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PANGASINAN PANGASINAN

i SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES

This guidebook belongs to:

Name: _____________________________

Address: ___________________________

Contact number: ____________________

Philippine Rice Research Institute Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija

Copyright © 2013

Authors

Managing Editor / Layout Artist

Rodolfo V. Bermudez, Jr

Editorial Adviser

Eufemio T. Rasco, Jr

PhilRice®

Wilfredo B. Collado Reynilda M. Monteza Rona T. Dollentas Jovino L. De Dios Judith Carla P. Dela Torre Jesiree Elena Ann D. Bibar UP Los Baños Rodrigo B. Badayos Armando E. Soliman

PANGASINAN

This guidebook was funded by the project “Identification, Biophysical Characterization and Mapping of the Rice Areas of the Philippines” of PhilRice

® (ISD -002-001).

Pangasinan ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword……………………………………….. iv

The Simplified Keys to Soil Series……………. 1

Guide to Soil Series Identification.................. 2

Color Groups.................................................. 5

Gray/Dark Gray...................................... 7

Olive Gray………..……………................ 8

Yellowish/Grayish Brown...…................. 9

Reddish Brown………………................. 11

Yellowish Red……………………………….. 12

Soil Profile & Characteristics.......................... 13

Soil Productivity …………………………......... 24

Crop Suitability Analysis..……........................ 26

Soil Management Recommendations............ 31

Appendices……………………………….……. 37

Steps to Identify Soil Series……............... 38

Soil Sampling....................................... 38

Color Determination............................. 39

Texture Determination.......................... 40

pH Determination................................. 41

The PalayCheck® System……………..…….. 42

Glossary………………………………………… 44

References…………………………………….. 45

iii SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES

EUFEMIO T. RASCO, JR Executive Director

Pangasinan iv

FOREWORD

This guidebook on “Simplified Keys to Soil Series” was developed for easier field identification of soils.

Soil identification is an important component in rice farming. When the soil is properly analyzed and identified, the risks of incompatible management recommendations will be lessened and selection of knowledge and technologies to apply will be efficient.

This is a good guide for effective nutrient management, which is one of the components of the PalayCheck® System, a dynamic rice crop management system that presents easy-to-follow practices to achieve respective Key Checks and improve crop yield and input-use efficiency.

It features the different colors, textures, pH, and other observable properties of the most common soils of Pangasinan and contains four simple steps in identifying the soil series right in the field. It also includes the soil productivi-ty index, soil properties that affect crop growth, soil taxonomic classification, crop suitability analysis, and soil management recommendations. The concept of simplified keys to soil series was first used in Thailand. In the Philippines, the pro-ject “Simplification of the Philippine Soil Series for Rice and Corn” started in 2005 under the Nutrient Management Sup-port System (NuMASS) to provide management recom-mendations for soils identified in the field.

We thank the farmers, agricultural technologists, and munici-pal and provincial agriculturists for helping us validate the soil series. We also acknowledge the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) for providing the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook.

The “Simplified Keys to Soil Series” is a tool to identify soil series in the field following simple steps for the use of farmers, extension workers, agricultural technologists, researchers, and other stakeholders. Using this guidebook, identification of soil will be more accurate reducing the risk of incompatible management and technology recommendations. Selection of knowledge and technologies could also be easy and efficient with the identification of soil series. For instance, because some soil series behave similarly, the management practices and technology suitable in known soil names are expected to be adaptable in the same soil series of a different regions.

This guidebook is easy to use. Using only five basic soil properties (color, texture, pH, coarse fragments, and mottles) at 30-50cm soil depth and following the simple steps provided, the soil series in the field could be identified. Once the soil is known, a compilation of thematic information related to the use of soils especially in crop production such as selection of suitable crops, crop productivity ratings, soil properties that limit production, and soil management recommendations can be determined. Ten soil series found in the province of Pangasinan were included in this guidebook. These are Alaminos, Annam, Bani, Bolinao, La Paz, Pangasinan, San Fabian, San Manuel, Tarlac and Umingan series.

The Simplified Keys to Soil Series

1 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES

GUIDE TO SOIL SERIES IDENTIFICATION

Pangasinan 2

2. From a vacant area of your identified site, dig a pit or use an auger to get the soil samples needed.

3. Soil samples should be taken from a recommended soil depth to make sure that the condition and structure of the soil is well preserved and free from any kind of cultivation (see page 38).

1. Conduct preliminary interview on the historical background of your sampling site. Gather information on cultivation practices, natural

occurrences such as flood, erosion, and human activities that affect the condition and structure of the soil. Check whether the soil was disturbed or scraped.


5. Identify the texture of the soil. Texture is a unique property used as qualitative classification tool to deter-mine classes of soil (see page 40).

4. Know the color of the soil. Col-or is one of the most im-portant physical properties of the soil as indicative to series recognition. Each soil series has its distinct inherent color which makes it different from the other series (see page 39).

6. Determine the soil pH. The measure of acidity or alkalinity in soils is known as soil pH. This measurement corre-sponds to specific soil series (see page 41).

7. Take note of other observable soil properties such as polished surfaces (cutans/slickensides), softness, hardness, stickiness, etc.

mottles slickenside

Lateritic nodules

Manganese concretions Quartz

9. Use the Simplified Keys to Soil Series Guidebook and com-pare all soil properties starting from the color until the soil name is identified.

Pangasinan 4

8. Take note of the presence or absence of coarse fragments such as limestone, rock fragments, lateritic nodules, black manganese (Mn) and red iron (Fe) concretions, sand materials, and other observable properties of the soil taken from surfaces up to 50 cm depth.

