part 2

Part 2

İnterpersonal Communication

İntrprsnl communication involves

a. interaction between two persons.

Q: Is it nercessary to have at least two people for any communication?

interaction between two persons.

b. Use of natural and/or technological means of communication

c. Differing or matching Goals, interests and needs

d. Power relationse.g.: between master and slave;

between boss and worker; between sellers and buyers;

even between two friends

e. Organized placePlace is socially, politically, culturally

and/or economically organized. Social organization of place: Political orgnzn: Economical organization: Personally organized space: Q: Is public space organized? Is a mountain organized?

Public space is organized by the state: There is no free public space where in

people can freely express themselves and do things as they wish.

Public space is culturally, economically, and political organized. You cannot do anything ypou want.

f. Organized time (and also space/place) 1. Socially organized in general:

e.g. Organization of time according to minutes, hours, days and weeks (What kind of organized time is “work time? Who can organizes it? Who can not?

THEN, is socially organized time “organized by “social entity as a whole?

Can you organize a space for a social activity?

2. Politically organized:

e.g., election time and place, voting time and place, campaign time and place, demonstration time and place.

Can you as an individual organize a time (or space) politically? Outcome of it?

f. Organized time 3. Culturally organized: Festivals,

special days, holidays

(Is cultural organizaton independent from others?)

Can you organize a time and space for a cultural activity?

f. Organized time 4. Economically organized time (and

space): organizing working time and place

Can you as an individual (not as, e.g., a manager) organize a time and space for an economical activity?

f. Organized time 5. Personally organized time and space

What are the determining conditons of organizaton of time by someone/you?

Interpersonal communication

May be: Technologically mediated or unmediated Now or delayed Informal or formal Friendly or not

Who and where are persons in interpersonal

Communication ?Who?

You and others as friend, parents, child, student, boss, worker, manager, soldier, policeer.

Where?At home, school, work place, street, mall, cinema, stadium

Always keep in mind that

You are somebody in

some organized time and place

Under certain organized conditons

WithCertain power and interests

You do not live in a vacuum as an independent and free agent/entity:

You can not live and act as you wish.

You live in a society which is organized according to power realtions

Your freedom does not start at the point

where my freedom ends.

Your freedom is determined by your and others’ economical power.

Why is interpersonal Communication ?

Because of· Social· Psychological· Cultural· Economical· Political

· Necessity· Need· Goal· Interest

Objectives and outcomesof

interpersonal communication

Attaining a goal/objective Meeting a need Identifying ourselves and others Establishing a context for certain relationship

(e.g., understanding)

· Identity construction, maintenance or repair· Explaining/understanding, forecasting and

controlling a relationship · Establishing and tanimlama a relationship· Establishing and tanımlama context of

relationship

· Relationship maintenance· Relationship development· Relationship repair· Mediation and conflict resolution · Ending a relationship· Resatarting a relationship

· To eliminate uncertainty and gain

knowledge · Participate in reproduction of dominant

interests and goals in organized structures· Participate in struggles against the injustice,

despotism, exploitation, slavery, oppression in organized structures

Nature of interpersonal communication changes according to, e.g.:

Expectations Goals Interests

Position of a person in the interaction

Organized roles and duties

Property relations

Power relations

Interpesonal communicationCan be:

Coincidental Spontaneous, unplanned or planned Temporary, midterm, long term or lifetime Superficial or profound/intense Fake, insincere or frank, genuine, sincere Informal or formal

Context of interpersonal communication includes. E.g.:

• Nature of organized space• Nature of organized time • Nature of power relations• Nature of objectives, personal and/or

organized interests• Nature of past and present contexts• Personal and structural feelings

Interpersonal Communication

Beginnings

•Relationship bulilding• Self-disclosure•Attachment

• Who can and who can not decide on starting and ending a relationship at the beginning?

