pashto grammer conversation
TRANSCRIPT
Peshto the Language of tire Afghans 4 !i ¡åi'
PASHTO IANGUAGBPashto is the Language of the Afghans' and historicaly
it belongs' to the Indo - European group of languages'
In academic writing Pashton and Afghan are ffeated as
synonyms and have no difference'
Afghans or Pashtons themselves call their language Pashto
and the people of the world know them and their
language accordinglY.
The term Pathan known since the seventeenth century
is an Indo -Anglicised version of the ethnonym Pashton'
which is still used in the Indian subcontinent'
For further development of Pashto, on September
l4,Igl4 "Saraj-ul akhbare" an official Afghan news paper
stated:
" Now it becomes necessary to address ourselves on the
importance of our national language Pashto' We should
understand that every nation has a national language
which gives it its life. A nation which loses its language
also loses its life. The protection of the basic language of
every country is as important as the protection of its life'
Vy'e are called the Afghan nation and our beloved
homeland is called Afghanistan ' We possess specific
customs, ethics and a national language which We call
Pashto. we must protect this langùage and attempt to
develop and imProve it..."
,,J-ls H.G.RAVERTY ,** s-.JJ ;1L'¡
,S-l ø.rif JÇ J'L¿ rl É; U \,¡ct e,i iULi¡lrLr;+'
ÈiÈ,- u,,,; b¡-¡ler, it'-t¿ ß'J ú'!il,-,u-'l é yc \L* 'a...6!t-'*,t ùrp J)-F -r-lt ú -.¡..*',¡ as-¡ ,tf f"¡ ùUtJl é JV
(¿sslt \ Äo o6.rt"T\ )
ThePashtoorLanguageofAfghansiswritteninthe(Naskh)
character of Arabic, which is of the same general use
amongst the Arabs as Roman is in Europe' At present the
the Afghans also use the Arabic letters with the addition of
extra Pashto characters.
3 l,March, I 855, H.G.Raverty
t r-ì-l ¿ -i¡¡*,i. ir:-( I r
uyþ-*J Ju ¡U-Sur ¡l ¡k*';t-il \'* rr rj ¡lli' 'fu¡ 3:'Ju,
.u,-b r;)u* ts ,¡3 ,# ¡lt'¡UU¡l -\sP)l J cJt-l 1 ,:t:"..'¡Jrll
Pashto is the language of the people who inhabit
Aflhanistan, the Northwest frontier and "a large part of
Baluchistan" of Pakistan. The A'fghans themselves call their
language Pashto...
D.A. Shafeev
Translation 1964-
Indiana UniversitY( USA)
ô
I
I
¡
I
1
CJ ¿ti*JLjl¡Languages of Afghanistan
f rf lr-¡t ¡L'. :Liil .,-c,.¡j uns ¿l= ""Liilr o¿l-lr tsì ¿l ;'irt,
r:+"ti é tL 4.#-v: ,li tQ,t :l ,s) ¿S;¡to'i úÁ'â
'cí'-¡*s
,;,- úîr -ril- l-f ¿J úL ¡L.il .i'- ,J ¡¡,t! ,r-Lll ¡L; ':Liilr
¡¡,Li ¡ .r9! c -..-;li úJ¡r) ¡b.':Liif I ;tL ¡;Gr Lñ çtt gF ¿È
.rsj --Ç: :l o-Þ 63L'u ¡Lrv¿ ¡Util $ ,;"- ^)
Pashto and Dari are both official languages of
Afghanistan. Afghanistan has a population of about 18
million of which nearly 60Vo are Pashto speaking'
According to the constitution the Afghan nation is
composed of all those individuals who possess the
citizenship of the state of Afghanistan in accordance
with the piovisions of the law.
Before the law all Afghans have equal rights and
obligations.
Section-1
The Pashto Alphabet
,l;T ,.rt,
indep Finall-l
LJ t*
LJ t*ttúr ú.É., r:-ùd-v ta-tagG-É3j'r*
'Lt- :.ì, ,l-Lt-,tut- t-)LLL)T¡È
!,t 'L).,J.f)¿¡¡).,2igtF¡¡
tÍ tf
-dlr*LP r*,,f ,J^
eMedial
-l
I
¡
e
¡
â&
J+,initial
-tIt
j
+t
I
¡
t
te¿ éfj,wl
or(a)aa
bpttftts
jclchdzlzcschhx/khdd/DdzrflRlzzlzh,.Í(,Þ
s
s/sh
x/shs
z
"Ll,¡ ¡J r?
