn xnuäcgc+ g`g` k` icdxknw` `~ynjil` xunvl` gn ~ue`jlrìlùj nj nk nywn*Nywn o~n nk x~jwc dày `kwc gn k` nvck~ilùj ycil`k njgùfnj` gn N~ucx` culnjw`k nj k`Ng`g Cyi~u`*

Nj noniwc+ nk xcywnulcu gnyùuckkc xckäwlic gn wcg` k` unflùj yn ylw~ù gnygn `mcu` e`bc~j o~jg`dnjw`k ljok~bc n}ùfnjc* Ìk `~fn gnk on~g`klydc n~ucxnc ciilgnjw`k | nkldxìwc gnk n}x`jylcjlydc nyi`jglj`vc mèuä`j gn ynjwluyn xuco~jg`dnjwn dày `kkàgnk Nke`* @ xùwlu gn nywn dcdnjwc+ mèuà p~n unicugù ylndxun k` xuc}ldlg`gicjwljnjw`k gn ylywnd`y nicjùdlicy | ycil`kny dày `v`jr`gcy | `g|ìnjwny ` nkk`xù` `j`klrù nk i~uyc gn kcy mnimcy nj k` xucxl` N~ucx` culnjw`k* Nk xuco~jgc ljok~bcp~n gn glonunjwny ocud`y nbnuilnucj yceun k`y nywu~iw~$5 Mnju|a Kc dl`jc yal+ ¡K` fnjíyn gny Nw`wy yk`vny nw yny e`yny ycil`kny nw ìicjcdlp~ny±+ K` Xckcfjn `~ ]L n Icjfuíy Ljwnuj wlcj k gny Yilnjiny Mlywculp~ny ` Ucdn + _ùycvl`+ 0<>>+ xx* 5<$99+ uny~dnj gn



k`y cxljlcjny iw~`kny yceun nk xuldnu gnyùuckkc nyk`vc*

QXàf* 59>T

u`y xckäwli`y | kcy ylywnd`y nyw`w`kny gnk nywn dnglnv`k x~ngnj `xunilùyn xcu kìcjylywnjil` gn kcy wnywldcjlcy olkcyùolicy p~n kc ìunglw`j 9* @yä+ xuàiwli`dnjwn wcg`yk`y x`kèu`y nyk`v`y o~jg`dnjw`kny xù` gnylfjù g~u`jwn nywn xnuäcgc nk u`jfc | nkgcdljlc xckäwlic dày nknv`gc ‗ny gnilu+ nk vciè~kùlc gn k` y~xnunywu~iw~u` nyw`w`k‗yn gnulv`j gn wìudljcy fnudàjlicy+ k`wljcy c w~u`jlcy* Nk wyù ‗¡ndxnu`gcu±‗ u~ycnywà wcd`gc gnk i`nyù ucd`jc* Nk auck xckìc+ nk au`k y~gnyk`vc ‗¡un|±‗ xucingngnk jcdeun nxùjldc gnk xucxlc Iùkcd`fjc+ Iùck~y D`fj~y * Nk aj|`r u~yc‗¡xuäjilxn±‗ yn gnulv` gnk `kndàj `jwlf~c a~jljf$`r + dlnjwu`y p~n gu~źlj` -gu~ ź |j` nj xckìc, ‗¡yìp~lwc±‗ p~lrà xucingn gnk fùwlic guljf`j * Nk ec|ù ‗¡jcekn±‗ u~yc | y~gnyk`vc ny ~j` x`kèu` w~u`jl`+ `gcxw`g` gn k` ùlywciuìl`jùd`g` gn k`y nywnx`y+ p~n gnylfjù nj xuldnu k~fù ` k` ik`yn glulfnjwn eòkfù`* Nku|wlu| imnic ‗¡iè`kknuc±‗ ny nk unlwnu kndàj* K`y x`kèu`y xckì` | imni` xù`¡on~gc± ‗ ]`j | k`j ‗ ycj w`delìj yldxkny wu`jyiulxilcjny gnk `kndàj knmnj 7* Nywnnjcudn xungcdljlc gn wìudljcy n}wu`jbnucy -i`yl ylndxun ciilgnjw`kny+ fnudàjlicy cucd`jcy, ny xcu yä dlydc nkci~njwn* \+ ` k` ljvnuy`+ ny d~| ylfjloli`wlvc p~n p~lrà k`x`kèu` x~u`dnjwn nyk`v` dày ldxcuw`jwn nj k` nyonu` y~xnunywu~iw~u`k ‗nk vncvcg` u~yc c nk cbn cg` xckìc‗9 Nj k` ìw~`klg`g+ nywcy wnywldcjlcy yn lfjcu`j ouni~njwndnjwn+ xcu icuwnyä` icjvnjilcj`k+ gnelgc ` k`yim`~vljlyw`y xunwnjylcjny `knd`j`y gn p~n w`kny wnywldcjlcy dcywuùä`j p~n k`y xuldnu`y ycilng`gnynyk`v`y nu`j ¡lji`xìny± gn ocudù ~j Nyw`gc xcu yä dlyd`y+ kc p~n icjg~bc ` kcy mlywcul`gcuny gnk nywn` jnfùkcy c dljldlrùkcy* Kcy nicy gn nyw`y icjwucvnuyl`y wcg`vä` jc yn m`j ylknjil`gc xcu icdxknwc+icdc x~ngn vnuyn icjy~kw`jgc O* Fu`~yy+ ¡Gn~wyimn ~jg Yk` lyimn _nuo`yy~jfyfnyimlimwn±+ Mlywculyimn Rnlwyimulow + I]K_LLL+ 0<?9+ xx* 5?>$906* K`y xunci~xìlcjny p~n k`y ljyxlu j ycj+ xcu y~x~nywc+icdxknw`dnjwn `bnj`y `k d`wnul`klydc mlywùulic* @oludù k` cevl` vnug`g gn p~n k`y ocudìlcjny ycil`knynyk`v`y nu`j nj fnjnu`k dày xuldlwlv`y p~n k`y fnudàjli`y ` xuljilxlcy gn k` Ng`g Dngl`+ | p~n`xunjglnucj xckäwli`dnjwn gn nkk`y+ jc np~lv`kn ` `ylfjù ` jljf~jc gn nycy fu~xcy ~j`y ljwuäjyni`yiùìwnuäywli`y ¡ìwjli`y±+ yljc yldxkndnjwn ` gnilu p~n k`y xuldnu`y ljlilùcj ~j` vä` yndnb`jwn gn

nvck~ilùj gnyx~ìy p~n k`y ynf~jg`y+ xcu gnwnudlj`g`y u`rcjny mlywùuli`y+ p~n nj yä dlyd`y jc gliwùcjnj dcgc `kf~jc y~y unyxniwlv`y wu`|niwcul`y xcywnulcuny+ k`y i~`kny+ j`w~u`kdnjwn+ yn iùìwnulrùcj xcu~j gnyùuckkc gnylf~`k | jc uniwlkäjnc* Jc wnjguä` p~n ynu jninyùlc unxnwlu nyw`y xnucfu~kk`g`y*7 O* Gvcujla+ Wmn Yk`vy lj N~ucxn`j mlywcu| `jg ilvlklr`wlcj + Jn Eu~jy lia+ 0<?5+ xx* 050+ 0781 K*D~yynw+Kny ljv`ylcjy* Kn ynicjg `yy`~w icjwun k“N~ucxn imuìwlnjjn + x* 6=1 Fncufny _nd`gya|+ Alnv`j U~yyl` + \`kn+ 0<7=+ x* 06=1 A* V~munu+ ¡Gln Yim nglyimnj K`jgyimòwyunimwn ~jg Wìlw~y“ Fnud`jl`±+Rnlwyimulow gny Y`vlfj|$Ywlow~jf oûu Unimwyfnyimlimwn -Fnud`jlyimn @ewnlk~jf, + K]]]L]+ 0<><+ xx* 58$0*

QXàf* 59?T

ylfjlolp~n yldxkndnjwn ¡`p~nk p~n glulfn ` kcy f~nuunucy±+ nywc ny+ nk bnon wule`kdlklwù gn k` xuldnu` o`yn gn k` nvck~ilùj ycil`k+ gnyiulw` xcu Wàilwc* Nywn wìudljcyceunvlvlù m`yw` icjvnuwluyn g~u`jwn k` Ng`g Dngl` nj ~j wäw~kc ocud`k* Xcu kc gndày+

i`yl wcgc nk vciè~kùlc gn kcy u`jfcy o~n wcd`gc gnk n}wnulcu*Nj k` ocudìlùj gn k`y nywu~iw~u`y nyw`w`kny gnk nywn m~ec `gndày ~j ynf~jgci`w`klr`gcu n}wnulcu2 k` Lfknyl` iulywl`j`* Gnk dlydc dcgc p~n k` wu`jylilùj gnicd~jlg`gny wule`kny ` ylywnd`y xckäwlicy wnuulwcul`kny nj k` ìxci` gn kcy`ynjw`dlnjwcy fnudàjlicy nj Ciilgnjwn nyw~vc ljvùlèkndnjwn ìcdx`ð`g` xcu kìcjvnuylùj unklflcy`+ `yä w`delìj nj nk nywn k` o~jgìlùj gn Nyw`gcy dcjàup~licyicljilglù x~jw~`kdnjwn icj k` `gcxilùj gnk iulywl`jlydc* Icdc |` mndcy ynð`k`gc+ nkè`jgcjc gnk x`f`jlydc wule`k o~n jcud`kdnjwn ~j` icjglilùj lgnckùfli` xunvl` ` k`gny`xùlilùj gn kcy xuljilxlcy ilàjlicy gn cuf`jlrìlùj ycil`k | `k nywèknildlnjwc gn~j` bnuùp~ä` | ~j` `~wculg`g xckäwli` injwu`klr`g`* Nk ì}lwc gn k` ceu` gn kcyndlyùlcy niknylàywlicy xucingnjwny gnk n}wnulcu ‗i`wùklicy ~ cuwcgc}cy‗ o~n xcuw`jwc ~j icdxcjnjwn nynjil`k nj nk xucinyc gn k` ocudìlùj gn kcy Nyw`gcy nj N~ucx`culnjw`k* Nk xuljilx`gc gn Ecmndl` o~n o~jg`gc xcu k` glj`ywä` gn kcy Xundäyklg`y+i~`jgc y~ xuldnu ycenu`jc+ _ìk`v+ p~n fcenujù gnygn nk <0> m`yw` nk <5<+ yn



icjvluwlù nj ~j ùglnjwn iulywl`jc* Nk xuldnu Nyw`gc xckìc ~jlwùlc yn iunù i~`jgc nkxcwnjw`gc Dlnilyk`c L+ o~jg`gcu gn k` glj`ywä` gn kcy Xl`yw`+ `gcxwù yld~kwàjn`dnjwnk` on i`wùkli` | nk wäw~kc g~i`k nj nk `ðc <??* Nk unljc vùnfc `ki`jrù y~ ocudìcdxknw` nj k` U~yl` gn Alnv i~`jgc nk xuäjilxn u~uäalg` _k`gldluc ìnxwù nke`~wlydc cuwcgc}c nj nk `ðc <== icj cebnwc gn cewnjnu ~j d`wuldcjlc ldxnul`k icj k`mnud`j` gnk ndxnu`gcu elr`jwljc E`ylklc LL* Kcy jùd`g`y mòjfùcy yn `ynjwùcj |cuf`jlrùcj nj ~j Nyw`gc un`k gn ocud` yndnb jwn icj k` icjvnuylùj gnk xuldnuc gnkcy @ux`g+ Nywne`j+ p~n ‗icdc Dlnilyk`c‗ unilelù gn Ucd` y~ iungc -<??$6, | y~dcjùp~ä` -0888,+ nk ~jc ` i`delc gn k` cwu`* Nj wcgcy nywcy i`ycy+ k` `gcxilùj gnkiulywl jlydc xcu kcy xuäjilxny o~n ynf~lg` gn ~j` iulywl`jlrìlùj colil`k gn y~yyòeglwcy2 nu` ~j ìwc lj`~f~u`k gnk Nyw`gc* Nj d~imcy i`ycy+ nyw`kkùcj gnyx~ìyunìilcjny x`f`j`y xcx~kùny nj Xckcjl`+ M~jfuä` | U~yl`+ nj k`y p~n yn dnrikùcjk` xucwnyw` unklflcy` | ycil`k icjwu` nk j~nvc cugnj*

Ylj ndeùfc+ k` ljjcvìlùj unklflcy` o~n ~j x`yc dày gloäilk nj k` icjycklgìlùj gn kcyNyw`gcy dcjàup~licy p~n nk wuàjylwc gn ~j` jceknr` gn yìp~lwc ` ~j` jceknr`wnuulwcul`k* \`

QXàf* 596T

mndcy vlywc p~n k` `xùlilùj gn ~j ylywnd` gn yìp~lwc dùi` nj wcg`y xùwny ~jù~xw~u` gnilylv` icj kcy väji~kcy gn xùnjwnyic icdc xuljilxlc eàylic gn k`cuf`jlrìlùj ycil`k1 ~j yìp~lwc unxunynjw` nk ~deu`k xù` k` wu`jylilùj gn ~j`ùlywciuìl` wule`k ` ~j` on~g`k* ^j` vnr p~n yn ocud` nk yìp~lwc gnk xuäjilxn ‗fu~xcgn jcekny gn vùlcy ik`jny p~n icjywlw~|nj nk xnuycj`k njwcujc dlklwù gnk xuäjilxn+ nki~`k kcy d`jwlnjn nicjùdli`dnjwn icj y~y elnjny | unxùwn icj nkkcy y~ ecwäj gnf~nuu` ` i`delc gnk ynuvlilc kn`k nj nk icde`wn | k` `gdljlywuìlùj‗ yn icjvlnuwnmèlw~`kdnjwn nj nk xuldnu ljywu~dnjwc o~jg`dnjw`k gnk fcelnujc un`k* @mcu` elnj+xù` p~n gn nywn yìp~lwc dlklwù y`kf` ~j` jceknr` nyxniäoli dnjwn on~g`k nyjninyùlc wcg`vä` ~j x`yc iu~il`k2 y~ wnuulwcul`klrìlùj icdc ik`yn wnuu`wnjlnjwn* Nj

cwu`y x`kèu`y+ nk fu~xc icdxìwc gn f~ùgl`y | f~nuunucy un`kny yn gnen glyxnuyùxù` icjvnuwluyn nj ynðcuny icj gcdljlcy xucvljil`kny+ xcynägcy icdc on~gcy nj v`y`kk`bn ` y~ dcjùi`* Nywn x`yc nywu~iw~u`k nyw~vc ljvùlèkndnjwn kknjc gnxnklfucy+ |` p~n k` o`yn olj`k gn wcgc nk dcvldlnjwc ylndxun `dnj`rù icj `j~kù kcy`v`jiny gn k` xuldnu` o`yn `k xucg~ilu ~j` jceknr` kci`k `jàup~li` | uni`kilwu jwn `wcg` `~wculg`g un`k injwu`klr g`+ @yä y~ufä` o`w`kdnjwn nk xnklfuc gn ~jgnyljwnfuìlùj gnk culfljùlc Nyw`gc dcjàup~lic+ i~|` ~jlg`g nywè` `ynf~u`g` icjdnjcy gloli~kw`gny+ xù`gùbli`dnjwn+ nj nk nyw`glc dnjcy `v`jr`gc gnk yìp~lwcgcdìywlic* K` ldxk`jwìlùj gn ~j ylywnd` gn on~gcy nywèkn n ljwnfu`gc icjywlw~|ù+x~ny+ ~j xucinyc n}wund`g`dnjwn gloäilk* Nj Ciilgnjwn+ nyn ylywnd` yùkc `xùnilùgnyx~ìy gn vùlcy ylfkcy gn u~gldnjwùlcy | icjo~ycy w`jwncy g~u`jwn k` Ng`g Cyi~u`

| yn icjycklgù olj`kdnjwn njwun nk gnuu~de`dlnjwc fnjnu`k gn k` `~wculg`gdcjàup~li` ~jlwùl` nj nk ylfkc ]+ dnglc dlknjlc gnyx~ìy gn k`y ljv`ylcjnyfnudàjli`y* Xcu w`jwc+ jc ny n}wu`ðc p~n nj nk nywn w`dxcic m~elnu` ~j xucfunyckljn`k gnygn kcy xuldnucy Nyw`gcy gljàywlicy gn kcy Xundäyklg`y+ kcy Xl`yw` | kcyU~uäalg`y ` kcy ylywnd`y on~g`kny xknj`dnjwn ìè`gcy* Xcu nk icjwuùlc+ nj wcgcynywcy i`ycy ‗Ecmndl`+ Xckcjl` | U~yl`‗ yn xucg~bc ~j` uni`äg` olj`k nj k` icjo~ylùj

| nk gnycugnj+ unfunylùj xckäwli` nj k` p~n nk xcgnu gn kcy xuäjilxny | k` ~jlg`gwnuulwcul`k yn ou`fdnjwùcj c niklxyùcj >* Icjylgn$> K` n}xnulnjil` gn N~ucx` culnjw`k icjywlw~|n ~j `vlyc y`k~gèkn icjwu` k`y gnyòcu`g`y xunwnjylcjny gnkcy mlywcul`gcuny kci kny ìnui` gnk Nyw`gc `jfkcy`bùj gn Ljfk`wnuu`+ xunynjw`gc ` dnj~gc icdcun`klr`gcu gn ~j` wu`jylilùj xuàiwli`dnjwn xknj` gn ì}lwc `k on~g`klydc nj väyxnu`y gn k` ljv`ylùjjcud`jg`+ gnelgc `k iùàiwnu ~jlwùlc gn y~ fcelnujc

QXàf* 59=T

u`g`y nj ~j` xnuyxniwlv` icdxù`g`+ nyw`y vlilylw~gny gn kcy xuldnucy ylywnd`y



nyw`w`kny gnk nywn wnjä`j y~y u`äiny nj kcy xuceknd`y xk`jwn`gcy xcu k` ocub` gn ~j`jceknr` ynðcul`k icmnunjwn gnjwuc gn ~j ylywnd` xckäwlic dcjàup~lic ~jlwùlc+ p~n `y~ vnr xuny~xcjä` k` iunìlùj gn ~j i`dxnylj`gc ynuvlk+ `gyiulwc ` k` wlnuu` | njicjglilcjny gn y~dljlywuù ~j n}ingnjwn ` ~j` bnuùp~ä` on~g`k gnyùuckk`g`* Xcugnoljlilùj+ ~j ylywnd` gn on~gcy jc xcgä` y~uflu dlnjwu`y jc n}lywlnu` ~j` d`jc gnceu` ynuvlk p~n xucxcuilcjù` y~y xucg~iwcuny ljdngl`wcy* Nj Ciilgnjwn+ k` `xùlilùj

| k` fnjnu`klrìlùj gnoljlwlv` gn k` ynuvlg~deun yùkc mèä` wnjlgc k~fù+ ~j` vnr dày+nj nk wu`jyi~uyc gnk ylfkc ]+ gnyx~ìy gn wcg` k` n}xnulnjil` gn k` Ng`g Cyi~u` | gnkLdxnulc iùckljflc p~n kn x~yc olj* K` nicjcdä` u~u`k iùìwnuäywli` gn ny` kùf`ìxci` p~n v` gnk ylfkc _ `k L] mèä` wnjlgc ‗icdc mndcy vlywc‗ ~j iùàiwnu d~|dl}wc | ok~lgc+ icj k` icn}lywnjil` nj y~ ynjc gn nyik`vcy+ xnp~nðcy xucxlnwùlcy+ùunjg`wùlcy kleuny | i`dxnyljcy gnxnjglnjwny* Nj nk nywn jc mèä` n}lywlgcxunvl`dnjwn ~j dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw`+ xcu kc p~n nk x~jwc gn xùwlg` gn k`nvck~ilùj mìl` k` ynuvlg~deun w~vc p~n ynu jninyùl`dnjwn glywljwc | dày xuldlwlvc*Xnuc w`delìj `p~ä k` ycilng`g u~u`k ljdngl`w`dnjwn xcywnulcu `k nywèknildlnjwc gnkcy ylywnd`y gn Nyw`gc ylndxun o~n mnwnucfìjn` | wu`jylwcul`2 k` ljdnjy` d`|cuä` gnki`dxnylj`gc jc mèä` n}xnuldnjw`gc wcg`vä` k` ynuvlg~deun* Nk on~g`klydc culnjw`kyùkc x~gc jìnu gnyx~ìy gn y~y jninyùlcy gckcuny gn xùwc*

Yl w`k o~n nj nk nywn nk dcgnkc fnjnu`k gn k` xuldnu` o`yn gn gnyùuckkc+ m~ecj`w~u`kdnjwn ldxcuw`jwny glonunjil`y nj k` wu`|niwcul` nicjùdli`+ xckäwli` | i~kw~u`kgn k`y glywljw`y unflcjny+ p~n ny xunilyc n}`dljù `mcu`* U~yl` unxunynjw` nk i`ycdày ljwnuny`jwn | icdxknbc gnelgc ` p~n `kkä yn d`jlonywù p~lrà `kfc yndnb`jwn ` ~j`

vìlk`jwn ycdeu` ¡culnjw`k± gn k` yäjwnyly ciilgnjw`k* Nk xuldnu Nyw`gc u~yc o~niun`gc ` olj`kny gnk ylfkc L] | xuljilxlcy gnk ] xcu xlu`w`y | dnui`gnuny y~nicy p~ne`bùcj gnygn Nyi`jglj`vl` xcu k`y u~w`y ok~vl`kny ?* @kkä njicj$

un`k* Nj un`klg`g+ k` y~inylùj gljàywli` nywèkn c ~j icmnunjwn ylywnd` gn on~gcy jc mèä j `xùnilgcwcg`vä` nj k` Ljfk`wnuu` `jfkcy`bcj`+ i~|c `v`jin unk`wlvc yn mèuä` gnuu~de`gc xcywnulcudnjwn nj ~jgnycugnj | ~j` unfunylùj yndnb`jwny ` kcy p~n n}xnuldnjwùcj kcy xuldnucy Nyw`gcy nyik`vcy+ gnelgc `k` icdòj `~ynjil` gn ~j` mnunjil` ikàyli`* K` icjp~lyw` jcud`jg`+ xucg~iwc gn k` yäjwnyly ucd`jc$fnudàjli` gnk Ciilgnjwn icjwljnjw`k+ o~n kc p~n ldxlglù nyn unwucinyc*? Nk ynjwldlnjwc jìlcj`klyw` u~yc m` icjg~ilgc unxnwlg`dnjwn+ w`jwc nj nk ylfkc ]L] icdc nj nk ]]+ `jnfù kcy cuäfnjny nyi`jglj`vcy gnk Nyw`$

QXàf* 59<T

wuùcj ~j` ycilng`g p~n |` mèä` xucg~ilgc d~im`y il~g`gny kci`kny nj kcy ecyp~ny+xnuc jc ~j` ~jlg`g jl ~j ylywnd` xckäwlic unflcj`k* Kcy icdnuil`jwny | yckg`gcy

vùnfcy p~n kknfùcj ` U~yl` nywèknilnucj d~| xucjwc y~ y~xundìä` xckäwli` yceunnywcy injwucy ~ue`jcy+ njk`r`jgc k`y vä`y ok~vl`kny gnk _ckbcv | nk _ckf` m`yw` iunù~j` yck` rcj` gn wuàjylwc nicjùdlic gnygn nk dù Eàkwlic `k dù Jnfuc | o~jg`jgc~j Nyw`gc i~|c nbn gn `~wculg`g xckäwli` le` gnygn Jcvfcucg m`yw` Alnv* Icdc |`

mndcy vlywc nj cwuc k~fù+ nk Nyw`gc vùnfc u`gli`gc nj Alnv w~vc ~j iùàiwnuicdnuil`k+ x~ny yn ngloliù xù` icjwuckù k`y u~w`y icdnuil`kny njwun Nyi`jglj`vl` |nk dù Jnfuc+ | y~ xuljilx`k cebnwc gn n}xcuw ilùj icjylywlù nj nyik`vcy+ gnywlj`gcy`k d~jgc d~y~kdàj c ` Elr`jilc* Nj nk y~u gn U~yl` yn ocudù ~j ndxculc gn nyik`vcy‗i~| rcj` gn i`xwìlùj nu` wcgc nk nywn nyk`vc‗ p~n xucvn|ù ` k`y wlnuu`ydnglwnuuàjn`y | xnuy`y icjp~lyw`g`y xcu kcy àuèny | `k Ldxnulc fulnfc* Nk Nyw`gc

bàrùc+ ylw~`gc dày `k nywn+ p~n xunvl`dnjwn mèä` gcdlj`gc nk k~iu`wlvc icdnuilc gnn}xcuwìlùj ` Xnuyl`+ o~n nkldlj`gc+ | kcy glulfnjwny vùnfcy icjp~lywùcj `yä nkìinyc gluniwc ` k`y u~w`y gnk I`yxlc 6* Nyw`y ldxcuw`jwny cxnuìlcjny icdnuil`kny gnkNyw`gc gn Alnv icjwule~|nucj ` gù ` N~ucx` y~ j~nv` | xnud`jnjwn x`kèu` xù`gnylfjù ` kcy nyik`vcy2 yik`v~y `xùnilù xcu vnr xuldnu` nj nk ylfkc ]* Kcyicdnuil`jwny vùnfcy w`delìj ndeùiè`j inu`+ xlnkny | dlnk+ p~n g~u`jwn wcg` k`Ng`g Dngl` o~nucj kcy xuljilx`kny ùwäi~kcy u~ycy gn n}xcuwìlùj+ xnuc y~ldxcuw`jil` ylndxun o~n dnjcu* Nk gnyùuckkc ~ue`jc gn Alnv+ p~n kn ylwò` `xùwn gni~`kp~lnu cwuc injwuc gn N~ucx` culnjw`k+ yn e`yè` nynjil`kdnjwn nj ~j icdnuilc



p~n xcu njwcjiny unxunynjwè` |` ~j iunilnjwn `jìucjlydc gnjwuc gn k` nicjcdä`ciilgnjw`k*

Icj wcgc+ yl kcy glulfnjwny jùuglicy gn Alnv glnucj nk ljlil`k ldx~kyc xckäwlic | k`n}xnulnjil` icdnuil`k `k xuldnu Nyw`gc u~yc+ kc p~n dày icjwule~|ù ` k` unk`wlvìcdxknblg`g y~xnunywu~iw~u`k gn k` U~yl` gn Alnv o~n nk nywunimc icjwìwc glxkc$

gc gn Alnv -| gnygn k~nfc k` xucingnjil` gn k` xucxl` x`kèu` ¡U~y±,* Jc ny xunilyc gndcywuù `p~ä nk`jìucjlydc gn w`k mlywculcfuòä` ¡x`wulùwli`±+ p~n wlnjn y~ np~lv`knjwn nj kcy dlwcy ljfknyny yceun k`¡icjwlj~lg`g±+ ` k` p~n yn m` `k~glgc `jwny*6 M`| ~j `jàklyly np~lkleu`gc gn k` j`w~u`knr` gnk x`xnk gn kcy vùnfcy nj U~yl`+ nj D~yynw+ Kny ljv`ylcjy* Kn ynicjg `yy`~w + xx* <<$08?+ 5?0$?* Ny xunilyc wnjnu nj i~njw` p~n k` x`kèu` nyk`v` p~nylfjloli` il~g`g+ fcucg + ny+ nj gnoljlwlv`+ k` dlyd` p~n nk `jwlf~c wìudljc jùuglic fùgu + xnuc jc nyynf~uc p~n p~ìkk` xucing` gn ìyw`* Occwn | Vlkycj+ Wmn _laljf ìmlnvndnjw + x* 550*

QXàf* 578T

dàwlic | i~kw~u`k icj Elr`jilc ` wu`vìy gnk dù Jnfuc* Ny `p~ä gcjgn dày nvlgnjwnuny~kw` ~j xù`knklydc kldlw`gc icj nk Ldxìwc gnk Ldxnulc ucd`jc yceun nkCiilgnjwn fnudàjlic* Nj icjiunwc+ w`jwc k` knjf~` nyiulw` icdc k` unklflùj ‗kcy gcyicdxcjnjwny eàylicy gn wcgc ylywnd` lgnckùflic gn `p~nkk` ìxci`‗ o~nucjldxcuw`gcy gn Elr`jilc* Kcy xuldnucy xuäjilxny vùnfcy gn Alnv mèä`j icjinelgc `y~ i`xlw`k icdc ~j` e`yn xù` k` n}xnglilcjny gn xlu`wnuä` icjwu` Elr`jilc | Xnuyl`-nyxnil`kdnjwn icjwu` nk xuldnuc+ eulkk`jwn unicdxnjy` xù` nk xlkk`bn,* Ylj ndeùfc+y~y `w`p~ny o~nucj unim`r`gcy gcy vniny+ nj kcy `ðcy =?8 | <70+ | xcic gnyx~ìy nkxuldnu xuäjilxn vùnfc p~n kknvù ~j jcdeun nyk`vc+ _k`gldlu+ `gcxwù nk iulywl`jlydc*Kcy `koènwcy fk`fckäwlic | iluäklic o~nucj ljvnjw`gcy xcu yìnugcwny fulnfcynyxniäoli`dnjwn xù` kcy lglcd`y gn kcy x~nekcy nyk`vcy | xù` k` i`~y` gn y~icjvnuylùj ` k` on cuwcgc}`* K` U~yl` gn Alnv `gcxwù `mcu` ~j` nyiulw~u` | ~j iungc |+icj nkkcy+ k` ljywlw~ilùj elr`jwlj` gn ~j` Lfknyl` nyw`w`k* Ikìulfcy fulnfcy o~nucjnjvl`gcy ` îu`jl` xù` knv`jwù ~j` bnuùp~ä` niknylàywli` p~n fu`g~`kdnjwn yn mlrcw`j nyk`vlr`g` icdc mèuä` gn mìnuyn k` i`y` gcdlj`jwn | y~y yìp~lwcy* Nyw` Lfknyl`ynuä` xcywnulcudnjwn nk dnglc xù` nk wu`yxk`jwn lgnckùflic gn k` wu`glilùj ldxnul`k`~wciuàwli` gnk Ldxnulc gn Culnjwn+ ljik~yc gnyx~ìy gn k` xcywnulcu gny`xùlilùj gnìywn* Nk ljok~bc `gdljlywu`wlvc | i~kw~u`k gn Elr`jilc xùniä` xnudlwlu+ x~ny+ ~j`xuniùl` yäjwnyly u~y` nj nk nywn p~n xcguä` icdxùùyn ` k` yäjwnyly ou`ji` njCiilgnjwn+ w`jwc nj y~y xuniciny un`klrìlcjny icdc nj y~y ljnvlwèkny uni`äg`y+ynf~lg`y xcu nk i`cy | k` unfunylùj =* Ylj ndeùfc+ kcy kädlwny gn nyw`y icdxùìlcjnyycj nvlgnjwny* Njwun Alnv | Elr`jilc jc mèä` jljfòj wnuulwculc icdòj p~n x~glnu`ynuvlu gn e`yn xù` ~j` vnug`gnu` o~ylùj* Nk Ldxnulc fulnfc+ p~n |` nywè` d~| knbcygn y~ xungninycu ucd`jc+ yùkc xcgä` wu`jydlwlu ldx~kycy xùil`kny | glyw`jwny `wu`vìy gnk N~}ljc* @yä+ ny j`w~u`k p~n g~u`jwn nyw` ìxci` j~ji` `xùnilnu` nj U~yl`~j`= Dù} np~lxùù nk Ldxnulc iùckljflc `k vùnfc nj Wmn yniunw glxkcd` wli mlywcu| co wmn nlfmwnnjwm injw~u| + Kcjguny+ 0<?<+ x* 08< QK` glxkcdìl` yniunw` + D`gulg+ W`kknu gn Ycilckcfä`+ 0<6<T* Xnuc nywnkleuc ny ~j` oè~kìlùj kknj` gn ocel` |+ ilnuw`dnjwn+ k` xncu ceu` gn mlywcul` nyiulw` xcu Dù}1 y~ynuucuny ycj ljj~dnuèkny* I~`jgc o~n unnglw`g` xcu vnr xuldnu` ` icdlnjrcy gn ylfkc+ Ul`r`jcv+ icdcljwnkniw~`k dù}lyw`+ nyiulelù ~j` iuäwli` yceul`2 ¡Aùk Dù} ûenu gnj _cuyxu~jf gnu _cumnuuyimòwU~yyk`jgy lj N~ucx`±+ Gln Jn~n Rnlw -Nufçjr~jfymnown j*¸ >, + > gn dùrc gn 0<8<+ xx* 0$?7* Nk nglwcuicjwndxcuàjnc gnk wn}wc jc m` yèlgc dcywuù k` dày däjld` glyw`jil` unyxniwc ` ìk*

QXàf* 570T

bnuùp~ä` on~g`k cufàjli` icdc k` p~n fnywù nk Ldxnulc iùckljflc* Kc p~n ycuxunjgnny+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ k` j`w~u`knr` mnwnuùiklw` | `dcuo` gn k` ycilng`g | k` nicjcdä`

gn Alnv* ^j` ik`yn gcdlj`jwn gn xuäjilxny | ec|ùgcy+ xucingnjwn gn k` gu~rlj` vùnf`+ uni`~gè` wule~wcy | icjwuckè` nk icdnuilc nj k`y il~g`gny+ gcjgnjcud`kdnjwn y~eylywä`j kcy icjinbcy cklfàup~licy c vnin + vnywlflcy gn k`y `jwlf~`y`y`dekn`y xcx~kùny* Kcy ec|ùgcy xcynä`j fu`jgny gcdljlcy+ icj ~j` d`jc gn ceu`



dl}w`+ icdx~nyw` xcu nyik`vcy+ xncjny rà~x| -i`dxnyljcy `gyiulwcy xcu gn~g`y, |wuè`b`gcuny `y`kùl`gcy* B~jwc ` nywcy gcdljlcy n}lywä` ~j icjylgnuèkn i`dxnylj`gckleun+ cuf`jlr`gc nj icd~jlg`gny gn `kgn` <*