SOIL


Olive Gray (go to page 8)

Gray/Dark Gray (go to page 7)

Yellowish Red (go to page 12)

Pangasinan 6

SOIL

Yellowish/Grayish Brown (go to pages 9-10)

Reddish Brown (go to page 11)

La Paz (figure on page 18)

Coarse fragments None

pH 5.5-7.5

Other features Nodules; red and black mottles; structureless

Texture: Sand

Gray/Dark Gray

Tarlac (figure on page 22)

Coarse fragments Presence of quartz

pH 6.7-7.2

Other features Mottles

Texture: Clay loam/Silt Loam


Bani (figure on page 16)


pH 6.5-7.0

Other features

Greenish-gray and strong brown mottles; sticky and waxy when wet; cracking of the topsoil when dry

Texture: Loam/Sandy Loam

Olive Gray

Pangasinan (figure on page 19)


pH 6.5-7.0

Other features Reddish and black mottles

Texture: Sandy loam

Pangasinan 8

Yellowish/Grayish Brown

San Fabian (figure on page 20)

Coarse fragments Gravels

pH 6.5-7.0

Other features Massive structure

Texture: Clay

San Manuel (figure on page 21)


pH 5.2-7.5

Other features Grayish and brownish mottles; clay cutans; compact

Texture: Silty clay/Silty clay loam/Clay loam/Clay


Umingan (figure on page 23)

Coarse fragments Gravels and stones; Fe and Mn concretions

pH 5.6-7.9

Other features Mottles; clay skins and gleying

Texture: Silt loam/Sandy loam/Silty clay loam/Clay loam to Loam

Yellowish/Grayish Brown

Pangasinan 10

Reddish Brown

Annam (figure on page 15)

Coarse fragments Partially and highly weathered rock fragments and gravels; Fe and Mn concretions

pH 4.0-6.5

Other features None

Texture: Silty clay Loam/Clay loam/Clay

Bolinao (figure on page 17)

Coarse fragments Limestone fragments; Fe and Mn concretions

pH 6.0-7.5

Other features Brownish mottles

Texture: Clay


Alaminos (figure on page 14)

Coarse fragments Gravels; soft weathered basalt; Fe concretions

pH 4.5-5.5

Other features None

Texture: Silty clay/Clay loam

Yellowish Red

Pangasinan 12


SOIL Profile and Characteristics

Soil Fertility Indicators

Inherent fertility Low

Soil pH Acidic (4.5-5.5)

Organic matter Moderate

Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC) Low

Base saturation Low

Salinity hazard Low

Alaminos

Physical Soil Qualities

Relief Slightly rolling to moun-tainous

Water retention Moderate

Drainage Good

Permeability Moderate to rapid

Workability/tilth Moderate

Stoniness

Boulders of basalt, dio-rite, andesite, conglom-erates and serpetine rocks are present; grav-els and iron concretions

Root depth Deep (>1 m)

Erosion Moderate to severe

Soil Type: Loam/Sandy loam Area: 86,561.4

Family: Fine-clayey, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Kandiustox

This is a fine textured soil with clay content of 35-60% and has an isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Oxisol (-ox), which is an intensely weathered soil predominated by oxides from iron and aluminum due to repeated high precipitation and high temperature (-ust). It is a typical representative of the great group Kandiustox which has low base saturation (kandi-).

00 cm

26

42

70

Ap

Bw1

Bw2

BC

Pangasinan 14


Inherent fertility Low to moderate

Soil pH Acid (4.2-6.2)

Organic matter Low to moderate

Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC) Moderate

Base saturation Low to moderate

Salinity hazard Low

Annam

Soil Type: Clay loam Area: 52,051.58 ha

Family: Fine clayey, isohyperthermic, Typic Eutrustox

This soil has a fine texture and isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Oxisol (-ox), which is an intensely weathered soil predominated by oxides from iron and aluminum due to repeated high precipitation and high temperature (-ust). It is a typical representative of the great group Eutrustox which has 35% high base saturation (eutr-).

00 cm

18

52

74

Ap

94

Bw2

BC1

BC2

Bw1


Relief Rolling to hilly and mountainous

Water retention High

Drainage Moderate

Permeability Moderate


Stoniness Concretions and gravels scattered in the subsoil


Erosion Severe



Inherent fertility Moderate

Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral(5.5-7.0)

Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) Moderate

Potassium (K) Moderate

Nutrient retention (CEC)

Base saturation

Salinity hazard

Bani


Relief Rolling upland, hilly and mountainous

Water retention Moderate to high

Drainage Poor



Stoniness None

Root depth Deep (1 m)

Erosion Moderate

Soil Type: Clay Area: 45,295.64 ha

Family: fine loamy, isohyperthermic, Aeric Endoaquert

A fine loamy-textured soil dominated by minerals with high shrink and swell capacity creating wide cracks; very sticky when wet and compacted when dry (-ert, Vertisol). It is saturated with water repeatedly (aqu-) but not as wet as the typical, meaning it is better aerated, usually because either groundwater is deep or the period of saturation is shorter (aeric). It has an annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

16

Apg

34

47

63

AB

Bg1

Bg2

BCg

Pangasinan 16

Bolinao


Family: Fine clayey, mixed, isohyperthermic, Ultic Paleustalf

An old soil which has undergone extensive weathering but has re-tained a high base status in its horizon (-alf, Alfisol). This is a rep-resentative of the great group Paleustalf (paleu– red soils) that has base saturation of <75% (ultic). This can be found in areas with pro-nounced wet and dry seasons (-ust). The mean annual soil tem-perature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

13

35

Ap

C

Bt


Relief Highly rolling upland


Drainage Moderate to good



Stoniness Gravels ; limestone ; Fe-Mn concretions

Root depth Moderate to deep (0.8->1 m)