Interpersonal Communication:

Decision to stop at the beginning

• Relationship maintenance • Getting closer• Establishing domination

Interpersonal Communication

Maintenance and intensification

• Uncertainty reduction for deciding on starting a relationship

• Uncertainty reduction for relationship development

Uncertainty reduction

a. Avoiding conflictb. Conflict and conflict resolution

Interpersonal CommunicationMaintenance

Oral Communication and

Verbal Communication

Oral Communication: involves communication via word of mouth; speaking, saying something.

Verbal Communication: Word of mouth or speaking or saying

something also becomes verbal communication when society at the

literate level.

Oral Communication: is historically the oldest form of

communication as compare to the verbal communication.

Oral Communication and verbal

communication is done via saying something by

using voice.

Saying something by using human voice can be

Simply a sound that means something; calling; expression of fear, pain,

happiness; informing a danger or a happening

Saying something by using human voice can be

using socially coded unwrritten language (oral tradition, illiterate times;

no written codes).

Saying something by using voice can be

Using words in a written language. This is also verbal communication.

(we generally use oral communication and verbal communication interchangably)

Verbal communication requiresuse of Language in literate sense.

It is the word of mouth expression beyond oral traditon of illeterate societies, at the level of written tradition of literate age.

Verbal communication includes articulation and pronunciation of written codes (alphabet).People using oral communication in illeterate times can not spell or articulate by using letters.

E.g.,You can articulate the oral expression of “dna” in reverse, however an illeterate person can not.

Oral communication is the establishement, maintenance or

termination of any kind of relationship by means of only saying (the unwritten words).

Verbal communication is the establishment, maintenance or

termination of any kind of relationship by means of saying

written or unwritten words.

Oral/Verbal communication occurs

in organized time

in organized space

in power relations

to attain certain goals

Oral/verbal communication can be

technologically mediated

Or

technologically unmediated

technologically unmediated:

Using human voice

Technologically mediated:

Using instruments in oral/verbal communication in order to

(a) reach beyond a human voice can be heard (domination over spatial boundaries).

(b) Overcome immediacy of orality


1. Spatial extension of oral calling by using instruments similar to megaphone (they still use their

voices)

(same time, but long distance)


2. Spatial extension of voice, sound and oral expression by using

megaphone, microphone, telephone, cellphone

(same time but long distance)


3. Spatial extension of voice, sound and oral expression by using

Recording

(different time and different space/place)

Oral/verbal communication can be: • at the same time and same place•at the same time but diferent place

•

• at diffrent time and same place•at different time but diferent place

A word or vocal sound by itself is not communication per se.

A word or vocal sound is a necessary mean for establishing oral/verbal communication.

Non verbal communication

Nonverbal Communication is the communication done by non-verbal means (no

words are used)

In nonverbal communication,

we establish, sustain or terminate a relationship or

activity without using words.

Nonverbal communication

İncludes signs that have social meaning.

Social meaning of a sign can be same or different in different communities.

E.g.: leg crossing, head shaking,

crying, gazing

If a sign has no socially attached meaning, then it is not considered as means of

communication.

E.g.: hand movements while talking

Nonverbal signs:1. Icons (iconic signs) They resemble the signified

a photograf, picture, chart, map, maniken, model car, a person’s profile, some road signs.

Iconic signs are used in, e.g., conveying a meaning and directing/controlling a behavior. Web understand what they mean when web see them and behave accordingly (or otherwise).

Nonverbal signs:1. Icons (iconic signs)

They resemble the signified/referred:

a photograf, picture, chart, map, maniken, model car, a person’s profile, some road signs.

Iconic signs are used in, e.g., conveying a meaning and directing/controlling a behavior. Web understand what they mean when web see them and behave accordingly (or otherwise).

They do not resemble the signified/referred:

A letter in an alphabet, a word ile “cat” Symbols have socially attached meaning.

Nonverbal signs:

2. Symbols (Symbolic signs)

They are learned in such a way that web establish meanings and drive conclusions. Dark clouds ……. It will rainSmoke…………… fire Knock on the door… someone at the door.

Nonverbal signs:

3. Index

Signs can have

a. Common codes

b. No codes

.