Nk Nyw`gc gn Alnv `ki`jrù nk injlw gn y~ xcgnu ` xuljilxlcy gnk ylfkc ]L icj nk unlj`gcgn \ùcyk`v -080>$9?,+ nk òkwldc gn y~y xuäjilxny icj icjn}lcjny nyi`jglj`v`y |`delilcjny vùnf`y* G~u`jwn y~ unlj`gc yn un`klrùcj k`y òkwld`y `vnjw~u`yn}wnulcuny2 ~j `w`p~n dlklwù icjwu` Elr`jilc | ~j` n}xnglilùj `k @yl` injwu`k* Gnygndngl`gcy gnk ylfkc ]L+ k` glj`ywä` gn kcy U~uäalg`y | y~ jceknr` o~nucj icdxknw`dnjwnu~yloli`g`y* Xucjwc yn icuwùcj k`y fu`jgny u~w`y icdnuil`kny mìl` nk y~u+ xuldnucxcu k` ci~xìlùj i~d`j` gn îu`jl` gnk y~u | gnyx~ìy xcu k`y iu~r`g`y* K`y il~g`gnylw`kl`j`y wcdùcj `mcu` nk icjwuck gnk icdnuilc lykàdlic | elr`jwljc* Alnv+ p~n mèä`ylgc k` `v`jr`glkk` nicjùdli` gn Elr`jilc+ gni`|ù b~jwc icj k`y dnwuùxckly fulnf`yylw~`g`y `k y~u* Nk uny~kw`gc gn nywn `lyk`dlnjwc o~n ~j i`delc jcwèkn nj k`nvck~ilùj gn k` ocudìlùj ycil`k gn Alnv* K` icjwuìilùj gnk icdnuilc nyw~vcìcdx`ð`g` ljnvlwèkndnjwn xcu nk m~jgldlnjwc gn k`y il~g`gny | nk ljiundnjwc gnk` ldxcuw`jil` gn kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny kci`kny* Xulv`g` gn y~y ljfunycy icdnuil`knyxucingnjwny gnk dnui`gc gn nyik`vcy+ k` ik`yn ycil`k ec|ùg` yn vckvlù mìl` nk

ljwnulcu xù` cewnjnu ~j` icdxnjyìlùj icj k` `dxkl ilùj gn y~y gcdljlcy | nk`~dnjwc gnk n}ingnjwn `fuäick` 08* K` icjyni~njil` o~n ~j`< ^j nyw~glc fkce`k gn k` nywu~iw~u` ycil`k gn Alnv x~ngn njicjwuùyn nj _nuj`gyal+ Alnv`j U~yyl` + xx*090$65+ `k p~n xnub~gli`+ ylj nde ufc+ k` iunnjil` gn _nue`gyal gn p~n nk ¡i`xlw`klydc± | k`¡gndciuìl`± nywè`j k`wnjwny gn `kf~j` ocud` nj nk ylywnd` icdnuil`k | nj kcy vnywlflcy icjinblkny gnkNyw`gc gn Alnv+ i`xulimcycy nuucuny gn i`wnfcuä` mnung`gcy gn Ucywcvwynv*08 A* U* Yimdlgw+ ¡Wmn ycil`k ywu~iw~un co U~yyl` lj wmn nùk| Dlggkn @fny±+]L n Icjfuíy Ljwnuj`wlcj`k gny Yilnjiny Mlywculp~ny + ^xy`k`+ 0<?8+ U`xxcuwy LLL+ x* 95* Yimdlgw `j klr nk mlji xlì gn k`ymlywculcfuòä`y cx~nyw`y+ gnygn Akl~imnvyal nj `gnk`jwn+ nj k` ulp~nr` `fuäick` c icdnuil`k gn k`y ik`ynyglulfnjwny gn Alnv*

QXàf* 575T

jcwèkn xunylùj nicjùdli` yceun kcy i`dxnyljcy+ p~n `mcu` icdnjrùcj ` gnyinjgnumìl` k` ynuvlg~deun* Yld~kwàjn`dnjwn+ k` ~jlg`g xckäwli` gnk Nyw`gc gn Alnvicdnjrù ` ou`fdnjwùyn nj xuljilx`gcy dngl`wlr`gcy p~n yn gnywucrùcj njwun yä `dnglg` p~n k` i`y` gn kcy U~uäalg`y yn gnyljwnfuè` nj k~im`y gljàywli`y* Nkkci`klydc ynðcul`k yn gnyùuckkù b~jwc ` k` iunilnjwn gnfu`gìlùj gnk i`dxnylj`gc*

K` vä` gn gnyùuckkc nj wlnuu`y imni`y | xckì`y yn vlc òniw`g` xuljilx`kdnjwn+ icdcny j`w~u`k+ xcu k` ljok~njil` fnudàjli` dày p~n xcu k` nyi`jglj`v` c elr`jwlj`* Yljndeùfc+ nj nywn njwcujc dày ciilgnjw`klr gc x~ngn ceynuvùyn ~j` nvck~ilùjyldlkù* K`y xuldnu`y ocudìlcjny ycil`kny gn nyw`y unflcjny jc nu`j glonunjwny gn k`xuldnu` U~yl` gn Alnv+ `~jp~n ylj nk `dxklc icdnuilc ok~vl`k p~n icjywlw~|ù k` e`yngn y~ n}inxilcj`k iunildlnjwc ~ue`jc* @yä x~ny+ k`y ùlywciuìl y kci`kny gcdljùcjd~| `dxkl`dnjwn nj nk nywn ` ~j` dnrik` gn xucg~iwcuny ljdngl`wcy nj k` p~n ynljik~ä`j xnp~nðcy xucxlnwùlcy+ nyik`vcy | xncjny* Nywn onjùdnjc o~n ~j unoknbc gn k`wu`jylilùj gnygn nywu~iw~u`y ycil`kny yldxkny ‗i~|cy ik`jny f~nuunucy mèä`j~wlklr`gc ` xulylcjnucy nyik`vcy xù` i~kwlvù y~y wlnuu`y ` o`kw` gn ~j i`dxnylj`gcgnxnjglnjwn‗ ` ylywnd`y nyw`w`kny glonunjil`gcy+ icj k` iunilnjwn y~ecugljìlùj gnwcg` k` d`jc gn ceu` u~u`k fuìl`y ` kcy dni`jlydcy gnk njgn~g`dlnjwc i`dxnyljc |` k` xuàiwli` gn k` njicdnjgìlùj* Nj Xckcjl`+ Ylknyl`+ Ecmndl` c Dcu`vl + k`ywìijli`y `fuäick`y yn d`jw~vlnucj icj ouni~njil` nj ~j jlvnk d~| xuldlwlvc icj nki~kwlvc gn ucr`y èlnuw`y xcu o~nfc | kcy i`dxcy gn x`ywcunc wcg`vä` xuìwli`gcy xcu~j` mnwnucfìjn` xcekìlùj gn xucxlnwùlcy kleuny+ ùunjg`wùlcy | nyik`vcy* K`xuldnu` nywu~iw~u` xckäwli` p~n y~uflù o~n+ ` xuljilxlcy gnk ylfkc _LL+ ~j Nyw`gc

ecmndlc `kfc o`jw`yd`k+ nywèknilgc xcu nk dnui`gnu ou`jic Y`dc+ glulfnjwn gn kùnenklùj nyk`v` kci`k p~n gnuuciù `k Ldxnulc àvùc nj N~ucx` injwu`k* Nk Nyw`gc gnY`dc+ p~n o~n xuceèkndnjwn ~j unljc xù` icjwuckù nk icdnuilc+ icdc nk gn kcy



xuldnucy vùnfcy nj U~yl`+ jc o~n i`x`r gn icjvnuwlu ` k` xcekìlùj gn k` rcj` | jcg~uù d~imc wlndxc 00* Gcyilnjwcy `ðcy gnyx~ìy `xùnilù dày `k nywn ~j` nywu~iw~u`gn d`|cu ycklgnr+ nk Fu`j Nyw`gc gn Dcu`vl` gnk ylfkc L]*00 F* _nuj`gyal+ ¡Wmn enfljjljfy co wmn Irnim Yw`wn±+ E|r`jwlcj + 0<77$>+ ]_LL+ xx* 90>$5=+ òlud` ‗icjwu` wcg` nvlgnjil`‗ p~n Y`dc o~n ~j dnui`gnu nyk`vc ¡gngli`gc ` k` lgn` gn k` iccxnuìlùjljwnunyk`v`±+ dlylùj ldxuceèkn p~n ny ~j` xu~ne` dày gn kcy g`ðcy i`~y`gcy xcu nk jìlcj`klydc nj nki`dxc gn k` mlywculcfuòä` gn k` Ng`g Cyi~u`*

QXàf* 579T

Nywn xuljilx`gc yn e`yè` nj j~dnucycy i`ywlkkcy | ocuwloliìlcjny ùlywciuàwli`y | o~n~j` ldxcuw`jwn xcwnjil` nj kcy icjoljny gnk Ldxnulc iùckljflc+ i~|` `kl`jr`glxkcdàwli` e~yiù Elr jilc icjwu` nk n}x`jylcjlydc ou jic* @p~ä+ kcy mnud`jcycuwcgc}cy Ilulkc | Dnwcglc o~nucj njvl`gcy ` y~ dcjùi`+ U`wlyk`c+ icj k` dlylùj gnljywu~lukn | icjvnuwlukn+ xù` kc p~n mèä`j iun`gc nk `koènwc nyk`vc* Y~y nyo~nurcyo~nucj gnye`ji`gcy+ nj òkwldc wìudljc+ xcu yìnugcwny i`wùklicy njvl`gcy xcu Ucd`*K`y wlnuu`y imni`y yn wu`jyocudùcj+ ylj ndeùfc+ nj k` xuldnu` iènr` gn xk`|` gnk` icjvnuylùj iulywl`j` gnk nywn `jwny gn p~n nk Nyw`gc gn Dcu`vl` o~nu` gnywu~lgc

xcu ~j` ljv`ylùj d`flù ` xuljilxlcy gnk ylfkc ]* @ xùwlu gn njwcjiny w~vc k~fù njEcmndl`+ dnjcy fu`vndnjwn g`ð`g` xcu k` gnv`ywìlùj jùd`g`+ ~j` fu`g~`kuni~xnuìlùj xckäwli`+ @ xuljilxlcy gnk ylfkc ]L |` mèä` `xùnilgc gn j~nvc ~j Nyw`gcimnic+ nyw` vnr icj ~j` nywu~iw~u` ycil`k dày `v`jr`g`+ p~n ljik~ä` ~j` xuldnu`

vnuylùj gnk ylywnd` gn on~gcy* K` unjcvìlùj gn kcy Cwcjny mèä` xucvci`gc ~j fu`j`~dnjwc gn k` xunylùj fnudàjli` yceun k`y dùi`y culnjw`kny gnk Ldxnulc* Nkgnyùuckkc xckäwlic gn Ecmndl` p~ngù y~bnwc ` xùwlu gn njwcjiny `k icjwu`gliwculcldxìwc gn k` ljwnuvnjilùj | k` ljok~njil` fnudàjli`y nj k`y wlnuu`y imni`y* Xcu ~j`xùwn+ nywn mnimc ìnknuù k` ocudìlùj gn ljywlw~ilcjny on~g`kny -xcu ldlwìlùj, |nywld~kù k` `gmnylùj gn k` jceknr` nyk`v` ` y~ xucxlc Nyw`gc kci`k+ yldecklr`gc xcu nki~kwc onuvlnjwn ` y~ y jwc x`wuùj+ Vnjinyk`c 05* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ ekcp~nù kìcjycklgìlùj gn ~j` dcjùp~ä` nywèkn+ |` p~n kcy ndxnu`gcuny fnudàjlicy+ gnygnCwùj L nj `gnk`jwn+ unlvljgliùcj Ecmndl` icdc on~gc gnk Ldxnulc | n}ìnueùcj k`yulv`klg`gny gljàywli`y gnjwuc gn k` ùlywciuìl` imni`* Nk Nyw`gc ~jlwùlc gn Ecmndl`yn vlc d~| xucjwc icdxucdnwlgc xcu ~j` kùf` | `fcw`gcu` k~im` xcu nk gcdljlcxckäwlic njwun k`y o`dlkl`y gn kcy Xundäyklg`y | kcy Yk`vjlacvli+ p~n m~jglù `k x`äy njunxnwlg`y f~nuu`y ilvlkny09* @ olj`kny gnk ylfkc ]LL+ kcy on~gcy gn Ecmndl` nu`jmnunglwùlcy | nk i`dxnylj`gc yn vnä` ycdnwlgc ` iunilnjwny ceklfìlcjny ynðcul`kny `dnglg` p~n nj kcy i`dxcy nimè` u`äiny ~j` ùlywciuìl` xucvljil`k* Gnelgc ` nyndlydc xucinyc+ nk xcgnu xckäwlic injwu`k p~ngù gnelklw`gc | icdxucdnwlgc ` dnglg`p~n Ecmndl` uni`ä` nj k`y glyx~w`y | glvlylcjny njwun kcy xuäjilxny*

Nj Xckcjl`+ k` cuf`jlrìlùj wule`k | ikàyli` g~uù dày wlnd$

05 O* Fu`~y+ ¡Culfljny gn k“Nw`w nw gn k` jceknyyn nj Dcu`vln nw nj Ecmídn±+ Unv~n gny Nw~gny Yk`vny + vck* 9<+ 0<?0+ xx* 79$>=*09 O* Gvcujla+Wmn Yk`vny* Wmnlu nùk| mlywcu| `jg ilvlklr`wlcj + xx* 00>$988*

QXàf* 577T

xc* Nj nk ylfkc L] n}lywä` ~j` v`f` icjongnuìlùj unflcj`k gn xckìcy icj y~ injwuc njFjlnrjc* M`yw` k` kknf`g` gnk bnon Xl`yw`+ Dlnilyk`c L+ ` olj`kny gnk ylfkc ]+ jc yn ocudùnk xuldnu Nyw`gc ~jlwùlc gn Xckcjl`* Dlnilyk`c `gcxwù nk iulywl`jlydc nj nk `ðc <?? |kc ldx~yc nj y~y gcdljlcy icdc unklflùj cuf`jlr`gcu` gnk j~nvc ylywnd` xckäwlic 07*K` dlylùj p~n wul~joù nj Xckcjl` o~n ceu` gn k` Lfknyl` ucd`j`+ p~n kknvù icj nkk` nkk`wäj+ icjvnuwlgc gnygn njwcjiny nj nk lglcd` i~kwc colil`k gnk x`äy -kc p~n ljgli` k`

unk`wlv` eu~yp~ng`g gnk i`delc nj kcy xk`jcy ycil`k | i~kw~u`k p~n ìcdx`ðù ` k``xùlilùj gnk Nyw`gc gn kcy Xl`yw` | p~n icjwu`yw` icj k` dày wndxu`j` | dày knjw`nvck~ilùj gn Ecmndl`1 k` jceknr` xckì` mèuä` gn ~wlklrù nk k`wäj icdc y~ mèlw~`k



xàflj`y 0<7$?+ 506$9>+ | Wmn Yk`vy2 Wmnlu nùk| mlywcu| `jg ilvlklr`wlcj + xàflj`y 56>$<5*0? M* Kc dl`jyal+ ¡Nicjcdli xucekndy co wmn nùk| on~g`k Xcklym Yw`$wn ±+ @iw` Xckcjl`n Mlywculi`+ LLL+ 0<?8+ x* 98*06 Bnucdn Ek~d+ ¡Wmn ulyn co ynuogcd lj N`ywnuj N~ucx`±+ @dnuli`j Mlywculi`k Unvln + K]_LL+ jòd* 7+

b~klc gn 0<>6+ xx* =05$0>*

QXàf* 57?T

-nk xcywnulcu glj`dlydc ~kwu`dùljc gn `de`y nywè` wcg`vä` d~| knbcy,+ k` xuljilx`kickcjlrìlùj fnudàjli` gnk nywn xucvciù ~j iunildlnjwc u`gli`k gn k` xucg~iilùj | gnk` xucg~iwlvlg`g nj k`y wlnuu`y ` k`y p~n òniwù* K`y ocud`y gn nyw` ickcjlrìlùj

vùlùcj njcudndnjwn* Eu`jgnde~ufc | Xcdnu`jl` o~nucj ci~x`g`y xcu xuäjilxny |dùfu`vny xucingnjwny gnk jcuwn gn @knd jl`* Xu~yl` | Klvcjl` o~nucj icjp~lyw`g`yxcu cuf`jlrìlcjny dlklwùny gn iu~r`gcy2 k` Cugnj Wn~wùjli` | kcy Iè`kknucy gn k`Nyx`g`* Ecmndl`+ Ylknyl` | m`yw` ilnuwc x~jwc Wu`jylkv`jl` o~nucj xcek`g`yfu`g~`kdnjwn icj ljdlfu`jwny gn Ciilgnjwn p~n ocudùcj x~nekcy | `kgn`y b~jwc `kcy mèlw`jwny nyk`vcy ylj xucvciù i`delcy u`gli`kny nj nk yw`w~ p~c xckäwlic* Xckcjl`

| Klw~`jl` ìcflnucj w`delìj ` icd~jlg`gny fnudàjli`y+ xuljilx`kdnjwn gnicdnuil`jwny | ùwny`jcy ~ue`jcy* K`y wule~y x`f`j`y gnk Eàkwlic ‗ecu~ycy | cwu`y‗

o~nucj ycdnwlg`y d`j~ dlklwùl xcu k` Cugnj Wn~wùjli`1 icjwu` kcy nyk`vcy ècgulw`yp~n mèlwè`j njwun nk Nke` | nk Cgnu yn k`jrù k` kk`d`g` ¡iu~r`g` icjwu` kcy vnjgcy±* Xnuc+ `xùwn gn nywcy yniwcuny+ nk fu~nyc gn k` ickcjlrìlùj o~n ~j` ndxunyùnk`wlv`dnjwn xìäoli`+ p~n ` dnj~gc yn vlc `knjw`g` xcu k`y ùlywciuìl`y nyk`v`ykci`kny+ `jylcy`y gn ickcjlrù y~y xucxlcy nyxìlcy nyi`y`dnjwn xcek`gcy icj ~j`d`jc gn ceu` j~nv` | unk`wlv`dnjwn i~`kloli`g` 0=*

K`y icjglilcjny nyxniäoli`y gn nyw` ickcjlrìlùj gnwnudljùcj y~ ldxìwc xni~klùyceun k`y ocudìlcjny ycil`kny gnk nywn* K` wlnuu` nu` è~jg`jwn+ `~jp~n d~|i~elnuw` gn ecyp~ny | jc ylndxun gn n}inknjwn i`klg`g -nk y~nkc gnk klwcu`k eàkwlic nu`ùnjcyc,1 k` xcekìlùj+ xcu cwu` xùwn+ nyi`ynè`* Yn m` i`ki~k`gc p~n nk wcw`k gnmèlw`jwny gn N~ucx` culnjw`k+ ljik~|njgc ` U~yl`+ p~lrà `yinjglnu` ` 09 dlkkcjny `

icdlnjrcy gnk ylfkc ]LLL+ ounjwn ` ~jcy 9> dlkkcjny nj k` rcj` dày xnp~nð` gn N~ucx`ciilgnjw`k 0<* K` d`jc gn ceu` i~`kloli`g` wnjä` p~n ynu wu`jyxcuw`g` mìl` nk nywn njicjvc|ny cuf`jlr`gcy gn ickcjcy unik~w`gcy nj k`y unflcjny gnjy`dnjwn xcek`g`y gnUnj`jl`+ Y~èl`+ Ou`jicjl` | Ok`jgny* Nu` w`j ~ufnjwn k` jninylg`g p~n mèä` gnnkkcy | w`j fu`jgny kcy xuceknd`y gn k` cugnjìlùj gn y~ wuàjylwc+ p~n kcy jcekny | nkiknuc p~n ljyxluùcj k` dùim` mìl` nk nywn w~vlnucj p~n icjingnu icjylgnuèknygnunimcy ycil`kny ` kcy i`dxnyljcy | e~uf~nyny p~n ickcjlrùcj k`y j~n$0= K` xucxl` Cugnj Wn~wùjli` o~n ljvlw`g` ` Xu~yl`+ nj nk `ðc 055=+ xcu nk g~p~n xckìc gn D`rcvl`*0< U~yynkk+K`wn `jilnjw `jg dngl`nv`k xcx~k`wlcj + x* 07=*

QXàf* 576T

v`y wlnuu`y* Nk i`dxnylj`gc dày glnywuc gn N~ucx` nj kcy wuè`bcy gn gunj`bn |icjywu~iilùj gn glp~ny+ w`j nynjil`kny xù` k` ucw~u ilùj gn unflcjny jc i~kwlv`g`y+wnjä` p~n e~yiùyn nj kcy X`äyny E`bcy+ | yn un`klrùcj nyo~nurcy xùwli~kùny xù``wu`nukcy `k nywn* Xnuc kcy X`äyny E`bcy gnk Jcuwn nu`j ~j uljiùj gn N~ucx` p~n j~ji`mèä` icjcilgc ~j ylywnd` xucxl`dnjwn ynðcul`k | i~|c i`dxnylj`gc nywè` |`d~imc dày kleun gn ceklfìlcjny ynuvlkny p~n y~y np~lv`knjwny ou`jinyny+ ljfknyny cfnudàjlicy gnk ylfkc ]LL* Xcu w`jwc+ b~jwc ` nkkcy w~vc p~n ynu ìnxw`gc nk ¡gnunimcok`dnjic±+ nk i~`k xucjwc nbnuilù ~j ljok~bc fnjnu`k yceun nk nyw`w~wc gnk i`dxnylj`gcickcjl`k+ j~dìuli`dnjwn fnud`jc nj y~ d`|cuä`+ p~n j~ji` mèä` fcr`gc gn w`kklenuw`g nj y~y wlnuu`y gn culfnj 58* @yä x~ny+ nj nk nywn unilìj ickcjlr`gc n}lywlù xci`

b~ulygliilùj ynðcul`k yceun kcy i`dxnyljcy+ ` p~lnjny yn icjinglnucj ùunjg`dlnjwcymnunglwùlcy p~n icjkknvè`j unjw`y nj nyxniln xnuc xci`y xunywìlcjny gn wuè`bc1`gndày+ yn xnudlwlù ` kcy `fuli~kwcuny p~n vnjglnu`j nk ~y~ou~iwc gn y~y xùink`y |p~n yn o~nu`j gnoljlwlv`dnjwn gn y~y k~fùny gn `ynjw`dlnjwc* K`y `kgn`y ocudè`j



icd~jlg`gny u~u`kny unflg`y xcu `ki`kgny mnunglwùlcy -` dnj~gc nk cuf`jlr`gculjlil`k gn k` ndlfuìlùj, | jc xcu d`jg`wc ynðcul`k* Nyw`y ickcjl`y wu`jyocudùcjuàxlg`dnjwn wcgc nk dcgnkc `fuäick` gnygn nk Nke` m`yw` nk _äyw~k` | dày `kkà* Ynw`kùcj ecyp~ny | yn ljwucg~bnucj xcu vnr xuldnu` kcy ù`gcy gn mlnuuc | nk ylywnd`gn ucwìlùj wulnj`k2 k` f`j`gnuä` unwucinglù | nk i~kwlvc gn fu`jc yn n}wnjglù xcuxuldnu` vnr* Nk icdnuilc gn n}xcuwìlùj gn d`gnu` yn gnyùuckkù gn ocud` jcwèkn*E`bc nk ldxìwc gn nywn xucinyc+ icj y~ xucg~iilùj | y~ n}ingnjwn d~imc dày `kwcy+k` jceknr` ljgäfnj` | k`y ùugnjny gn iu~r`gcy ìnxwùcj xucfunylv`dnjwn k`y jcud`ygn k` `fuli~kw~u` i`dxnylj` ljwucg~ilg`y gnygn nk cnywn* Nj icjyni~njil`+ kìcjglilùj gnk i`dxnylj`gc j`wlvc gn Xckcjl`+ Ecmndl`+ Ylknyl`+ Xcdnu`jl` | gndàyx`äyny+ p~n vnjä` m~jglìjgcyn nj k` ynuvlg~deun gnygn `jwny gnk icdlnjrc gn kìckcjlrìlùj fnudàjli`+ n}xnuldnjwù `mcu` ~j` jcwèkn dnbcu` xcu k` `yldlkìlùj gnk` icjglilùj gn kcy unilìj kknf`gcy* Dlnjwu`y w`jwc+ kcy i`dxnyljcy xu~yl`jcy+ycdnwlgcy ljlil`kdnjwn ` ynuvlg~deun xcu k` Cugnj Wn~wùjli`+ o~nucj nd`jilx`gcynj nk wu`jyi~uyc gnk ylfkc ylf~lnjwn* K`y `kgn`y `~wùjcd`y+ icj y~y xucxlcy `ki`kgny58 D* Xcyw`j+ ¡Nicjcdli unk`wlcjy enw nnj N`ywnuj `jg Vnywnuj N~ucxn±+ nj Fncooun| Eùuìkc~fm-icdx*,+ N`ywnuj `jg Vnywnuj N~ucxn g~uljf wmn Dlggkn @fny + Kcjguny+ 0<68+ x* 0?<*

QXàf* 57=T | wule~j`kny+ yn n}wnjglnucj+ k` dcvlklg`g u~u`k yn `dxklù | k` xucg~iwlvlg`g iunilù njk` dlyd` dnglg`*

Nk `~dnjwc nj k` xucg~iilùj gn inun`kny | d`gnu` nywld~kù+ ` y~ vnr+ ~j uny~kw`gcdày ldxcuw`jwn wcg`vä` nj k` ickcjlrìlùj gnk nywn2 nk iunildlnjwc gn il~g`gny |injwucy icdnuil`kny xcu wcg` k` icyw` gnk Eàkwlic g~u`jwn nk ylfkc ]LLL2 Ucywcia+G`jrlf+ Vlydù+ Ulf`+ Gcux`w | Unv`k* Nywcy injwucy ~ue`jcy nu`j icd~j`yljgnxnjglnjwny | w~ue~knjw`y+ icj ~j xuùyxnuc icdnuilc gn n}xcuwìlùj | ~j` `flw`g`

vlg` xckäwli`* Gnk dlydc dcgc p~n nk ¡gnunimc ok`dnjic± mèä` ldx~ky`gc k` dnbcu`nj k`y unkìlcjny ycil`kny gn k` `fuli~kw~u` ljgäfnj`+ `yä w`delìj nk ¡gnunimcfnudàjlic±+ i`ki`gc gn k` Iùw` gn D`fgne~ufc+ nbnuilù ~j ljok~bc `jàkcfc nj nknyw`w~wc gn k`y il~g`gny wu`glilcj`kny gnk nywn* Nyxnil`kdnjwn nj Xckcjl`+ k`yil~g`gny p~n mcyxngùcj icj ouni~njil` ` ldxcuw`jwny ickcjl`y gn icdnuil`jwny |ùwny`jcy fnud`jcy unilelnucj `mcu` kcy Gnunimcy gn D`fgne~ufc2 Xcrj`j+ Iuìcvl`

| k` unilnjwndnjwn o~jg`g` _ uycvl` o~nucj enjnolilùl`y gn nywn xucinyc 50* NjEcmndl`+ kcy e~uf~nyny fnud`jcy iunùcj ~j` ung dày gnjy` gn ickcjlrìlùj~ue`j`+ e`y`g` nj k`y ljg~ywul`y dljnu`y | dnw`kòufli`y gn k` rcj` | icj ~j`xùwlilxìlùj dày ldxcuw`jwn gn ùwny`jcy | icdnuil`jwny imnicy* @yä x~ny+ nj nkylfkc ]LLL nk nywn ickcjl`k o~n k` ycilng`g oucjwnulr` gnk on~g`klydc n~ucxnc+xuc|niilùj ldxunylcj`jwn gn y~ xucxlc glj`dlydc n}x`jylvc+ p~n `k dlydc wlndxcw~vc yceun nk ylywnd` mnud`jc `kf~j`y gn k`y vnjw`b`y p~n k`y ycilng`gny oucjwnulr`y

gnk i`xlw`klydc n~ucxnc mèuä`j gn wnjnu nj @dìuli` | Cin`jä`2 d`|cu lf~`kg`g |dcvlklg`g* Iùywnj uny~dn `yä k`y iùìwnuäywli`y gn y~ xuldnu xnuäcgc2 ¡Nk ylywnd`xucxl`dnjwn ynðcul`k+ icj y~y unywuliilcjny ` k` klenuw`g | y~y b~ulygliilcjny xulv`g`y+jc o~n wu`jyonulgc `k nywn+ icdc w`dxcic kc o~n k` ynuvlg~deun* K` xcylilùj gn kcyi`dxnyljcy o~n d~imc dnbcu gn kc p~n nu` nj Ciilgnjwn+ | nywc ljik~ä` w`delìj ` k`xcekìlùj `~wùiwcj`* K`y glonunjil`y gn ik`yn nj nk nywn nu`j dnjcy uäflg`y2 kcyjcekny yn wu`yk`gè`j ` k`y il~g`gny | yn icjvnuwä`j nj e~uf~nyny+ dlnjwu`y kcye~uf~nyny `gp~luä`j olji`y | kcy `ki`kgny gn k`y `kgn`y wnjä`j on~gcy* Wcg` k`nywu~iw~u` gn k` ycilng`g+ icdc xcgä` nyxnuùyn gn ~j` rcj` ickcjl`k+ nu` d~imc dàykleun | okn}lekn p~n nj N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k* Yùkc xùniä` i~nywlùj gn wlndxc p~n nk nywngnbù` gn nywù `wu`y`gc | x`yù` ` xnuwnjninu ` k`y xùwny dày gnyùuckk`g`y gnN~ucx`*50 Ucfnu Xcuw`k+Kny Yk`vny + Xùäy+ 0<?>+ x* 6>*

QXàf* 57<T



J`w~u`kdnjwn+ nywc |` xcgä` `xkliùyn ` k`y il~g`gny m`jynàwli`y gn k` icyw` gnkEàkwlic+ nyxnil`kdnjwn ` k`y il~g`gny vnjg`y | ` G`jrlf± 55*

U~yl`+ p~n p~ngù dày `kkà gn kcy icjoljny gn k` xnjnwuìlùj fnudàjli`+ n}xnuldnjwù+ylj ndeùfc+ g~u`jwn nywcy ylfkcy ~j` nvck~ilùj icj `kf~jcy xù`knkcy i~ulcycy+`~jp~n icj ~j ulwdc glonunjwn | nj ~j glonunjwn icjwn}wc* Nywn onjùdnjc o~n nkuny~kw`gc gn k` gnyljwnfuìlùj gnk Nyw`gc gn Alnv nj kcy ylfkcy ]LL | ]LLL e`bc k`xunylùj gn k`y gnyfuìl`y n}wnuj`y | k`y gnelklg`gny ljwnuj`y* Icdc |` mndcy vlywc+k`y iu~r`g`y icuwùcj k`y u~w`y icdnuil`kny gnk dù Jnfuc ` Icjyw`jwljcxk` | nkd~jgc lykàdlic+ nj k`y p~n wu`glilcj kdnjwn mèä` okcunilgc nk icdnuilc gn Alnv*Gnygn nk nywn+ k`y icuunuä`y gn kcy i~d`jcy icjywlw~ä`j ~j` icjwlj~` `dnj`r`+dlnjwu`y p~n nj nk ljwnulcu nk ylywnd` gnk ¡ynjlcu`wc± gn kcy xuäjilxny icjg~bc ` ~j`dù`ð` gn f~nuu`y | gnyùugnjny ilvlkny 59* Nk dlydc Alnv o~n y`p~n`gc ` dngl`gcygnk ylfkc ]LLL xcu nk xuäjilxn gn Y~rg`k* Ynwnjw` `ðcy gnyx~ìy yn è`wlù icdc ~jm~uìàj k` òkwld` fu`j ljv`ylùj jùd`g` xucingnjwn gnk @yl` injwu`k2 xuàiwli dnjwnwcg` U~yl`+ n}inxwc k` rcj` gnk jcucnywn+ o~n `yck`g` | ycb~rf`g` xcu kcy dcjfcknyxcic wlndxc gnyx~ìy gn k` d~nuwn gn Fnjfly B`j* P~lrà ~j` gìild` xùwn gn k`xcekìlùj xnunilù nj nywn gny`ywun* Y~ icjyni~njil` o~n ~j i`delc xnud`jnjwn nj nk

nbn gn k` ilvlklrìlùj u~y`+ p~n yn wu`yk`gù gn k` i~nji` gn Alnv ` kcy ecyp~ny m`yw`njwcjiny gnymèlw`gcy | väufnjny gnk wulàjf~kc gnk Ca`$_ckf`+ nj nk jcunywn+`xuc}ld`g`dnjwn `k dlydc wlndxc p~n yn `dxklè`j k`y olkwuìlcjny gndcfuàoli`y `wu`vìy gnk Nke`*

Nj k` unicdxcylilùj fu`g~`k gn k` ocudìlùj ycil`k u~y` nj nk jcunywn w~vlnucj k~fùd~imcy noniwcy ycil`kny lgìjwlicy ` kcy p~n mèä`j iùìwnulr`gc ` k` rcj` gnkEàkwlic* K` ucw~u`$55 O* K* Iùywnj+Wmn culfljy co Xu~yyl` + C}ocug+ 0<>7+ x* ==*59 Gvcujla counin gcy n}xkliìlcjny icjwu gliwcul`y gnk ylywnd` x`wuldcjl k gn Alnv+ nyxnil`kdnjwnljwulji`gc+ p~n icjg~bc ` nywcy gnyùugnjny* Nj ~j xuldnu dcdnjwc kc `wule~|n ` ~j` ljywlw~ilùjfnudàjlic$nyi`jglj`v`+ nk w`jlywu| + xcu nk p~n ~j ynðcu jc nu` y~inglgc xcu y~ mlbc+ yljc xcu y~ mnud`jcdnjcu+ | ìywn xcu y~ yceuljc d`|cu+ ljywlw~ilùj p~n yùkc yn nji~njwu` njwun kcy vàjg`kcy gn Àouli` | kcy`ynjw`dlnjwcy jùuglicy gn Nyicil`* Xnuc+ nj cwuc k~fù+ Gvcujla kc `yldlk` ` k` bnuùp~ä` gnk ¡ynjlcu`wc±gn kcy g~p~ny Xl`yw` gn Xckcjl` | ` kcy ylywnd`y imnicy gn y~inylùj gnk ylfkc ]LL | òlud` p~n nu` ~jxuljilxlc nyk`vc nk p~n ~j x`äy o~nyn x`wuldcjlc gn k` i`y` gcdlj jwn+ i~|cy dlndeucy gnenuä`jxùwlilxù wcgcy b~jwcy nj y~ fcelnujc* Icdxàunyn Wmn Yk`vy2 Wmnlu nùk| mlywcu| `jg ilvlklr`wlcj + x* 509+

| Wmn Yk`vy lj N~ucxn`j mlywcu| `jg ilvlklr`wlcj + xx* 058$0*

QXàf* 5>8T

ilùj | ickcjlrìlùj gn v`ywcy nyxìlcy gnyxcek`gcy gnw~vlnucj k` dùim` gnki`dxnylj`gc u~yc mìl` k` gnxnjgnjil ynuvlk xnud`jnjwn+ p~n |` nywè` d~|`v`jr`g` nj kcy òkwldcy ylfkcy gnk Nyw`gc gn Alnv* Kcy xuäjilxny yn vlnucj ceklf`gcy `couninu n}njilcjny gn iùf`y+ gnunimcy icd~j`kny | dcvlklg`g xnuycj`k ` kcyi`dxnyljcy xù` ljg~ilukcy ` `ynjwùyn nj k`y wlnuu`y unilnjwndnjwn gnyeucr`g`y*Kcy jcekny | kcy dcj`ywnulcy ylf~lnucj nk dlydc i`dljc+ `~jp~n icj icjwucknyynðcul`kny dày nywuliwcy yceun k`y j~nv`y `kgn`y* K` `~wculg`g xckäwli` yn y~eglvlglù |on~g`klrù wcg`vä` dày njwun kcy ynðcuny wnuulwcul`kny+ dlnjwu`y p~n kcy i`dxnyljcyicjynf~ä`j ~j` d`|cu klenuw`g 57* I~`jwc d`|cu o~n k` knb`jä` gn k`y xuljilx`kny yngnygn xcgnu xckäwlic nj k` unflùj injwu`k+ d`|cu o~n w`delìj nk fu`gc gn klenuw`g p~n nki`dxnylj`gc icjylf~lù gn ny` ocud`2 k` klenuw`g o~n dày xknj` nj kcy undcwcyecyp~ny gnk jcuwn+ gcjgn k`y b~ulygliilcjny ynðcul`kny yùkc kknfè`j gn ocud`nyxcuàgli`* @k dlydc wlndxc+ nk i`delc gnk nbn gndcfuàolic | nicjùdlic gnk x`äymìl` nk wulàjf~kc gnk Ca`$_ckf` nywld~kù njcudndnjwn ` k`y il~g`gny icdnuil`kny gnJcvfcucg | Xyacv+ nj nk jcucnywn+ nj k` rcj` ljwnudngl` njwun U~yl` | k` Klvcjl`

ickcjlr`g` xcu kcy fnud`jcy* @ xùwlu gn njwcjiny+ k` U~yl` injwu`k y~dljlywuù inun`k`k ldxnulc icdnuil`k gn Jcvfcucg+ icj y~y n}ìilcjny wule~wùl`y ` k`y wule~yy~eàuwli`y gnk jcuwn | y~ x`xnk o~jg`dnjw`k nj nk icdnuilc gnk Eàkwlic* @~jp~nunflg` xcu ~j` `y`dekn` d~jlilx`k+ Jcvfcucg jc nu` nj un`klg`g ~j icd~j`



dnui`jwlk icdxùèkn ` k`y il~g`gny fnudàjli`y gn k` icyw`2 nk vnwn nywè` gcdlj`gcxcu kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny ec|ùgcy+ d~| glywljwcy gn kcy e~uf~nyny gn k` M`jy`* Yljndeùfc+ k` ljok~njil` fnudàjli` nu` d~| xcgnucy` nj k` il~g`g+ p~n wnjä` ~j``dxkl` icd~jlg`g gn icdnuil`jwny n}wu`jbnucy | ‗i`yc òjlic nj k`y il~g`gny u~y`ygn `jwny c gnyx~ìy‗ ~j ylywnd` gn fundlcy xù` y~y ùwny`jcy ljyxlu`gc njCiilgnjwn* Jcvfcucg counilù+ x~ny+ nk nykèùj nywu`wìflic p~n ~jlù ` U~yl` | ` k`ycwu`y wlnuu`y gn N~ucx` culnjw`k nj ~j ylywnd` nicjùdlic ljwnuicd~jli`gc*57 M`| ~j e~nj `jàklyly gn nywn gcekn xucinyc nj nk njy`|ù gn Dùi Yrnownk+ ¡@yxniwy co U~yyl`jon~g`klyd±+ nj U~ymwcj Ic~kecuj -icdx*,+ On~g`klyd lj mlywcu| + Xuljinwcj+ 0<>?+ xx* 0?<$69*