Erosion Moderate



Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (5.5-7.2)

Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) Low to moderate

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC) High

Base saturation Moderate

Salinity hazard Moderate





Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC) Low


Salinity hazard Low

La Paz


Relief Level to slightly rolling

Water retention Low

Drainage Good

Permeability Moderate to rapid

Workability/tilth Easy to moderate

Stoniness None


Erosion None

Flooding None to seasonal

Soil Type: Fine Sand/ Silt loam Area: 1,558.53

Family: Sandy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Psamma-

This is a sandy-textured soil (psamm-) with isohyperthermic tem-perature regime (>22°C). It is a young soil with only slight devel-opment, properties are determined largely by the parent materi-als (Entisol, -ent). It is a typical representative of the great group Psammaquent. This soil is saturated with water for repeat-ed periods (aqu-).

00 cm

16

32

107

Apg

Bwg1

Bwg2

BCg

Pangasinan 18




Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) High

Potassium (K) Low


-

Base saturation -

Salinity hazard -

Pangasinan


Relief Flat

Water retention Low

Drainage Good

Permeability Rapid

Workability/tilth Easy

Stoniness None


Flooding Seasonal

Soil Type: Fine Sand Area: 13,781

Family: Fine loamy, isohyperthermic, Aeric Endoaquept

This soil has a fine loamy texture and isohyperthermic tempera-ture regime (>22°C). It is a soil that is in the incipient develop-ment toward a mature soil (-ept, Inceptisol) that is saturated with water repeatedly (aqu-) but not as wet as the typical, mean-ing it is better aerated (aeric).

00 cm

15

31

56

Ap

Bwg1

Bwg2

Bwg3





Organic matter Moderate

Phosphorus (P) High




Salinity hazard -

San Fabian


Relief Rolling to hilly with some level areas


Drainage Moderate



Stoniness Gravels; highly weath-ered chalk-white soft rock


Erosion Moderate

Flooding None


Family: Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Vertic Haplus-

An old soil which has undergone extensive weathering but has retained a high base status in its horizon (-alf, Alfisol), and exhibits minimum complexity in its horizonation (hapl-). It has a fine-textured soil having 35 – 60% clay but has clays that shrink and swell producing wide cracks (vertic). This can be found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust). The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

10

29

49

Ap

AB

Bt1

Bt2

84

BC

Pangasinan 20


Inherent fertility High


Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) High


Nutrient retention (CEC) High

Base saturation High

Salinity hazard Low

San Manuel


Relief Flat areas to gently sloping


Drainage Moderate



Stoniness None

Root depth Deep

Erosion None

Flooding Seasonal

Soil Type: Silt loam/Silty clay loam/ Sandy loam/Sand Area: 154,862.95 ha

Family: Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplus-

An old soil which has undergone extensive weathering but has retained a high base status in its horizon (-alf, Alfisol), and exhibits minimum complexity in its horizonation (hapl-). This can be found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust). The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm 5

35

69

Ap1

Ap2

Bw1

89

Bw2

Bw3





Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) High

Potassium (K) Low


Base saturation -

Salinity hazard -

Tarlac


Family: Fine loamy, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic, Vertic Epiaquept

A soil that is in the incipient development towards a mature soil (-ept, Inceptisol) formed from older alluvial deposits. It is a representative of the great group Epiaquept which has vertic properties that shrink and swell repeatedly (vertic). It is saturated with water repeatedly (aqu-) manifested by its gray color with or without mottles. It has an annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

20

40

50

Apg

AB

Bg1

BCg

89

Bg2


Relief Roughly rolling to hilly / mountainous


Drainage Good



Stoniness Quartz; reddish-brown concretions


Erosion Surface soil extremely susceptible to erosion

Pangasinan 22


Inherent fertility High


Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) Moderate

Potassium (K) Low to moderate


High


Salinity hazard Low

Umingan


Relief Level to nearly level found along rivers


Drainage Good

Permeability Rapid


Stoniness Gravels and stones


Flooding Seasonal

Soil Type: Sandy loam/Silt loam/fine Sand Area: 31,586.23

Family: Loamy skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic, Fluventic Haplustept

A loamy-textured soil with many gravels and pebbles (skeletal) occurring along the banks of rivers. Hence, it is subject to flood-ing (fluventic) receiving yearly depositions of alluvial soil materi-als from rivers. It is in the incipient development toward a mature soil (-ept, Inceptisol) but has not yet fully developed its diag-nostic horizons (Hapl-). It is found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust, Ustic Moisture Regime) and annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

16

27

70

Apg

ABg

Bwg1

Bwg2

99

BCg


SOIL productivity Soil productivity is the quality of a soil that summarizes its potential in producing plants or sequences of plants under defined sets of management practices. It is also a synthesis of conditions of soil fertility, water control, plant species, soil tilth, pest control and physical environment (Bainroth, 1978: Badayos, 1990). In economic terms, it is a measure of amount of inputs of production factors required to correct soil limitation(s) to attain a certain level of production. It is expressed as average crop yield under defined sets of management classes (Badayos, 1990). Soil productivity index is used for making compari-sons among soils; categorized into inherent and potential. The inherent productivity is the natural capacity of the soil to produce a given yield while the potential refers to the capacity of the soil to produce yield after correctible soil constraints had been rem-edied. In economics, the predicted inherent yield is calculated by multiplying the inherent index by the maximum potential yield of rice; predicted maximum possible yield is computed by multiplying the potential index by the maximum potential yield. For instance, the maximum potential yield in the dry sea-son is 8 tons/hectare, and the inherent and potential productivity ratings for Annam series is 0.76 and 0.90, respectively. Then, the predicted inherent and potential yields of rice in Annam soils are 6.08 and 7.2 tons/hectare, respectively.

