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BASICS OF INHERITANCE DNA is the hereditary molecule BLUE PRINT for all traits Universal and Interchangeable

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DNA EXTRACTION LAB

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HUMAN CHROMOSOMES Coiled strands of DNA 23 pairs of chromosomes 23 from egg 23 from sperm

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I. Sexual reproduction ADD DRAWING TO NEXT PAGE

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II. Hybrid Offspring produced by the mating of different species. Every cell contains DNA from both species Can you name some hybrid animals? Peekenese and a poodle = peek-a-poo Horse and a donkey= mule ADD DRAWING TO NEXT PAGE

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Wolf/dog hybrid

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Liger or tigon

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Zonkey or zedonk

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Llamal llama/camel hybrid

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III Chimera Produced in the laboratory EMBRYO FUSION- see article on "GEEP" Draw diagram of hybrid and chimera

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IV IN VITRO FERTILIZATION Test tube babies Procedure female injected with hormones to cause ovulation of many eggs Male donates sperm Egg and sperm are mixed in a dish in a lab to create embryos Embryo implanted in surrogate mother

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Test Tube Babies In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Embryo Transfer (ET) 20% success rate

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Can be used for : Infertile couples Experimentation Increase the population of endangered species QUESTION? What do we do with the left over human embryos?

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V. Surrogate Motherhood

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Make it exciting

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Twins: Identical vs. Fraternal Diagram in your notes.

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Identical

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Fraternal

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Ethics: Theory of right and wrong. Defines what is good for the individual and society Morals: Practicing right and wrong

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Questions from Article 1. What is the danger of being able to create embryos? 2. Advantage / Disadvantage of IVF and ET? 3. What is an ethical question raised w/ frozen embryos? 4. What was the problem raised w/ the death of the American who died and left 2 frozen embryos?

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VI Genetic Engineering and Moving Genes -Human Genome Project (video) HGP READ pg. 236 -(HGP)sequence all the base pairs in the human genome (2-3 billion pairs) (100,000 genes) -genome -all the possible bases in a species or individual

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gene- DNA sequence that codes for a protein. The protein may lead to a visible trait (I.e. eye color, hair texture, blood type etc) Genetic Disease- disease caused by a defective or mutant gene. Considered hereditary, if it can be passed on to the next generation (i.e. Huntingtons, Sickle Cell are major examples)

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MOVING GENES (the basics) Recombinant DNA involves 4 steps Procedure 1. DNA is cut and desired gene is removed 2. gene is attached to a vector for delivery into another cell 3. cloning - multiple copies of the gene are made by allowing the host cell to multiply 4. screening- cells with the new gene are sorted from the multitude produced

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BT Corn Insulin from bacteria Artificial insemination or embryo transfer

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How is the DNA cut? Restriction enzymes- recognize a specific DNA sequence and cuts it at every location

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How is the DNA delivered? Viruses, yeast or plasmid can be used. A plasmid is a loop of DNA that are independent of the main DNA of a bacteria cell. The same restriction enzyme is used to open the plasmid. Nucleotide pairs on the end of the gene and plasmid join in a complimentary fashion. The gene is now part of the hosts DNA

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How is the DNA separated? electrophoresis

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KIDS, CARS AND $$$$$

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VIII Moral and Ethical issues WHY IS THIS BEING DONE? HOW IS THIS BEING DONE? WHO OR WHAT CAN IT BE DONE TO?

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Cloning Around (reproductive cloning) All SOMATIC CELLS (body cells) contain DNA blueprint for the individual organism Any cell can behave like a ZYGOTE to produce an entire individual

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HISTORY OF CLONING 1953frog 1996sheep277 2002cat82 2003horse841 2005dog ATTEMPTS BEFORE SUCCESS

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CLONING BASICS

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Reproductive Cloning is expensive and inefficient CC cost $50,000 Horse 1/841.12% Sheep 1/277.36%

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STEM CELL RESEARCH Whats so special about Stem Cells? Biological immortality Pluripotent- can become any of 220 cell types

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Therapeutic potential Pancreas beta cells to produce insulin to relieve diabetes Dopamine producing cells in the brain to relieve Parkinsons disease Regrowth of missing limbs

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ADULT STEM CELLS cells in adult tissues that are undifferentiated Multipotent (can become many of the 220 cell types) Sources bone marrow, umbilical cord, hair follicle, skin, adipose cells, More are known

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Most well know example of Adult Stem Cell bone marrow stem cells