QXàf* 5>0T

7* K@ IULYLY NJ NK NYWN

Nj nk nywn+ k` iulyly gnk on~g`klydc n~ucxnc icdnjrù gnyx~ìy+ | xuceèkndnjwn y~ygldnjylcjny èyck~w`y o~nucj dày dlwlf`g`y+ dlnjwu`y p~n nj U~yl` yn nyi`kcjùynfòj ~j` glonunjwn yni~njil` wndxcu`k* Xnuc+ nj i~`kp~lnu i`yc+ y~ ldxìwc unk`wlvco~n xcylekndnjwn y~xnulcu xcup~n òniwù ` ~j` nywu~iw~u` ycil`k dày unilnjwn | dày

ouàflk p~n k` gn Ciilgnjwn* Nk fckxn o~n dày glo~yc+ xnuc k` unylywnjil p~n njicjwuùo~n dày gìelk* Ny jninyùlc wnjnu xunynjwny nycy gcy `yxniwcy icjwu`gliwculcy gn kìulyly fnjnu`k nj nk nywn+ xcup~n yck`dnjwn y~ icdeljìlùj mìn ljwnklflekn y~nvck~ilùj | y~ uny~kw`gc olj`k* Kcy nyw~glcy icjvnjilcj`kny wlnjgnj ` ylw~ù wcg` k`gnxunylùj on~g`k gn kcy ylfkcy ]L_ | ]_ gnjwuc gn ~j` iulyly nicjùdli` icjwljnjw`kljicuuniw`dnjwn icjylgnu`g` mcdcfìjn`* Ylj ndeùfc+ ny nvlgnjwn ` xuldnu` vlyw`p~n nk dni`jlydc eàylic gn k` iulyly on~g`k nj Ciilgnjwn ‗~j ¡`v`jin n}inylvc± | ~j¡`w`yic± gn k`y o~nur`y gn xucg~iilùj nj nk dlydc kädlwn gn k`y unkìlcjny ycil`kny gnxucg~iilùj n}lywnjwny+ p~n icjg~bc ` ~j ick`xyc gndcfuàolic | ` ~j` uninylùjnicjùdli`‗ jc xcgä` unxucg~iluyn nj nk nywn* X~ny `p~ä k` ldxk`jwìlùj gn j~nv`ywìijli`y `fuùl`y | gn ~j` j~nv` ocudìlùj ycil`k nu` wcg`vä` unk`wlv`dnjwn unilnjwn

| jc mèä` `ki`jr`gc nj èyck~wc kcy kädlwny gn y~ xcylekn n}x`jylùj* K` gnjylg`g gny~xnuxcekìlùj p~n n}lywä` nj Ciilgnjwn nj 0988 nu` gnyicjcilg` nj nk nywn* Fu`jgnyrcj`y gn wlnuu` i~kwlvèkn wnjä`j p~n ynu gnyeucr`g`y wcg`vä` ` kc kùfc gnk _äyw~k` |nk Cgnu i~`jgc |` nyi`ynè`j k`y wlnuu`y dùflj`kny nj wcujc `k Ulj+ nk Kclu` c nkWàdnyly* Nu`+ x~ny+ d~| xcic xuceèkn k` yld~kwàjn` unxnwlilùj njgùfnj` nj nk nywngn k` iulyly gn Ciilgnjwn* Nj un`klg`g+ g~u`jwn ~j kùfc xnuäcgc gnk ylfkc ]L_+ Xckcjl`

| Ecmndl` xùniä`j mènu `ki`jr`gc y~ `xcfnc xckäwlic | i~kw~u`k* K` ilvlklrìlùj~ue`j` imni` kknfù ` y~ `xcfnc e`bc k` i`y` gn K~}nde~ufc+ `jwny gn y~ vnuwlfljcyì`äg` nj k` Klf` gn kcy Eùcjny | k`y f~nuu`y m~ylw`y 0* Nj y~0 G~u`jwn nywn xnuäcgc+ k` xucyxnulg`g gn Ecmndl` yn e`yù nj nk gnyi~euldlnjwc gn k`y dlj`y gn xk`w` gnA~wj` Mcu`+ p~n yn icjvluwlnucj

QXàf* 5>5Teunvn unyxk`jgcu e`bc Iùkcy L_+ Ecmndl` o~n k` Ecufcð` gn N~ucx` culnjw`k* Xckcjl`yn kleuù gn k` fu`j xnywn | y`klù vnjingcu` gn k` f~nuu` gn kcy Wunin @ðcy1 I`yldlucLLL o~n nk icjwndxcuàjnc | np~lv`knjwn gn Iùkcy L_1 k` i`y` gn kcy B`fnkkùj ~jlù `Xckcjl` icj Klw~`jl` xù` ocudù nk d`|cu Nyw`gc wnuulwcul`k gnk icjwljnjwn* W`delìjnj M~jfuä`+ kcy un|ny `jfnvljcy+ Iùkcy Ucenuwc | K~ly L cuf`jlrùcj ~j` xcgnucy`dcjùp~ä` on~g`k+ i~|` ljok~njil` | xunywlflc o~nucj icjylgnuèkny nj wcgc nk nywn |p~n e`bc K~ly p~ngù ~jlg` ` Xckcjl` nj ~j` ~jlùj xnuycj`k* Xnuc nyw` vlw`klg`gxckäwli` jc xcgä` unylywlu d~imc wlndxc `k i`delc gn ikld` nicjùdlic p~n yn xucg~bcnj wcg` N~ucx` culnjw`k+ unr`f`gc unyxniwc `k gn Ciilgnjwn xnuc vlylekndnjwn klf`gc` ìk+ x~ny ny nvlgnjwn p~n ` xuljilxlcy gnk ylfkc ]_ mèä` ~j` gnxunylùj nj `de`yxùwny gn N~ucx`*

³I~àkny o~nucj k`y vnug`gnu`y u`rcjny gn k` iulyly nj nk nywn3 @jwn wcgc+



j`w~u`kdnjwn+ nj nk v`ywc ùic gn kcy wnuulwculcy òniw`gcy xcu k` ickcjlrìlùjfnudàjli` yn xucg~bc nk unxnjwljc icuwn gn wcgc nk ldx~kyc nicjùdlic | gndcfuàolicwu`jydlwlgc xcu nkk`* I~`jgc kcy injwucy gnk on~g`klydc nj Ciilgnjwn p~ngùcj`wu`x`gcy nj ~j `dxklc ounjwn xcu k` uninylùj+ y~ xuc|niilùj yceun k`y wlnuu`youcjwnulr`y gnk nywn yn gnelklwù nj k` dlyd` dnglg`* Nk ädxnw~ gn k` ickcjlrìlùjglydlj~|ù | yn gnyv`jnilù* @ xuljilxlcy gnk ylfkc ]L_ |` `xùnilnucj k`y yljlnywu`yynð`kny gn `kgn`y gnylnuw`y | i`dxcy è`jgcj`gcy nj Eu`jgnde~ufc | Xcdnu`jl`+p~n nj xùwn yn gneä`j ` k` dlfuìlùj dày mìl` nk nywn gn ~jcy i`dxnyljcy p~nmèä j iunilgc ìcyw~deu`gcy ` k` dcvlklg`g* Xnuc w`kny gnyxk`r`dlnjwcy ljgliè`jnj yä dlydcy ~jc gn kcy xnklfucy gn wcgc nk xucinyc ickcjlr`gcu* Xunily`dnjwn xcup~nk` wlnuu` nu` è~jg`jwn+ xcgä` ynu n}xkcw`g` g~u`jwn eunvn wlndxc | è`jgcj`g`gnyx~ìy+ ynfòj ~j xucinyc uni~uunjwn gnk wlxc p~n mèuä` gn nucylcjù k` wlnuu` njcwucy icjwljnjwny | ìxci`y* K` wlnuu` ùnjcy` gnk klwcu`k eàkwlic nu` nyxnil`kdnjwnxucxnjy` `k `fcw`dlnjwc+ ` jc ynu p~n unilelnu` ~j wu`w`dlnjwc i~lg`gcyc+ | `p~äw`delìj k` lj~jgìlùj | k` nucylùj `v`jrùcj x`~k`wlj`dnjwn* @gndày+ nk gnyinjycnj kcy xunilcy gn kcy inun`kny nj Ciilgnjwn ` i`~y` gn k` vnuwlfljcy` i`äg` gn k`gnd`jg` òniwù ljnvlwèkndnjwn `k nywn+ gcjgn |` mèä` icdnjr`gc ~j dcgnywcicdnuilc gn n}xcuwìlùj gn fu`jc* Nk äjglin gn kcy xunilcy gnk injwnjc nj Aÿjlfyenuf

g~$nj nk xuljilx`k xucg~iwcu gn N~ucx` gnyx~ìy gnk `ðc 0988+ i~`jgc nj nk unywc gn kcy x`äyny yn xucg~bc~j gnyinjyc fnjnu`k2 U* U* Enwwy+ ¡Wmn ycil`k unvck~wlcj lj Ecmndl` `jg Dcu`vl` lj wmn k`wnu Dlggkn

@fny±+X`yw `jg Xunynjw + jòd* 5+ jcvlndeun gn 0<>5+ x* 90*

QXàf* 5>9T

u`jwn nk ylfkc ylf~lnjwn unoknbù icj wcg` olgnklg`g nk gnyinjyc gn kcy xunilcy gn wulfcunflywu`gcy nj k`y il~g`gny gn Ciilgnjwn 5* @k dlydc wlndxc+ | icdc |` mndcy glimc+kcy nywu`jf~k`dlnjwcy nj k`y wìijli`y dljnu`y òniwùcj ` kcy ywciay gn dnw`knyì~ðèkny nj wcgc nk icjwljnjwn+ `~jp~n k`y dlj`y gn Ecmndl` yn vlnynj dnjcyòniw`g`y p~n k`y gn Y`bcjl`* K` gnv`k~ìlùj gn k` dcjng` | nk gnyinjyc gn k`y unjw`yynðcul`kny+ vlv`dnjwn ynjwlg`y nj Eu`jgnde~ufc+ Xckcjl` | cwucy x`äyny+ o~nucj nkicdòj uny~kw`gc* Nk nywn jc yn vlc kleun w`dxcic gn kcy `rcwny p~n nj Ciilgnjwnìcdx`ðùcj ` k` fu`j iulyly+ kcy wnuulekny ¡noniwcy± gn k` gnxunylùj+ p~n ynicjvluwlnucj nj k`y ¡i`~y`y± gn y~ unlwnuìlùj* K` xnywn+ nk m`deun | k` f~nuu``yckùcj k`y kk`j~u`y gnk nywn jc dnjcy p~n k`y gnk cnywn* Njwun kcy `ðcy 0978 | 07<8m~ec 00 eucwny ldxcuw`jwny gn xnywn nj Xu~yl`9 | 58 nxlgndl y nj U~yl gnygn 09>8` 07>8 72 nk dlydc dcjùi` dcyicvlw` Yldnùj d~ulù ` i`~y` gn nkk`+ b~jwù icj y~mnud`jc | gcy mlbcy+ nj nk `ðc 09>9* Yùkc Xckcjl`+ njwun k`y fu`jgny rcj`y gn N~ucx`+yn kleuù nj fnjnu`k gn k` xnywn jnfu`* Ecmndl` jc o~n w`j òcuw~j`g`* Nj Xu~yl`+ k`yd`k`y icynim`y gn 0796$< o~nucj k`y xncuny nj ~j ylfkc* Dlnjwu`y w`jwc+ k`y k~im`ydlklwùny `yckè`j wcg`y k`y unflcjny ldxcuw`jwny gnk nywn* Kcy cwcd`jcy ljv`glnucj

Ynuel` | E~kfùl` ` olj`kny gnk ylfkc ]L_+ ycdnwlìjgck`y ` ~j` mlywcul` kci`k `xùw`g`gn k` gnk unywc gn N~ucx`* Dày gn 0>8 i`dx`ð`y yn kleuùcj nj U~yl` icjwu` kcydcjfckny+ klw~`jcy+ fnud`jcy+ y~nicy | eòkfùcy* K`y icjwlj~`y icuunuä`y | e`w`kk`youcjwnulr`y gnyxcekùcj k`y rcj`y ylw~`g`y njwun Eu`jgnde~ufc | Xcdnu`jl`* K`yo~nur`y xckì`y `xk`ywùcj ` k` Cugnj Wn~wùjli` nj Fuûjn `kg+ nj nk `ðc 0708+ icj~j nbìuilwc unik~w`gc nj wcg` k` N~ucx` culnjw`k+ n ljv`glnucj Xu~yl` nj kcy `ðcy0707+ 0758 | 0790$9* Gnyx~ìy gn gcy gìi`g`y gn ~j` x`r xuniùl` icdnjrù nj 07>9nk icjokliwc olj`k+ d~imc dày dcuwäonuc2 k` f~nuu` gn kcy Wunin @ðcy+ p~n mlrc xng`rcy` k` Cugnj Wn~wùjli` | ùu~ljù icdxknw`dnjwn ` Xu~yl` culnjw`k xcu ~j` fnjnuìlùj*K` gnyxcekìlùj | k` gnynuilùj d`ylv` gn kcy i`dxcy o~n nk uny~kw`gc olj`k gn nywònucr | xuckcjf`g` k~im`* Nj Ecmndl`+ k`y kùf`y f~nuu`y m~ylw`y gn xuljilxlcy gnkylfkc ]_ w~vlnucj nk dlydc noniwc `k xucvciù k` gni`gnjil` | x~kvnulrìlùj gn k`nicjcdä` u~u`k ` dnglg` p~n kcy nbìuilwcy ulv`kny `v`jrè`j | unwucingä`j xcu y~ywlnuu`y* Xnuc5 _ j E`wm+ Wmn `fuùl`j mlywcu| co Vnywnuj N~ucxn + x* 09<*



9 Iùywnj+ Wmn culfljy co Xu~yl` + x* 089*7 Ek~d+Kcug `jg xn`y`jw lj U~yyl` + x* ?8*

QXàf* 5>7T

nywn y~xundc gu`d` gn k` E`b` Ng`g Dngl` jc yn kldlwù òjli`dnjwn ` k`y wlnuu`yimni`y* Nk ndxnu`gcu Ynflyd~jgc unik~wù xcu wcg` N~ucx` m~nywny `y`kùl`g`y xù`

`xk`ywù k`y ljy~ufnjwny klf`y m~ylw`y+ dlnjwu`y kcy nbìuilwcy wèculw`y gn Xucicxlù nkU`x`gc n}wnjgä`j k` f~nuu` icjwu` nk Ldxnulc | k` Lfknyl` m`yw` nk ljwnulcu gn @~ywul`+Nykcv`p~l`+ Y`bcjl`+ Ylknyl`+ Eu`jgnde~ufc+ Xckcjl` | Xu~yl`1 y~y ick~dj`ylwljnu`jwny | y~y xk`wòcud`y xù` nk wu`jyxcuwn gn i`ðcjny èulnucj ~j` ynjg` gngnywu~iilùj ` kc kùfc gn wcgc nk i`dljc mìl` Knlxrlf+ J~undenuf+ Enukäj | G`jrlf*

Xcu cwu` xùwn+ dlnjwu`y k`y unenklcjny ycil`kny gn Ciilgnjwn vljlnucj gnyx~ìy gn kcyicjokliwcy dlklwùny+ c o~nucj ljilgnjwny `k dùfnj gn nkkcy -k` fu`j bìp~nuln ,+ nj nknywn `decy nyw~vlnucj ljn}wuli ekndnjwn ~jlgcy2 k`y fu`jgny f~nuu`y | k`yljy~uuniilcjny ocudùcj ~j` dlyd` icy`* K`y gcy fu`jgny icjok`fu ilcjny gnkEàkwlic | Ecmndl` o~nucj w`delìj vlcknjw`y f~nuu`y ilvlkny* Nj Nudk`jg+ kcyi`dxnyljcy yn unenkùcj g~u`jwn ~j` eunvn x`~y` gnk icjokliwc xu~yl`jc$xckìc* K`dlyd` f~nuu` gn kcy Wunin @ðcy o~n ~j` y`kv`bn | fnjnu`klr`g` ljy~uuniilùj ycil`k njk` p~n k`y il~g`gny icdnuil`kny gn G`jrlf | Wcu~j yn `klùcj icj kcy fu`jgnyxucxlnwùlcy u~u`kny | icj gnyxl`g`gcy n ljicjwuck`gcy dnuinjùlcy nj ~j` unenklùji~|c cebnwlvc o~n nk gnuuci`dlnjwc gn k` e~uciuìl` dlklwù gn k` Cugnj Wn~wùjli`* @ olj kny gnk ylfkc ]L_+ Ecmndl` o~n w`delìj nyinjùlc gn w~ue~knjwcy icjokliwcyynðcul`kny g~u`jwn nk unlj`gc gn Vnjinyk`c L_+ icj e`jg`y nuu`jwny gn `ynyljcy `y~nkgc ucjg`jgc xcu kcy i`dxcy nj e~yi` gn ecwäj1 nj nyw`y y~il`y xnkn`y o~n gcjgn

B`j Ŵlźa`+ nk o~w~uc icd`jg`jwn gn k` i`~y` m~ylw`+ mlrc y~ njwunj`dlnjwc dlklwù`jwny gn ynuvlu nj ~j fu~xc p~n k~imc nj Fuûjn `kg `k k`gc gnk dcjùi` xckìc*Ljdngl`w`dnjwn gnyx~ìy+ gn 070< ` 0797+ n}xkcwùcj k`y f~nuu`y m~ylw`y+ onjùdnjcylj xuningnjwny nj k` mlywcul` dnglnv`k p~n ~jlù ` e~uf~nyny+ xnp~nðcy xucxlnwùlcy+ùwny`jcy | i`dxnyljcy icjwu` kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny jcekny+ kcy x`wulilcy ~ue`jcy+ k`glj`ywä` | kcy nbìuilwcy n}wu`jbnucy nj ~j` n}wu`cugljùl` k~im` ycil`k | xucwcjìlcj`ke`bc k`y e`jgnu`y gn k` unklflùj >* Kcy> Oungnulia Mn|d`jj+ Bcmj Rlra` `jg wmn M~yylwn Unvck~wlcj + Xuljinwcj+ 0<?>+ ny k` xuljilx`k ceu` yceunk`y f~nuu`y m~ylw`y p~n x~ngn njicjwuùyn nj ~j lglcd` jc imnic* Nyw~glc iàklgc | elnj nyiulwc+ nyn}inylv`dnjwn eunvn nj kcy `jàklyly ycil`kny | yn gnwlnjn nj k` d~nuwn gn Ŵlźa` nj 0757* Mn|d`jjy~eu`|` icj wcgc ìlnuwc ìk iùàiwnu ylj xuningnjwny gn k` ljy~uuniilùj m~ylw`+ xnuc lji~uun nj ~j`jìucjlydc `k xunwnjgnu p~n o~n k` xuldnu` gn k` fu`j i`gnj` gn unvck~ilcjny dcgnuj`y+

QXàf* 5>>T

@uwäi~kcy gn k` icd~jlg`g gn kcy xceuny u~u`kny p~n o~jgùcj k` il~g`g gn Wàecu nj

k`y icklj`y gn Ecmndl` n}xuny`j+ p~lrà+ nk fulwc dày xuco~jgc nj e~yi` gn ~j`ldxcylekn klenuìlùj gn wcg` k` mlywcul` gnk on~g`klydc n~ucxnc ?* Nk dlknjùlydcu`gli`k o~n y~xuldlgc d~| xucjwc gnjwuc gnk ekcp~n m~ylw`+ xnuc k` kn`kw`g gn kcyi`dxnyljcy | ùwny`jcy p~n xucvn|nucj gn yckg`gcy ` k` i`~y` m~ylw`+ e`bc y~yglulfnjwny Ŵlźa` | Xucicxlc+ jc vìlkù* P~ljin `ðcy w~vlnucj p~n x`yù `jwny gn p~nnyw` ljyùklw` ljy~uuniilùj ùd`g`+ p~n gnx~yc ` ~j ndxnu`gcu+ gnyòlù `k x`x`gc |gnuucwù ` iljic iu~r`g`y njvl`g`y icjwu` nkk`+ o~nu` olj`kdnjwn ycoci`g` | nk x`äyuni~xnuù` ~j` x`r dcule~jg`* @ xuljilxlcy gnk ylfkc ]_+ k`y cwucu` o~nuwnydcjùp~ä`y gn Xckcjl`+ Ecmndl` | M~jfuä` yn mèä`j gnyljwnfu`gc nj dnglc gn k`~y~uxìlùj | nk gnycugnj ynðcul`k | y~y iunilnjwny xunylcjny yceun nk i`dxnylj`gc* @ dngl`gcy gn ylfkc yn xucg~bc ~j` eunvn | iccuglj`g` uni~xnuìlùj nj kcy wuny x`äynyicj k` y~elg` `k wucjc gn Bcufn gn Xcg eu`g| nj k`y wlnuu`y imni`y+ k` gn D`wä`yĞ Icuvljc nj M~jfuä` | nk unlj`gc gn I`yldluc L_ nj Xckcjl`+ wcgcy nkkcy ycenu`jcyicdxnwnjwny p~n g~u`jwn ilnuwc wlndxc unywèknilnucj k` `~wculg`g un`k+ gnwnjlnjgcnk `v`jin mìl` k` ou`fdnjwìlùj jcelklùl`* Xnuc ` olj`kny gnk ylfkc kcy wuny unljcy



K` gnxunylùj `fuäick` w~vc nj nk nywn ~j` j~nv` | o`w`k icjyni~njil`* K`y il~g`gnyicdnuil`kny gnk Eàkwlic+ Xckcjl` | U~yl`+ dày unilnjwny | dnjcy uce~yw`y+ o~nucjd~imäyldc dnjcy i`xìny gn unylywlu k` unxnjwlj` nyi`ynr | icjwuìilùj gn y~njwcujc u~u`k p~n kcy dày fu`jgny | dày `jwlf~cy injwucy ~ue`jcy gn Ciilgnjwn*Nywcy unxunynjw`j+ nj noniwc+ nk òjlic yniwcu ldxcuw`jwn gn k` nicjcdä` ciilgnjw`kp~n ` xnyù gn wcg`y y~y iulyly `v`jrù icjyw`jwndnjwn+ njwun w~d~kwcy xcx~kùny |e`jiùucw`y+ g~u`jwn kcy ylfkcy ]L_ | ]_* Gn mnimc+ | ` xnyù gn k`y d~nuwny i`~y`g`yxcu nxlgndl`y | m`deuny+ k` xcekìlùj ~ue j` wcw`k gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`kxuceèkndnjwn iunilù m`yw` nk `ðc 07>8* K`y il~g`gny gnk nywn+ ylj ndeùfc+ nywè`jd~imc dày n}x~nyw`y* K`y il~g`gny gn k` M`jy` p~lrà lf~`k`ynj mìl` nk `ðc 0988 `kcy x~nuwcy lw`kl`jcy nj y~ vck~dnj gn wu`jyìilcjny* Ylj ndeùfc+ nk v`kcu gn y~icdnuilc+ p~n yn icdxcjä` yceun wcgc gn ldxcuwìlcjny gn x`ðcy | n}xcuwìlcjny gnxucg~iwcy `fuäick`y ocunyw`kny | j`w~u`kny -d`gnu`+ iàð`dc+ inu` | xlnkny,+ nu`d~imc dnjcu 081 jc ny xunilyc gnilu p~n ny`y il~g`gny jc icjwuckè`j jljfòj icjw`gc u~u`k* @gndày+ `mcu` yn njounjwè`j icj k` ljwnjy` icdxnwnjil` dùäwld` gnMck`jg`2 kcy eùicy mck`jgnyny icdnjrùcj ` j`vnfù xcu nk Yc~jg nj nk ylfkc ]L_+ |` olj`kny gnk ]_ unflywuè`j nk 68 xcu ilnjwc gnk wuàolic p~n kc `wu`vnyè`*Xunily`dnjwn xù` njounjwùyn ` nywn unwc+ k`y il~g`gny fnudàjli`y+ gnygn Kûenia `

Ulf`+ icjywlw~|nucj ocud`kdnjwn nj nk `ðc 09?6 k` Klf M`jynàwli`* Xnuc kòngnuìlùj jc kny yluvlù xù` j`g`* Icflg`y njwun k` icdxnwnjil` mck`jgny` xcu dù |k` gnxunylùj `fuäick` xcu wlnuu`+ k`y il~g`gny gn k` M`jy` p~ngùcj gnoljlwlv`dnjwnxù`klr`g`y* \ icj y~ gni`gnjil` gny`xùnilù k` i`~y` xuljilx`k gn k` vlw`klg`gicdnuil`k gn k`y kci`klg`gny ylw~`g`y dày `kkà gnk Nke`*

Nyw` gnelklg`g gn k`y il~g`gny o~n k` i`~y` o~jg`dnjw`k p~n xnudlwlù ` kcy jcekny`gcxwù ~j` yck~ilùj xù` k` iulyly+ p~n Lny nywè` nywu~iw~u`kdnjwn ekcp~n`g` njCiilgnjwn2 ~j` unìilùj ynðcul`k p~n gnywu~|ù knjw`dnjwn wcgcy kcy gnunimcyi`dxnyljcy | ung~bc ylywndàwli`dnjwn ` k` ynuvlg~deun ` kcy ùunjg`wùlcy p~nwuè`bè`j nj kcy fu`jgny gcdljlcy ynðcul`kny* K` u`rùj nicjùdli` gn nyw` ylw~ìlùj+cx~nyw` gl`dnwu`kdnjwn ` k` p~n nj òkwldc wìudljc yn `gcxwù nj Ciilgnjwn+ u`gli` njk` unkìlùj njwun wlnuu` | wuè`bc nj nk nywn* Nk ick`xyc gndc$08 Mnjul Xlunjjn+ Nicjcdli `jg ycil`k mlywcu| co dngl`nv`k N~ucxn + Kcjguny+ 0<9?+ xx* 07=$>5 QMlywcul` nicjùdli` | ycil`k gn k` Ng`g Dngl` + Dì}lic+ OIN+ 0<?9+ xx* 008$5T*

QXàf* 5>=T

fuàolic+ `~jp~n nj wìudljcy èyck~wcy xuceèkndnjwn o~nyn dnjcy g~uc p~n njCiilgnjwn+ iunù ~j` wnjylùj unk`wlv`dnjwn y~xnulcu nj kc p~n |` nu` ~j` njgìdli`nyi`ynr gn d`jc gn ceu`* G`gcy kcy v`ywcy nyxìlcy nyi`y`dnjwn xcek`gcy gn N~ucx`culnjw`k+ k` m~lg` gn kcy i`dxnyljcy icjywlw~ä` ~j fu`vn xnklfuc xù` kcy ynðcunydlnjwu`y k` wlnuu` icjwlj~ù` ylnjgc xcwnjil kdnjwn d~| è~jg`jwn* @k dlydc

wlndxc+ n}lywä`j xci`y cxcuw~jlg`gny gn gngliùyn ` ocud`y gn `fuli~kw~u` p~nn}lflnu`j dnjcy d`jc gn ceu`+ icdc k` ljg~ywul` gn k` k`j`+ p~n mèä` vnjlgc nj`|~g` gn kcy ìcy`gcy ynðcuny gn Ljfk`wnuu` | I`ywlkk`+ xcup~n k` `fuli~kw~u` | nki~kwlvc gn inun`kny icjywlw~ä`j k`y ocud`y cevl`y gn xucg~iilùj nj k`y wlnuu`y gnk nywn+ljik~yc `jwny gn p~n icdnjrù` ~j `dxklc icdnuilc gn n}xcuwìlùj* Xcu w`jwc+ kùnkìlùj njwun wlnuu` | wuè`bc ldx~kyè` ` k` ik`yn jcelklùl` mìl` k`y unywuliilcjnyocurcy`y gn k` dcvlklg`g i`dxnylj` | mìl` k` ocudìlùj gn fu`jgny gcdljlcyynðcul`kny00* Xnuc k` unjwèlklg`g nicjùdli` gn nyn i`dljc jc nu` k` dlyd` p~n y~xcylelklg`g ycil`k* K` ljgnxnjgnjil | nk xcgnu gn `wu iilùj gn il~g`gny |d~jlilxlcy+ ljik~yc nj ~j` ocud` glydlj~lg`+ icjywlw~ä` ~j ceywài~kc d`jlolnywc xù`k` ldxcylilùj icnuilwlv` gn ~j` ynuvlg~deun fnjnu`klr`g` `k i`dxnylj`gc* \` mndcy

vlywc p~n k` ¡ljwnuxcylilùj± cebnwlv` gn k`y il~g`gny nj k` nywu~iw~u` fkce`k gn ik`ynyo~n xunily`dnjwn kc p~n ekcp~nù k` ljwnjyloliìlùj olj`k gn kcy väji~kcy ynuvlkny icdcunyx~nyw` ` k` iulyly nj Ciilgnjwn* K` icjglilùj xunvl` gn k` ldxkìèkn | unfunylv`wu`jyocudìlùj gnk i`dxc p~n w~vc k~fù nj nk nywn o~n+ xcu w`jwc+ k` `jlp~lkìlùj gn



k` `~wcjcdä` | k` vlw`klg`g gn k`y il~g`gny* K` jceknr` nu` xnuoniw`dnjwn icjyilnjwngn p~n jc xcguä` icjynf~lu nk `xk`yw`dlnjwc gn kcy i`dxnyljcy m`yw` p~n jc m~elnu`nkldlj`gc c ycb~rf`gc ` k`y il~g`gny* N ldxkìèkndnjwn x~yc d`jcy ` k` ceu`* K`yil~g`gny gn Klvcjl` yn unylywlnucj ìwlv`dnjwn ` k` ljwucg~iilùj gn k` ynuvlg~deun1k`y gn Eu`jgnde~ufc | Xcdnu`jl + dày ycdnwlg`y gnygn ylndxun ` k`y xunylcjny gnynðcuny | xuäjilxny+ jc cx~ylnucj unylywnjil * @de`y+ ylj ndeùfc+ o~nucjljglywljw`dnjwn gnuucw`g`y nj y~ k~im` icjwu` y~y `gvnuyùlcy ynðcul`kny nj nk i~uycgnk ylfkc ]_* Xu~yl` | Ecmndl`+ i~|`y il~g`gny mèä`j ylgc wu`glilcj`kdnjwn dàyxcgnucy`y+ o~nucj k`y òjli y rcj`y gnk nywn p~n gn ocud` d~| ylfjloli wlvìcjcilnucj vnu$00 Nywn xcyw~k`gc o~jg`dnjw`k o~n nj~jil`gc nj y~ ocud` ikàyli` xcu Gcee+ Yw~glny lj wmn gnvnkcxdnjw co i`xlw`klyd + xx* >9$?8+ | m` ylgc gnyùuckk`gc xcywnulcudnjwn xcu Mlkwcj | Ydlwm+Wmn njynuodnjw co wmn U~yyl`j xn`y`jwu| + xx* 0$56*

QXàf* 5><T

g`gnucy knv`jw`dlnjwcy i`dxnyljcy | ~j` vlcknjw` unylywnjil` ycil`k icjwu` k`jceknr` nj nyw` ìxci`* Icj wcgc+ `k olj`k gn k` f~nuu` gn kcy Wunin @ðcy+ wcg`y k`y

il~g`gny xu~yl`j`y+ n}inxwc Aÿjlfyenuf+ nywè`j ùu~lj`g`y c `jn}lcj`g`y ` Xckcjl`*Aÿjlfyenuf yn cx~yc `k `v`jin gn k` ynuvlg~deun xnuc 008 x~gc gnwnjnukc* K`gnuucw` olj`k gn kcy m~ylw`y+ nj i~|cy nbìuilwcy mèä`j xnkn`gc icgc ` icgc kcyi`dxnyljcy | kcy ùwny`jcy xceuny+ ynkkù w`delìj nk gnywljc gn k`y il~g`gny`~wùjcd`y gn Ecmndl`2 `kungngcu gn ilji~njw` o`dlkl`y gn d`fj`wny dcjcxcklrè`jnk xcgnu xckäwlic ` olj`kny gnk ylfkc ]_+ | ` xùwlu gnk `ðc 07=6 k`jrùcj ~j gnyxl`g`gc`w`p~n icjwu` kcy gnelklw`gcy injwucy ~ue`jcy 05*