Pangasinan 24

Soil Series Inherent

Productivity Potential

Productivity

Alaminos 0.46 0.70

Annam 0.76 0.90

Bani 0.78 0.88

Bolinao 0.62 0.72

La Paz 0.48 0.58

Pangasinan 0.77 0.87

San Fabian 0.39 0.56

San Manuel 0.65 0.75

Tarlac 0.24 0.51

Umingan 0.59 0.69

Table 1. Soil productivity index for rice.


CROP Suitability Analysis

Soil suitability classification refers to the use of a piece of land on a sustainable basis based on physical and chem-ical properties and environmental factors. It is the ultimate aim of soil survey and may come up through a good judg-ment and thorough evaluation of soil properties and quali-ties such as soil depth, soil texture, slope, soil drainage, erosion, flooding, and fertility. Based on these properties, the suitability of a certain tract of land for crop production was determined. Suitability ratings denote qualitative analysis of the potential of the soil to different crops. It implies what crop(s) would give the highest benefit in terms of produc-tivity and profitability from a given soil type, indicated by S1 as the most suitable down to S3 as marginally suitable. The symbol N implies that the crop is either currently not suitable (N1) where the effect of limitation is so severe as greatly to reduce the yield or to require costly inputs, or permanently not suitable (N2) where the limitations cannot be corrected permanently. Crop suitability analysis also provides information on soil properties that limit the production of specified crop(s). When using a parametric system, the soil index can be equated into percentages shown below. It means that you can attain 75% of the potential crop yield when the soil index is highly suitable while less than 25% of the potential yield when the soil index is not suitable. S1: soil index >75 S3: soil index 25-50 S2: soil index 50-75 N: soil index <25

Pangasinan 26

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Pangasinan 28

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suita

ble

s -

T

extu

re; coa

rse f

ragm

ents

; soil

dep

th

N1 -

C

urr

en

tly n

ot suita

ble

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot suita

ble

c -

C

limate


So

il S

eri

es

S

lop

e

To

bacco

C

am

ote

T

om

ato

P

ean

ut

Cass

av

a

Man

go

Pan

gasin

an

0

-2%

N

2w

cf

S3

wcsf

S3

wscf

N2cw

s

N2w

sf

S3

wsc

San F

ab

ian

8

-15

%

N1tc

f S

2ctf

S2

tcf

N2

cs

S2

wt

S2

ct

San M

anue

l 0

-5%

N

2w

cf

S3

wcf

S3

wcf

N2

cw

f N

2w

f S

3w

fc

Tarlac

8-1

5%

N

2w

ctf

S

3w

ctf

S

3w

tcf

N2cw

s

N2w

tf

S3

wtc

Um

ingan

0

-2%

N

2w

cf

S3

wcf

S3

wcf

N2

cw

f N

2w

f S

3w

csf

Ta

ble

2b. T

he c

rop s

uitab

ility

ra

ting

s f

or

diffe

rent s

oil

se

ries o

f P

ang

asin

an

(co

ntin

ua

tion

).

Su

itab

ilit

y R

ati

ng

s:

Lim

itati

on

s d

ue t

o:

S1 -

H

ighly

suitable

t -

Topog

raph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

suitable

w

-

Dra

inag

e; floo

din

g

S3 -

M

arg

inally

suita

ble

s -

T

extu

re; coa

rse f

ragm

ents

; soil

dep

th

N1 -

C

urr

en

tly n

ot suita

ble

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot suita

ble

c -

C

limate

Pangasinan 30

SOIL Management recommendations

Soil management aims to protect soil and enhance its performance to increase farm profitably and preserve environmental quality. It is the combination of soil factors to maximize crop production at the lowest possible cost while maintaining the soil’s productive state. It involves maintaining the soil in good physical condition and fertility status, and influencing the biological aspect of the soil to attain maximum benefits (Harpstead, et al. 1997).

Soil management recommendations suitable for each soil identified were enumerated in the succeeding pages. Soil factors such as slope, texture, and climate cannot be changed. However, control tillage, crop rotations, soil amendments, and other management choices can be done. Through these choices, the structure, biological activity, and chemical content of soil can be altered and later on influence erosion rates, pest population, and nutrient availability and crop production.


Ta

ble

3.

Lim

ita

tion

s t

o c

rop p

rod

uctio

n a

nd r

ecom

me

nd

ed

ma

nag

em

ent s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

rent

cro

ps w

hen

gro

wn

in a

g

ive

n s

oil

se

ries.

So

il S

eri

es

Lim

ita

tio

n

fo

r cro

p p

rod

uc

tio

n

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

Tre

e/F

ore

st/

Pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s

Ala

min

os

Acid

soil;

lo

w f

ert

ility

; excessiv

e e

rosio

n

Upla

nd r

ice farm

-in

g;

limin

g; appli-

catio

n o

f fe

rtili

zers

Conto

ur

farm

ing a

nd/

or

str

ip c

roppin

g; addi-

tio

n o

f org

anic

matt

er

and a

nim

al m

anure

; applic

ation o

f phos-

phate

fert

ilizers

Suitable

for

root

cro

ps; pra

ctice

conto

ur

cro

ppin

g

Suited for

coconut

and

fruit tre

es

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: ri

ce-c

orn

/root cro

ps/v

egeta

ble

s

rice-f

allo

w

fruit t

rees/c

oconut

A

nnam

Alu

min

um

(A

l) a

nd Iro

n

(Fe

) T

oxic

ity(a

cid

ic s

oil)