Signs with common codes are part of a language, thus are

means of non-verbal communication

For instance:Shaking headHand shaking

Some hand motions

Signs with no common codes are not considered as language and thus are not means of non-

verbal communication

Signs with no common codes are also used in interpersonal interaction, but

they are arbitrary, subjective, personal and abstract, hence it does

not considered as language. in general.

Some signs have more than one meaning and higly context

bound:

arms crossing, looking downword, winking, looking

straight to other person’s eyes, crying when accused.

Functions of nonverbal communication

• İdentity building and management, identity marketing, promotion of self

• via certain behavior, dress/clothing, eating and drinking certain products, attending to certain places,

• Relational status marketing by using the same tools in the personal identity politics of consumerism.

• Expressing certain emotional reaction

Via tone of voice, facial expression,

hand motions, looking, manner of walking,

• İkna: Nasrettin Hocanın kürküne bakarak Hocayı değerlendiren, biçimin özün önüne geçirildiği hasta dünyada, kürkü giyen Nasrettin Hocanın ikna gücünü artırır.

Sözsüz Communication sosyal ilişkide önemli görevlere sahiptir:

• Regulation of interaction:

Ortak kodlar kullanımıyla (örneğin tastik, kabul, devam et, anladım gibi anlamlara gelen sözsüz ifadelerle)

karşılıklı konuşmanın düzenlenmesine yardım eder.

• Regulation of flow of communication:

Sözsüz Communication paylaşılan sözsüz semboller yoluyla communication akışını düzenlemeye yardım eder.


• Affirmation or disagreement function:

Sözlü kelimelere anlamla ilgili ekleme yapar.

sözü pekiştirir veya tam aksine kasıtlı olarak sözü yadsır.


• Completion function:

• Sözü tamamlar; Sözü kelimelerin anlattığından daha güçlü olarak veya daha farklı olarak anlamlandırmadır;


• Attention gathering function:

Dikkat çekmek için vurgulamayı sağlar (örneğin masaya vurma, sesini birden yükseltme);


• Replaces the oral expression

Sözle olan bir anlatımın sözsüz olarak bir işaretle yerini alır (örnegin evet anlamına baş sallama, Amerikalılarda küfür yerine orta parmağını göstermesi).

Types of nonverbal Communication

• Yer ve mesafe tutma: Proxemics

• Dokunma: Haptics

• Jestler: Kinesics

• Göz ve bakış: Occulecsics

• Zaman ve statü kullanımı: Chronemics

• Paralanguage

• Maddeler ve Eşyalar: Artifacts

• Fiziksel görünüş: Physical appearance

Organized mind an behavior management:

PUBLIC RELATIONS

The earliest definitions emphasized press agentry and publicity, while more

modern definitions incorporate the concepts of

“engagement” and “relationship building.”

The 1982 definition by PRSA:“Public relations helps an organization and its publics adapt mutually to each other.”

In 2011/12, PRSA led an international effort to modernize the

definition of public relations:“Public relations is a strategic

communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their

publics.”

“the deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organisation (or individual) and it’s (or their) publics” (www.pria.com.au, 2007)

PR

1. is a basic function of management/admnstrtn

2. has unavodable managerial/admnstrv functions

PR

3. Meets the research and evaluation needs before an managerial decision and activity.

PR

4. Is a tool to establish rastionalism and effectiveness in admnstrtv decision making.

5. is a continuous and systematic process .

PR

6. Manages relationship with audience, consumer or public. 7. public participation, mediation, agreement and service are important in PR.

PR

8. Requires long term commitment

Pr is activity to influence an organization’s

internal and external rerlations.

PR

Are planned activites to manage minds and behaviors in order to

reach certain objectives.

PRHelps society to reach decisions helps society to work effectivelyHelps private and public policies in harmony.

PR History

Press agentry: describes the activities of people who would doanything to get attention for their organisations, event or product.

Public information: describes public relations becoming moresophisticated and evolving into accurate one-way information onbehalf of organisations.

Two-way asymmetric: describes two-way public relations work which is biased to propagating the organisation’s views, rather than responding to messages from publics.