Nj U~yl`+ gcjgn k`y il~g`gny dnui`jwlkny gn Jcvfcucg | Xyacv j~ji` mèä`j xcynägc~j` nywu~iw~u` d~jlilx`k yndnb`jwn ` k`y gn cwu`y il~g`gny n~ucxn`y+ |` p~n nywè`jgcdlj`g`y icdxknw`dnjwn xcu wnuu`wnjlnjwny ec|ùgcy | jc couniä`j fù`jwä`y gnklenuw`g xnuycj`k gnjwuc gn y~y d~u`kk`y+ k` icjinjwuìlùj gnk xcgnu jcelklùlc nj kcyNyw`gcy gn Y~rg`k | Dcyicvl yn njounjwù ` nkk`y icj nyxäulw~ yldlkù* K`ljgnxnjgnjil` gn Jcvfcucg o~n y~xuldlg` xcu Lvàj LLL nj nk `ðc 076=1 k` iund` gny~y ec|ùgcy | dnui`gnuny o~n gnxcuw`g`+ y~y gcdljlcy icjolyi`gcy | unxùwlgcy | `xùwlu gn njwcjiny ~j fcenuj`gcu un`k c j`dnywjla ulflù k` il~g`g gluniw`dnjwn xù`nk rù09* Xcic gnyx~ìy+ E`ylklc LLL ycdnwlù ` Xyacv* K`y j~nv`y il~g`gny iun`g`y nj kÙ~yl` injwu`k nu`j injwucy dlklwùny | `gdljlywu`wlvcy ylw~`gcy gnygn nk icdlnjrce`bc nk icjwuck gn kcy xuäjilxny* Xnuc k` xckäwli` ylywndàwli`dnjwn dày `jwl~ue`j` gnwcg`y o~n gnyùuckk`g` xcu kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny xckìcy* ” Nj Xckcjl`+ k` jceknr`y~xuldlù kcy injwucy icdnuil`kny kci`kny xù` njwnjgnuyn gluniw`dnjwn icj kcydnui`gnuny n}wu`jbnucy+ nywèknilù xunilcy dà}ldcy xù` kcy elnjny xucg~ilgcy njk`y il~g`gny+ yn `xucxlù gn kcy gnunimcy gn d`j~oìw~u` | xuciny`gc -oèuliìlùj gninuvnr ,+ xucmlelù ` kcy mèlw`jwny gn k`y il~g`gny k` xucxlng`g gn wlnuu`y |+j`w~u`kdnjwn+ ldxlglù k` uninxilùj gn kcy i`dxnyljcy o~flwlvcy nj k`y il~g`gny2dnglg`y p~n yn glulfä`j nj y~ wcw`klg`g icjwu` k` dlyd` n}lywnjil` gn ~j` nicjcdä`~ue`j`* Nk uny~kw`gc ljnvlwèkn gn nywn xucinyc+ unxnwlgc nj ~j x`äy wu`y cwuc+ o~n ~jknjwc | fnjnu`k `fcyw`dlnjwc gn k` vlg` gn k`y il~g`gny nj wcg` N~ucx` culnjw`k* Nk05 O* Gvcujla+Wmn Yk`vy lj N~ucxn`j mlywcu| `jg ilvlklr`wlcj + Jn Eu~jy lia+ 0<?5+ x* 999*09 Xù` nywn nxlycglc+ vì`yn F* _nd`gyal+ U~yyl` `w wmn g` j co wmn Dcgnuj @fn + \`kn+ 0<>>+ xx* >7$?9*

QXàf* 5?8T

xucinyc o~n dày kldlw`gc nj Ecmndl` fuìl`y ` k` cxcuw~j` `kl`jr` njwun nk x`wulil`gc~ue`jc fnudàjlic | kcy ynðcuny on~g`kny imnicy icjwu` kcy m~ylw`y+ | nj U~yl`+ i~|`yil~g`gny j~ji mèä`j fcr`gc gn k`y klenuw`gny icuxcu`wlv`y gn kcy x~nuwcym`jynàwlicy |+ xcu w`jwc+ jc unxunynjwè`j ~j` `dnj`r` yndnb`jwn xù` nk xcgnuynðcul`k2 Xu`f` | Dcyiò yceunvlvlnucj icj k`y d`|cuny xcekìlcjny gn k` unflùj* Nj



k`y wlnuu`y gn Eu`jgnde~ufc+ Xcdnu`jl | nk Eàkwlic+ ickcjlr`g`y xcu kcy fnud`jcy+k` gny~ue`jlrìlùj o~n w`j icdxknw` p~n nj ~j` onim` w`j wùgä` icdc 0>?7 k` d`|cuil~g`g gn Eu`jgnde~ufc+ Enukäj+ icjwè` yùkc icj nk ulgäi~kc jòdnuc gn 0* 988i`y`y*

Nyw` gnuucw` mlywùuli` gn k`y il~g`gny o~n kc p~n èulù i`dljc ` k` ldxcylilùj gn k`ynuvlg~deun nj nk nywn* Kcy dni`jlydcy gn k` unìilùj ynðcul`k o~nucj ljj~dnuèkny

| nj k` d`|cu xùwn gn k`y rcj`y yn icgloliùcj `kfòj wlndxc gnyx~ìy gn p~n kcyi`delcy y~yw`jil`kny |` yn m~elnu`j noniw~`gc nj k` xuàiwli`* Xnuc nk dcgnkc fnjnu`ko~n lgìjwlic nj wcg`y xùwny* G~u`jwn kcy ylfkcy ]_ | ]_L yn ung~bc fu`g~`kdnjwn k`dcvlklg`g gn kcy i`dxnyljcy gn Xckcjl`+ Xu~yl`+ U~yl`+ Eu`jgnde~ufc+ Ecmndl` |Klw~`jl`1 yn ldx~ylnucj i`ywlfcy xcu y~y m~lg`y1 yn ~wlklrùcj k`y gn~g`y xù`

vlji~kùkcy ` k` wlnuu` | k`y iùf`y yn mlilnucj dày g~u`y 07* Xcu vnr xuldnu` nj y~mlywcul`+ nk nywn xunynjilè` `mcu` k` `xùlilùj gn ~j` vnug`gnu` nicjcdä` ynðcul`k*Nj Xu~yl`+ k` Cugnj Wn~wùjli` gniunwù nj nk `ðc 0785 k` n}x~kylùj gn k`y il~g`gny+g~u`jwn nk wlndxc gn icynim`+ gn `p~nkkcy p~n iùnilnu`j gn gcdlilklc olbc1 k` v~nkw`gn kcy i`dxnyljcy o~flwlvcy ` y~y ynðcuny nj nk `ðc 07061 k` unf~kìlùj gn y`kùlcydà}ldcy xù` kcy bcuj`knucy nj 0758* G~u`jwn k`07 Xù` ~j x`jcu`d` gn wcgc nywn xucinyc+ vì`yn nk ùwli~kc gn Ek~d+ ¡Wmn ulyn co ynuogcd lj N`ywnujN~ucxn±+ @dnuli`j Mlywculi`k Unvln + b~klc gn 0<>6+ njy`|c xuni~uycu i~`knyp~lnu` p~n yn`j k`yunynuv`y p~n x~ng` ljyxlu u y~ nyp~nd` n}xkli`wlvc* Noniwlv`dnjwn+ Ek~d xucxcjn i~`wuc u`rcjnyeàyli`y xù` n}xkliù k` ynuvlg~deun olj`k gnk i`dxnylj`gc gn N~ucx` culnjw`k2 nk `~dnjwc gnk xcgnuxckäwlic gn k` jceknr + nk gnyùuckkc gn k`y b~ulygliilcjny ynðcul kny+ nk ldxìwc gnk dnui`gc gnn}xcuwìlùj | k` gni`gnjil` gn k`y il~g`gny* K`y gcy xuldnu`y yn kldlw`j ` ungnyiulelu nk onjùdnjc gn k`ynuvlg~deun+ xnuc jc kc n}xkli`j* K` wnuinu`+ icdc vnundcy+ jc ny xk`~ylekn ndxäuli`dnjwn* K` i~ùw`ny k` òjli` i`~y` un`kdnjwn vàklg`+ `~jp~n+ j`w~u`kdnjwn+ jninylw` ` y~ vnr ynu n}xkli`g`* Nj fnjnu`k+ nkùwäi~kc gn Ek~d iùnin gn k` xuco~jglg`g wndxcu`k c gn k` xknjlw~g icdxù`wlv` y~olilnjwny xù` ylw~ùnj wcg` y~ xknjlw~g nk onjùdnjc gn k` ynuvlg~deun gnk nywn* Nywc yùkc x~ngn un`klrùyn i~`jgc yn m`nywèknilgc `gni~`g`dnjwn k` glywljw` ocudìlùj mlywùuli` gn k`y gcy rcj`y gn N~ucx`* Ylj ndeùfc+ y~ygnolilnjil y nj nywn ynjwlgc jc unyw`j v`kcu ` kcy ynð`k`gcy dìulwcy gnk njy`|c gn Ek~d+ p~n icjwljò`ylnjgc ~j mlwc nj nk `jàklyly gnk xuceknd`*

QXàf* 5?0T

f~nuu` gn kcy Wunin @ðcy+ k` Cugnj nj`bnjù wlnuu`y | b~ulygliilcjny nj d`y` ` kcydnuinjùlcy p~n mèä`j icjwu`w`gc xù` k~imù icjwu` kcy xckìcy | k` ^jlùj+ icj nk*uny~kw`gc gn p~n ~j wnuulwculc xunvl`dnjwn gcdlj`gc xcu xnp~nðcy i`dxnyljcy p~nx`fè`j unjw`y nj nyxniln ` ~j` e~uciuìl` dlklwù p~n yn k`y `xucxlè` | k`y xcjä` `k` vnjw`+ xunynjilù `mcu` k` wu`jyonunjil` gn wlnuu`y nj fu`j nyi`k` ` ~j` j~nv`jceknr` | k` icjycklgìlùj gn fu`jgny gcdljlcy | gn b~ulygliilcjny ynðcul`kny* Nj07<7 kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny xu~yl`jcy mèä`j icjynf~lgc nk gnunimc gn `mcuiù ylj xunvlc

b~lilc ` kcy o~flwlvcy* Olj`kdnjwn+ k` Cugnj+ gnelklw`g`+ yn glyckvlù ` xuljilxlcy gnkylfkc ]_L+ yld~kwàjn`dnjwn icj k` unxunylùj gn k`y unenklcjny i`dxnylj`y | k`

yni~kùlrìlùj gn k`y wlnuu`y gn k` Lfknyl`+ | kcy iè`kknucy p~n p~ngè`j yn dnrikùcjicj k` ùlywciuìl` kci`k xù` ocudù ~j` yck` ik`yn ycil`k+ kcy B~januy + p~n ` xùwlu gnnjwcjiny gcdljù ` ~j i`dxnylj`gc xulv`gc gn y~y gnunimcy icjy~nw~gljùlcy nluunvnuylekndnjwn `gyiulwc ` k` wlnuu`* Nj U~yl`+ nk `w`p~n icjwu` kcy xceuny u~u`knynyw~vc lf~`kdnjwn ~jlgc ` ~j` undcgnkìlùj gnjwuc gn k` xucxl` ik`yn on~g`k* Nk `~fngn k`y olji`y `ylfj`g`y xcu ynuvlilcy+ c xcdnyw“n + ` icyw` gnk x`wuldcjlc `kcgl k+ cvc Ąlj` + e`bc kcy `~yxlilcy | nj enjnolilc gnk Nyw`gc dcyicvlw`+ xucg~bc+ gnygn olj`knygnk ylfkc ]_+ nk j~nvc nywu`wc gn ~j` ldxkìèkn jceknr` wnuu`wnjlnjwn* K` n}wnjylùjdngl` gn kcy gcdljlcy on~g`kny gnyinjglù wndxcu`kdnjwn ` k` vnr p~n yn xucg~iä`~j` ljwnjyloliìlùj gn k`y n}ìilcjny gnk i`dxnylj`gc* K`y iùf`y | k`y xunywìlcjny`~dnjwùcj ljiny`jwndnjwn+ dlnjwu`y kcy xcdnŠĄlal xucwnywè`j icjwu` k`y x`~w`ygn dcvlklg`g i`dxnylj`* Nj 07<6+ nk iùglfc `gdljlywu`wlvc gn Lvàj LLL èucfùocud`kdnjwn nk wu`glilcj`k gnunimc gn kcy i`dxnyljcy kleuny gn gn~g`y ` è`jgcjùk`y wlnuu`y ynfòj y~ xucxl` vck~jw`g | kldlwù y~y y`klg`y ` k` ynd`j` `jwnulcu |xcywnulcu ` k` onywlvlg`g gn Y`j Bcufn* Nj nk ylfkc ylf~lnjwn+ | e`bc y~ y~inycu+ Lvàj L_+



`~dnjwùcj xucfunylv`dnjwn k`y xucmlelilcjny gn è`jgcjù k`y wlnuu`y+ xuldnuce`bc nk xunwn}wc gn k`y ic|~jw~u`kny ¡ndnufnjil`y jìlcj`kny± iun`g`y xcu k`yi`wàywucony gn k`y f~nuu`y gn Klvcjl`1 gnyx~ìy+ ` dnglg` p~n nk wlndxc x`yè`+ k`yxucmlelilcjny yn mlilnucj jcud`kny | èyck~w`y*

Nj Ecmndl`+ k` unglywule~ilùj gn k` wlnuu` wu`y kcy knv`jw`dlnjwcy m~ylw`y+ p~ngnyndeciù nj k` gnyxcynylùj gn ~j` Lfknyl` xucxlnwùl` m`yw` njwcjiny gn ~j wnuilcgn wcg` k` y~xnuoliln i~kwlv`g` gnk x`äy+ xucg~bc njcudny k`wlo~jglcy jcelklùlcy | ~j`yld~kwàjn` gnd`jg` gn ~j` d`jc gn ceu` nywèkn | gnxnjglnjwn p~n kcy i~kwlv`yn*K`y f~nuu`y mèä`j i`~y`gc ~j

QXàf* 5?5T

fu`j gnyxcek`dlnjwc | nyi`ynr gn d`jc gn ceu`* Nj icjyni~njil`+ yn wnjglùljdngl w`dnjwn ` k`y unywuliilcjny icnuilwlv`y gn kcy dcvldlnjwcy gnk i`dxnylj`gc*Nj 0796+ wuny `ðcy gnyx~ìy gn k` gnuucw` gn Xucicxlc nj Klx`j|+ nk Wule~j`k gn k`Wlnuu` gliwù jcud`y xù` k` xnuyni~ilùj gn kcy o~flwlvcy1 nj 07>9+ nk Yjnd xucd~kfùgn j~nvc nk dlydc xuljilxlc1 olj`kdnjwn+ k` `gyiulxilùj ocud`k | knf`k o~n gniunw`g`xcu ~j Nyw`w~wc gn 07<6 | xcu k` Cugnj`jr` gn k` Wlnuu` gn 0>88 0>* Nj nk ylfkcylf~lnjwn yn ljwnjyloliùcj k`y xunywìlcjny gn wuè`bc xnuycj`k+ | nk gnyùuckkc gn kcy

vlvnucy gn xniny | gn k` xucg~iilùj gn inuvnr`+ iùìwnuäywlicy gn k`y olji`y imni`y+`ð`glù j~nvcy ndck~dnjwcy ` k`y unjw`y ynðcul`kny 0?+ xnuc k` y~xnuvlvnjil` gn ~junyxnwèkn njik`vn ~ue`jc nj k` nicjcdä` xùnin mènu kldlw`gc nk fu`gc kci`k gnn}xkcwìlùj u~u`k+ |` p~n k`y xunywìlcjny gn wuè`bc o~nucj `p~ä dày ung~ilg`y p~nnj kcy cwucy x`äyny* Nj Eu`jgnde~ufc+ k` xucmlelilùj gn k` dlfuìlùj nywìlcj`k+gniunw`g` xcu Xckcjl` nj 07<?+ `fu`vù ynul`dnjwn nk xuceknd` gn d`jc gn ceu` gnkcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny fnud`jcy | icjwule~|ù ` xunilxlwù k` n}xucxlìlùj gn k`y xùink`ygn kcy xnp~nðcy i`dxnyljcy | k` ljwnfuìlùj ocurcy` gn k` o~nur gn wuè`bc u~u`k njkcy gcdljlcy ynðcul`kny+ p~n ynuä` k` iùìwnuäywli` dày jcwèkn gnk ylfkc xuù}ldc 06*Nj Xckcjl` o~n gcjgn k` unìilùj ynðcul`k kknfù dày knbcy* K` jceknr` mèä` cewnjlgc

gn k` dcjùp~ä` gnunimcy b~ulygliilcj`kny | gn cwu` äjgckn ` i`delc gnk gljnucjninyùlc xù` f`jù k`y f~nuu`y icjwu` k` Cugnj Wn~wùjli`* K` unìilùj gn k` ik`ynwnuu`wnjlnjwn icjwu` k` nyi`ynr gn d`jc gn ceu` gn k` ìxci` o~n k` xucd~kfìlùj gnkcy Nyw`w~wcy gn Xlcwuac + p~n xcu vnr xuldnu` vlji~kùcj ocud`kdnjwn ` kcyi`dxnyljcy ` k` wlnuu` | xucmlelnucj ` k`y il~g`gny p~n kcy ìcflnu`j* Nj nk ylfkc ]_ n}xnuldnjwùcj ~j uàxlgc iunildlnjwc kcy gcdljlcy on~g`kny c ock ùa| + p~n yngnyùuckkùcj icj nyxnil`k gnjylg`g ` kc kùfc gn k`y u~w`y ok~vl`kny p~n icjg~iä`j `kEàkwlic* @yä x~ny+ nj wcg` N~ucx` culnjw`k w~vc k~fù nj nyw` ìxci` ^j` wnjgnjil`

b~uägli` fnjnu`k mìl` k` ynuvlg~deun* K` knflykìlùj `gyiulxwlil` gn kcy ylfkcy ]_ |]_L jc icjylf~lù nywèkninu gn fckxn k` ynuvlg~deun gn wcgcy kcy0> U* U* Enwwy+ ¡Ycil`k `jg icjywlw~wlcj`k gnvnkcxdnjw lj Ecmndl` lj wmn M~yylwn xnulcg±+X`yw j g

Xunynjw + jòd* 6+ èulk gn 0<>>+ xx* 7<$>0*0? @* Akld` | B* Dì~una+ ¡K` p~nywlcj gn k` wu`jylwlcj g~ oìcg`klyldn `~ i`xlw`klydn nj N~ucxn injwu`kn-]_L$]_LLLn ylíikny,±+ 08wm Ljwnuj`wlcj`k Icjfunyy co Mlywculi`k Yilnjiny + xy`k`+ 0<?8+ x* 088*06 M`jy Ucynjenuf+ ¡Wmn ulyn co wmn B~januy lj Eu`jgnje~uf$Xu~yyl` 0708$0?>9±+ @dnuli`j Mlywculi`k Unvln + vck* ]KL]+ ciw~eun gn 0<79 | njnuc gn 0<77+ x* 590*

QXàf* 5?9T

i`dxnyljcy gnk nywn* Nj i`g` x`äy yn xucg~bc ~j` glyw`jil` icjylgnuèkn njwun kcyiùglfcy knf`kny p~n xucmleä`j k` dcvlklg`g | k`y un`klg`gny ycil`kny gnk i`dxc* Nywnonjùdnjc o~n lf~`kdnjwn ilnuwc nj U~yl`+ Ecmndl` c Xckcjl` 0=* Kcy ljywu~dnjwcy xù`ldxcjnu k` ynuvlg~deun gn k` fkne` nu`j wcg`vä` d~| gnolilnjwny+ | k`y m~lg`y gn k`y`kgn`y icjwlj~ùcj ljik~yc gnyx~ìy gn p~n yn gniunw`ynj icjwu` nkk`y k`y dnglg`ydày unxunylv`y+ o`vcunilg`y lkäilw`dnjwn nj `kf~j`y ci`ylcjny xcu kcy dlydcyfu`jgny d`fj`wny+ gnyncycy gn `wu`nu ` k` d`jc gn ceu` gn wnuu`wnjlnjwny dàyxnp~nðcy* Nj N~ucx` culnjw`k jc n}lywä` `òj k` d`p~ljùl` xckäwli` p~n xnudlwlnu`



~j` ulf~ucy` | icdxknw` ynuvlg~deun* Xnuc nk x`yc gnilylvc |` yn mèä` g`gc2 k`yj~nv`y kn|ny `jwlilxùcj nk o~w~uc ylywnd` nicjùdlic gnk nywn* @ xùwlu gn nyndcdnjwc+ k` xcylilùj gnk i`dxnylj`gc yn m~jglù ljn}cuèkndnjwn*

K` gnfu`gìlùj ljljwnuu~dxlg` gnk i`dxnylj`gc nj nk ylfkc ]_L icljilglù icj k`n}x`jylùj gn ~j` `fuli~kw~u` n}xcuw`gcu`+ x~ny kcy dnui`gcy ciilgnjw`kny ynè`ywnilnucj i`g` vnr dày icj kcy inun`kny xucingnjwny gn kcy gcdljlcy ynðcul`knygnk nywn* @xuc}ld`g`dnjwn ` xùwlu gn 07>8+ icj k` uni~xnuìlùj nicjùdli` gnCiilgnjwn+ k`y n}xcuwìlcjny gn fu`jc un`klr`g`y xcu nk _äyw~k` y~xnuùcj xcu vnrxuldnu` ` k`y gn d`gnu`* Nk icdnuilc gn fu`jc yn `g~in ` dnj~gc icdc k` u`rùjdày o~jg`dnjw`k gn k` ¡ynf~jg` ynuvlg~deun± gn N~ucx` culnjw`k 0<* Kcy wnywldcjlcyn}lywnjwny jc xùninj `v`kù+ ylj ndeùfc+ ny` icjik~ylùj* U~yl`+ p~n jc n}xcuwùwulfc m`yw` nk ylfkc ]L]+ n}xnuldnjwù ~j` unìilùj ynðcul`k jc ljonulcu ` k` gn Xckcjl`

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fkc ]_L* J`w~u`kdnjwn+ nk F~wymnuuyimòw nyxnil`klr`gc nj n}xcuwìlcjny gn injwnjcjc nu` gnyicjcilgc nj Xcdnu`jl` c Xckcjl` |` nj nk ylfkc ]LLL+ xnuc nyw`gäywli`dnjwnj~ji` o~n ~j` ìwlvlg`g gcdlj`jwn | w`dxcic kc ynuä` nj kcy gcy ylfkcy xcywnulcuny*Nk vnug`gnuc nyxknjgcu gn k` `fuli~kw~u` n}xcuw`gcu` gnk nywn ‗gn k`y olji`yynðcul`kny gnjcdlj`g`y è~ylv`dnjwn nj ci`ylcjny ¡xk`jwìlcjny ndxunyùl`kny±‗o~n nk ylfkc ]_L* Xckcjl`+ xuljilx`k x`äy xucg~iwcu gn k` unflùj+ n}xcuwè` ` icdlnjrcygnk ylfkc ]_L `kungngcu gn 58*888 wcjnk`g`y gn injwnjc `k `ðc* Ilnj `ðcy gnyx~ìynyw` ilou` yn mèä` d~kwlxkli`gc xcu dày gn cimc m`yw` `ki`jrù k`y 068*888 wcjnk`g`ynj 0?0= 58* Nk jòdnuc `j~`k gn eùicy p~n `wu`vnyè`j nk Yc~jg `~dnjwù nj nk dlydcxnuäcgc gn ~j` dngl` gn 0* 988 ` cwu` gn >*888 50* Kcy xunilcy gnk fu`jc nj G`jrlf+xuljilx`k x~nuwc xù` nk wuàolic gn inun`kny+ nu`j ylndxun njwun ~j 98 | ~j >8 xcuilnjwc dày `kwcy p~n nj kcy injwucy ljwnulcuny gn Xu`f`+ _lnj` | Kl~ekl`j` n ljgliè`jnk ädxnw~ icdnuil`k gnk dnui`gc gn n}xcuwìlùj+ `~jp~n nk jlvnk fnjnu`k gn xunilcygn fu`jc nj nk nywn o~nu` wcg`vä` `xuc}ld`g`dnjwn k` dlw`g p~n nj Ciilgnjwn òlj kny gnk ylfkc ]_L 55* Icj wcgc+ nk x`xnk gnk icdnuilc gnk Eàkwlic nj k` nicjcdäìnun`klyw` gn N~ucx` culnjw`k jc gnen n}`fnuùyn* Gn mnimc+ nj Xckcjl`+ p~n nu` nkxuljilx`k x`äy ldxkli gc nj nywn icdnuilc+ k`y n}xcuwìlcjny gn fu`jc yùkcunxunynjwùcj gnk 08 `k 0> xcu ilnjwc gn k` xucg~iilùj wcw`k nj kcy dcdnjwcyi~kdlj`jwny+ |` p~n g~u`jwn k` d`|cu xùwn gnk ylfkc ]_L k`y xucxcuilcjny o~nucjd~| ljonulcuny ` nyc 59*58 M* A`dnj+ Wmn lucj injw~u|* Ycil`k im`jfn lj N~ucxn 0>>8$0??8 + Kcjguny+ 0<60+ x* 50 QNk ylfkc gn mlnuuc + D`gulg+ @kl`jr`+ 0<66T*50 B* M* Xùu|+ ¡Wu`jyxcuw `jg wu`gn uc~wny±+I`deulgfn Nicjcdli Mlywcu| co N~ucxn + vck* L_+Wmn nicjcd| co n}x`jgljf N~ucxn lj wmn yl}wnnjwm `jg ynvnjwnnjwm injw~ulny + I`deulgfn+ 0<?6+ x* 068 Q¡Nkwu`jyxcuwn | k`y u~w`y icdnuil`kny±+ Mlywcul` nicjùdli` gn N~ucx` + L_+K` nicjcdä` gn n}x`jylùj nj N~ucx` nj kcy ylfkcy ]_L | ]_LL + D`gulg+ NGNUY@+ 0<66T*55 @kgc gn D`gg`knj`+ U~u`k N~ucxn 0>88$0688 + Kcjguny+ 0<68+ xx* 75$91 A`dnj+Wmn lucj injw~u| + xx*



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QXàf* 5?=T

W`k o~n nk unwu`yc mlywùulic gn N~ucx` culnjw`k* K` i`~y` o~jg`dnjw`k gn nywn

uny~kw`gc xuldlwlvc ‗yl yn dlgn icj x`wucjcy ljwnuon~g`kny‗ m`| p~n e~yiùk` nj k`j`w~u`knr` gn k` ynuvlg~deun nj nk nywn* K`y unkìlcjny u~u`kny gn xucg~iilùj j~ji`xnudlwlnucj nk dùfnj gnoljlgc gn `~wcjcdä` | xucg~iwlvlg`g i`dxnylj`y p~n mèä`n}lywlgc nj Ciilgnjwn2 kc ldxngä` k` ~jlocudn icjinjwuìlùj gn ynðcuäc nicjùdlic+

b~uäglic | xnuycj`k p~n iùìwnulrù `k ylywnd` ynðcul`k gn N~ucx` culnjw`k* Nkuny~kw`gc o~n ` dnj~gc k` n}lywnjil` gn ~j` unkìlùj njwun unynuv`y ynðcul`kny |wlnuu`y ùunjg`g`y èyck~w`dnjwn glywljw` ` k` gn Ciilgnjwn1 k` yrkìmw` xckì``ki`jrù ylywndàwli`dnjwn ~j` xucxcuilùj gcekn c wulxkn p~n k` gnk Ciilgnjwndnglnv`k+ kknv`jgc k` n}wnjylùj gn y~y ock ùa| m`yw` kcy dlydcy kädlwny gnk`fcw`dlnjwc u~u`k* @yldlydc+ yn n}lflnucj xunywìlcjny gn wuè`bc xnuycj`k m`yw`kädlwny gnyicjcilgcy nj N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k -xunywìlcjny nj xuljilxlc ¡lkldlw`g`y± njM~jfuä` |+ nj k` xuàiwli`+ gn ~jcy iljic c ynly gä`y xcu ynd`j` nj Xckcjl`, 95* Nk noniwcdày kk`d`wlvc gn nyw` y~xnun}xkcwìlùj ynðcul`k o~n k` ljvnuylùj gn k` x`~w` fkce`k gnxucg~iwlvlg`g gn k` `fuli~kw~u` on~g`k `jwnulcu* Dlnjwu`y p~n nj Ciilgnjwn k`yicynim`y nu`j jcud`kdnjwn dày `kw`y nj k`y unynuv`y ynðcul`kny p~n nj k`y xùink`ygn kcy i`dxnyljcy+ nj nk nywn k`y xùink`y icjynf~ä`j icj ouni~njil` ~j`y w`y`y gnxucg~iwlvlg`g y~xnulcuny ` k`y gn k`y unynuv`y ùlywciuàwli`y* Nj k` M~jfuä` gnk ylfkc]_LL+ k` xucg~iwlvlg`g gn kcy i`dxnyljcy o~n nj ci`ylcjny nk gcekn p~n k` gn k`yunynuv`y ynðcul kny99* Nj Xckcjl`+ k`y wlnuu`y gn kcy ynðcuny+ p~n gcekùcj y~n}wnjylùj xcu k` èycuilùj gn kcy xucxlnwùlcy dnglcy+ p~lrà `~dnjwù`j y~y ljfunycyun`kny nj xcic dày gn ~j wnuilc2 m`yw` w`k x~jwc o~n u`gli`k nk gnyinjyc gn k`xucg~iilùj i~`jgc y~y ylnuvcy yn vlnucj xunylcj`gcy gn ny` ocud` 97* Kcy kädlwny gnkon~g`klydc gnk nywn ‗p~n ung~bnucj | gnoljlnucj wcgc y~ gnyùuckkc mlywùulic‗ o~nucjkcy gn y~ cuf`jlrìlùj ycil`k gnk wuè`bc1 k`y o~nur`y u~u`kny gn xucg~iilùj p~ngùcj`wu`x`g`y gnjwuc gn ~jcy kädlwny unk`wlv`dnjwn nywunimcy gnelgc `k wlxc | `k fu`gc gnn}xkcwìlùj gnk xucg~iwcu gluniwc*

`ðc 0>88 nj k` d`|cu xùwn gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k+ dlnjwu`y p~n k` d`|cu xùwn gn N~ucx` culnjw`knywè` wcg`vä` nj nk nyw`glc E nj k` gìi`g` gn 0=58*95 Ry* Xìm+Gln ~jfùlyimn @fuùnjw liak~jf ld 0?$00 B`mum~jgnuw* @eelnf~jf vcj Vnywn~ucxçlyimnj Njw liak~jfyf`jf + E~g`xnyw+ 0<?7+ xx* >?=1 U* O* Knykln+Wmn Xcklym p~nywlcj + Kcjguny+ 0<?7+ x* 7*09 A`dnj+ Wmn lucj injw~u| + x* 559*97 Gn D`gg`knj`+ U~u`k N~ucxn +0>88$06>8 + x* 70*

QXàf* 5?<T

Njfnky yn unolulù+ nj ~j` iìkneun ou`yn+ ` k` unìilùj ynðcul`k gn N~ucx` culnjw`k òlj`kny gn k` Ng`g Dngl` | icdlnjrcy gn k` Ng`g Dcgnuj + gnjcdljàjgck` k`¡ynf~jg` ynuvlg~deun± 9>* Ny xunilyc ìkùù k` `delfûng`g gn ny` gnoljlilùj icjcebnwc gn ylw~ù gnoljlwlv`dnjwn k` vä` culnjw`k `k on~g`klydc nj y~ vnug`gnucicjwn}wc mlywùulic* Yl xcu ny` ou`yn yn njwlnjgn p~n k` ynuvlg~deun vckvlù ` N~ucx`culnjw`k+ p~n kknfù xcu ynf~jg` vnr xù` xnuynf~lu ` kcy xceuny+ k` n}xunylùj nyynjilkk`dnjwn ljicuuniw`* Icdc |` mndcy vlywc+ k` ynuvlg~deun xucxl`dnjwn glim`j~ji` mèä` n}lywlgc xunvl`dnjwn nj nk nywn* Xnuc yl icj nkk` yn njwlnjgn p~n N~ucx`n}xnuldnjwù gcy ckn`g`y glonunjwny gn ynuvlg~deun+ xuldnuc k` gn Ciilgnjwn -gnkylfkc L] `k ]L_, | gnyx~ìy k` gnk nywn -gnk ylfkc ]_ `k ]_LLL,+ njwcjiny ny ~j` oùud~k`p~n gnoljn n}ìw`dnjwn nk vnug`gnuc gnyùuckkc mlywùulic gnk icjwljnjwn* Icj nkk`xcgndcy ljvnuwlu nk mèlw~`k x~jwc gn vlyw` gnygn nk p~n yn ceynuv` k` ynuvlg~deun

gnk nywn* Icjvnjilcj`kdnjwn+ kcy mlywcul`gcuny xunynjw`j nywn onjùdnjc icdc ~jùnfunylùj mlywùuli ` xùwlu gn k`y klenuw`gny xunvl`y p~n n}lywä`j nj nk nywn `jwny gnk` unìilùj ynðcul`k* Xnuc k` vnug`g ny p~n ny`y klenuw`gny o~nucj k` ljwnuu~xilùj gn~j knjwc xucinyc `~wùiwcjc gn on~g`klrìlùj ynuvlk nj nk nywn* X~ny kc p~n Ekcim



kk`dè` nk ¡gnyùuckkc gn kcy väji~kcy gn gnxnjgnjil`± |` nywè` nj dùim` i~`jgck` n}x`jylùj ciilgnjw`k dày `kkà gnk Nke` | k` wu`jydlfuìlùj u~y` m`yw` nk Ca` | nk

_ckf` kc gnw~vlnucj gn ocud` unxnjwlj` | wndxcu`k* K` unìilùj ynðcul`k nj nk nywn+ `xùwlu gn olj`kny gnk ylfkc ]L_+ x~ngn icjylgnuùyn+ xcu w`jwc+ nj ~j` xnuyxniwlv` dày`dxkl`+ icdc ~j un`j~gìlùj gn ~j dùim` `~wùiwcj` mìl` ~j on~g`klydcùwli~k`gc+ p~n mèä` ylgc ekcp~n`g` | gnyvl`g` gnygn o~nu` xcu nyxìlc gn gcy c wunyylfkcy* Nyw` dùim` icdnjrù gnyx~ìy | o~n d~imc dày knjw` | vìlk`jwn p~n njCiilgnjwn+ gnelgc yceun wcgc+ icdc |` mndcy vlywc+ ` p~n jc w~vc gnwuày jljf~j`¡yäjwnyly± culfljùl`* Xnuc ~j` vnr gnynjdù`ð`g`+ k` käjn` gn y~ wu`|niwcul` xùninynð`kù+ nj òkwldc wìudljc+ mìl` ~j cugnj ycil`k yndnb`jwn `k p~n `jwny mèä`n}lywlgc nj k`y unflcjny dnjcy ~ue`jlr`g`y | dày `wu`y`g`y gnk Ciilgnjwn dnglnv`k*

@ xùwlu gnk ylfkc ]LL+ ylj ndeùfc+ |` jc nu` xcylekn ~j` nvck~ilùj x~u`dnjwnnjgùfnj`* Icj k` ljwu~ylùj gn Ciilgnjwn nk gnywljc gnk nywn9> Dù}$Njfnky+ Ynkniwng icuunyxcjgnjin + x* 9>> QIcuunyxcjgnjil` + xàflj` 95<T* Njfnky `k~gn `p~ä ` y~njy`|c yceun k` Dùi`+ nj nk p~n yn ljiklj` ikù`dnjwn xcu k` xuldnu` ljwnuxunwìlùj gn k` ou`yn+ljik~|njgc np~lvci`g`dnjwn ` wcg` @knd`jl` nj nk xucinyc `yä gnyiulwc - Vnuan + ]L]+ xàflj`y 906$98,*