; ru

n-o

ff; slo

pin

g topogra

-phy c

auses e

xcessiv

e

ero

sio

n

Poorly d

rain

ed

soils

on the a

lluvia

l basin

are

mo

der-

ate

ly s

uitable

for

paddy;

fert

ilizatio

n;

main

tain

pro

perly

the p

addy d

ikes;

suitable

for

upla

nd

rice d

urin

g w

et

season

Gre

en m

anurin

g:

lim-

ing;

larg

e in

itia

l appli-

catio

n o

f phosphate

fe

rtili

zers

; suitable

for

div

ers

ifie

d c

rops; str

ip

cro

ppin

g

Lim

ing; conto

ur

terr

acin

g; buff

er

str

ip c

roppin

g;

additio

n o

f org

anic

m

att

er

and a

nim

al

manure

to im

pro

ve

soil

fert

ility

and

wate

r hold

ing c

a-

pacity

Suited for

coconut

and

fruit tre

es

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-m

aiz

e/s

org

hum

/vegeta

ble

s/r

oot cro

ps

Pangasinan 32

Ta

ble

3.

Lim

ita

tion

s t

o c

rop p

rod

uctio

n a

nd r

ecom

me

nd

ed

ma

nag

em

ent s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

rent

cro

ps w

hen

gro

wn

in a

g

ive

n s

oil

se

ries (

co

ntin

ua

tion

).

So

il S

eri

es

Lim

ita

tio

n

fo

r cro

p p

rod

uc

tio

n

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

Tre

e/F

ore

st/

Pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s

Ban

i

Poor

dra

inage;

rolli

ng

topogra

phy c

auses r

isk

of

ero

sio

n; surf

ace

cra

ckin

g w

hen d

ry

Constr

uctio

n o

f dik

es; fe

rtili

zers

applic

atio

n;

deep

plo

win

g d

urin

g

land p

repara

tio

n

Esta

blis

h p

roper

dra

in-

age a

nd irr

igatio

n

syste

m; conto

ur

farm

-in

g;

additio

n o

f fe

rtili

z-

ers

; suited f

or

annual

cash c

rops; applic

a-

tion o

f fe

rtili

zers

and

limin

g; conto

ur

farm

ing

and/o

r str

ip c

roppin

g

Not

suitable

due t

o

textu

re c

onstr

ain

t F

ruit tre

es lik

e c

itru

s

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice

r

ice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/v

egeta

ble

s

Bolin

ao

Rolli

ng t

opogra

phy in

som

e a

reas w

hic

h c

aus-

es r

isk o

f ero

sio

n; shal-

low

rootin

g d

epth

; lo

w

availa

ble

P

Suitable

for

rice

but

needs t

err

ac-

ing a

nd u

se o

f lim

esto

ne o

utc

rops

for

re-e

nfo

rcin

g

dik

es;

applic

ation

of

phosphate

fert

i-liz

ers

; upla

nd r

ice

Conto

ur

terr

acin

g;

pro

per

fert

ilizatio

n;

pro

per

tim

ing o

f culti-

vatio

n a

nd p

lantin

g;

additio

n o

f org

anic

m

att

er

and a

nim

al

manure

to im

pro

ve s

oil

fert

ility

and a

pplic

atio

n

of

phosphate

fert

ilizers

Conto

ur

terr

acin

g;

use o

f cover

cro

ps

like Ipil-

ipil

for

soil

rehabili

tatio

n a

nd

sourc

e o

f fire

wood

at

the s

am

e tim

e;

additio

n o

f org

anic

m

att

er

Suited for

fruit tre

es lik

e

mango, caim

ito

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice

r

ice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/v

egeta

ble

s/r

oot cro

ps


Ta

ble

3.

Lim

ita

tion

s t

o c

rop p

rod

uctio

n a

nd r

ecom

me

nd

ed

ma

nag

em

ent s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

rent

cro

ps w

hen

gro

wn

in a

g

ive

n s

oil

se

ries (

co

ntin

ua

tion

).

So

il S

eri

es

Lim

ita

tio

n

fo

r cro

p p

rod

uc

tio

n

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

Tre

e/F

ore

st/

Pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s

La P

az

Hig

h w

ate

r ta

ble

an

d

local floodin

g in w

et

season p

reclu

de d

ry

land c

rops,

rapid

per-

meabili

ty p

reclu

des

gra

vity irr

igation e

xce

pt

when w

ate

r ta

ble

is

seasonally

hig

h,

low

fe

rtili

ty

Suitable

for

rice

duri

ng w

et

sea-

son b

ut

nee

ds

am

ple

am

ount

of

fert

ilizers

to a

d-

dre

ss t

he f

ert

ility

pro

ble

m;

phos-

phoru

s a

pplic

a-

tion

Applic

ation o

f org

an-

ic m

att

er;

pra

ctice

tim

ing o

f pla

nting;

dee

p p

low

ing;

phos-

phoru

s a

pplic

ation

Suitable

for

root

cro

ps d

ue t

o

sandy t

extu

re

Pla

nt

locally

adapte

d

tree s

pecie

s; suitable

fo

r citru

s

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: ri

ce-r

ice

rice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops

Pan

gasin

an

Sand

y t

extu

re;

exces-

siv

e d

rain

age;

season-

al floodin

g

Suitable

for

rice

duri

ng t

he r

ain

y

season a

nd a

de-

quate

irr

igation

duri

ng d

ry s

ea-

son:

additio

n o

f org

anic

matt

er

Pro

per

irri

gation s

ys-

tem

; additio

n o

f or-

ganic

matt

er;

deep

plo

win

g;

pra

ctice

tim

ing

of

pla

nting;

use o

f bro

ad b

eds

and r

idges;

best

be

pla

nte

d d

uri

ng d

ry

season d

ue t

o r

iver

floodin

g

Adeq

uate

irr

iga-

tion a

nd f

lood

contr

ol syste

m;

additio

n o

f org

an-

ic m

att

er

Not

suited;

for

man-

gro

ve a

reas

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: ri

ce-r

ice

rice-v

egeta

ble

s

Pangasinan 34

Ta

ble

3.