Two-way symmetric: is Grunig and Hunt’s ideal model for public relations. In this model, the publics’ views are respected and are given the same importance as the views of the organisation sponsoring the public relations work” (Johnson & Zawawi 2004, p63).

What is the basic activities of pr?:

What does pr do?

• PR protects and enhances the reputation of a company.

• PR provides information to the public as well as specific audiences about any changes or news occurring within an organization.

• PR concentrates on what a company needs to gain public attention and uses the media to accomplish this.

• PR acts as a trained spokesperson on behalf of a company and looks for new ways to improve the way the public views it.

1. Consultancy2. Advocacy3. Publicity

4. Making and applying personel or member relations

5. Managing Public affairs.

6. Relations with Public institution

7. Issue management

8. Managing finance relations

9. Managing Industrial relations

10. Fund raising.11. Managing ethnic/ azınlık relations and multicultural affairs.

12. Private events and gatting public participation

13. Marketing relations

14. Setting objectives, planning, butget praparation, personel trainingf, facility improvement

PR benefits society:

It is a tool for public interest It talks to insensitive organizations for publicIt talks to public for organizations. Hence, ıt establishes mutually beneficial connection between public and organizations.

PR Ethics

“let public be fooled”

Circus promoter Phineas Taylor Barnum

PR: PR associations and their

ethics principles

Organized mind and behavior management:

Advertising

Concept of Advertising

The Advertising Industry 1.The Advertisers (The clients)Regional and National Advertisers2. The Advertising AgencyThe Client-Agency Relationship3. The Suppliers in Advertising 4. The Media of Advertising

Advertising is Communication

Scope and Importance of Advertising

Advertising Functions

Nature of Advertising

Advertising and Society

The Economic Impact of Advertising The Social Impact of Advertising Social Responsibility and Advertising Ethics How Government Regulates Advertising

Government Restraints on International Advertisers Gevernment and nongovernment regulations

Technologically mediated mind management

system:

MassCommunication

Mass Com is com mediated by newspaper, radio, book, magazines, television, internet etc.

Mass com development

Development of carriers of communication

Development of recorders of communication

Development of capacity

Development of size (movable, carriable)

Development of durability

Newspapers

Books and Printing

Development of print technology

Technical Media

Telegraphy and Analog Technology

Photography ("writing with light")

Telephony ("sound over distance")

Phonography ("writing with sound")

Motion Pictures

Film and gramophone

Advertising

Publicity/PR

Television

Broadcast News

Computer-Mediated Communications

Digital Technology The Turing machine

Organization of mass communication

Groups of mass communicaiton

Printing tech: e.g.,BooksNewspapersMagazines

Elekronic and digital tech: e.g.,RadyoTelevizyonWEB

Cemical tech: e.g., Film

Kitle iletişiminin endüstri tiplerine göre gruplandırılması

KitaplarGenel ilgiOkulReferansuzmanlık

MagazinlerHaber magazinleriKadın magazinleriErkek magazinleriGazete ekleriTüketici magazinleriTicari magazinler Vb.

Gazeteler.Günlük gazetelerUlusal bölgesel Yerel.Günlük olmayan gazeteler

Müzik ve plak. Gramafon ve Plak. Teyp ve digital teknoloji

FilmSinemaTv

RadioUlusalYerelUluslararası

TelevizyonUlusalYerelUluslararası

WEB

Roles of Mass

communicaiton

media and representation

Who Controls the Media and their Meanings?

PUBLIC COMMUNICATION

. Public communication occurs whenever there are a large number of people.

Public communication involves lectures, rallies, convocations, and religious services.

Public speaking is usually much more structured than interpersonal communication.

Public speaking usually requires more formal language and a more formal style of delivery than other types of communication

Computer mediated communication

and İnternet

International Communication

. Flow of resources

Flow of media and tools

Flow of end productsSoftware

Programs

Films

. Flow of professional ideologies and

professional practices

. The end

part 2

Documents

organized space

kind of organized time

public space organized

organization of time

organized placeplace

campaign time

demonstration time

working time