QXàf* 568T

i`delù+ ljlil`k | xù`gùbli`dnjwn+ mìl` ~j` d`|cu nd`jilxìlùj gnk i`dxnylj`gc |+olj`kdnjwn+ mìl` k` i`wàywucon icdòj gn ~j` kùf` gnxunylùj* Xcu òkwldc+ k` v~nkw``~wùiwcj` ` ~j ylywnd` ynðcul`k nyw~vc gnwnudlj`g` | iùìwnulr`g` xcu wcg` k`mlywcul` ljwnudngl`+ gn w`k ocud` p~n gnygn njwcjiny o~n luunvcièkndnjwn glywljw` `k` p~n mèuä` ylgc yl yn m~elnu` gnyùuckk`gc nj ~j unk`wlvc `lyk`dlnjwc* Ylj ndeùfc+k` glyw`jil` eàyli` njwun nywn | cnywn yn d`jw~vc g~u`jwn wcgc nyn wlndxc* K` mlywcul`gn N~ucx` culnjw`k nyw~vc ljdnuy` gnygn nk xuljilxlc nj ~j wndxcu`klg`gnynjil`kdnjwn glywljw` ` k` gn k` nvck~ilùj gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k* Mèä` ¡icdnjr`gc±d~imc gnyx~ìy+ | gn `mä p~n+ ljik~yc wu`y y~ ljwnuyniilùj icj k` gn Ciilgnjwn+x~glnu` un`j~gù ~j` nvck~ilùj dày wndxu`j` mìl` ~j cugnj nicjùdlic p~n |`mèä` ylgc y~xnu`gc | gnb`gc `wuày xcu nk unywc gnk icjwljnjwn* K` icn}lywnjilìucjckùfli` gn k`y rcj`y cx~nyw`y gn N~ucx` | y~ iunilnjwn ljwnuxunwìlùj fncfuàoliìun` k` lk~ylùj gn k` yldxkn icjwndxcu`jnlg`g gn `de`y* Nj un`klg`g+ nk nywn wnjä`p~n unicuunu wcg`vä` wcgc nk ilikc mlywùulic gnk gnyùuckkc ynuvlk xunily`dnjwn i~`jgcCiilgnjwn yn nywè` kleu`jgc gn ìk* Nyw` ny+ nj gnoljlwlv`+ k` u`rùj dày xuco~jg` gnp~n k`y icjyni~njil`y nicjùdli`y gn k` iulyly fnjnu`k gnk on~g`klydc n~ucxnc o~nynjgl`dnwu`kdnjwn cx~nyw`y nj `de`y unflcjny2 icjd~wìlùj gn iùf`y | gny`xùlilùjgn k` ynuvlg~deun nj Ciilgnjwn | unìilùj ynðcul`k n ldxk`jwìlùj gn k` ynuvlg~deunnj nk nywn*

QXàf* 560T

>* @K YÛ GNK G@JÊLC

Wcg`vä` p~ng` xcu `j`klrù ~j` y~eunflùj glonunjwn+ i~|` nvck~ilùj mlywùuli` k` `knbùgnk unywc gn N~ucx` culnjw`k* X~ngn gniluyn p~n kcy E`ki`jny unxunynjw`j ~j` rcj`wlxckùfli`dnjwn `jàkcf` ` Nyi`jglj`vl` nj y~ unkìlùj gl`fcj`k icj k` fu`j käjn`glvlycul` p~n `wu`vlny` nk icjwljnjwn* N}lywn+ nj noniwc+ ~j` i~ulcy` yldnwuä` ljvnuy`njwun kcy unyxniwlvcy gnywljcy gn k` N~ucx` jcuciilgnjw`k | y~gcculnjw`k* \` mndcyynð`k`gc p~n Nyi`jglj`vl o~n k` òjli unflùj ldxcuw`jwn gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k p~nj~ji` yn ljwnfuù nj nk Ldxnulc ucd`jc | p~n+ xcu w`jwc+ j~ji` xùwlilxù nj k`¡yäjwnyly± xuldlfnjl` njwun kcy dcgcy gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw`+ |` nj glyck~ilùj+ gnk` @jwlfûng`g wùgä` | kcy gnycuf`jlr`gcy dcgcy gn xucg~iilùj xuldlwlvc$icd~j`knygn k`y wule~y fnudàjli`y p~n ljv`glnucj nk Ciilgnjwn k`wljc* Ylj ndeùfc+ | xcu k`y

u rcjny `jwny n}`dlj`g`y+ nk knb`jc jcuwn njwuù olj`kdnjwn nj k` ùuelw` gnkon~g`klydc+ `~jp~n icjynuv`jgc k`y ocud`y g~u`gnu`y gn y~ glyw`jil` ljlil`k icjunyxniwc ` k` icdòj d`wulr ¡ciilgnjw`k±* Nj nk n}wundc y~u gn N~ucx` culnjw`k x~ngnwu`rùyn ~j xucinyc ljvnuyc+ x~ny yl Nyi`jglj`vl` xucg~bc nj òkwldc wìudljc ~j`



vùl`jwn ciilgnjw`k gnk on~g`klydc ylj icjwù icj k` vnjw`b` gnk knf`gc ~ue`jc$ldxnul`k gn k` @jwlfûng`g+ kcy E`ki`jny jc x~glnucj gnyùuckkù ~j` vùl`jwn culnjw`knywèkn gnk on~g`klydc ` xnyù gn k` `dxkl` xunynjil` dnwucxcklw`j` gnk Nyw`gc p~ny~inglù ` Ucd` nj `p~nkk` unflùj* Elr`jilc d`jw~vc ~j Ldxnulc e~uciuàwlicinjwu`klr`gc gn N~ucx` y~gculnjw`k+ icj fu`jgny il~g`gny+ ljwnui`delc icdnuil`k |nyik`vlw~g g~u`jwn ynwnilnjwcy `ðcy gnyx~ìy gn k` e`w`kk` gn @gul`jùxckly*

G~u`jwn nyn wlndxc w~vlnucj k~fù nj kcy E`ki`jny glvnuy`y ljv`ylcjny eàueù`y+unxnwlgcy icjokliwcy oucjwnulrcy | gnyxk`r`dlnjwcy wnuulwcul`kny* Icj wcgc+ nj nywùnflùj gn N~ucx` j~ji` yn un`klrù k` o~ylùj olj`k gn `decy d~jgcy+ w`k icdc y~inglùnj Ciilgnjwn* Knbcy gn ìnknuù k` `xùlilùj gn ~j on~g`klydc gnyùuckk`gc+ nk knf`gcelr`jwljc xùnilù ekcp~nùkc2 nicjùdli`+ xckäwli` | i~kw~u`kdnjwn+ wcg` nk àun` gnN~ucx` culnjw`k

QXàf* 565T

ylw~`g` `k y~u gnk G`j~elc+ icj y~ x~jwc gn xùwlg` `xùnjwndnjwn dày `v`jr`gc+ ynp~ngù gnwuày gn k`y v`yw`y | gnylnuw`y wlnuu`y gn y~ oucjwnu` jcuwn+ p~n xuàiwli`dnjwniùniä`j gn wcg` n}xnulnjil` `jwnulcu gn ilvlklrìlùj ~ue`j` c gn ocudìlùj nyw`w`k*Nk vnug`gnuc injwuc gn fu`vng`g gn N~ucx` culnjw`k x`yù ` gnyi`jyù nj y~y kk`j~u`ygnk jcuwn+ m`yw` w`k x~jwc p~n k` kùf` ìxci` xcywnulcu gn gcdljlc cwcd`jc yceun kcyE`ki`jny mèuä` gn ldx~kyù ` d~imcy mlywcul`gcuny ` n}ik~lukcy xcu icdxknwc gnN~ucx` c ` ung~ilukcy ` ~j dùfnj ljgnwnudlj`gc gn nkk`* Xnuc nk kùfc xucinycycil`k p~n olj`kdnjwn ìèù nj k` icjp~lyw` w~ui` wlnjn ~j fu`j ljwnuìy ljwuäjynicxù` nk ¡kècu`wculc gn ocud`y± p~n counin k` mlywcul gn N~ucx`+ ` i`~y`xunily`dnjwn gn y~ `jùd`kc uny~kw`gc olj`k2 nk nyw`ji`dlnjwc | k` unfunylùj yni~kù*K` nyxnilolilg`g gn k` rcj` gn kcy E`ki`jny xk`jwn` gcy xuceknd`y2 ³i~àk o~n k`j`w~u`knr` gnk Nyw`gc elr`jwljc p~n g~u`jwn w`jwc wlndxc yceunvlvlù `k Ldxnulcucd`jc3 ³Xcu p~ì jc yn xucg~bc ~j` yäjwnyly on~g`k g~u`gnu` gn wlxc ciilgnjw`k nj nkimcp~n njwun Elr`jilc | kcy eàueùcy nyk`vcy | w~u`jlcy p~n ljv`glnucj k` xnjäjy~k` `

xùwlu gn olj`kny gnk ylfkc _L | yn `ynjwùcj `kkä xcywnulcudnjwn3K` i`äg` gnk Ldxnulc ucd`jc gn Ciilgnjwn nyw~vc gnwnudlj`g` o~jg`dnjw`kdnjwnxcu k` gljàdli` gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw` | xcu y~y icjwu`gliilcjny+ ~j` vnrp~n yn m~ec gnwnjlgc k` n}x`jylùj ldxnul`k* K` u`rùj nynjil`k gn xcu p~ì o~n nkLdxnulc gn Ciilgnjwn+ | jc nk gn Culnjwn+ nk p~n yn gnuu~deù nj nk ylfkc _ u`gli njnk mnimc gn p~n `kkä o~n gcjgn k` `fuli~kw~u` nyik`vlyw` | n}wnjylv` mèä` njicjwu`gcy~ màelw`w xucxlc icj k`y icjp~lyw`y ucd`j`y gn Lw`kl`+ Mlyx`jl` | k` F`kl`* Nj nycywnuulwculcy jc mèä` jljf~j` ilvlklrìlùj `jwnulcu | d`g~u` p~n x~glnu` unylywlu cdcgloliù k` j~nv` ljywlw~ilùj k`wlj` gnk k`wlo~jglc nyik`vlyw`* @yä x~ny+ nj k`yxucvljil`y ciilgnjw`kny o~n gcjgn k` ljn}cuèkn kùfli` gnk dcgc gn xucg~iilùjnyik`vlyw` `ki`jrù y~ n}xunylùj dày icdxknw` | o`w`k+ gnelklw`jgc | gnuu~de`jgc njòkwldc wìudljc wcgc nk nglolilc ldxnul`k* Nj nk Dnglwnuuàjnc culnjw`k+ k` ci~xìlùjucd`j` j~ji` yn y~xnux~yc ` ~j` wè~k` u`y` yldlkù* @l icjwuùlc+ `p~ä njicjwuù ~jdnglc icywnuc | dùäwldc `k p~n k` fu`j ckn`g` gn n}x`jylùj fulnf` gn k` ìxci`mnknjäywli` |` mèä` xcek`gc gnjy`dnjwn gn il~g`gny icdnuil`kny* Nyw` xunvlìckcjlrìlùj fulnf` o~n k` p~n nywèknilù k` nickcfä` ycil`k eàyli` gnk nywn+ gnk dlydcdcgc p~n k` xcywnulcu ickcjlrìlùj ucd`j` nywèkninuä` k` gn Ciilgnjwn* Gcy u`yfcyo~jg`dnjw`kny gn nywn dcgnkc mnknjäywlic o~nucj ‗icdc |` mndcy glimc‗ k` unk`wlv`gnjylg`g gn

QXàf* 569T

k`y il~g`gny | k` unk`wlv` dcgnywl` gn k` xucxlng`g u~u`k* K` ilvlklrìlùj fulnf` mèä`gnyùuckk`gc k` nyik`vlw~g `fuäick`+ xnuc jc y~ cuf`jlrìlùj n}wnjylv`+ nj ~j ylywnd`gn k`wlo~jglcy+ |+ xcu cwu` xùwn+ y~ gnyùuckkc ~ue`jc | icdnuil`k mèä` ylgc dàynyxcjwàjnc | xckliìjwulic p~n nk gn Ucd`* @~jp~n jc wlnjn j`g` p~n vnu icj nyw`



xuldnu` glvnufnjil`+ nk icdnuilc o~n nj wcgc i`yc | gn ocud` ljnvlwèkn d~imc dàyljwnjyc ` kc kùfc gn k`y oucjwnu`y gnk Ldxnulc xnuy` | gnk dù Ucbc p~n nj kcyicjoljny gnk @wkàjwlic gnyx~ìy gn k` ~jloliìlùj ucd`j` gnk Dnglwnuuàjnc* Nkuny~kw`gc o~n p~n k` ljywlw~ilùj ucd`j` gn k` fu`j olji` nyik`vlyw` j~ji` nimù u`äinynj k`y xucvljil`y culnjw`kny icj k` dlyd` xuco~jglg`g p~n nj k`y ciilgnjw`kny2 y~ljwucg~iilùj ylndxun yn vlc `dcuwlf~`g` xcu nk xnuylywnjwn dcgnkc ~ue`jc | u~u`k gnkd~jgc mnknjäywlic+ nj nk p~n k` xnp~nð` xucxlng`g i`dxnylj` j~ji` unilelù `w`p~nyw`j o~ulcycy icdc nj k` Lw`kl` xcywnulcu ` k`y f~nuu`y xòjli`y+ | gcjgn k` vlw`klg`gd~jlilx`k wnjä` ` y~y nyx`kg`y ~j` wu`glilùj dày vlnb` | dày `~wùiwcj`* Nflxwc+fu`jnuc gnk Dnglwnuuàjnc culnjw`k+ w~vc y~y ickcy`kny xucxlnwùlcy gn nyik`vcy gnk

@xlùj+ xnuc ` xnyù gn nkkc ylndxun o~n ~j` unflùj nj k` p~n xungcdljùcj kcyxnp~nðcy xucxlnwùlcy* @yä+ i~`jgc kknfù nk wlndxc gn k` iulyly xù` wcgc nk dcgc gnxucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw` | y~ y~xnunywu~iw~u` ldxnul`k+ y~y noniwcy p~ngùcj d~imcdày dlwlf`gcy nj Culnjwn+ gnelgc xunily`dnjwn ` p~n k` nyik`vlw~g ylndxun mèä`ylgc `kkä dày kldlw`g`* K` ycklgnr ljwnuj` gn k` ocudìlùj ycil`k gn k`y xucvljil`yculnjw`kny jc yn vlc+ nj icjyni~njil`+ w`j yì~glg` xcu k` gni`gnjil` nywu~iw~u`k gnkdcgc gn xucg~iilùj gcdlj`jwn gnk Ldxnulc* Nk gnyùuckkc gn ~j ickcj`wc ` xùwlu gnkylfkc L_ o~n dnjcy jcwèkn1 nk xcgnu gn kcy fu`jgny wnuu`wnjlnjwny xù` yci`vù |

gnydlklwùlrù `k Nyw`gc ldxnul`k o~n dnjcy ocudlgèkn1 k` xucyxnulg`g icdnuil`k gnk`y il~g`gny jc y~oulù ~j niklxyn w`j fu`jgn 0* O~n nyw` icjolf~uìlùj ljwnuj` k` p~nglc `k Culnjwn k` oludnr` | nk`ywlilg`g xckäwli` xù` unylywlu ` k`y ljv`ylcjny eàueù`yp~n gnuu~deùcj `k Ciilgnjwn* Y~y vnjw`b`y nywu`wìfli`y+ ilw`g`y w`jw`y vniny xù`n}xkliù y~ y~xnuvlvnjil` nj k` ìxci` gn @wlk` | @kùlic+ o~nucj nj un`klg`g d~|xuniùl`y* Elr`jilc nywè` dnbcu ocuwloli`gc p~n Ucd` fuìl y ` y~y gnonjy`ydùäwld`y+ xnuc nywè` w`delìj d~imc dày inui` gnk `ki`jin gn kcy `w`p~nyeàueùcy* Kcy m~jcy | kcy vlylfcgcy icdnjrùcj y~y lji~uylcjny nj Dnyl`+ jc njF`kl` c nj nk Jùulic+ | k` xuldnu` gnuucw`0 _ì`yn y~xu` + xx* <?$<<*

QXàf* 567To~kf~u`jwn gn k` iè`kknuä` ldxnul`k w~vc k~fù nj Wuìl`* Nk fcgc F`lj`y `ki`jrù njnk d`jgc dlklwù gn Culnjwn ~j` xcylilùj w`j xucdljnjwn | xnklfucy` icdc k` gnk

vàjg`kc Nywlkliùj nj Ciilgnjwn* Jc o~n k` fncfuòä` k` p~n gnwnudljù k` y~xnuvlvnjil`gnk Ldxnulc elr`jwljc+ yljc ~j` nywu~iw~u` ycil`k p~n+ ` glonunjil` gn Ciilgnjwn+ yndcywuù i`x`r gn n}x~kyù c `yldlkù vliwculcy`dnjwn ` y~y njndlfcy n}wnulcuny*

K` xu~ne` gnilylv` kknfù xù` nk Ldxnulc gn Culnjwn ` icdlnjrcy gnk ylfkc _LL+ i~`jgco~n i`yl ùuckk`gc xcu wuny fu`jgny `y`kwcy xucingnjwny gn glywljwcy x~jwcyiùglj`kny+ i~|` icji`wnjìlùj ylfjloliù ~j` `dnj`r` d~| y~xnulcu ` wcgc kc p~nw~vc p~n unylywlu nj y~ mlywcul` ìk Ldxnulc gn Ciilgnjwn2 k`y ljv`ylcjny nyk`v`y |

àvù`y gn kcy E`ki`jny+ k` dùim` gn kcy xnuy`y m`yw` @j`wckl` |+ olj`kdnjwn+ k`gnoljlwlv` icjp~lyw` àuèn gn Nflxwc* | Ylul`* Elr`jilc unylywlù ` nyw` wulxkn i`wàywuconxcu dnglc gn ~j` f`kv`jlrìlùj ycil`k i~|` j`w~u`knr` | `ki`jin n}ìwc wcg`vä` nycebnwc gn glyi~ylùj 5* Ny ikùc+ ylj ndeùfc+ p~n k` ùlywciuìl` gn xucvljil`y w~vc p~nn}xnuldnjwù njcudny y~ouldlnjwcy xcu k`y gny`ywucy`y f~nuu`y | ci~x ilcjny gn k`ìxci` | p~n nk dcgnkc n}lywnjwn gn xucxlng`g dngl`j` | fu`jgn p~ngùxuceèkndnjwn glykci`gc | gnycuf`jlr`gc+ | nywc wlnjn p~n mènu ylgc nyxnil`kdnjwnilnuwc nj nk unljc gnk ~y~ux`gcu Oci`y+ xucg~iwc gn ~j` unenklùj gn `dcwlj`gcy njk`y olk`y gnk nbìuilwc9* Ny lf~`kdnjwn nvlgnjwn p~n k` `gyiulxilùj gn kcy i`dxnyljcy `k` Wlnuu`+ ldxk`jw`g` xcu nk ylywnd` wùgcuucd jc gnk ickcj`wc+ gny`xùnilùxucfunylv`dnjwn gn Elr`jilc+ gnb`jgc+ wu`y gn yä ~j` fu`j d`y` gn icd~jlg`gny gn`kgn`y kleuny+ ocud`g`y xcu i`dxnyljcy icj xùink`y xulv`g`y n ljglvlg~`kny | icjunyxcjyèlklg`gny olyi`kny ickniwlv`y mìl` nk Nyw`gc 7* Ny xcylekn+ `~jp~n nj dcgc`kf~jc ynf~uc+ p~n nk



5 K` ljwnuxunwìlùj ikàyli` gn nywn xnuäcgc x~ngn njicjwuùyn nj F* Cywucfcuya|+ Mlywcu| co wmn E|r`jwljn Yw`wn + C}ocug+ 0<?=+ xx* <5$086+ 099$61 X* Imù jly+ ¡Cj wmn ycil`k ywu~iw~un co wmn k`wnuUcd`j Ndxlun±+ E|r`jwlcj + ]_LL+ 0<77$>+ xx* 9<$>6* @kf~jcy gn y~y `yxniwcy o~jg`dnjw`kny m`j ylgcynul`dnjwn ldx~fj`gcy nj kcy òkwldcy `ðcy+ vì`yn ljou` jcw` >*9 Xù` nk ldxìwc gn k`y ljv`ylcjny+ vì`yn Cywucfcuya|+ Mlywcu| ùo wmn E|r`jwljn Yw`wn + x* 097* Kcymlywcul`gcuny ycvlìwlicy m`j nknflgc nk nxlycglc gn Oci`y xù` kk`dù k` `wnjilùj yceun nkkc+ vì`yn+ xcunbndxkc+ D* k`* Yl~rl~dcv+ ¡Jnacwculn Xucekndl Lywcull _lr`jwll±+_cxucyl Lywcull + dùrc gn 0<><+ jòd* 9+x* 080*7

N* Ywnlj+ ¡X`|y`mjnuln nw fu`jgy gcd`ljny g`jy k“Ndxlun e|r`jwlj±+ Uni~nlky gn k` Ycilìwì Bn`j Ecglj +LL+Kn ynuv`fn + Eu~ynk`y+ 0<><+ xx* 05<$991 X`~k Kndnukn+ ¡Nyp~lyyn xc~u ~jn mlywculn `fu`lun gnE|r`jin2 kny yc~uiny nw kny xucekídny±+ Unv~n Mlywculp~n + 00<+ 0<>=+ xx* ?9$>*

QXàf* 56>T

`xù`wc ldxnul`k gn k` ìxci` gn Mnuìklc xucdcvlnu` ~j` glvlylùj dày u`gli`k gn k`xucxlng`g gn k` wlnuu` xcu dnglc gn ~j ylywnd` dlklwù gn yckg`gcy xnp~nðcyxucxlnwùlcy p~n unileä`j xù` y~ d`jwnjldlnjwc wlnuu`y gnk Nyw`gc ` i`delc gnynuvlilcy gn f~nuu`+ culflj`jgc `yä k`y wmnd`y elr`jwlj`y >* Nj i~`kp~lnu i`yc+ ynxucg~bc ~j` y~yw`jil`k uni~xnuìlùj dlklwù p~n `jwn wcgc icjylf~lù gnuucwù ` kcyxnuy`y n ljdngl`w`dnjwn ‗gnyx~ìy gn k` icjp~lyw` lykàdli` gn Nflxwc | Ylul`+ i~|`kn`kw`g ` Elr`jilc o~n yci`v`g` xcu k` mnwnucgc}l` unklflcy`‗> Nyw` ny k` xuljilx`k vn}`w` p~`nwlc gn kcy nyw~glcy dnycelr`jwljcy* K` wnyly gn Ywnlj | Cywucfcuya| ‗gnygn mìn wlndxc ìnxw`g` cuwcgc}l`‗+ ynfòj k` i~`k Mnuìklc o~n nk `~wcu gn ~j` unocud` `fuùl` p~niunù ~j i`dxnylj`gc gn yckg`gcy dngl`jwn nk nywèknildlnjwc gnk ylywnd` gn wmnd`y + yn m` x~nywcynul`dnjwn nj g~g`* Kndnukn k` m` ycdnwlgc ` ~j` wulxkn iuäwli`+ òlud`jgc nj xuldnu k~fù p~n jcn}lywn jljf~j` xu~ne` vnug`gnu` gn p~n Mnuìklc iunù` nk ylywnd` gn wmnd`y -p~n `xùnilùfu`g~`kdnjwn gnyx~ìy gn y~ unlj`gc nj nk ylfkc _LL,1 nj ynf~jgc k~fù+ p~n k`y ¡wlnuu`y dlklwùny± cywu`wnl` o~nucj ~j gnyùuckkc xcywnulcu yceun nk p~n jc n}lywn gci~dnjwìlùj `jwny gnk ylfkc ]+ | xcuòkwldc+ p~n kcy wlw~kùny gn ny`y wlnuu`y j~ji` o~nucj yckg`gcy+ yljc p~n òjli`dnjwn wnjä`j k` ceklfìlùjolyi`k gn d`jwnjnu olj`jilnu`dnjwn ` ~j iè`kknuc gnk nbìuilwc* Nk noniwc gn nyw` iuäwli` ny gnyxcbù `kunlj`gc gn Mnuìklc gn wcg` ldxcuw`jil` nywu~iw~u`k nj kcy i`dxcy `fuäick` | dlklwù | xuc|niwù yceunk`y ljywlw~ilcjny u~u`kny gn Elr`jilc ~j fu`gc gn icjwlj~lg`g y~xnulcu `k p~n m`yw` `mcu` yn mèä`ycyxnim`gc* _ì`yn X* Kndnukn+ ¡Nyp~lyyn xc~u ~jn mlywclun `fu`lun gn E|r`jin±+ Unv~n Mlywculp~n + vck*00<+ xx* 68$71 vck* 058+ xx* 79$68+ | ¡P~nkp~ny undùp~ny y~u kn uífjn g“Mnuìkl~y±+Yw~gl Dnglnv`kl + L+0<?8+ xx* 976$?0* @kf~j`y cxljlcjny yndnb`jwny yceun nk xuceknd` dlklwù yn gnyùuckk`j nj @* Xnuw~yl+¡K` ocud`wlcj gny wmídny e|r`jwljy±+ Enulimwn r~d ]L Ljwnuj`wlcj`knj E|r`jwljlywnj$Acjfunyy + Dòjlim+0<>=+ xx* 0$78+ | V* A`nfl+ ¡Ycdn unicjylgnu`wlcjy cj wmn wmndny -ynvnjwm$jljwm injw~ulny,±+ B`mue~im gnu ÿywnuunlimlyimnj e|r`jwljlyimnj Fnynkkyimòw + ]_L+ 0<?6+ xx* 9<$>9* Cywucfcuya| m` unxkli`gc nj y~Acuunonu`w k ùwäi~kc gn Xnuw~yl gn 0<>= `jwny ilw`gc -Enulimwn + xx* 0$=,+ | nj ¡K“n}ùim`w gn U`vnjjn nwk“culfljn gny wmídny e|r`jwljy±+ _LL Icuyc gl I~kw~u` y~kk“@uwn u`vnjj`wn n elr`jwlj` + U`vnj`+ 0<?8+ xx*<<$008+ nj nk p~n òlud` p~n k` iunìlùj gn kcy n}ùi`gcy ciilgnjw`kny gn U`vnj` | Iùw`fc ` olj`kny gnkylfkc _L xuny`flè` nk nywèknildlnjwc xcic gnyx~ìy gnk ylywnd` gn wmnd`y * Cywucfcuya| m` unilelgc nk`xc|c gnk elr`jwljlyw` ycvlìwlic @* X* A`rmg`j+ p~n m` unim`r`gc k`y cxljlcjny gn Kndnukn nj ¡NymimlcU`r ce @fuùjlb Cwjcymnjll`b v _lr`jwll L_$]LL vv±+ _lr`jwllyall _undnjjla + 0<><+ ]_L+ 0+ xx* <5$009* K`glyx~w` yceun kcy cuäfnjny gnk ylywnd` gn wmnd`y flu` nj e~nj` dnglg` nj wcujc ` ~j` yck` ou`yn gnWnùo`jny -mlywcul`gcu p~n nyiulelù gcyilnjwcy `ðcy gnyx~ìy gn k` ìxci` gn Mnuìklc |+ xcu icjylf~lnjwn+jc ny xcylekn unyckvnuk`,* Ny xunilyc `ð`glu p~n k` cxljlùj gn Kndnukn+ ynfòj k` i~`k nk `~dnjwc gnklenuw`g gn kcy i`dxnyljcy nj k` ìxci` dnycelr`jwlj` yn gnelù o~jg`dnjw`kdnjwn ` k`y ndlfuìlcjnynyk`v`y+ p~n unyckvlnucj k` nyi ynr gn d`jc gn ceu` gnjwuc gnk Ldxnulc n mlilnucj `yä ljòwlk k``gyiulxilùj ` k` wlnuu`+ ny d~imc dnjcy icjvljinjwn p~n y~ iuäwli` gn k`y n}xkliìlcjny p~n k` undcjw`j`k ylywnd` gn wmnd`y *

QXàf* 56?T

gnwnjnu ` kcy àuèny nj k` eùunu` gnk W`~uc* Nj nk ylfkc ylf~lnjwn+ k` glj`ywä` ly`~ulìcjywu~|ù k` xuldnu` ùd`g` ldxnul`k xnud`jnjwn+ i`x`r gn gù ` Elr`jilc k`y~xnulculg`g dùäwld` icjwu` k`y okcw`y àuèny+ | icdnjrù k` knjw` unicjp~lyw` gnky~u gn kcy E`ki`jny* Kcy o~jg`dnjwcy ycil`kny gn nyw` unjcvìlùj xckäwli` u`gli`jnvlgnjwndnjwn nj k` `dxklìlùj gn k` e`yn i`dxnylj` gn k`y `kgn`y `~wùjcd`y gnjwucgnk Ldxnulc+ o~nyn c jc gluniw`dnjwn oìlklw`g` xcu nk ylywnd` gn wmnd`y 2 k` fu`jxunci~xìlùj gn kcy òkwldcy ndxnu`gcuny xcu icjynuvù k`y icd~jlg`gny gnxnp~nðcy xucxlnwùlcy+ g`gc y~ v`kcu olyi`k | dlklwù xù` nk Nyw`gc+ jc gnb` k~fù `g~g`y ?* Elr`jilc yceunvlvlù+ x~ny+ g~u`jwn wcg` k` Ng`g Cyi~u` gn Ciilgnjwn icj ~j



wnuulwculc ung~ilgc+ xnuc xuàiwli`dnjwn icj wcg` k` x`jcxkl` y~xnunywu~iw~u`k gn k` @jwlfûng`g ikàyli` ljwìw`* Jc yn xucg~bc ~j icuwn guàywlic nj k` vlg` ~ue`j` 61 k`yd`j~oìw~u`y gn k~bc yn d`jw~vlnucj+ nk icdnuilc dùäwldc `~dnjwù ljik~ycklfnu`dnjwn |+ yceun wcgc+ y~eylywlù k` `gdljlywuìlùj injwu`klr`g` | k` uni`~gìlùj~jlocudn gn ldx~nywcy xcu nk Nyw`gc ldxnul`k+ p~n+ nj k` jcimn gn Ciilgnjwn+ o~n ~jglyw`jwn xckc gn ~jlg`g vlylekn gnygn k` knb`jä`* K` dcjng` counin nk äjglin dày ikùcgn nywn ì}lwc2 nk eny`jwn gn cuc elr`jwljc yn icjvluwlù nj nk x`wuùj dày ~jlvnuy`k gn k`ìxci` nj nk Dnglwnuuàjnc =*

Ylj ndeùfc+ xcu nyw` unjcvìlùj m~ec p~n x`fù nk xunilc gn ~j` xùàklyly* NkLdxnulc elr`jwljc yn gnyxunjglù gnk y~olilnjwn k`ywun gn k` @jwlfûng`g xù` yceunvlvlunj ~j` j~nv` ìxci`+ xnuc jc w`jwc p~n kn xnudlwlnu` gnyùuckkùyn gljàdli`dnjwn njnkk`* Nk Ldxnulc p~ngù ik`v`gc njwun kcy dcgcy gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw` | on~g`k+lji`x`r gn unwcujù `k xuldnuc | gn `v`jrù mìl` nk ynf~jgc+ dnwlgc nj ~j i`kknbùjylj y`klg` p~n? Cywucfcuya|+ Mlywcu| co wmn E|r`jwljn Yw`wn + xx* 565$7+ 98?$6*6 K` y~nuwn p~n icuulnucj k`y il~g`gny gnygn nk ylfkc _LL `k L] ny cwuc ocic gn icjwucvnuyl`* A`rmg`jycywlnjn p~n g~u`jwn nyw` ìxci` yn xucg~bc ~j vnug`gnuc ick`xyc gn k`y il~g`gny2 ¡_lr`jwllyaln Fcucg` v

_LLL] vv±+Ycvlnwya`l` @ubnckcfll` + vck* 50+ 0<>7+ xx* 0?7$==1 xnuc y~ gnyiulxilùj m` ylgc dcgloli`g` icjì}lwc xcu Cywucfcuya|+ ¡E|r`jwljn ilwlny lj wmn nùk| Dlggkn @fny±+ G~deùwcj Cày X`xnuy + jòd* 09+0<><+ xx* 76$??+ | Yl~rl~dcv+ ¡_lr`jwllyall Fcucg -Ynunglj` _LL$Ynunglj` L] v*,±+ _lr`jwllyall _undnjjla +0<>=+ ]L_+ xx* 9=$68+ p~n m`j gndcywu`gc y~y d~im`y k`f~j`y*= U* Y* Kcxnr+ ¡Wmn gckkù co wmn Dlggkn @fny±+Wmn Bc~uj`k co Nicjcdli Mlywcu| + ]L+ vnu`jc gn 0<>0+jòd* 9+ xx* 58<$>7* Kcxnr ynð`k` p~n+ `~jp~n k` nywèlklg`g dcjnwùl` gn Elr`jilc xcjn gn d`jlolnywcy~y xuny~x~nywcy np~lkleu`gcy | y~ icdnuilc elnj cuf`jlr`gc+ jc ldxkli` jninyùl`dnjwn ~j n}inylvciunildlnjwc nicjùdlic* Ny xcylekn p~n k` nicjcdä` elr`jwlj` gn nyw` ìxci` yn d`jw~vlnu` nywìlcjùl`*

QXàf* 566T

nj òkwldc wìudljc yùkc xcgä` icjg~ilu ` y~ n}wljilùj* X~ny+ xcu ~j` xùwn+ k` vä` gn v~nkw` ` ~j` nicjcdä` gn nyik`vlw~g fnjnu`klr`g` nywè` inuu`g`+ |` p~n yùkc ~j

ljdnjyc xucfu`d` ldxnul`k gn n}x`jylùj xcgä` mènu iun`gc k` o~nur` gn wuè`bci`~wlv` jninyùl` xù` uniunùkc* Gn mnimc+ nk Nyw`gc elr jwljc ylndxun ljwnjwùunicjp~lywù y~y wnuulwculcy xnuglgcy nj N~ucx` | @yl`+ | i~`jgc y~y i`dx`ð`y nu`j

vliwculcy`y+ nkywcia gn nyik`vcy gnjwuc gnk Ldxnulc `~dnjwè` ljdngl`w`dnjwn `kwu`nu kcy yckg`gcy y~ ecwäj ` i`y`+ onjùdnjc p~n `gp~lulù y~ d`|cu wu`yinjgnjilìcj k` icjp~lyw` gn E~kfùl` xcu E`ylklc LL ` xuljilxlcy gnk ylfkc ]L* N}lywä`j+ `gndày+kcy iùdcgcy dnui`gcy gn Iuldn`+ xcu kcy p~n yn n}xcuwè`j icjwlj~`dnjwn kcynyik`vcy nj gluniilùj y~u+ mìl` kcy Ldxnulcy elr`jwljc | àuèn+ | p~n xuceèkndnjwno~nucj kcy xuldnucy xucvnngcuny gn Icjyw`jwljcxk` <* Xnuc jljf~j` gn ny`y o~njwnyx~ngn icdxùùyn icj k`y fu`jgny ung`g`y p~n mèä`j iun`gc k`y ocuw~j`y gn Ucd`*K` nyik`vlw~g jc gny`xùnilù nj èyck~wc gn Elr`jilc+ xnuc j~ji` kknfù ` xungcdljùnj y~ `fuli~kw~u`* @k dlydc wlndxc+ k` yck~ilùj u~u`k p~n mèä` y`kv`gc `k nywn gnkgnywljc gnk cnywn ‗k` icjycklgìlùj+ xcu gne`bc gn k`y fu`jgny olji`y+ gn k` xnp~nð`xucxlng`g gn k` wlnuu`‗ yn unvnkù ljnvlwèkndnjwn icdc ~j` yck~ilùj xucvlylcj`k+ |`p~n k` xunylùj ljwnuj` nbnuilg` xcu k`y ik`yny glulfnjwny gn xucvljil`y xù` iunù ~jickcj`wc gnxnjglnjwn o~n unim`r`g` nj kcy ylfkcy _L | _LL+ xnuc nj nk ylfkc ] yn mèäùnòlud`gc ~j` vnr dày gn ocud` ljn}cuèkn* Kcy gniunwcy gn k` glj`ywä`¡dìngcjl`± gnj~jil`j ~j` | cwu` vnr k` ldxkìèkn `xucxlìlùj gn k`y wlnuu`y gn kcyi`dxnyljcy | nk ycdnwldlnjwc gn kcy xceuny xcu kcy xcwnjw`gcy u~u`kny gn k` ìxci`+kcy g~j`wcl c ¡xcgnucycy±* Nk Nyw`gc ldxnul`k injwu`k yn cx~yc onucrdnjwn ` kìcjinjwuìlùj gn k` wlnuu` nj d`jcy gn k`y cklfùp~ä`y kci`kny+ xcup~n `dnj`rèìcj gnywu~lu y~y unynuv`y gn unik~w`dlnjwc | uni`~gìlùj gn ldx~nywcy `k y~ywu`nu `k` xcekìlùj `fuùl` gnk gcdljlc gn k` `gdljlywuìlùj xòekli`+ gnk dlydc dcgc p~n kcmèä`j mnimc nk x`wuciljl~d | nk ickcj`wc gn k` Ucd` wùgä`2 ~j ylywnd` xù`ynðcul`knj nk i`dxc ylfjloliè` nk olj gn ~j `xù`wc dlklwù | olyi`k dnwucxcklw`jc i`x`r gnldxcjnu k` `~wculg`g ldxnul`k nj wcgc nk unljc* Xnuc kcy ljwnjwcy gn kcy y~inylvcy nd$