Lim

ita

tion

s t

o c

rop p

rod

uctio

n a

nd r

ecom

me

nd

ed

ma

nag

em

ent s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

rent

cro

ps w

hen

gro

wn

in a

g

ive

n s

oil

se

ries (

co

ntin

ua

tion

).

So

il S

eri

es

Lim

ita

tio

n

fo

r cro

p p

rod

uc

tio

n

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

Tre

e/F

ore

st/

Pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s

San F

ab

ian

Durin

g d

ry s

eason, th

e

unplo

wed s

oil

is c

om

-pact

and h

ard

, and

cra

cks in

to b

ig c

lods;

slo

pin

g topogra

phy;

irrigation p

roble

ms

Not

suitable

for

irrig

ate

d lo

wla

nd

rice p

roductio

n

due t

o irr

igatio

n

pro

ble

m o

therw

ise

terr

acin

g c

ould

be

done t

o s

upport

rice farm

ing; suited

for

rain

fed r

ice

Pra

ctice c

onto

ur

farm

-in

g; conserv

atio

n till

-age s

uch a

s m

ulc

hin

g

and g

round c

over

help

conserv

e m

ois

ture

; pra

ctice g

reen m

anur-

ing t

o im

pro

ve s

oil

fert

ility

and s

tructu

re;

suited f

or

vegeta

ble

s

and o

ther

cash c

rops

Subsoili

ng;

addi-

tio

n o

f org

anic

m

att

er

and a

nim

al

manure

to im

pro

ve

soil

fert

ility

and

wate

r hold

ing c

a-

pacity

Subsoili

ng; cover

cro

p-

pin

g w

ith le

gum

es;

use

of

locally

adapte

d h

igh-

yie

ldin

g v

arie

tie

s o

f tr

ee

cro

ps

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: ri

ce-r

ice

r

ice-v

egeta

ble

s/r

ootc

rops

Um

ingan

Riv

er

flo

odin

g;

gra

velly

subsoil

layer

causes

dro

ught

Applic

atio

n o

f fe

rtili

zer;

cle

aring

of

larg

e g

ravels

and r

ock

Constr

uctio

n o

f ade-

quate

irr

igation a

nd

flood c

ontr

ol syste

m;

applic

atio

n o

f fe

rtili

zer

and o

rganic

matt

er;

suited f

or

div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps

Gra

velly

subsoil

may c

ause low

er

yie

ld o

f ro

otc

rops

Esta

blis

hm

ent of flo

od

contr

ol a

nd irr

igation

syste

ms;

pro

per

fert

iliza-

tio

n

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice

r

ice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/v

egeta

ble

s


Ta

ble

3.

Lim

ita

tion

s t

o c

rop p

rod

uctio

n a

nd r

ecom

me

nd

ed

ma

nag

em

ent s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

rent

cro

ps w

hen

gro

wn

in a

g

ive

n s

oil

se

ries (

co

ntin

ua

tion

).

So

il S

eri

es

Lim

itati

on

fo

r cro

p p

rod

uc

tio

n

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

Tre

e/F

ore

st/

Pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s

San M

anue

l

Excessiv

ely

we

t a

nd

an

nu

al flo

odin

g f

or

sho

rt

pe

rio

ds a

nd e

xcessiv

e

dro

ug

ht d

urin

g d

ry s

ea

-so

n; lo

w O

M

Su

ite

d fo

r pa

dd

y

rice d

urin

g w

et

se

aso

n a

nd

with

a

de

qu

ate

irr

igatio

n

du

rin

g d

ry s

easo

n;

OM

add

itio

n th

ru

an

ima

l o

r g

reen

m

anu

rin

g

Co

nstr

uctio

n o

f ad

e-

qu

ate

dra

inag

e,

irrig

a-

tio

n a

nd

flo

od

con

tro

l syste

m d

ue to s

easo

na

l flo

od h

aza

rd a

nd h

igh

se

aso

na

l w

ate

r ta

ble

; u

se b

roa

d b

eds a

nd

rid

ges; su

ite

d fo

r d

ive

r-sifie

d c

rops s

uch a

s

co

rn, ve

geta

ble

s a

nd

w

ate

rme

lon d

urin

g d

ry

se

aso

n w

ith

su

pp

le-

me

nta

l irrig

atio

n

Esta

blis

hm

en

t of

ad

eq

uate

dra

ina

ge

a

nd

irr

igation

sys-

tem

; re

gu

lar

ad

di-

tio

n o

f o

rga

nic

mat-

ter

an

d a

nim

al m

a-

nu

re t

o im

pro

ve

so

il fe

rtili

ty

Ad

eq

uate

dra

ina

ge

an

d

irrig

atio

n s

yste

m; cove

r cro

pp

ing w

ith

le

gum

es;

pro

pe

r fe

rtili

za

tio

n, tim

ing

o

f cultiv

ation

an

d p

lanting

; u

se o

f lo

ca

lly a

da

pte

d

hig

h-y

ield

ing v

arieties is

recom

me

nd

ed to im

pro

ve

the g

row

th a

nd y

ield

of

tre

e c

rops

Cro

pp

ing

Pa

tte

rn:

rice-r

ice

r

ice-v

eg

eta

ble

s/r

oo

tcro

ps

Tarlac

When

dry

, h

ard

an

d c

om

-p

act a

nd fo

rms in

to b

ig

clo

ds; ro

ug

hly

rolli

ng to

h

illy to

pog

rap

hy

Tim

ing o

f p

lanting

; co

nstr

uctio

n o

f a

de

qu

ate

dra

ina

ge

, irrig

atio

n a

nd

flo

od

co

ntr

ol syste

m d

ue

to s

ea

so

na

l flo

odin

g

ha

za

rd; fe

rtili

za

tio

n

Tim

ing o

f p

lanting

; co

nstr

uctio

n o

f ad

e-

qu

ate

dra

inag

e,

irrig

a-

tio

n, a

nd flo

od c

ontr

ol

syste

m d

ue to s

easo

na

l flo

odin

g h

aza

rd; m

ulc

h-

ing

, co

nstr

uctio

n o

f b

roa

d b

eds a

nd

rid

ges

for

ve

geta

ble

s;

ap

plic

atio

n o

f fe

rtili

ze

rs

No

t su

itab

le f

or

root

cro

ps d

ue

to te

xtu

re

co

nstr

ain

ts

Use

of lo

ca

lly a

da

pte

d

hig

h-y

ield

ing v

arieties is

recom

me

nd

ed to im

pro

ve

the g

row

th a

nd y

ield

of

tre

e c

rops;

ipil-

ipil

thrives

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Pangasinan 36

Appendices


APPENDIX 1. STEPS TO IDENTIFY SOIL SERIES

1 Soil sampling

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Choose a vacant area in your field. Using a spade or soil auger to dig up to 50 centimeters from the soil surface.

The depth of the soil is important. The soil surface is not a good source of the samples since it is always disturbed and cultivated.

Get a bulk of soil (0.5 kilogram) from 30 to 50 centimeter-depth and place it in a container. This sample will be used in soil series identifica-tion.

2 Color determination

Soil color is an indirect measure of other characteristics such as drainage, aeration, and organic matter content. Black-colored soils may indicate high fertility and productivity. Gray indicates a fairly constant water-saturated condition. Bright brown and red colors are indic-ative of good aeration and drainage.

Get an ample amount of soil from the sample. Note that the soil surface should be freshly exposed and not pressed. Rec-ord the moisture condition (dry, wet, or moist). If dry, have a moist color determination by adding ample amount of water to the soil.


Compare the color of the soil sample with the soil color group found in the guidebook. Take note of the classification of the color.

3 Texture determination

Pangasinan 40

N

N N

Y Y Y

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Take a half handful of the same soil sample. Add water (not too wet). Soil is at proper consistency when moldable, like moist putty.

Add dry soil to absorb water.

Does soil remain in a ball when squeezed?

Is soil too dry? Is soil too wet? Sand

Place ball of soil between thumb and forefinger, gently pushing the soil with the thumb, squeezing it upward into a ribbon. Form a ribbon of uniform thickness and width. Allow the ribbon to emerge and extend over the forefinger, breaking under its own weight.

Does soil form a ribbon? Loamy sand

Does soil make a weak ribbon less than 1 inch long before breaking?

Does soil make a medium ribbon 1 to 2 inches long before breaking?

Does soil make a strong ribbon 2 inches or longer before breaking?

Excessively wet a small pinch of soil in palm of hand and rub with forefinger.

Does soil feel very gritty?

Does soil feel very smooth?

Neither grittiness nor smoothness predominates

Sandy loam

Loam

Silt loam




Clay loam

Sandy clay loam

Silty clay loam




Sandy clay

Clay

Silty clay

Y

Y

Y

N N

4 pH determination (UPLB) procedure

Get soil sample from 30 to 50 centimeter -depth. Fill the test tube with soil sample up to the scratch mark.

Add seven drops of CPR (chloropenol red). Mix by gently swirling the test tube.

If pH is six or greater, repeat the steps using BTB (bromthymol blue). If soil pH is five or less, repeat the steps using BCG (bromcresol green).

Match the color of the solution on top of the soil with the corre-sponding color chart of the pH indicator dye used.


APPENDIX 2. THE PALAYCHECK® SYSTEM

The PalayCheck® System is a rice integrated crop management that combines the tech-nologies and learning processes to identify strengths and weaknesses of current crop management practices, make improvements in the next sea-son to increase grain yield, input-use efficiency, and profit with environmental concerns. The PalayCheck® System describes the crop man-agement practices (input) to achieve the following Key Checks (output):

1) Used high-quality seeds of a recommended variety.

2) No high and low soil spots after final level-ing.

3) Practiced synchronous planting after a fallow period.

Pangasinan 42

4) Sufficient number of healthy seedlings.

5) Sufficient nutrients at tillering to early panicle initiation and flowering.

6) Avoided excessive wa-ter or drought stress that could affect the growth and the yield of the crop.

7) No significant yield loss

due to pests.

8) Cut and threshed the crop at the right time.


Glossary

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Base saturation – the amount of positively charged ions (Ca, Mg, K, and Na), excluding hydrogen and aluminum ions, that are ab-sorbed on the surface of soil particles, and measured and reported as a percentage.

Boulder – rocks with grain size of usually no less than 256 mm (10 inches) diameter.

Clay skins – clay coatings on ped or pore surfaces. Coarse fragments – significant proportions of fragments coarser than

very coarse sand and less than 10 inches, if rounded, or 15 inches along the longer axis, if flat. It influences the nutrient status, water movement, use and management of the soil. It also reflects the origin and stage of development of the soil.

Cobblestone – naturally rounded stones larger than a pebble and small-er than a boulder.

Concretions – cemented bodies similar to nodules, except for the pres-ence of visible, concentric layers of material around a point, line, or plane.