< @* M`gbljlick`~$Dù`v`+ Unimnuimny y~u k` vln gny nyik`vny g`jy kn dcjgn e|r`jwlj + @wnj`y+ 0<>8+ xx*5<+ =<1 U* Euc jljf+ ¡Uèywvc v _lr`jwllyall Ldxnull -?88$0588 ff,±+ _ lr`jwllyall _undnjjla + 0<>=+ ]L_+xàflj`y >0$5* Nk ùwäi~kc gn Euc jljf ny k` dnbcu yäjwnyly yceun nywn wnd`*

QXàf* 56=T

xnu`gcuny gn icjwnjnu k` dùn` gnk xcgnu gn kcy g~j`wcl yn unvnkùcj

jninyùl`dnjwn v`jcy+ x~ny k` `gdljlywuìlùj kci`k njiùf`g` gn mìnu i~dxklu y~ygniunwcy nywè` icjwuck`g` i`yl xcu icdxknwc xcu k`y dlyd`y o`dlkl`y i~|` ljok~njil`xunwnjgä`j kldlwù 08* @yä+ jc yùkc `v`jrù k` xckùlr ilùj nicjùdli` nj nk i`dxc+ yljcp~n `gndày k` ung dlklwù gn kcy wmnd`y i`|ù xucfunylv`dnjwn nj d`jcy gn kcyd`fj`wny kci`kny* Y~ dlyd` gnyinjwu`klrìlùj+ p~n ljlil`kdnjwn o~n k` icjglilùj gny~ uce~yw` vlw`klg`g+ oìlklwù `mcu` y~ icjolyiìlùj xcu k`y i`dùlkk`y gn xcwnjw`gcyxucvljil`kny `k nywù yci`v`g` y~ xuldlfnjl e`yn gì xnp~nðcy xucxlnwùlcy* K`nywèlklrìlùj gn k`y wùgä`y ocud`y `jwlf~`y nj k` unjcvìlùj elr`jwlj` gn kcy ylfkcy

_LL | _LLL yn vlc icdxucdnwlg`+ x~ny+ gn ocud` iunilnjwn xcu k`y wnjgnjil`y mìl` ~j`gnyljwnfuìlùj xucwcon~g`k gn k` nicjcdä` | k` ycilng`g u~u`k*

Xcu cwu` xùwn+ yl elnj nu` ldxcylekn ~j unwucinyc g~u`gnuc mìl` nk wlxc gn ocudìlùj

ycil`k iùìwnuäywlic gn k` @jwlfûng`g+ nk `v`jin mìl` ~j on~g`klydc gnyùuckk`gc yn vlc lf~`kdnjwn ou~ywu`gc* X~ny nk y~xundc `xù`wc e~uciuàwlic gn k` `~wciuìlèlr`jwlj` xnud`jnilù nynjil`kdnjwn ljwìwc g~u`jwn kcy p~ljlnjwcy `ðcy p~nylf~lnucj ` B~ywljl`jc2 k` dàp~lj` injwu`klr`g` gnk Nyw`gc nj Icjyw`jwljcxk` j~ji`xnuglù k` ycenu`jä` fkce`k+ `gdljlywu`wlv`+ olyi`k | dlklwù+ yceun nk wnuulwculc ldxnul`k*Nk xuljilxlc gn ~j` wule~wìlùj ~jlvnuy`k j~ji` xunyiulelù+ `~jp~n gnyx~ìy gnk ylfkc]L yn xucg~bnucj glyw`jil`y i`g` vnr dày ouni~njwny njwun nyn xuljilxlc | k` xuàiwli`*K`y o~jilcjny nicjùdli`y gnk Nyw`gc gn k` @jwlfûng`g wùgä` j~ji` gny`xùnilnucj*Gn ocud` d~| ylfjloli`wlv`+ k` nyik`vlw~g mnunglwùl` ylf~lù gcdlj`jgc nj nk yniwcu gnk`y d`j~oìw~u`y nyw`w`kny+ icdc |` mèä` ci~uulgc nj nk Ldxnulc ucd`jc+ | nywnyniwcu fcrù+ ` y~ vnr+ gn xulvlknflcy dcjcxcklyw`y p~n kn glnucj ~j` ldxcuw`jilò~jg`dnjw`k xù` nk icdnuilc gn n}xcuwìlùj | xù` k` ljg~ywul` gn è`ywnildlnjwcgn Elr`jilc 00* K` nyxniäoli` | xuco~jg` icjn}lùj njwun nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùjnyik`vlyw` | k` y~xnunywu~iw~u` gnk Nyw`gc ldxnul`k p~n mèä` iùìwnulr`gc ` k`

@jwlfûng`g yn d`jw~vc+ x~ny+ m`yw` kcy òkwldcy ylfkcy gn Elr`jilc* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ k`d`jc gn ceu` nyik`v` gnk08 Nk `~fn gnk xcgnu nicjùdlic | xckäwlic gn kcy g~j`wcl ny ~j wnd` icdòj ` wcgcy kcy* dcgnujcymlywcul`gcuny elr`jwljcy2 ~jc gn kcy dnbcuny nyw~glcy ny wcg`vä` ~jc gn kcy xuldnucy+ I* Jn~d`jj+ Gln Vnkwywnkk~jf gny e|r`jwljlyimnj Unlimny vcu gnj Aun~rrûfnj + Knlxrlf+ 0=<7+ xàflj`y >5$?0+ p~n ny njd~imcy yxniwcy ~j nyw~glc xuni~uycu*00 Euc jljf+ ¡Uèywvc±+ xx* 7>$7?*

QXàf* 56<T

yniwcu xulv`gc gn k` nicjcdä` jc nu` nj dcgc `kf~jc gnyxunilèkn2 jc yùkc icjwlj~ùy~dljlywu`jgc nk fu~nyc gnk ynuvlilc gcdìywlic gn kcy ulicy+ yljc p~n o~n ~wlklr`g``gndày nj k`y fu`jgny olji`y m`yw` nk ylfkc ]LL* Yl nj k` ìw~`klg`g ny ldxcylekngnwnudljù k` n}wnjylùj nyw`gäywli` gn k` nyik`vlw~g `fuäick` nj nk Ldxnulc elr`jwljc+yn x~ngn icjbnw~uù+ ylj ndeùfc+ p~n y~ ldxìwc nywu~iw~u`k nj k`y unkìlcjnyu~u`kny jc o~n gnyxunilèkn+ x~ny nk jlvnk unk`wlv`dnjwn e`bc gn k`y xunywìlcjny gnwuè`bc xnuycj`k gn kcy i`dxnyljcy gnxnjglnjwny ‗ xùclacl ‗ g~u`jwn nk òkwldcxnuäcgc gn k` mlywcul` elr`jwlj`+ ~jlgc ` k`y gldnjylcjny unk`wlv`dnjwn fu`jgny gnki~kwlvc ynðcul`k+ x~ngn mènu ylgc ~j` icjyni~njil` gn k` glyxcjlelklg`g gn d`jc gnceu` nyik`v` xù` kcy d`fj wny u~u`kny+ `~jp~n y~ vnug`gnu` ljilgnjil` ynd`jw~vlnu` `lyk`g` 05* Gn nyw` ocud`+ k` xunxcwnjwn e~uciuìl` ldxnul`k | k` unylg~`k

nicjcdä` nyik`vlyw` icjwule~|nucj icjyw`jwndnjwn ` ekcp~nù k`y wnjgnjil`ynyxcjwàjn`y gn k` xckùlrìlùj gn ik`yny nj nk i`dxc mìl` k` n}xkcwìlùj on~g`k gn k`wlnuu` | nk ynxù`wlydc ynðcul k* @gndày+ | xcu k`y dlyd`y u`rcjny+ k`y il~g`gnyw`dxcic w~vlnucj j~ji` k` cxcuw~jlg`g gn gnyùuckkùyn nj gluniilùj `k icd~j`klydc



ucj nj k`y il~g`gny 0?+ ylf~lnjgc ~j` x`~w` p~n icjwu`yw` xuco~jg`dnjwn icj nkgcdlilklc u~u`k gn k` jceknr` on~g`k gn Ciilgnjwn | y~ o~jilùj culflj`k d~imc dàygluniw` nj k` xucg~iilùj `fuäick`* K` ik`yn gcdlj`jwn gn Elr`jilc yn d`jw~vc+ x~ny+` dlw`g gn i`dljc njwun kcy ikùlyyldl gn k` @jwlfûng`g wùgä` | kcy eùcjny gn k` @kw`Ng`g Dngl`* Nj y~ xucxlc i~nuxc kknvè` ljyiulw` k` ou~ywu`g` wnjylùj gnk Nyw`gc*

Nyw` xuco~jg` n ljwuäjyni` xùàklyly gn wcgc nk ylywnd` nicjùdlic | xckäwlic ny kc p~nn}xkli` nk iùàiwnu n}wu`ð`dnjwn nywìulk n ljdùvlk gnk Ldxnulc elr`jwljc+ icdc yl nkdlydc mnimc gn y~ kcjfnvlg`g kc vìlù` gn vlw`klg`g* Nk i`kknbùj ylj y`klg` gn kcydcgcy gn xucg~iilùj u~u`kny icjg~bc `k nyw`ji`dlnjwc gn k` wnijckcfä` `fuäick`+ p~njc n}xnuldnjwù xuàiwli`dnjwn jljfòj `v`jin ldxcuw`jwn g~u`jwn ~j dlknjlc+ yl ynn}inxwò` k` ljwucg~iilùj gn ~jcy xcicy i~kwlvcy nyxnil`klr`gcy nj k` ìxci` gnMnuìklc* Kcy ùjnyny xuldlwlvcy | `yol}l`jwny gn k` @jwlfûng`g yn icjynuvùcj m`yw`nk olj`k gn k` mlywcul` elr`jwlj` | j~ji` yn `gcxwù k` ickknu` dnglnv`k* @yldlydc ynlfjcuù nk ù`gc xny`gc nj o`vcu gnk ~yc gnk ljnoli`r | wu`glilcj`k ù`gc gn d`gnu`*Icdc d~imc+ yn ìnxwù nk dckljc gn `f~`+ wùgäc unf`kc gnk Ldxnulc ucd`jc 06* K`fu`j ynuln gn ljjcvìlcjny p~n g~u`jwn nk dlydc xnuäcgc wu`jyocudùcj k``fuli~kw~u` gn Ciilgnjwn j~ji` yn ìkld`wùcj nj nk àulgc dnglc dnglwnuuàjnc+ gn

wlnuu` xceun+ | y~ k~fù j~ji` o~n ci~x`gc xcu dnbcu`y `~wùiwcj`y* G~u`jwn nkunlj`gc gn B~ywljl`jc yn xucg~bc ~j `v`jin gnilylvc nj k`y d`j~oìw~u`y2 k`ljwucg~iilùj gn k` ljg~ywul` gn k` yng` nj Icjyw`jwljcxk`+ gcjgn k` oàeuli`y nyw`w`knyfcrùcj ` xùwlu gn njwcjiny gn ~j` xcylilùj dcjcxcklyw` nj nk dnui`gc n~ucxnc gnn}xcuwìlùj m`yw` nk `~fn gn k`y il~g`gny dnui`jwlkny gn Lw`kl` 0=* Xnuc ljik~yc nj nywni`yc yn wu`wè` gn ~j yniunwc wìijlic uce`gc ` Culnjwn dày p~n gn ~jgnyi~euldlnjwc `~wùiwcjc |+ `xùwn gn nyc+ xci` icy` glfj` gn `wnjilùj0? F* Cywucfcuya|+ ¡Ceynuv`wlcjy cj wmn ùlywciuì| lj E|r`jwl~d±+ G~deùwcj Cày X`xnuy + jòd* 5>+0<60+ x* 5<*06 Xù` kcy ùjnyny+ vì`yn Knonevun gny Jcnwwny+K“`wwnk`fn nw kn imnv`k gn ynkkn è wu`vnuy kny `fny + Xùäy+0<90+ xx* =<$<01 xù` nk ù`gc+ @* F* M`~gulic~uw | D* B* $E* Gnk`ddùn+K“mcddn nw k` imùu~n è wu`vnuy kn dcjgn + Xùäy+ 0<>>+ xx* 56?$=71 xù` nk dckljc gn @f~`+ B* K* Wn`kk+ ¡Wmn E|r`jwljn `fuli~kw~u`k

wu`glwlcj±+G~deùwcj Cày X`xnuy + jòd* 5>+ 0<60+ xàflj`y >0$5* Nk ùwäi~kc gn Wn`kk d~nywu` kc p~nxùnin ynu ~j cxwldlydc ljb~ywloli`gc ìnui` gn k` `fuli~kw~u` elr`jwlj`+ nk i~`k yn `xc|` nj ~j`yxu~ne`y gnd`yl`gc kldlw`g`y*0= U* Y* Kcxnr+ ¡Wmn ylka wu`gn lj wmn E|r`jwljn Ndxlun±+Yxni~k~d + ]]+ jòdnuc 0+ njnuc gn 0<7>+ xx* 0$75+ y~eu`|` k` ldxcuw`jil` ljwnujìlcj`k gnk dcjcxcklc elr`jwljc gn x`ðcy xunilcycy*

QXàf* 5=5T

yn gnyùuckkù b`dày nj kcy w`kknuny gn Elr`jilc* @yldlydc+ nk fu`j okcunildlnjwci~kw~u`k gnk ylfkc _L o~n ynf~lgc xcu ~j mlnu`wlydc i`g` vnr dày nywunimc | uäflgc+i~|` unk`wlv` dcjcwcjä` gn ocud`y gn xnjy`dlnjwc | ùwn counin ~j kòf~eun icjwu`ywnicj k`y gn k` @jwlfûng`g wùgä`* -Jc o~n x~u` icljilgnjil` p~n nk xuldnu | vnug`gnucgnyxnuwù ljwnkniw~`k | ùwäywlic w~vlnu` k~fù i~`jgc nk Ldxnulc njwuù xcu olj nj ~jìulyly luunvnuylekn+ xcup~n yùkc njwcjiny yn ucdxlù y~ xùàklyly ycil`k*, K` vnug`g p~nyn nyicjgn nj nk iìkneun b~lilc gn Fleecj yceun Elr`jilc yùkc m` xcglgc icjoludùyn+nj ìywn icdc nj cwucy i`ycy+ xcu n}xkliìlcjny xcywnulcuny p~n njwcjiny nu`jljìinylekny 0<*

Nj ~j yckc àdelwc+ ylj ndeùfc+ ny+ k` mlywcul` gn Elr`jilc w~ue~knjw` | ìilgnjw`g`2nk gn y~y ljiny`jwny icde`wny* K` icjp~lyw` ‗c dnbcu+ k` unicjp~lyw`‗ dlklwù o~n nkwnd` gcdlj`jwn | uni~uunjwn gn y~ n}lywnjil + gnygn k` ìxci` gn B~ywljl`jc m`yw` k`gn kcy X`knùkcfcy* K` unlvljgliìlùj wnuulwcul`k | ~jlvnuy`k+ icdc y~inycu gnkLdxnul~d Ucd`j~d + o~n nk xuljilxlc xnud`jnjwn gn y~ xckäwli` n}wnulcu 58* Nj nywnynjwlgc+ k` icjg~iw` gnk Nyw`gc elr`jwljc nyw~vc unflg`+ gn ~j` ocud` eàyli` n

ljiny`jwn+ xcu y~ d`wulr gn k` @jwlfûng`g* Gnygn y~ dlydc jìldlnjwc icdc njwlg`gldxnul`k ynxù`g`+ ljwnjwù uni~xnuù k`y wlnuu`y xnuglg`y p~n `jwnulcudnjwn mèä`jxunyw`gc cenglnjil` ` Ucd`* Xnuc gnelgc `k wlndxc njwunw`jwc wu`jyi~uulgc+ kùn`klrìlùj klwnu`k gn nyw` `delilùj p~ngù gnyxucvlyw`



0< Wmn gnikljn `jg o`kk co wmn Ucd`j Ndxlun + i`xäw~kc ]K_LLL* J`w~u`kdnjwn+ nk knjf~`bn gn Fleecj nynjcudndnjwn n}`fnu`gc -¡~j` wnglcy` | ~jlocudn mlywcul` gn gnelklg`g | dlynul`±,+ xù` glyf~ywc gn kcymlywcul`gcuny xcywnulcuny+ njwun p~lnjny jljfòj x`y`bn gn y~ kleuc nywà dày x`y`gc gn dcg`* Xnuc nkwu`w`dlnjwc p~n Fleecj gè` ` Elr`jilc nywè` gliw`gc+ nj un`klg`g+ xcu k` ùp~lwniw~u` fkce`k gn y~Mlywcu| 2 dlnjwu`y k` i`äg` gn Ucd` nu` ¡~j` unvck~ilùj p~n ylndxun unicugùàj wcg`y k`y jìlcjny gn k`Wlnuu`±+ nk gnywljc gn Elr`jilc nywè` yùkc ¡ x`ylv`dnjwn icjniw`gc± icj ¡k`y unvck~ilcjny p~n m`ji`del gc nk nyw gc gnk d~jgc± -y~eu`| gc gn Fleecj2 L+ x* 01 _+ x* 060,* K`y ldxkäilw`y glywljilcjnyicjinxw~`kny p~ä ljgli`g`y ycj xnuoniw`dnjwn uìlcj`kny | iw~`kny*58

Nywn wnd` gn k` mlywcul` gn Elr`jilc m` ylgc y~eu`|`gc icj fu`j o~nur` xcu M* @mu nlknu+ E|r`jin nw k` dnu + Xùäy+ 0<??1 vì`jyn nyxnil`kdnjwn xx* 9=<$<>* K` ljylywnjil` gn @mu nlknu nj p~n k`y `delilcjnyj`v`kny gnk Ldxnulc elr jwljc o~nucj eàyli`dnjwn k`y unyxcjyèkny gn y~ ick`xyc olj k+ `k n}lflugnd`yl`gcy uni~uycy | gnyvlùkc gn k` icjycklgìlùj gn y~ xcgnuäc wnuunywun+ ny d~imc dày g~gcy`* Kco~jg`dnjw`k xù` k` gnoljlwlv` i`äg` gnk Nyw`gc o~n dày elnj nk nyo~nurc dlklwù fkce`k n}lflgc xcu k`yy~inylv`y unicjp~lyw`y+ nj k`y p~n kcy nbìuilwcy ylndxun w~vlnucj ~j vck~dnj d~| y~xnulcu `k gn k`yokcw`y*

QXàf* 5=9T

gn wcgc ynjwlgc+ |` p~n Elr`jilc jc xcgä` nyxnuù p~n yn unxlwlnu` k` wul~jo`jwn ynulngn icjp~lyw`y | nyik`vlw~g p~n mèä` kknv`gc ` k`y knflcjny ucd`j`y gn ~j icjoäj `cwuc gnk Dnglwnuuàjnc+ xcup~n nk dcgc gn xucg~iilùj nyik`vlyw` |` mìä` wlndxc p~n

mèä` ylgc y~xnu`gc nj Ciilgnjwn | p~n yn mèä` v~nkwc uninylvc nj nk nywn* Jc mèä`+xcu w`jwc+ jljfòj nyxìlc ycil`k jl nicjùdlic xù` y~ n}x`jylùj dlklwù1 jc xcgä``k~deuù ~j cugnj mlywùuli`dnjwn j~nvc* \ nk uny~kw`gc o~n p~n k`y y~inylv`y ck`y gnkn}x`jylcjlydc elr`jwljc ucdxlnucj icjwu` k` dlyd` e`yn ldxnul`k gn k` p~n mèä`jy`klgc | ìèùcj xcu nucylcj uk` | gnelklwùk`* ^j` dlywnulcy` o`w`klg`g vlylwùxuàiwli`dnjwn ` wcgcy kcy fu`jgny unlj`gcy gn k` unicjp~lyw`* @yä+ k` fu`jglcyùni~xnuìlùj gn Lw`kl`+ nk jcuwn gn Àouli` | nk y~u gn Nyx`ð` xcu B~ywljl`jc nj nk ylfkc

_L jc yùkc o~n klp~lg`g` xcu k`y ljv`ylcjny kcdeùg`y | àuèny+ yljc p~n+ nj k`fnjnuìlùj ylf~lnjwn+ |` mèä`j i`ägc kcy E`ki`jny+ Ylul` | Nflxwc* @yldlydc+ kcyo~kf~u`jwny `v`jiny gn kcy ndxnu`gcuny ¡dìngcjlcy± ` olj`kny gnk ylfkc ] |xuljilxlcy gnk ]L o~nucj ynf~lgcy+ gn ~j` ocud` lf~`kdnjwn unxnjwlj` | gny`ywucy`+xcu nk ick`xyc gnk xcgnuäc elr`jwljc nj @j`wckl` `jwn kcy ynk|òilg`y* Nj nk ylfkc ]LL+ kùnjcv`g` n}x`jylùj gn D`j~nk Icdjnjc+ p~n kknvù ` y~y nbìuilwcy m`yw` X`knywlj`+G`kdìl` | @x~kl`+ rcrceuù ~j` vnr dày nj k` i`wàywucon+ xcup~n kcy w~uicy f`kcxùcjmìl` nk Nfnc | kcy ou`jicy y`p~nùcj Icjyw`jwljcxk`* Ljik~yc nj nk nxäkcfc olj`k gny~ n}lywnjil` ny vlylekn k` dlyd` x`~w`2 k` unicjp~lyw` gn Elr`jilc xcu kcy X`knùkcfcynj nk ylfkc ]LLL icjg~bc `k è`jgcjc gn Jlin` | ` k` ung~iilùj gnoljlwlv` gnk Ldxnulc `~j` xnp~nð` rcj` gn Wuìl`+ wule~wùl` gn kcy Cwcd`jcy g~u`jwn kcy ilnj `ðcy`jwnulcuny ` y~ njwu`g` nj Icjyw`jwljcxk`* I`g` o`yn gn n}x`jylùj o~n ynf~lg`+ xcuw`jwc+ gn ~j` icjwuìilùj dày guàywli`+ i`ywlfc ljgnoniwlekn gn `p~ìkk`* Nywn ulwdcp~neu`gc ny kc p~n mìn ` k` mlywcul` gn Elr`jilc w`j glonunjwn gn k` gn Ucd`+ icj y~i~uv` unk`wlv`dnjwn y~`vn gn `yinjylùj+ nywèlklrìlùj | gni`gnjil`*

Ny nvlgnjwn p~n gnjwuc gn k` ynuln nj~dnu`g` dày ùule` m~ec ~j` iulyly vnug`gnu`dnjwn gnilylv` p~n gnwnudljù gn ocud` luunvcièkn nk gnywljc gnk Ldxnulc2nk xnuäcgc p~n v` gnygn k`y i`dx`ð`y eòkfù`y gn E`ylklc LL m`yw` k` vliwcul`ynk|òilg` gn D`jrlinuw` nj nk ylfkc ]L* Nywn xnuäcgc yn m` icjylgnu`gc jcud`kdnjwnicdc ~j o`yn nj k` p~n+ gnyx~ìy gn kcy eulkk`jwny ì}lwcy dlklwùny gnk òkwldcndxnu`gcu d ingcjlc+ k` e~uciuìl` ¡ilvlk± gn Icjyw`jwljcxk` gnyd`jwnkùylywndàwli`dnjwn kcy nbìuilwcy xucvljil`kny gnk Ldxnulc+ icj cebnwc gn gnwnjnu k``yinjylùj gn

QXàf* 5=7T

kcy d`fj`wny u~u`kny p~n mèä`j kknf`gc ` icjwuckù y~ d`jgc | `dnj`rè`j nj

icjyni~njil` k` ljwnfulg`g gn k` dlyd` `gdljlywuìlùj ldxnul`k injwu`k50

* Nk `~fn gnnycy cklfùi`y gn k`y xucvljil`y nu`+ ` y~ vnr+ ~j unoknbc gn k` gnyxcynylùj gnkxnp~nðc i`dxnylj`gc p~n `mcu` nywè` `ki`jr`jgc ~j` wu`yinjgnjil` luunylywlekn* @ nkkc ylf~lù nk onucr nyw`kklgc gn icjokliwcy icuwny`jcy | f~nuu`y ilvlkny p~n gnelklwùcj



gnoljlwlv`dnjwn k`y gnonjy`y gn Elr`jilc+ |` fu`vndnjwn g`ð`g`y xcu k` xckäwli`gnydlklwùlr`gcu` gn k`y i`dùlkk`y e~uciuàwli`y gn k` i`xlw`k* K` kknf`g` gn kcy w~uicy` Culnjwn xucxljù njwcjiny nk fckxn gn fuìl`* M`yw` `p~ä+ nyw` käjn` fnjnu`k gnn}xkli ilùj ny ilnuw`dnjwn icuuniw`+ xnuc y~ xunynjwìlùj ldxkli ` dnj~gc ~jicjwu`ywn nuuùjnc njwun kcy wul~jocy gnk unlj`gc gn E`ylklc LL | kcy unvnyny p~n knylf~lnucj |+ xcu w`jwc+ jc x~ngn couninu ~j `jàklyly icjvljinjwn gn k`y u`rcjny p~ndcvlnucj ` kcy fu~xcy xckäwlicy p~n gcdljùcj k` icuwn gn Icjyw`jwljcxk` gnyx~ìy gn085> ` ìw~ù nj k` ocud` `xùnjwndnjwn y~lilg` nj p~n kc mlilnucj* Nj un`klg`g+ k`xuckcjf`g` wnjylùj gn k`y f~nuu`y eòkfù`y gn E`ylklc LL+ icj y~y fu`jgny f`ywcy | y~njcudn dcuw`jg`g+ o~n kc p~n xunxùù xuceèkndnjwn k` vä` xù` nk unxnjwljcick`xyc gn kcy ilji~njw` `ðcy ylf~lnjwny* Kcy nbìuilwcy elr`jwljcy yn mèä`jd`jwnjlgc wu`glilcj`kdnjwn icj ~j jòdnuc fkce`k gn yckg`gcy unk`wlv`dnjwndcgnywc* Gnygn nk ylfkc _L+ nk w`d`ðc dnglc gn ~j i~nuxc n}xnglilcjùlc ylndxunmèä` ylgc gn ~jcy 0?*888 mcdeuny1 wcgc nk `xù`wc dlklwù gnk Nyw`gc nj nk ylfkc L]`yinjgä` p~lrà ` ~jcy 058*888 mcdeuny+ ilou` d~| ljonulcu ` k` gnk Ldxnulc ucd`jcwùgäc+ p~n xuceèkndnjwn `|~g` ` n}xkliù k` d`|cu nywèlklg`g ljwnuj` gnk Nyw`gcelr`jwljc 55* Xnuc gnygn nk unlj`gc gn B~`j Rldlyiny+ ` dngl`gcy gnk ylfkc ]+ nk w`d`ðcgn kcy nbìuilwcy ldxnul`kny `~dnjwù ljljwnuu~dxlg`dnjwn m`yw` `ki`jrù ~j vck~dnj

ylj xuningnjwny e`bc nk unlj`gc gn E`ylklc*Nyw` iùf` w~vc p~n ynu ung~ilg` gnyx~ìy gn y~ d~nuwn xcup~n |` `xùniä`j ylfjcy`dnj`r`gcuny gn ljokìlùj | gn ~j` ljilxlnjwn gnv`k~ìlùj wu`y vùlcy ylfkcy gnnywèlklg`g gn kcy xunilcy gnjwuc gnk Ldxnulc* K` dcjng` yn gnxunilù uàxlg`dnj$50 _ì`jyn+ ljwnu `kl` + Cywucfcuya|+Mlywcu| co wmn E|r`jwljn Yw`wn + xàflj`y 958$0+ 95<$99+ 970$> yy*1

_u|cjly+ ¡E|r`jwl~d2 wmn ycil`k e`yly co gnikljn lj wmn nknvnjwm injw~u|±+ xx* 0><$6>*55 B* Wn`kk+ ¡Wmn fu`lj y~xxk| co wmn E|r`jwljn Ndxlun+ 998$085>±+G~deùwcj Cày X`xnuy + jòd* 09+0<><+ xx* 08<$06* Xuceèkndnjwn+ nk i`delc nyw~vc unk ilcj`gc nj xùwn icj k` nvck~ilùj gn k`ljo`jwnuä` knflcjùl` gn Ucd` k` iè`kknuä` xny`g` gn Elr`jilc*

QXàf* 5=>T

wn ` xùwlu gnk unlj`gc gn Dlf~nk L_ -0897$70,* K` xckäwli` ljwnulcu gn kcy ndxnu`gcuny¡dìngcjlcy± mèä` icjylywlgc nj unounjù k` `vlgnr nicjùdli` | k`y `delilcjnyxckäwli`y gn kcyg~j`wcl xucvljil`kny* Kcy ycenu`jcy ¡ilvlkny± gn dngl`gcy gnk ylfkc ]Licjwlj~ùcj nyw` wu`glilùj+ xnuc gàjgckn ~j ynyfc xnklfucy`dnjwn j~nvc 59+ x~nyljwnjwùcj ung~ilu kcy wmnd`y kci`kny+ p~n fu`g~`kdnjwn yn mèä`j icjvnuwlgc nj nkeu`rc dlklwù gnk xcgnu gn kcy d`fj`wny+ yceun wcgc nj @j`wckl`* Icj nkkc ynxucxcjä`j+ xcu ~j` xùwn+ `klvlù k` wnycunuä` |+ xcu cwu`+ icjwuckù ` kcy jceknyknb`jcy+ i~|` `delilùj n ljy~ecugljìlùj icjywlw~ä`j ylndxun ~j` `dnj`r` xckäwli`xù` k` x`r xòekli`* K` ljwucg~iilùj gn k`y i`wòuìw`y c ùd`g~u`y xny`g`y ` olj`knygnk ylfkc ] mèä` `~dnjw`gc k` iùf` olj`jilnu` gn kcy wmnd`y nj k`y xucvljil`y |mèä` mnimc dày gloäilkny gn d`jwnjnu kcy `jwlf~cy ylywnd`y gn gnonjy` kci`k* Kcyj~nvcy unfädnjny e~uciuàwlicy gn Icjyw`jwljcxk` p~n y~inglnucj ` k` enklicy`glj`ywä` ¡dìngcjl`± yn ljikljùcj+ x~ny+ xcu e~yi u ~j d |cu `xc|c nj kcyunfldlnjwcy gn imcp~n c w`fd`w` p~n nywè`j nywìlcj`gcy inui` gn k` i`xlw`k |wnjä`j ~j d`|cu icdxcjnjwn xuconylcj`k | n}wu`jbnuc* K`y ~jlg`gny gn iè`kknuä` gnkcy w`fd`w` ylndxun mèä`j `xcuw`gc nk jòiknc dlklwù dày oludn gn kcy nbìuilwcyldxnul`kny icj y~ dnbcu glyilxklj` | njwunj`dlnjwc* Xuceèkndnjwn+ kcy yckg`gcyklinjil`gcy gn kcy wmnd`y yn `klywùcj `mcu`+ m`yw` ilnuwc x~jwc+ nj nywcy unfldlnjwcyxuconylcj`kny+ p~n o~nucj njvl`gcy gn ocud` iunilnjwn ` dlylcjny xucvljil`kny coucjwnulr`y+ `k dlydc wlndxc p~n `~dnjwè` nj nkkcy icjwlj~`dnjwn k` xucxcuilùj gndnuinjùlcy n}wu`jbnucy* Nk w`d`ðc wcw`k gnk `xù`wc dlklwù gn Elr`jilc p~ngù d~|ung~ilgc icj nyw` xckäwli` ¡ilvlklyw`±+ p~n y iuloliù k` o~nur` nywu`wìfli` ` kcy

ljwnunyny nicjùdlicy | xckäwlicy gn k` e~uciuìl` gn k` icuwn | gn kcy glfj`wùlcydnwucxcklw`jcy* Y~ uny~kw`gc o~n xùwlu xcu k` dlw`g k` ~jlg`g fkce`k gnk Nyw`gcelr`jwljc nj ~j icjokliwc p~n cx~yc ` k`y u`d`y ilvlk | dlklwù gnk cugnj ldxnul`k+ycuxunjgnjwndnjwn yldlkù ` `p~nkk` o`w`k glvlylùj p~n mèä` xuninglgc ` k` i`äg` gnk



Ldxnulc ucd`jc 57*59 J* Yvcucjcy+ ¡Ycilìwì nw cuf`jly`wlcj ljwìuln~un g`jy k“Ndxlun e|r`jwlj `~ ]L n ylíikn2 kny xuljilx`~}xucekídny±+ Xucinngljfy co wmn ]kkwm Ljwnuj`wlcj`k Icjfunyy co E|r`jwljn Yw~glny + xx* 9=8$5+ `vnjw~u`nj k` p~n kcy j~nvcy ndxnu`gcuny ilvlkny w`delìj ljwnjwùcj nknvù nk x`xnk gn k`y ¡ik`yny dngl`y±icdnuil`jwny gn k`y il~g`gny+ gndciu`wlr`jgc nk ìinyc `k Ynj`gc+ icj cebnwc gn iunù ~j icjwu`xnyc `kcy d`fj`wny u~u`kny -mlxùwnyly g~gcy` p~n yn e`y` nj i`wnfcuä`y lj`gni~`g`y,*57 K` glonunjil` dày cevl` n ldxcuw`jwn njwun `decy icjokliwcy o~n p~n k` ìklwn dlklwù gnk Elr`jilc wùgäcnu` xuljilx`kdnjwn ~j` ik`yn gn

QXàf* 5=?T

X~ny kcy g~j`wcl counilnucj ~j` unylywnjil` onucr ` k` j~nv` xckäwli`+ | nj nyndcdnjwc nk np~lkleulc gn xcgnu nj nk i`dxc mèä` kknf`gc gnd`yl gc knbcy xù` p~nw`k yck~ilùj x~glnu` ldxcjnuyn icj ì}lwc* Y~ òjlic noniwc o~n xucvciù ~jgndckngcu` ynuln gn f~nuu`y ilvlkny nj @j`wckl njwun k`y oìilcjny ¡dlklwù± |¡e~uciuàwli ± gn k` ik`yn gcdlj jwn+ p~n gnydcu`klrùcj | gnycuf jlrùcj wcgc nkylywnd` gnonjylvc gn Elr`jilc* K` xnuyni~ilùj unklflcy` | ìwjli` gn k`y icd~jlg`gnyùdnjl`y p~n yn mèä`j unljicuxcu`gc unilnjwndnjwn `k Ldxnulc iunù ~j` d`|cuicjo~ylùj | `flwìlùj ` kc kùfc gn k` v~kjnuèkn oucjwnu` culnjw`k* Nk nyinjùlc nywè`klywc xù` k` mni`wcden gn D`jrlinuw`*Nj nk `ðc 0860+ nk y~kwàj ynk|òilg` @kx @uyk`j+ èulìjgcyn i`dljc gnygn nk Ià~i`ycmìl` Nflxwc xcu nk y~u+ yn njicjwuù icj kcy nbìuilwcy gn Ucd`jc L_ Glùfnjny | kcy`jlp~lkù+ i`xw~u`jgc `k dlydc ndxnu`gcu* Nj nk i`dxc gn e`w`kk`+ kcy `~}lklùnyùdnjlcy+ kcy dnuinj ulcy ou`jicy | xnimnjnfcy | kcy unfldlnjwcy elr`jwljcy `kd`jgc gn ~j ulv`k ¡ilvlklyw`±+ gnynuwùcj c wu`lilcjùcj ` k`y e`jgnu`y ldxnul`kny*

@j`wckl` p~ngù icdc ~j vìäc ylj gnonjy`y nj nk p~n xnjnwuùcj+ ylj njicjwuùjljfòj ynulc nyo~nurc gn unylywnjil`+ kcy jùd`g`y w~uicd`jcy g~u`jwn k`y gìi`g`yylf~lnjwny5>* Nk gcdljlc elr`jwljc nj @yl` Dnjcu jc o~n gnuuci`gc xcu k` nu~xilùj gn~j` _ÿkanu `jgnu~jf d`ylv` gnk wlxc fcgc c vàjg`kc+ jl xcu ~j` ci~xìlùj dlklwùcuf`jlr`g` gnk wlxc xnuy` c àuèn+ yljc xcu ~j` dlfuìlùj fu`g~`k gn fu~xcy gnjùd`g`y ` k`y `kwlxk`jlilny* Nk iùàiwnu ou`fdnjwùlc | `jàup~lic gn k`y y~inylv`ylji~uylcjny w~ui`y jc o~n+ ylj ndeùfc+ ~j` fù`jwä` gn y~ wu jylwculng`g* @kicjwuùlc+ k` iunilnjwn jcd`glrìlùj p~n uny~kwù gn nkk`y o~n

wnuu`wnjlnjwny gn k` xucvljil` gn @j`wckl`+ dlnjwu`y p~n nk d`jgc gnk nbìuilwc ucd`jc wùgäc nywèìcdx~nywc nj y~ d`|cu xùwn xcu colil`kny xuconylcj`kny+ xuldnuc gn kcy E`ki`jny | gnyx~ìy eàueùcy-vì`yn y~xu` + xàflj`y =5$==+ <=$080* Xuceèkndnjwn+ nk i`delc yn gnelù nj e~nj` dnglg` ` k`ljwucg~iilùj gn k` iè`kknuä` ùd`g` icj i`wòuìw`y wu`y k` ldxk`jwìlùj gnk ylywnd` gn wmnd`y + p~niunù ` kcy xcwnjw`gcy dlklwùny kci`kny gnk Ldxnulc elr`jwljc* Xcu w`jwc+ k`y käjn`y glvlycul`y o~nucjglvnufnjwny nj i`g` i`yc2 nj Ucd`+ nk `xù`wc gnk `kwc d`jgc nywè` injwu`gc nj k`y il~g`gny | nkxcgnu gn kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny ilvlkny nj nk i`dxc1 nj Elr`jilc+ kcy d`fj`wny dlklwùny gcdljè`j nj k`yxucvljil`y | kcy e~uùiu`w`y ilvlkny nj k` i`xlw`k* Gn `mä nk nyw`kklgc gn f~nuu`y ilvlkny njwun `decy e`jgcynj nk Ldxnulc fulnfc | k` d |cu icjilnjil gn k` j`w~u`knr` gn y~y `jw fcjlydcy njwun kcyicjwndxcuàjncy -icdxàunyn ` Xynkkcy icj @ddl`jc,* K`y yndnb`jr`y nywu~iw~u`kny njwun kcy xucinycygn Ucd` | Elr`jilc o~nucj+ xcu kc gndày+ d~| kk`d`wlv`y*5> Ik`~gn I`mnj+ ¡K` xundlíun xìjìwu`wlcj w~up~n nj @yln Dljn~un -ynicjgn dclwlì g~ ]L ? ylíikn±+E|r`jwlcj + 0<7=+ xx* >$?6*

QXàf* 5=6T

` kùfc xk`rc dày gnywu~iwcu` xù` k` ilvlklrìlùj fulnf` nj @j`wckl` p~n k` icjp~lyw`dlklwù injwu`klr`g` gn kcy E`ki`jny xcu kcy xcywnulcuny nbìuilwcy cwcd`jcy* K`ylji~uylcjny i`ùwli`y | kcy onuciny xlkk`bny gn kcy w~uicd`jcy gny~ue`jlrùcjknjw`dnjwn ~j` unflùj wu`y cwu`+ glykci`jgc k`y xcekìlcjny `fuäick`y yngnjwùl`y |gnywucr`jgc k`y ljywlw~ilcjny i~kw~u`kny iulywl`j`y 5?* K` gnycuf`jlrìlùj jùd`g` gn k`nicjcdä` u~u`k glydlj~|ù olj`kdnjwn icj k` `xùlilùj gnk y~kw`j`wc ynk|òilg` gnLicjlc nj nk ylfkc ]LLL+ p~n unywèknilù k` x`r | nk cugnj nj k` d`|cu xùwn gn k`

@j`wckl` w~ui`* Xnuc nk unyxluc yùkc mèuä` gn ynu wndxcu`k*



Dlnjwu`y w`jwc+ nk dlydc iùàiwnu ljocud`k gn kcy `ynjw`dlnjwcy w~uicd`jcy nj nkljwnulcu xnudlwlù p~n nk Nyw`gc elr`jwljc gn olj`kny gnk ylfkc ]L yceunvlvlnu` |icjwu``wìù` gnygn k`y icyw`y gnk @yl` Dnjcu+ `~jp~n j~ji` x~glnu` unicjp~lywùk`y kk`j~u`y injwu`kny* Nj k` ìxci` gn kcy Icdjnjcy+ k`y cklfùp~ä`y dlklwùny gn k`yxucvljil`y+ p~n |` mèä`j ì~d~k`gc xcgnu nj y~y wlnuu`y | ` k` iènr` gn y~y wucx`ykci`kny+ icjylf~lnucj olj kdnjwn nk icjwuck gnk Nyw`gc ldxnul`k* Kcy xuljilx`knyfu~xcy gn d`fj`wny jc o~nucj nknv`gcy ` iùfcy icuwny`jcy xcu @knbc L+ p~n kcyunynuvù xù` k`y glvnuy`y u`d`y gn y~ o`dlkl` icj cebnwc gn xucwnfnuyn icjwu` kcyxcgnucycy g~j`wcl ulv`kny+ xnuc k` xnp~nð` | dngl` jceknr` icjylf~lù kc p~n yn mèä`xucx~nywc* K`y eùunu`y icjwu` k` on~g`klrìlùj o~nucj i`|njgc xucfunylv`dnjwn* @ k`jceknr` wnuu`wnjlnjwn yn kn icjinglnucj enjnolilcy `gdljlywu`wlvcy c xucjcl`l + p~n knyglnucj xcgnuny olyi`kny+ b~glil kny | dlklwùny yceuì wnuulwculcy gnkldlw`gcy ` i`delcgn ynuvlilcy nyxniäolicy xunyw`gcy `k Nyw`gc* Kcy Icdjnjcy d~kwlxkliùcj nywcyenjnolilcy+ p~n olj`kdnjwn yn mlilnucj mnunglwùlcy icj kcy X`knùkcfcy 56* Kcy jcekny5? N}lywn `mcu` ~j` gci~dnjwìlùj | ~j nyw~glc d~| icdxknwc gn nywn xucinyc nj Y* _u|cjly+ Wmn gnikljn co dngl`nv`k mnkknjlyd lj @yl` Dljcu `jg wmn xucinyy co lyk`dlr`wlcj oucd wmn nknvnjwm wmuc~fm wmn olownnjwm injw~u| + Enuankn|$Kcy @jfnkny+ 0<60+ xx* 07>$?=+ 0=7$<7 -nyw~glc o~jg`dnjw`k,* _u|cjly wlnjgnp~lrà ` yceunywldù k` unyxcjyèlklg`g gn kcy icjokliwcy ilvlkny$dlklwùny gnjwuc gn k` ik`yn gcdlj`jwn

elr`jwlj` nj nk ick`xyc fulnfc gn D`jrlinuw` | xcywnulcudnjwn -¡nk onjùdnjc dày gnilylvc gn wcgcy±+xx* 6?$6+ 789,+ xnuc nj y~ gnyiulxilùj gn kcy dni`jlydcy ycil`kny gn k` xcywnulcu w~up~loliìlùj gn @j`wckl` ny ~j` `~wculg`g*56 F* Cywucfcuya|+ Xc~u k“mlywclun gn k` oìcg`klwì e|r`jwljn + Eu~ynk`y+ 0<>7+ xx* <$5>6+ ny nk nyw~glcikàylic gn k` ljywlw~ilùj gn k` xucjcl` * Cywucfcuya| ycywlnjn p~ì ¡k` xucjcl` nj Elr`jilc | nj k`y wlnuu`yy~gnyk`v`y+ icdc nk on~gc nj Ciilgnjwn | nk xcdnyw“n nj U~yl` ny k` d`jlonyw ilùj gn ~j` on~g`klg`g`v`jr`g`± -x* 5>6,+ xunwnjylùj glyi~wlekn p~n yn `j`klr` dày gnk`jwn*

QXàf* 5==T

icjylf~lnucj ¡ljd~jlg`gny± c nayac~yynl`l gn k` b~ulygliilùj gn k` e~uciuìl` injwu`k | unilelnucj gcjìlcjny gn wlnuu`y dcjàywli`y xù` y~ ~yc xnuycj`k - imùlywla` ,*Jljf~j` gn nyw`y ocud`y ljywlw~ilcj`kny `ki`jrù k` kùfli` c nk cugnj gnk ylywnd`

on~g`k gn Ciilgnjwn1 nj nk dnbcu gn kcy i`ycy+ yùkc o~nucj vnuylcjny xùil`kny nldxnuoniw`y gn ìywn* Xnuc y~ gluniilùj ycil`k nywè` ikù`* Kcy i`dxnyljcy kleunyo~nucj gnfu`g`gcy xucfunylv`dnjwn ` k` icjglilùj gn ùunjg`wùlcy gnxnjglnjwny c

xùclacl + p~n fu`g~`kdnjwn kknfù ` `xuc}ldùyn ` k` gn kcy ylnuvcy gn N~ucx`ciilgnjw`k*

K` nicjcdä` ~ue`j` gn k` i`xlw`k+ icj y~y d`j~oìw~u`y nyw`w`kny | k` n}xcuwìlùj gnùwäi~kcy gn k~bc+ o~n yìuloli`g` njwunw`jwc ` kcy ì~nugcy glxkcdàwlicy icj _njnil` |Fìjcv`+ i~|cy dnui`gnuny fcrùcj d~| xucjwc gn ~j` èyck~w` y~xundìäìcdnuil`k gnjwuc gnk Ldxnulc ` i`~y` gn kcy xulvlknflcy icj p~n o~nucj ickd`gcy xcuk` e~k` gn cuc gn 08=7+ p~n kny n}ldä` gn kcy ldx~nywcy ldxnul`kny yceun k`y vnjw`y*Nj y~ gni`gnjil` nicjùdli`+ Elr`jilc ‗ljvluwlnjgc y~ wu`glilcj`k e`k`jr` icdnuil`k‗ xnuglù `mcu` y~ dcjcxcklc gn k` yng` | yn icjvluwlù nj ldxcuw`gcu jnwc gn x`ðcy |gn cwu`y d`j~oìw~u`y ìè`g`y gn Ciilgnjwn+ | ` i`delc n}xcuwù d`wnul`y xuld`yicdc wulfc | ìnlwn ` Lw`kl` 5=* Y~ ylywnd` `gdljlywu`wlvc gni`|ù m`yw` w`k x~jwc p~nkcy fcenuj`gcuny unflcj`kny unylgä`j ouni~njwndnjwn nj k` i`xlw`k | yn kldlwè`j ùn`klr u lji~uylcjny xcu y~y xucvljil`y xù` uni`~gù wule~wcy nj ~j`y n}xnglilcjny`xnj`y glyld~k`g`y gn y`p~nc 5<* Dnuinjùlcy | `vnjw~unucy njfucyè`j k`y olk`y gny~y nbìuilwcy+ | kcy iu~r`gcy vlflkè`j icj ~j` icjol`g` `vùlil`* K` wcd` | nk y`p~ncgn Icjyw`jwljcxk` xcu ~j` n}xnglilùj ou`jic$vnjnil`j` nj 0587 ucdxlù olj`kdnjwn |gnygn nk n}wnulcu k` ~jlg`g gn kc p~n p~ngè` gnk Nyw`gc ldxnul`k* Nj nyn dcdnjwcyn ldxcuwù ~j ylywnd` on~g`k ciilgnjw`k icdxknwc gn on~gcy | v`y`kk`bny+nyxnil kdnjwn nj k` Funil` injwu`k | dnulglcj`k+ gcjgn kcy ynðcuny ou`jicyljwucg~bnucj ~j dcgnkc yldlkù `k gn ~kwu`dù* Xnuc nyw` ldxk`jwìlùj ùwlolil`k jcg~uù d~imc wlndxc* Nk uìfldnj fulnfc y~inycu gn Jlin`+ è`jgcj`gc nj k` xnulonul`gnk `jwlf~c Ldxnulc+ o~n i`x`r gn un`fu~xù icj fu jgny nyo~nurcy kcy unywcyglyxnuycy gnk



5= D* k`* Yl~rl~dcv+ ¡Ecue` r` X~wl U`rvlwll` Oncg`k“jlb Cwjcymnjll v _lr`jwll±+ _lr`jwllyaln Cimnual +Dcyiò+ 0<?0+ xx* >5$6*5< B* Mnuulj+ ¡Wmn ickk`xyn co wmn E|r`jwljn Ndxlun lj wmn w nkowm injw~u|2 ` yw~g| co ` dngl`nv`knicjcd|±+ ^jlvnuylw| co Eludljfm`d Mlywculi`k Bc~uj`k + ]LL+ jòd* 5+ 0<68+ xx* 0<?$<+ p~n gle~b` icj

vlvcy ickcuny `p~nkk` ìxci`*

QXàf* 5=<T

wnuulwculc elr`jwljc | gn unicjywu~lu ~j` vnr dày ~j o`jw`yd`k Nyw`gc ldxnul`k njIcjyw`jwljcxk`*

Xcu njwcjiny+ k` ik`yn ycil`k gn wnuu`wnjlnjwny xucjclù yn mèä` icjvnuwlgc nj wlw~kùmnunglwùl` gn y~y enjnolilcy1 k` ljdnjy` d`|cuä` gn kcy i`dxnyljcy nu`j xùclacl 1k`y unkìlcjny v`y`kkàwli`y mèä`j ylgc `yldlk`g`y nj k`y icjinxilcjny xckäwli`y gnkfcelnujc kci`k+ | k` o`dlkl` gcdlj`jwn gn kcy X`knùkcfcy mèä` icjinglgc x`wuldcjlcy` k` jceknr`1 k`y icd~jlg`gny gn dnui`gnuny n}wu`jbnucy xcynä`j ou jp~lil y |njik`vny `~wùjcdcy* Nj nk i`dxc yn d~kwlxkli ucj k`y wlnuu`y dcjàywli`y | kcywnuu`wnjlnjwny yni~kùny uni~uuä`j ouni~njwndnjwn `k x`ywcunc n}wnjylvc xù` nywùnj icjglilcjny gn wu`yk`gù y~y xucxlng`gny g~u`jwn k`y icuunuä`y w~uicd`j`y 98* Xnucnyw` `xùnjwn ¡on~g`klrìlùj± olj`k gn k` ocudìlùj ycil`k elr`jwlj` j~ji` `ki`jrù~j` icmnunjil` cufàjli` c nyxcjwàjn` 90* Y~y ljywlw~ilcjny nu`j ~j yld~kìuc gnocud`y ciilgnjw`kny | iùniä`j xcu icdxknwc gn k` gljàdli` mlywùuli` p~n mèä`xucg~ilgc ` ìyw`y -ynð`k p~n `gvlnuwn icjwu` i~`kp~lnu ljwnjwc gn ljwnuxunwù kcydcgcy gn xucg~iilùj xcu dnglc gn ~j` icdxùìlùj `wndxcu`k gn y~y nkndnjwcy,*X~ny k`y ocud`y on~g`kny gnk Ldxnulc elr`jwljc wùgäc o~nucj nk uny~kw`gc olj`k gn ~j`gnyicdxcylilùj yni~kù gn ~j ylywnd` xckäwlic ldxnul k ~jlwùlc p~n mèä`xnud`jnilgc nj y~ d`|cu xùwn ljwìwc g~u`jwn ylnwn ylfkcy* C+ nj cwu`y x`kèu`y+o~nucj nk xucg~iwc gn ~j xucinyc gl`dnwu`kdnjwn cx~nywc `k p~n glc culfnj `kon~g`klydc ciilgnjw`k+ ~j` unicdxcylilùj cufàjli` gn gcy dcgcy gn xucg~iilùj`jwnulcuny | gnymnimcy nj ~j` j~nv` yäjwnyly p~n mèuä`98

Ndyw Vnujnu+ Gln Fne~uw nljnu Fucyydìmw$Gln Cyd`jnj -0988$07=0, + Enukäj+ 0<??+ xx* 059$7+ 07>$?*90 Nk xuceknd` gn yl `kf~j` vnr y~uflù ~j vnug`gnuc on~g`klydc elr`jwljc nj nk ci`yc gnk Ldxnulc fulnfcm` y~x~nywc ~j` wu`glilcj`k käjn` glvlycul` njwun kcy elr`jwljlyw`y* Cywucfcuya| m` nim`gc nk xnyc gn y~`~wculg`g yceun k` cxljlùj gn p~n k` ycilng`g elr`jwlj` wùgä` o~n nynjil`kdnjwn on~g`k2 xù` y~xucg~iilùj dày unilnjwn+ vì`yn ¡Ceynuv`wlcjy cj wmn ùlywciuì| lj E|r`jwl~d±+ xx* < yy* @yldlydc+ kcymlywcul`gcuny ycvlìwlicy ylndxun m`j òlud`gc k` n}lywnjil` gn ~j on~g`klydc elr`jwljc -| wlnjgnj icjouni~njil` ` onimù y~ `xùlilùj ~j xcic `jwny,* ^j` unilnjwn unòludìlùj eòkfù` gn nyw` xcyw~u`x~ngn njicjwuùyn nj Gldlwù @jfnkcv+ ¡E|r`jin nw k“N~ucxn ciilgnjw`kn±+ Nw~gny Mlywculp~ny + Ycoä`+0<?>+ xx* 77$?0* Kndnukn+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ m` jnf`gc i`wnfùuli`dnjwn p~n nk on~g`klydc yn m`|`ldxk`jw`gc b`dày nj Elr`jilc+ | k` d`|cu xùwn gn kcy ljvnywlf`gcuny ciilgnjw`kny nywàj gn ì~nugc icjìk* Nk nyw~glc icdxù`wlvc gn Ec~wu~imn+ icjinxw~`kdnjwn dày unolj`gc+ unim`r` w`delìj k` jcilùj gnp~n nk icdxknbc xucjcl`$nayac~yynl`$xùclacl m`|` icjywlw~lgc j~ji` ~j `~wìjwlic ylywnd` on~g`k2Ynlfjn~uln nw oìcg`klwì + vck* L+ xx* 5?<$6<*

QXàf* 5<8Tgn klenuù ~j`y o~nur`y xucg~iwlv`y gn ~j` d fjlw~g ylj xuningnjwny* Nj nkiunxòyi~kc gnk gcdljlc elr`jwljc jc yn xucg~bc jljfòj `~dnjwc gn k` gnjylg`ggndcfuàoli`+ gn k` xucg~iwlvlg`g `fuäick` jl gnk icdnuilc ~ue`jc* Icdc d~imc+ k`gnyljwnfuìlùj gnk vlnbc ylywnd` nyw`w`k dnwucxcklw`jc xnudlwlù ilnuw` nonuvnyinjil`ljwnkniw~`k | ilnuw` `flw ilùj ycil`k nj nk ung~ilgc xnuädnwuc gn y~ xcgnu nj Funil`*K` i`xw~u` nicjùdli` gn k` i`xlw`k xcu kcy dnui`gnuny lw`kl`jcy icjg~bc ` k` njwunf`gnk icdnuilc j`wlvc ` ~j`y xci`y gn k`y il~g`gny gn xucvljil`y dnbcu xucwnflg`y+ | nk`~dnjwc gnk wuàolic i~kw~u`k icj Ciilgnjwn glyckvlù nk gcdljlc gnk cyi~u jwlydccuwcgc}c*

Nk òkwldc nxlycglc ldxcuw`jwn gn k` mlywcul` gn Elr`jilc ‗nyw`kklgc olj`k gn vlw`klg`g‗icdeljù xù`gùbli`dnjwn k` d`jlonywìlùj gn kcy j~nvcy onudnjwcy fnjnu`gcy xcu nkljilxlnjwn on~g`klydc gnk Culnjwn fulnfc icj k` ljok~njil` gn kcy xucinycy gnulv`gcy



gn k` iulyly gnk gni`gnjwn on~g`klydc gnk Ciilgnjwn k`wljù* Nj Wny`kùjli`+ ynf~jgìl~g`g gnk Ldxnulc+ ~j` unenklùj d~jlilx`k icjwu` k` ~y~uxìlùj ldxnul`k gn kcyd`fj`wny I`jwì~injcy dcvlklrù k`y x`ylcjny `jwldäywli`y | `jwlcklfàup~li`y gn k`yd`y`y ~ue`j`y+ icjolyiù | glywule~|ù k`y xucxlng`gny gn kcy dcj`ywnulcy | gn kcyulicy+ | g~u`jwn ylnwn `ðcy unylywlù kcy `w`p~ny gnk fu~nyc gn k` ik`yn wnuu`wnjlnjwn+`xc| g` xcu kcy Cwcd`jcy 95* K` ljyxlu ilùj gn nyw` onucr k~im` ycil k+ yljxuningnjwny nj kcy jcvnilnjwcy `ðcy gn mlywcul elr jwlj`+ xucinglù p~lrà gn kùnvck~ilùj icd~j`k fnjcvny` gn 099<+ ~jc gn kcy fu`jgny nykècjny gn k`yljy~uuniilcjny ~ue`j`y g~u`jwn k` òkwld` iulyly dnglnv`k gn N~ucx` ciilgnjw`k 99* K`y~xunylùj gn k` ¡unxòekli`± gn kcy rnkcw`y nj Wny`kùjli o~n+ j`w~u`kdnjwn+ljnvlwèkn2 k` gni`gnjwn ocudìlùj ycil`k elr`jwlj` nu` lji`x`r gn d`jwnjnu ~jòcud` ~ue j` w j `v jr g`+ p~n xuny~xcjä` ~j wcjc nicjùdlic | ycil kicdxknw`dnjwn glywljwc* Icj y~ gnuucw`+ gny`xùnilù xù` ylndxun k` mlywcul`ljgnxnjglnjwn gn95 X* Imù`jly+ ¡Ljwnuj`k ywulon lj E|r`jwl~d g~uljf wmn oc~uwnnjwm injw~u|+ E|r`jwlcj + ]_+ 0<78$0+ xx*58=$98+ j`klr` nk iùàiwnu | k` wu`|niwcul` gn nyw` unenklùj*99 Yl~rl~dcv xunwnjgn+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ p~n nk dcgnkc gn k` unenklùj gn Wny`kùjli` o~n nk uny~ufldlnjwc¡jìlcj`k± gn Ick` gl Ulnjrc nj Ucd`+ | jc k` unenklùj x~u`dnjwn ¡d~jlilx`k± gn Fìjcv`+ | p~n yùkc yn

icjvluwlù nj ~j xuceknd` icd~j`k `k olj`k+ nj y~ òkwld` o`yn* Ynfòj ìk+ k` ljy~uuniilùj o~n nynjil`kdnjwnceu` gn ~j` ik`yn ndxunyùl`k ~ue`j`+ i~|c cebnwlvc nu` k` unyw`~uìlùj gn ~j Nyw`gc ldxnul`k injwu`k+i`x`r gn xucwnfnu icjwu` kcy xnklfucy w~uic | ciilgnjw`k* W`k ljwnuxunwìlùj gn kcy rnkcw`y gn Wny`kùjli`xùnin n}inylv`dnjwn ocur`g` nj kc p~n+ xcu cwu` xùwn+ ny ~j nywld~k`jwn njy`|c2 ¡Ecue` r~ X~wlU`rvlwll` Oncg`k“jlb Cwjcymnjll v _lr`jwll±+ x* ?8$9*

QXàf* 5<0T

Elr`jilc* Gnygn olj`kny gnk ylfkc ]L_+ nk unjcv`gc jcd`glydc w~uicd`jc gnv`ywù @j`wckl` ciilgnjw`k n ljv`glù kcy òkwldcy ung~iwcy gnk mnknjlydc nj Bcjl`+ ` k` vnr p~nkcy nbìuilwcy cwcd`jcy yn gnyxk rè`j gnygn F`kkäxckl mìl` nk jcuwn* Icjyw`jwljcxk`x`yù nk òkwldc ylfkc gn y~ n}lywnjil` icdc wule~wùl` ckvlg`g` gnk xcgnuäc w~uic nj kcyE`ki`jny*

@mcu` x~ngn xk`jwnùyn |` nywn xuceknd`2 ³xcu p~ì+ g~u`jwn wcg` nyw` kùf` mlywcul`+jc yn xucg~bc j~ji` nj kcy E`ki`jny ~j` o~ylùj gljàdli` njwun kcy ùugnjny ycil`knyeàueùc n ldxnul k+ p~n mèuä` iun`gc ~j on~g`klydc `yinjgnjwn gn wlxc ciilgnjw`k3³Xcu p~ì jc m~ec ~j` yäjwnyly mnknjc$nyk`v` icdxùèkn nj y~ `ki`jin | noniwcy ` k`yäjwnyly ucd`jc$fnudàjli`3 Nj noniwc+ ny xunilyc unicugù p~n k`y ljv`ylcjny wule`knyxnjnwuùcj nj k` fu`j d`y` gn wlnuu`y p~n yn n}wlnjgn gnk G`j~elc `k @gulàwlic | `kNfnc ` olj`kny gnk ylfkc _L | xuljilxlcy gnk _LL | p~n+ xcu w`jwc+ k`y oucjwnu`y nyk`v` |elr`jwlj` unwucinglnucj | `v`jrùcj nj wcg` k` xnjäjy~k` E`kiàjli` g~u`jwn dày gnynwnilnjwcy `ðcy gn icjwìwcy | icjokliwcy xnud`jnjwny* Nk gnywljc gn k`y wunyfu`jgny unflcjny gn k` xnjäjy~k` o~n+ j`w~u`kdnjwn+ glywljwc | x~ngn uny~dluyn icdcylf~n* K` flf`jwnyi` ckn`g` àvùc$nyk`v` gn kcy `ðcy >=8$?88 i`|ù yceun wcg` k`xnjäjy~k` | y~dnuflù gnygn nk Lkäulic+ Dnyl` | Funil` m`yw` k` rcj` dày `k y~u gnkXnkcxcjnyc* K` xìuglg` gnk Lkäulic xù` k` dlfuìlùj | ickcjlrìlùj nyk`v` icuwù nkmlywùulic väji~kc wnuunywun gnk d~jgc ldxnul`k ucd`jc1 jljfòj cwuc ìcjwnildlnjwcmèuä` gn ynu* dày gnilylvc xù` k` u~xw~u` gn k` ~jlg`g njwun N~ucx` culnjw`k |ciilgnjw`k g~u`jwn k` Ng`g Cyi~u`* Mìl` nk y~u+ w~vlnucj p~n x`yù gcy ylfkcy `jwnygn p~n Elr`jilc o~nu` i`x`r gn icdnjrù k` unicjp~lyw` ylywndàwli` gn Wuìl` |Dìngcjl` nj k` gìi`g` gn 6=8+ | cwucy vnljwn `ðcy dày `jwny gn p~n nk Xnkcxcjnyco~nu` gnoljlwlv`dnjwn ycdnwlgc* Gnygn njwcjiny+ k` d |cu xùwn gn Funil` o~nfcenuj g` ylj ljwnuu~xilùj gnygn Icjyw jwljcxk` m`yw` k` icjp~lyw` k`wlj` gn 0587*Xcu y~ xùwn+ k` Dnyl` ickcjlr`g` xcu kcy nyk`vcy o~n ljv`glg` xcu kcy eòkfùcy+jùd`g`y w~u`jlcy xucingnjwny gn U~yl` injwu`k+ p~n nywèknilnucj `kkä ~j b`j`wc `

olj`kny gnk ylfkc _LL* Gcy ylfkcy gnyx~ìy+ k` ik`yn gcdlj`jwn eòkfù` yn mèä`nyk`vlr`gc | xunylgä` ~j xcgnucyc Ldxnulc i~|c icjwuck yn `gnjwuè` m`yw`Dìngcjl` ciilgnjw`k* Gnyx~ìy gn ~j` ynuln gn ìxli`y k~im`y dlklwùny icj Elr`jilc+



nk Nyw`gc eòkfùc o~n gnuuci`gc xcu B~`j Rldlyiny | E`ylklc LL+ | gnygn nk `ðc 080=

QXàf* 5<5T

p~ngù ljicuxcu`gc+ g~u`jwn dày gn ilnjwc ilji~njw` `ðcy+ `k Ldxnulc fulnfc* Xnuc njnk `ðc 00=? ~j` unenklùj eòkfùc$vàkì` ìèù vliwculcy`dnjwn icj k` ci~xìlùjelr`jwlj`+ | y~uflù ~j ynf~jgc Ldxnulc eòkfùc p~n gcdljù gn j~nvc kcy E`ki`jnym`yw` p~n o~n yì~glgc xcu k`y ljv`ylcjny dcjfckny gn kcy `ðcy 0578* K` `jwlf~`rcj` lkäuli vnfnwù+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ o~nu` gn k` ùuelw` gnk ylywnd` xckäwlic elr`jwljcg~u`jwn i~`wuc ylfkcy `jwny gn ynu xùil`kdnjwn unicjp~lyw`g` | xùil`kdnjwnung~ilg` ` k` icjglilùj gn iklnjwn xcu E`ylklc LL+ ` icdlnjrcy gnk ylfkc ]L* Nk gcdljlcfulnfc yn nywèknilù `p~ä gn* ocud` wnj~n | xuniùl` yùkc g~u`jwn ~j ylfkc+ x~jw~`gcxcu j~dnucy`y unenklcjny+ m`yw` p~n y~uflù nj nk `ðc 00>0 ~j unljc ynuelc ~jlgc* @ dngl`gcy gnk ylfkc ]L_+ nk Ldxnulc ynuelc yn mèä` icjvnuwlgc+ ` y~ vnr+ nj nk xuljilx`kxcgnu gn kcy E`ki`jny+ m~dlkk`jgc `k gn E~kfùl` | Elr`jilc+ `jwny gn p~n yngnyljwnfuù` nj väyxnu`y gn k` icjp~lyw` w~ui`*

³Xcu p~ì nyw` x`~w` `kwnuj`wlv` jc x~gc fnjnuù ~j` yùklg` yäjwnyly on~g`k | jlylp~lnu` ~j cugnj mlywùulic g~u`gnuc3 K`y wlnuu`y gn wcg` k` rcj` o~nucj ùnj`ydcvnglr`y xù` k` cuf`jlrìlùj ycil`k | k` ocudìlùj gnk Nyw`gc* Jc m`| j`g` dàyycuxunjgnjwn p~n k` oìlklg`g icj k` p~n kcy cwcd`jcy wcdùcj olj`kdnjwn xcynylùjgn ìk+ gnyx~ìy gn p~n wcgcy kcy xcgnuny kci`kny yn m~elnu`j m~jglgc nj ~j` ljnoliìlìcdòj ` olj`kny gnk ylfkc ]L_* K` unyx~nyw` ` `p~nkk` xunf~jw` u`gli` ynf~u`dnjwn njnk xni~klù x~jwc d~nuwc ` p~n yn kknfù njwun kcy ùugnjny eàueùc | wùgäc ldxnul`k njkcy E`ki`jny* Nk Ldxnulc elr`jwljc+ wu`y k` xìuglg` gn k` xnjäjy~k` nj kcy ylfkcy _L |

_LL+ nu` wcg`vä` gnd`yl`gc o~nuwn xù` ynu gnywucr`gc gnygn o~nu`+ | o~nxùil`kdnjwn i`x`r gn uni~xnuù `kkä y~ xcgnu gnyx~ìy gn ~j ljwnuv`kc gn gcyilnjwcy`ðcy* Xnuc nj k` ìxci` ylf~lnjwn+ kcy x~nekcy nyk`vcy | w~u`jlcy p~n mèä`jickcjlr`gc kcy E`ki`jny yn gnyùuckkùcj | d~kwlxkliùcj w`jwc p~n jc x~glnucj ynu`yldlk`gcy i~`jgc+ ` y~ vnr+ o~nucj olj`kdnjwn unicjp~lyw`gcy+ gn w`k ocud` p~n nk

gcdljlc fulnfc j~ji` o~n i`x`r gn ljwnfuùkcy nj Elr`jilc | nj òkwldc wìudljc ynunvnkù noädnuc* Nyw` dlyd` ni~ìlùj x~ngn ocud~kùyn gn ocud` jnf`wlv`* K`yicd~jlg`gny nyk`v`y p~n icjywlw~ä`j k` fu`j d`|cuä` gn kcy xuldnucy ickcjlr`gcunyeàueùcy gn kcy E`ki`jny nu`j ycil`kdnjwn gnd`yl`gc xuldlwlv`y nj k` ìxci` gnMnuìklc xù` ynu i`xìny gì nywèkninu ~jcy ylywnd`y xckäwlicy gnk wlxc p~n mèä`jiun`gc k`y wule~y fnudàjli`y nj nk Ciilgnjwn dnucvljflc* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ nk Nyw`gcelr`jwljc ‗gnelgc+ icdc |` mndcy vlywc+ ` y~ xucxl` nywu~iw~u` ljwnuj`‗ o~n lji`x`rgn ycdnwnu n ljwnfuù

QXàf* 5<9T

gljàdli`dnjwn ` kcy x~nekcy wule`kny ynfòj nk dcgnkc p~n mèä` iùìwnulr`gc ` kÙcd` ldxnul`k* Nk uny~kw`gc o~n p~n jljf~j` gn `de`y o~nur`y x~gc xunv`kninu gnocud` xnud`jnjwn yceun k` cwu`+ dlnjwu`y p~n `de`y x~glnucj ljoklfluyn g`ðcyunxnwlgcy | dcuw`kny* Nk imcp~n njwun `de`y o~nur`y jc `gcxwù k` ocud` gn ~ji`wìklydc fnjnu`k gnk p~n x~glnu` y~uflu ~j` j~nv` yäjwnyly+ yljc k` gn ~j` knjw` |uniäxuci` wulw~uìlùj | `fcw`dlnjwc* Kcy ylfjcy glywljwlvcy gn nywn xucinyc+ p~n `knbù` N~ucx` y~gculnjw`k gn k` ciilgnjw`k+ x~ngnj ljgliùyn gn glvnuy`y ocud`y*