Cutans – modification of the soil texture, or soil structure, at natural surfaces (particle, pore, or ped) in soil materials due to illuviation. Cutans are oriented deposits which can be composed of any of the component substances of the soil material.

Gravels – composed of unconsolidated rock fragments that have a general particle size range and include size classes from granule- to boulder-sized fragments.

Inherent fertility – the natural ability of the soil to supply plant nutrients. Mottles– appearance of uneven spots with spherical or irregular shape.

The color differs from the soil matrix color. Nodules – cemented bodies of various shapes that can be removed as

discrete units from soil. Nutrient retention – referred to as Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) or

the maximum quantity of total cations, of any class, that a soil is capable of holding, at a given pH value, available for exchange with the soil solution.

Pebble – small usually rounded stones especially when worn by the action of water.

Permeability – property of the soil to transmit water and air. It affects irrigation, and leaching of salts and fertilizers.

Quartz – a mineral consisting of silicon dioxide occurring in colorless and transparent or colored hexagonal crystals or in crystalline masses.

Relief – refers to the elevation or inequality of the land surface consid-ered collectively.

Rock – naturally occurring solid aggregates of one or more minerals or mineraloids.

Rooting depth – the ability of plant’s roots to penetrate through the soil. It can be limited by soil compaction, absence of nutrients, waterlogged layer or cemented layers.


Salinity – the saltiness or dissolved salt content (such as sodium chlo-ride, magnesium and calcium sulfates, and bicarbonates) in soil.

Slickenside – polished and grooved surface produced by one mass sliding past another.

Soil compaction – described according to its nature, continuity, struc-ture, agent, and degree. Compacted material has a firm or stronger consistence when moist and a close packing of parti-cles.

Soil drainage –refers to the frequency and duration of periods of satura-tion in the soil.

Soil family – a group of soils within a subgroup having similar physical and chemical properties that affect their responses to manage-ment and manipulation for use.

Soil pH –measure of acidity and basicity of soils. It affects availability or release of soil nutrients.

Soil profile – includes the collection of all the genetic horizons, the natu-ral organic layers on the surface, and the parent material or other layers beneath the solum that influence the genesis and behavior of the soil.

Soil series – a group of soils with similar profiles developed from similar parent materials under comparable climatic and vegetational conditions.

Soil taxonomy – hierarchies of classes that permits one to understand the relationships between soils and also between soils and the factors responsible for their character. A systematic distinguish-ing, ordering, and naming of type groups within a subject field.

Soil texture- refers to the relative proportions of the various size groups of individual soil grains in a mass of soil. Specifically, it refers to the proportions of clay, silt, and sand below 2 millimeters in diameter.

Soil type – the lowest category in classification systems. It is distin-guished within series on the basis of texture, a single character-istic.

Soil water retention – the ability of soil to retain water to provide an ongoing supply of water to plants between periods of replenish-ment (infiltration) to allow their continued growth and survival.

Stoniness – the relative proportion of stones over 10 inches in diameter or on the soil.

Surface cracking – develops in shrink–swell clay-rich soils after they dry out. The width (average, or average width and maximum width) of the cracks at the surface is indicated in centimeters. The average distance between cracks may also be indicated in cen-timeters.

Tuff – a rock composed of the finer kinds of volcanic detritus usually

fused together by heat.

Workability/tilth – the ease of cultivating the soil with regards to its struc-ture, texture, presence of coarse fragments, and relief.

References

Pangasinan 46

Badayos, R.B. 1990. Lowland rice soils in the Philippines, their characteristics and classification in relation to productivity. Inaugural Professorial Lecture. SEARCA, UPLB.

Beinroth, F.H. 1978. Some fundamentals of soil classification. In: Soil-resource data for agricultural development. Ed. Leslie D. Swindale. Hawaii Ag. Expt. Sra., College of Trop. Agric., University of Hawaii. p. 12-19. Hampstead, M.I., TJ Sauer, and WF Bennet. 1997. Soil Science

Simplified. 3rd Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames Iowa 500014.

“Simplified Keys to Soil Series (29 Soil Series for Maize

Production), Lop Buri Province” The International Training Workshop on “Applying Information Technology for Site-Specific Agriculture in Small Farms of Tropics.” August 4-10, 2003. Bangkok, Thailand.

Soil Survey of Pangasinan Province. Department of Agriculture

and Natural Resources, Bureau of Soils, Manila, Philip-pines. Bureau of Printing Manila.

Soil Survey Manual. US Department of Agricultural Handbook

No. 18. August 1951. Soil Survey Staff, Bureau of Plant and Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. Agricultural Research Administration, US Department of Agriculture.

Keys to Soil Taxonomy. US Department of Agriculture 10th

Edition. 2006. Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resource Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture.

Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making

and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Soil Survey Staff, Soil Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture.

Sys, I.C., et al. Land Evaluation Part III: Crop Requirements.

Agricultural Publications. N°7, 1993.

For more information

write, visit, or call:

Agronomy, Soils, and Plant Physiology Division or

Information Systems Division

Philippine Rice Research Institute

Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija

Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 217,

215, 212, 233

or text:

The PhilRice Text Center - (0920) 911-1398

For published material:

contact:

Development Communication Division or

Business Development Division

Philippine Rice Research Institute

Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3119

Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 511,

509, 520

Readers are encouraged to quote the content of this

guidebook with acknowledgement. Suggested citation:

PhilRice, “Simplified Keys to Soil Series of Pangasinan”.

Soil Series Guidebook ISBN 978-971-9081-81-4 :46p.,

August 2013.

We thank the Bureau of Soils and Water Manage-ment (BSWM) for the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook.

ISBN 978-971-9081-81-4

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