Xcu wcdù nj xuldnu k~fù gcy äjgliny ¡i~kw~u`kny± ynjylekny+ nk dcgnkc fkce`k gnnvck~ilùj unklflcy` | kljfûäywli` o~n d~| glonunjwn nj nyw` rcj`* Nj Ciilgnjwn+ kcyljv`ycuny fnudàjlicy yn icjvluwlnucj `k iulywl`jlydc ùul`jc g~u`jwn k` ìxci` gn k`yicjp~lyw`y* Gnyx~ìy+ o~nucj fu`g~`kdnjwn `wu`ägcy ` k` Lfknyl` i`wùkli` |+ icj xci`yn}inxilcjny+ y~y lglcd`y gny`xùnilnucj `jwn k`y knjf~`y ucd`jiny gn y~yxcekìlcjny ycdnwlg`y | k`wljlr`g`y* Nj nk y~gnywn+ xcu nk icjwuùlc+ kcy nyk`vcy | kcyàvùcy p~n `jnfùcj kcy E`ki`jny ` olj`kny gnk ylfkc _L nu`j x~nekcy x`f`jcy |g~u`jwn inui gn wuny ylfkcy k` d |cu xùwn gn k` xnjäjy~k` xnud`jnilù ylj



iulywl`jlrù -nk unvìy dày nyxniwì~kù p~n m`|` y~oulgc b`dày nk iulywl`jlydc nj nkicjwljnjwn,* @gndày+ i~`jgc kcy eòkfùcy x`yùcj ` ynu+ ` olj`kny gnk ylfkc L]+ kcyxuldnucy eàueùcy icjvnuwlgcy+ m~ec p~n icjingnukny ~j x`wulùi`gc cuwcgc}c`~wùjcdc+ np~lv`knjwn ` ~j` Lfknyl` ¡jìlcj`k± ljgnxnjglnjwn* Kcy ynuelcy mèuä`jgn icjynf~lu w`delìj nywn xulvlknflc nj nk ylfkc ]LL* @k dlydc wlndxc+ | dlnjwu`yFunil` nu` xcic ` xcic unmnknjlr`g` kljfûäywli`dnjwn gnyx~ìy gn y~ unicjp~lyw` xcuElr`jilc ` olj`kny gnk ylfkc _LLL | xuljilxlcy gnk L]+ wcgc nk ljwnulcu gn k` xnjäjy~kÈ`kiàjli` icjynuvù k` knjf~` nyk`v`+ m`yw` w`k x~jwc p~n xunily`dnjwn xùìcjynf~lu k` icjvnuylùj gn y~y mèlw`jwny+ kcy dlylcjnucy fulnfcy Ilulkc | Dnwcglc+ gnWny`kùjli` -p~n njwcjiny wcg`vä` nu` ~j` il~g`g oucjwnulr` | elkljfûn, w~vlnucj p~nljvnjwù nk `koènwc fk`fckäwlic nyxniäoli`dnjwn gnywlj`gc `k fu~xc gn knjf~`y nyk`v`ygn k` unflùj 97* Nj kcy E`ki`jny+ x~ny+ k` ¡`yldlkìlùj± i~kw~u`k ylf~lù ~j cugnjn}ìw`dnjwn ljvnuyc2 dlnjwu`y nj Ciilgnjwn k` mnunbä` xùwli~kùlyw` glc x`yc ` k`cuwcgc}l` ~jlvnuy`klyw` | `k k`wljlydc kljfûäywlic+ nj nk y~gnywn97 F* Cywucfcuya|+ ¡Wmn E|r`jwljn eìafuc~jg wc wmn Dcu`vl`j dlyylcj±+ G~deùwcj Cày X`xnuy + jòd*0<+ 0<?>+ xx* 0>$?* Xù` nk iùàiwnu gn k`y nyiulw~u`y fk`fckäwli | iluäkli`+ vì`yn G* Cecknjya|+ Wmn E|r`jwljn Icddcj n`kwm + Kcjguny+ 0<60+ xx* 09<$78*

QXàf* 5<7Tnk x`f`jlydc icjg~bc ` k` cuwcgc}l` ynxù`wlyw` njinuu`g` nj ~j jc mnknjlydckljfûäywlic* K` xcywnulcu icjp~lyw` dlklwù elr`jwlj` jc o~n i`x`r gn i`delù njèyck~wc nywn g`wc i~kw~u`k eàylic* K` fu`j d`y` gn k` xcekìlùj nyk`v` gn k`xnjäjy~k` mèä` iulyw`klr`gc nj nywn `yxniwc o~nu` gnk u`glc gnk icjwuck elr`jwljc* K`y~xnulcu gnjylg`g gndcfuàoli gn kcy `ynjw`dlnjwcy x~ngn n}xkliù nj xùwn k`glonunjil` icj k`y ljv`ylcjny fnudàjli`y* Xnuc jc ièn g~g` gn p~n k` j`w~u`knr` gnkdnglc elr`jwljc ljlil`k o~n w`delìj ~j gnwnudlj`jwn gn xuldnu` ldxcuw`jil`*

Yl nj nk xk`jc i~kw~u`k k`y unkìlcjny njwun eàueùcy | elr`jwljcy unvnk`j k` unk`wlv`gnelklg`g gn kcy ynf~jgcy+ nj kcy xk`jcy xckäwlic | nicjùdlic ljgli`j nj jc dnjcudnglg` kcy kädlwny xni~klùny gn kcy xuldnucy* Kcy xuceknd`y fnjnu`kny gn k` xuldnuòcudìlùj nyw`w`k nyk`v` |` yn m`j `j`klr`gc `jwny* K` n}xnulnjil` nyxniäoli`dnjwne`kiàjli` kcy ylwò` ` xknj` k~r* Xùnin ikùc+ nj un`klg`g+ p~n k` cuf`jlrìlùj dlklwùgn kcy jùd`g`y àvùcy o~n k` p~n gnwnudljù | glulflù k` xuldnu` dùim` gn kcyeàueùcy mìl` kcy E`ki`jny+ p~n mlrc xcylekn y~ icjp~lyw`* Kcy nyk`vcy+ p~n k~imùcjnj i`klg`g gn `~}lklùny y~|cy+ kcy y~xnuè`j jnw`dnjwn nj jòdnuc | yn p~ngùcj njk`y j~nv`y wlnuu`y+ dlnjwu`y p~n k`y mcug`y àvù`y unwcujùcj ` y~y e`yny gn X`jcjl`xù` `xùninu gn j~nvc nj icuunuä y xnulùgli`y icjwu` Icjyw`jwljcxk`+ xnuc ylj`ynjwùyn nj k` xnjäjy~k` 9>* K`y dlfuìlcjny nyk`v`y yn n}wnjglnucj xcu ~jcywnuulwculcy p~n g~u`jwn ylfkcy mèä`j icjywlw~lgc xùwn ljwnfu`jwn gnk ylywnd`ldxnul`k ucd`jc | p~n ljik~ä`j `k dlydc icu`rùj gn k` ilvlklrìlùj ikàyli`+ Funil`*Icj wcgc+ g~u`jwn kcy wuny ylfkcy p~n ylf~lnucj ` y~y ljv`ylcjny+ nywcy x~nekcy jcxucg~bnucj jljfòj ylywnd` xckäwlic wu`jywule`k gnk p~n m`|` p~ng`gc `kfòj u`ywuc* Nkxuldnu Nyw`gc p~n yn iunù nj kcy E`ki`jny o~n ceu` gn cwuc x~nekc jùd`g` w~u`jlc+kcy eòkfùcy+ i~|` y~xnulculg`g dlklwù | xckäwli` yceun kcy nyk`vcy kny xnudlwlù iunù+`k y~u gnk G`j~elc+ ~j xcgnucyc b`j`wc p~n d~| xucjwc yn njounjwùä` oucjw`kdnjwn Èlr`jilc* K` ik`yn glulfnjwn ¡xucwceòkfù`± gn ec|ùgcy gcdljè` ~j` ocudìlùjycil`k dl}w`+ nk fu~nyc gn i~| xcekìlùj nu j i`dxnyljcy nyk`vcy kleuny* Nywcyx`fè`j wule~wcy ` y~y ynðcuny w~u`jlcy+ p~n icdxcjä`j ~j` ùlywciuìl` dlklwù gngcy u`jfcy+ cuf`jlr`g` wcg`vä` yceun ~j` e`yn gn ik`j* @ olj`kny gnk ylfkc L]+ nklglcd` xucwceòkfùc mèä` gny$9> X* Kndnukn+ ¡Ljv`ylcjy nw dlfu`wlcjy g`jy kny E`ka`jy gnx~ly k` olj gn k“nxcp~n ucd`ljn b~yp~“`~ _LL n

ylíikn±+ Unv~n Mlywculp~n + II]L+ èulk$b~jlc gn 0<>7+ xx* 5<9 yy*

QXàf* 5<>T



`xùnilgc | nk b`j`wc mèä` ylgc iulywl`jlr`gc ocud`kdnjwn2 nk ylywnd` gn ik`jny nkx`f`jlydc i`|nucj b~jwcy+ icdc nj wcg`y xùwny+ | d~| xucjwc wcg` k` ik`yn ec|ùg`yn mèä` nyk`vlr`gc+ `~jp~n icj ~j ilnuwc eùjlr i~kw~u`k fulnfc 9?* @ xuljilxlcy gnkylfkc ]+ nk j~nvc ycenu`jc eòkfùc Yldnùj k`jrù ~j `w`p~n fu`jglcyc | gluniwcicjwu` Elr`jilc+ wcdù xcu gcy vniny @gul`jùxckly+ kknfù nj y~y icuunuä`y m`yw` nk fckocgn Iculjwc | x~yc ylwlc ` Icjyw`jwljcxk`* K` gnikù`g` `delilùj gn Yldnùj jc nu`cwu` p~n icjvnuwluyn nj ycenu`jc gnk Ldxnulc gn Culnjwn+ | nj k` xnuyni~ilùj gn y~cebnwlvc icjylf~lù ùu`jiù ` Elr`jilc k` icjinylùj gnk wäw~kc ldxnul`k gn ¡rù±*Olj`kdnjwn+ gnyx~ìy gn kùf`y i`dx`ð`y+ y~y nbìuilwcy o~nucj gnuucw`gcy xcu nk bnoniuc`w` Wcdlyk`v+ | E~kfùl` yn m~jglù nj k` gnelklg`g | nk gnycugnj g~u`jwn nk unlj`gcgn y~ mlbc Xnguc*

Nk xuldnu dcvldlnjwc unklflcyc ljicjo~jglekndnjwn u`gli`k gn k` N~ucx` iulywl`j`+ nkecfcdlklydc+ yn n}wnjglù nj nywn dcdnjwc icdc n}xunylùj gn k` xucwnyw` i`dxnyljìcjwu` nk njcudn icywn gn k`y f~nuu`y gn Yldnùj | gn k` xckùlrìlùj ycil`k p~n k`ymèä` ìcdx`ð`gc 96* Nk Nyw`gc eòkfùc y~oulù ~j j~nvc unvìy icj k`y gnywu~iwcu`yf~nuu`y u~yc$elr`jwlj`y p~n yn kleuùcj nj y~ wnuulwculc* ^j` ldxcuw`jwn unjcvìlùjdlklwù | xckäwli` g~u`jwn nk unlj`gc gnk rù Y`d~nk+ ` olj`kny gnk ylfkc ]+ icjg~bc+ ylj

ndeùfc+ ` ~j j~nvc icjokliwc fkce`k icj Elr`jilc+ p~n yn xuckcjfù g~u`jwn vnljwn`ðcy* Icdc |` mndcy vlywc+ nyw` kùf` | gnyxl`g`g` k~im` o~n k` p~n ìèùolj`kdnjwn icj k`y o~nur`y gnk ylywnd` ldxnul`k elr`jwljc | xunxùù nk i`dljc xù` y~ick`xyc nj @j`wckl`* J`w~u`kdnjwn+ y~y icjyni~njil`y o~nucj wcg`vä` dàygny`ywucy`y xù` E~kfùl`+ i~|` n}lywnjil` ljgnxnjglnjwn yn n}wljf~lù g~u`jwn dàygn ilnjwc ilji~njw` `ðcy* K` ci~xìlùj elr`jwlj` g~u`jwn kcy ylfkcy ]L | ]LL xucvciù~j uàxlgc `~dnjwc gn k`y fu`jgny olji`y | ~j` ljwnjyloliìlùj gn k` xunylùj olyi`kinjwu`k | gn k`y n}ìilcjny jcelklùl`y fulnf`y | eòkfù`y yceun nk i`dxnylj`gc* NjE~kfùl` yn ljwucg~bc xcu vnr xuldnu` k` ljywlw~ilùj gn k` xucjcl` | yn d~kwlxkliùcjk`y ljd~jlg`gny c nayac~yynl` * ^j jòdnuc iunilnjwn gn `jwlf~cy9? Y* U~jild`j+ @ mlywcu| co wmn oluyw E~kfùl`j Ndxlun + Kcjguny+ 0<98+ xàflj`y <7$>1 L* Yà`rcv+

E~kfùlyimn Vluwyimòwyfnyimlimwn + Enukäj+ Knlxrlf+ 0<5<+ xx* 6$<*96 ^j yìnugcwn cuwc}cgc gn k` ìxci` uny~dä` `yl k`y gciwulj`y ycil`kny gn Ecfcdlk2 ¡Njynð`j ` y~xucxlc x~nekc ` jc cengninu ` y~y ynðcuny+ ljb~ul`j ` kcy ulicy+ cgl`j `k rù+ ulgli~klr`j ` kcy `jil`jcy+icjgnj`j ` kcy ec|ùgcy+ icjylgnu`j vlkny ` kcy cbcy gn Glcy ` p~lnjny yluvnj `k rù | xucmäenj ` wcgcykcy ylnuvcy p~n wuè`bnj xù` y~y dcy±+ Cecknjya|+ Wmn E|r`jwljn Icddcj n`kwm + x* 05>*

QXàf* 5<?T

i`dxnyljcy kleuny i`|ù nj k` icjglilùj gnxnjglnjwn gn kcy xùclacl + dlnjwu`y k`nyik`vlw~g yn n}wnjgä` yld~kwàjn`dnjwn xcu dnglc gn k` i`~wlvlg`g gn kcy xulylcjnucygn f~nuu`y kci`kny 9=* Icdc nu` gn nyxnuù+ nk ecfcdlklydc unvlvlù | yn xucg~bnucjunxnwlg`y unenklcjny xcx~kùny icjwu` nk gcdljlc elr`jwljc* Nj nk `ðc 00=?+ gcy bnony

vàkìcy+ Xnguc | @yìj+ njiènrùcj ~j` ljy~uuniilùj vliwculcy` p~n gnuucwù ` k`yn}xnglilcjny gn i`ywlfc njvl`g`y icjwu` nkkcy xcu kcy fulnfcy 9<* Nj nyn dcdnjwc ynicjywu~|ù ~j ¡ynf~jgc± Ldxnulc eòkfùc+ i~|` bnuùp~ä` `gdljlywu`wlv`+ xucwcickcicuwny`jc | ylywnd` wule~wùlc yn wcdùcj gluniw`dnjwn gn kcy gn Elr`jilc1 nk jòdnucgn i`dxnyljcy kleuny icjwlj~ù gnyinjglnjgc dlnjwu`y p~n nk `kwc nywu`wc ec|ùgcicjycklgè` y~ xcgnu* @ icdlnjrcy gnk ylfkc ]LLL+ nk rù Lc`jjlwy` -A`kcb`j, wcdù gnj~nvc `k cebnwlvc wu`glilcj`k gn k`y glj`ywä`y eòkfù`y2 nk `y`kwc ` Icjyw`jwljcxk` | k``y~jilùj gnk wäw~kc ldxnul`k ~jlvnuy`k p~n ìcdx`ðè` ` y~ icjwuck* Y~y wucx`ygnuucwùcj | d`wùcj `k ndxnu`gcu k`wljc E`kg~ljc xcic gnyx~ìy gn k` i~ùwìu~r`g`+ | y~ y~inycu kknvù vliwculcy`dnjwn k`y e`jgnu`y eòkfù`y m`yw` nk @gulàwlic*Xnuc ` kcy glnr `ðcy nyn j~nvc Nyw`gc yn mèä` gnuu~de`gc `jwn nk `y`kwc gn kcydcjfckny*

K`y xcekìlcjny nyk`v`y gn k` `jwlf~` unflùj gnk Lkäulic gnyùuckkùcj d~imc dàyknjw`dnjwn+ xcu kc fnjnu`k+ ~j ylywnd` xckäwlic xcywule`k+ gnelgc ` k` o`kw` gn ~jìk`yn dlklwù jùd`g` ljlil`kdnjwn y~xnulcu* K` glonunjilìlùj ycil`k `v`jrù gn ocud`



dày fu`g~`k | k` cuf`jlrìlùj gn ik`jny yn dcywuù d~| unylywnjwn* Nk xuldnu unljciuc`w` -<88$08<6, o~n èycuelgc xcu M~jfuä` | jc gnyndxnðù jljfòj x`xnkljgnxnjglnjwn* Nj nk y~u+ kcy ź~x`jl mnunglwùlcy fcenujùcj+ gnygn y~y ickcjl`yocuwloli`g`y+ kcy wnuulwculcy kci`kny icdc x`wuldcjlcy o`dlklùny+ i~|` `gdljlywuìlùjyn glvlgä` njwun y~y xùlnjwny78* Kcy xul$9= Gldlwù @jfnkcv+ ¡Gln e~kfùlyimn Kçjgnu ~jg g`y e~kfùlyimn _cka lj gnu Funjrnj gny e|r`jwljlyimnjUnlimny ld ]L$]LL B`mum~jgnuw -080=00=>,±+Xucinngljfy co wmn ]LLwm Ljwnuj wlcj`k Icjfunyy co E|r`jwljn Yw~glny + xx* 0>>$?0* Dlnjwu`y k`ynayac~yynl`l jc o~nucj xuàiwli`dnjwn j~ji` ljd~jlg`gny¡ljwnfu`kny± xcup~n ylndxun icjynuvùcj iùf`y xòekli`y yceun kcy xùclacl + k`y icjinylcjny eòkfù`ynp~lv`knjwny gn nyw` ìxci` cwcufè`j ~jcy xcgnuny ynðcul`kny dày dxklcy yceun nk i`dxnylj`gc* _ì`ynF* I`jacv`$Xnwacv`+ ¡E|r`jin nw kn gìvnkcxxndnjw ycil`k nw ìicjcdlp~n gny Nw`wy e`ka`jlp~ny±+ @iwny g~ Xundlnu Icjfuíy Ljwnuj`wlcj`k gny Nw~gny E`ka`jlp~ny nw Y~g$Nyw N~ucxìnjjny + Ycoä`+ 0<?<+ xx* 977$>*9< Nk nyw~glc dày ikùc gn nywn knv`jw`dlnjwc ny U* K* Vckoä+ ¡Wmn ”Ynicjg E~kfùl`j Ndxlun“* Lwy culflj`jg mlywcu| wc 0857±+ Yxni~k~d + }}L_+ jòdnuc 5+ èulk gn 0<7<+ xx* 0?6$58?*78 Gvcujla+ Wmn Yk`vy* Wmnlu nùk| mlywcu| `jg ilvlklr`wlcj + xx* 0?5$9*

QXàf* 5<6T

dnucy xuljilx`gcy p~n mlilnucj y~ `xùlilùj o~nucj+ nj nk ylfkc ]L+ kcy gn Rnw` |U`yil`+ iunìlcjny `jwlelr`jwlj`y p~n kcy ndxnu`gcuny Icdjnjcy y~xuldlnucj icj ~jì}lwc yùkc xùil`k* @ olj`kny gnk ylfkc ]LL+ nk fu`jź~x`j Nywne`j Jnd`jb` ~jlù kcy gcywnuulwculcy nj ~j yckc unljc ynuelc | `gp~lulù gnk x`x` nk wäw~kc un`k* Xnuc `~jp~n kcynyo~nurcy elr`jwljcy xcu unicjp~lywù Ynuel` o~nucj gnwnjlgcy+ w~vlnucj p~n x`yùcwucy ilnj `ðcy `jwny gn p~n kcy jcwèkny gn y~y ik`jny ou`fdnjw`gcy m~elnu`jy~oulgc ~j xucinyc ljwnfu`gcu y~olilnjwn xù` ocudù ~j` ik`yn wnuu`wnjlnjwn~jloli`g`+ icj gnunimcy ynðcul`kny yceun ~j i`dxnylj`gc ynuvlk | icj i`xìlg`gdlklwù xù` n}wnjgnu nk wnuulwculc gn k` dcjùp~ä` ynuel`* Nk niklxyn gn E~kfùl` |Elr`jilc ` xuljilxlcy gnk ylfkc ]L_ kny glc k` cxcuw~jlg`g gn icjynf~lu nk gcdljlc gnkcy E`ki`jny* Nywne`j G~y`j `jn}lcjù Dìngcjl`+ Wny`kl` | nk Nxluc | yn xucik`dùndxnu`gcu gn ynuelcy | fulnfcy+ nj Yacxkbn+ nj nk `ðc 097?* K` nywu~iw~u` ycil`k |

xckäwli` gnk Fu`j Ldxnulc ynuelc nywà gci~dnjw`g` nj nk n}wnjyc iùglfc knf`k cRàcjjla + p~n o~n nkècu`gc xcic gnyx~ìy e`bc nk d`jgc gn G~Š`j* K` jceknr`gcdlj`jwn xcynä` wlnuu`y `kcgl`kny mnunglwùl`y+ p~n nu`j i~kwlv`g`y xcu i`dxnyljcygnxnjglnjwny c yneul ‗vnuylùj ynuel` gn kcy xùclacl elr`jwljcy‗ y~bnwcy `xunywìlcjny gn wuè`bc xnuycj`k p~n nywè`j vlji~k`gcy ocud`kdnjwn ` k` wlnuu` xcugniunwc un`k* K` dcjùp~ä` wnjä` `dxklcy xcgnuny `~wciuàwlicy+ xnuc nywè` ucgn`g`

| `ynycu`g` xcu ~j icjynbc xnud`jnjwn gn d`fj`wny | xunk`gcy* G~Š`j ècklù nkwäw~kc gnr~x`j + icj y~y undljlyinjil`y gn ik`j+ | kc y~ywlw~|ù xcu nk fulnfc gnano`klb` + x`kèu` elr`jwlj xù` gnylfjù ` ~j fcenuj`gcu ldxnul`k* K` icuwn+ kì`jilkknuä` | k` `gdljlywuìlùj nu`j e~ug`y icxl`y gn k`y gn Icjyw`jwljcxk` 70* @kf~j`yil~g`gny icywnu`y gnk G`j~elc nbnuilnucj nk `~wcfcelnujc d~jlilx`k fuìl`y ` y~ynywunimcy väji~kcy icj k`y il~g`gny lw`kl`j y* K`y dlj`y gn xk`w` p~n y~dljlywuè`jk` d`|cu xùwn gn kcy ljfunycy un`kny nu`j n}xkcw`g`y xcu nyik`vcy | glulflg` xcuy`bcjny* Nk Ldxnulc ynuelc o~n ylj g~g` `kf~j` nk Nyw`gc nyk`vc dày `v`jr`gc p~ny~uflù nj kcy E`ki`jny dnglnv`kny* Nj nk iùàiwnu dl}wc gn y~ ylywnd` xckäwlic+ `dnglc i`dljc njwun ~j ylywnd` èlnuw`dnjwn on~g`k | ~j` e~uciuìl` `~wciuàwli`+ycj vlylekny k`y icuulnjwny njicjwu`g`y gn Ciilgnjwn | Elr`jilc* Xnuc k` dlyd`mnwnucfnjnlg`g gn y~y nkndnj$70 Y* U~jild`j+ ¡E|r`jwl~d `jg wmn Yk`vy±+ nj J* E`|jny | M* Dcyy -icdx*,+ E|r`jwl~d2 @j ljwucg~iwlcj wc N`yw Ucd`j ilvlklr`wlcj + C}ocug+ 0<7=+ xx* 9?7$>1 Gvcujla+Wmn Yk`vy lj N~ucxn`j mlywcu| `jg ilvlklr`wlcj + xàflj`y 075$?*

QXàf* 5<=T

wcy kc icjgnjè` ` ~j` vlg` d~| eunvn* @ kcy xcicy `ðcy gn k` d~nuwn gn G~Š`j |` ynmèä` v~nkwc ` gnyljwnfuù nj gnyxcw`gcy njounjw`gcy n ljo`jw`rfcy glvlglgcy* @ `p~nkNyw`gc kn y~inglù ~j` òkwld` xcwnjil` nyk`v`* G~u`jwn kcy ilji~njw` `ðcy gn k`



ynf~jg` dlw`g gnk ylfkc ]L_ kn kknfù ` Ecyjl` nk w~dc gn gcdljù ` kc kùfc gnk @gulàwlic+ xnuc k` on ecfcdlklw` gn y~ glj`ywä` | nk iùàiwnu nkniwlvc gn y~ dcjùp~ä`mlilnucj ` nyw` `v`jr`glkk` dcjw`ðcy` lji`x`r gn nd~kù `k Ldxnulc ynuelc p~n knmèä` xuninglgc*

Nk njounjw`dlnjwc ilui~kù njwun Elr`jilc+ E~kfùl` | Ynuel` mèä` wnudlj`gc+ x~ny+ òlj`kny gnk ylfkc ]L_ nj ~j` icdòj gni`gnjil` | unfunylùj* Nk ouàflk ylywnd` nyw`w`kgn kcy E`ki`jny dnglnv`kny nywè` nj iulyly fnjnu`k `jwny gn p~n kn ycuxunjglnu` kìcjp~lyw` cwcd`j`* K`y u`rcjny nywu~iw~u`kny gn k` lji`xìlg`g gn nywà unflùj xù`xucg~ilu ~j` yäjwnyly on~g`k ljgäfnj` |` yn m`j ynð`k`gc+ | k` j`w~u`knr` gn kcyècuw`gcy Nyw`gcy eòkfùc | ynuelc yn kldlw` ` y~eu`|ùk`y* X~ny y~ iùìwnuäywli`dày ycuxunjgnjwn+ nj i~`kp~lnu xnuyxniwlv` n~ucxn` icdxù`g`+ ny y~ uni~uunjwn nldxcylekn ldlwìlùj gn k` `~wciuìl` ldxnul`k gnk xucxlc Elr`jilc* Jc xunwnjgä`j ynuunljcy+ yljc ldxnulcy+ | y~y ycenu`jcy jc e~yiè`j i~`kp~lnu wäw~kc ldxnul`k+ yljc nkgnk ~jlvnuy`k `~wcau`wcu funicuucd`jc* \ `yä+ kcy Ldxnulcy eòkfùc | ynuelcljwnjwùcj icxlù nk ylywnd` `gdljlywu`wlvc ljwnujc gn kcy Nyw`gcy elr`jwljcy | wcdùxcynylùj n}wnuj` gn nkkcy xcu dnglc gn k` icjp~lyw` | k` y~inylùj gluniw`y* Ny` wùn`nu` ljwuäjyni`dnjwn ljvlèkn xù` nkkcy | icjg~bc o`w`kdnjwn ` ~j` n}inylv` n}wnjylùj

xckäwli` | ycil`k2 k` wu`jylilùj gluniw` gn ~j ylywnd` gn fcelnujc kci`k wule`k ` cwucldxnul`k e~uciuàwlic nywè` dày `kkà gn kcy uni~uycy gn i~`kp~lnu jceknr` gn kùnflùj |+ ` o`kw` gn ~j ylywnd` nicjùdlic ~ue`jc c nyik`vlyw`+ jc icuunyxcjgä` ` ~j`

vnug`gnu` ljou`nywu~iw~u` nicjùdli`* Gn `mä k` u~lj` uniäxuci` gn k` k~im` wul`jf~kùnj e~yi` gn ~j gcdljlc ldxnul`k p~n+ nj `p~nkkcy dcdnjwcy+ nu` |` ^j `jìucjlydclk~yculc* Xnuc+ `k dlydc wlndxc+ k` ìxci` nj p~n `p~nkk` u~lj` yn icjy~dù nu`w`delìj k` gn k` gnxunylùj fnjnu`k nj wcg` N~ucx`* K` gci~dnjwìlùj yceun k`nicjcdä` u~u`k gn kcy E`ki`jny g~u`jwn nyw` ìxci` ny wcg`vä` gnd`yl`gc nyi`y` ‗gnelgc nj xùwn `k xcywnulcu ùu`y`dlnjwc gn y~y ljywlw~ilcjny xcu kcy cwcd`jcy‗xù` ocud~kù `mcu` b~lilcy ynf~ucy ìnui` gn y~y wnjgnjil`y ljwnuj`y* Xnuc `p~ä+icdc nj wcg`y xùwny+ k`y fu`jgny xnywny yn kknvùcj w`delìj y~ wule~wc* Iàki~kcyunilnjwny ljgli j p~n njwun kcy `ðcy 097= | 07>8 yn xucg~bc ~j gnyinjycgndcfuàolic fkce`k gnk 5>QXàf* 5<<T

xcu ilnjwc ‗gn ~jcy ? ` 7+> dlkkcjny gn mèlw`jwny‗ nj kc p~n nj i~`kp~lnu i`yc |`nu` ~j` unflùj nyi y`dnjwn xcek`g` 75* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ w`delìj nyw`kkùcj `mcuùnenklcjny ycil`kny nj kcy E`ki`jny* Gn k` ¡Icd~j`± gn Wny`kùjli` |` mndcy mèk`gc1`k dlydc wlndxc p~n nkk` yn xucg~bc+ nj nk `ðc 0975+ ~j` ljy~uuniilùj i`dxnylj` njk`y kk`j~u`y gn Wuìl` icjwu` kcy wnuu`wnjlnjwny xucvljil`kny gn Elr`jilc p~n `kkäunylgä`j* Acwcu | Eù+ ` culkk`y gnk @gulàwlic+ o~nucj nyinjùlc gn ljy~uuniilcjnyd~jlilx`kny* Nj E~kfùl`+ ~j` unenklùj xcx~kù kknvù g~u`jwn xcic wlndxc `k xcgnu `~j ~y~ux`gcu xknen|c nj nk `ðc 0566+ | g~u`jwn nk ylfkc ]L_ iunilù nk jòdnuc gn

v`fè~jgcy | e`jglgcy ` dnglg` p~n k` wlnuu` yn icjinjwuè` xucfunylv`dnjwn* K`ywnjylcjny gn k` xunwnjglg` icjywu~iilùj gnk Nyw`gc ldxnul`k xcu k`y glvnuy`yùlywciuìl`y gn k` xnjäjy~k` icjg~bnucj j`w~u`kdnjwn ` d`|cuny n}ìilcjny olyi`kny

| xnuycj`kny yceun kcy xceuny+ p~n unyxcjglnucj icj uninkc | d`knywù*

M`| p~n gnywìù p~n jc yn xucg~bc xuàiwli`dnjwn jljf~j` unylywnjil` xcx~kù nj nki`dxc ` k` kknf`g` gn kcy cwcd jcy+ n}inxwc ‗kc p~n ny ylfjloli wlvc‗ nj k`yxuldlwlv`y ocuw`knr`y `kxlj`y gn @ke`jl`+ gcjgn k` cuf`jlrìlùj wule`k | ilàjli`ldxcylelklwè` k` fu`j xucxlng`g gn k` wlnuu` | ceywu~ä` k` glonunjilìlùj ycil`k* NjEcyjl`+ gcjgn kcy i`dxnyljcy ecfcdlklw`y mèä`j ylgc xnuynf~lgcy gn ocud` nyxnil`kxcu k` Lfknyl` i`wùkli` icdc mnunbny ¡x`wùljcy± | mnimcy nyik`vcy xcu kcy dnui`gnunygn _njnil` | U`f~y` 79+ k`y d`y`y u~u`kny | `kf~jcy yniwcuny gn k` jceknr` kci`kìcflnucj icj `fu`gc nk gcdljlc w~uic | yn icjvluwlnucj nj e~nj jòdnuc `k Lyk`d*Eu`~gnk+ nj noniwc+ m` nyiulwc gn ocud` i`wnfùuli`2 ¡K` icjp~lyw` w~ui` gn kcyE`ki`jny x~gc kknvùyn ` ièc xcup~n yn `xucvnimù gn ~j` x`ydcy` unvck~ilùj



ycil`k* ^j` ycilng`g ynðcul`k+ ljn}cuèkn xù` nk i`dxnyljc+ vlùyn ycuxunjglg` xcu nkimcp~n | ìèù gnuu~deàjgcyn xcu yä yck`* K` icjp~lyw`+ p~n dùi` nk olj gn kcyfu`jgny wnuu`wnjlnjwny+ ny w`delìj+ gnygn ilnuwcy x~jwcy gn vlyw`+ k` ‛klenuìlùj gnkcy xceuny—* Nk @yl` Dnjcu o~n icjp~lyw`g` xìlnjwndnjwn+ knjw`dnjwn+ `k ièc gnylfkcy gn cyi~ucy nyo~nurcy1 k` xnjäjy~k` gn kcy E`ki`jny jc unylywlù+ xcu `yä gnilukc+`k ljv`ycu± 77* Nyw` òludìlùj ny+ ylj ndeùfc+ gnd`yl`$

75 B* I* U~yynkk+ ¡K`wn dngl`nv`k E`ka j `jg @yl` Dljcu xcx~k`wlcj±+ Wmn Bc~uj`k co wmn Nicjcdli `jg Ycil`k Mlywcu| co wmn Culnjw + LLL+ 0<?8+ xàflj`y 5?>$671Xcx~k`wlcj lj N~ucxn >88$0>88 + x* 0<*79 Vnujnu+ Gln Fne~uw nljnu Fucyydìmw$Gln Cyd`jnj+ xx* 55<$99*77 O* Eu`~gnk+K` Dìglwnuu`jìn nw kn dcjgn dìglwnuu`jìnj è k“ìxcp~n gn Xmlklxxn LL + Xùäy+ 0<7<+ x* >08QNk Dnglwnuuàjnc | nk d~jgc dnglwn$

QXàf* 988T

gc y~dùl`* Nj un`klg`g+ mèä` xcicy ylfjcy gn ~j gnuu~de`dlnjwc nyxcjwàjnc cgluniwc gnk cugnj ycil`k ljgäfnj` `jwny gn kcy `w`p~ny w~uicy* K` ik`yn jcekn nu` njwcg`y xùwny i`g` vnr dày cxunycu` | y~y ylywnd`y xckäwlicy nywè`j nj iulyly* Xnuc jcx~ngn n}ik~luyn k` xcylelklg`g gn ~j` uni~xnuìlùj xcywnulcu* Nk `y`kwc gn kcycwcd`jcy o~n kc p~n gnywu~|ù wcg` xcylelklg`g gn ~j d`|cu gnyùuckkc `~wùiwcjc gnkcy E`ki`jny* Kcy i`dxcy gn Dùlwr` | Acycvc+ nj kcy p~n i`|nucj gnuucw`g`y k`yùlywciuìl`y eòkfù` | ynuel`+ yn gnonjglnucj icj `mäjic2 jc o~n ~j yldxkn x`yncw~uic* Xcu cwu` xùwn+ ~j` vnr p~n kcy cwcd`jcy ljoklflnucj y~y fckxny gnilylvcy+ k`yxuniùl`y nywu~iw~u`y nyw`w`kny gn kcy E`ki jny iùniä`j gn unynuv`y xù` icjwlj~ùk` k~im` icjwu` k` ljv`ylùj lykàdli`* Gnyx~ìy gn p~n kcy xuäjilxny | jcekny kci`knym~elnu`j ylgc gnuucw`gcy+ k` òjli` xcylelklg`g p~n p~ngè` gn unim`rù k` dùn`

pa-taf [opción-3]

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