Name l¡'
AlifBePe
TeTteSe
GimCe-cheDze-ZeCe-ScheHeXe- kheDalDal-DdalZalReRe-RreZeZe-ZheGeSinSin-shinXe,Xin-shinSadZad
Pæhto the Language of the Afghans g r,j ri
. )lji ,rti p J*, Name titndep Final Medial. initial or SadLå-L_LrTaJb JL Jà- .b z Za
te-,_-rrAyn:.Leij.elehGhayn_Ghayn(-rst-LjfFe
rJ
,!,r!3,3
J
&Lj.JL..JL L S&.& .<-, I 3,3
.}IJ|-*rLFåi
r¡¿i
a l-,-{- ¡,?È¿
(-r ({l)
çç
I
,i
d
J
!
é,Í
,!\s
g C"fk Kaf
I GafI Lam
m Mimn Num
n/nn Nun-Nnun
wlulo V/aw
hHeay Ye Maleyiny,i Ye Marufe Ye Majhuley ye Tanis-or,saqila
j
Pashto thelanguage of theÆghans 9 j4,
Note:The Pashto language
tional Pashto letters.to left.
Pashto special letters:
4it'j¿itgit ç.ú,i.riey ey ye(e) nn sh G Rr
Pronunciation
çJ- ;:lrïtDiphthonge
ay :(Sanay) man .
ey :(Hagey) Egg
oy :(Zoy) Son
ay :(Zay) Place
ou :(Touhid)Unity
:ri3sL_uses the Arabic alphabet with addi_The direction of writing is from right
A
: (.r3rr) é¿t üêV -*,5... ,
rf rÇrf ,Cdd tt (C-sch -ts)Z-dz)
hils(e:r)rl,
aorà
td
R
Z
G
C
C
dz
X
S
XG
N
w
or Tt
or Dd
or Rr
or Zh
:l:l:Ç:,¡
'J-)i).
:,.ct2/
zi
:9i:i:git.(,.u
,.
.t'tsi'ns
Ch
Sch or ts
Z
Kh
or Sh
or Sh
or Gh
or Nn
or U/O,
^ye
iey
Final ,gt,
!l¿év s
¿!r -, l¡rtt
.+ tút tJ
. 9-Í +:Soþ ol¡,-.,
ee"e4 er'l
99fÐ f)t¡Þ
Zj c'JC-¿ cl¿q
C¿ Ct.,JI¡ ¡ JJ
lIÐ.r¿jJ i¿ 3J
)g )ls¿? ¿)ri.S bsþ3i
!.f?-.r.L, ..rlr,
,il:s .tl¿,;:ti ;.t -¿
LroV üt l:,9Ç t-r" l t-¿
L¡' Jo 3': -ùt¡. $ li,.
Medial þ¡Ç ¡ l'¿
trl l1 I
r¡t gt.tlt t t
,H J;tr- I .
¿il efJ
Ju, J l"'-þlJ+lee-
J.l" J.1;*, r;.,P.)t1
a;j+) tJ, J
* ¡¿
¡* ùl.l
criJ c, i J
o¿l o¿l
¡Jr¿J¡!. ¡i t
ç1tJ ,9s j j
cf aústP. d'l
t'L ¿å -t,:.1,1oLS
¿ä ¿ej
tbt.s-ba
JLrrJ-b t1
rþl )1.b I
Initial þ,.rl lr I
üJ*t-L Lr l,tt t t
l- I -)v ) tr
?rY'í¡¡J- )J')
)-t Ð1JtJ+J:JLr)tÞJ-¡¿íÐ) Ðrj) jl
.:rl3 .¡lijls il¿
Jj-¡¡ r j¡ ¡v;lg
c¿3 cg -j
'rq '-r.,{414
J¿J¡*r*
JP )4P
. ¿È¿¿þ-t - IgP'Ðþ
,þJJþ
\.
Indep rl;i
tAlif9Be?Pe.¡ Te
.¡Tte¿Se
6Gim
6Ce, che
. Lz"i Ce, sche
cHeiXe, Khe
¡ Dal
lDdalsZal
-, Rre
J Rre
j'ze3 Ze,Zh
?G",. sin
; Sin, shin
..ri *e, Sótrin
u, SAd
¿ZadJo Ta
J¿Za
:
Pashto úrl-gure, dù'Æó't 1
gb ¿.; lj J,¿ J -c + ¡Lc ¡ l'a LAYn
¿rr {+ &Ji¿ fr} ¿onulç)r.rLiJ-t o¡¡¡il ¡rOj -^O"
6l's 6l¿'o ¡r" li' ¡i ¡i ¡ Qaf
.tJq,IJll -fu¿Si ¿Í¿:S '/Kaf
3*'3. 'K3; JfJf SGaf
,1;J; ùJ'r )¿J JLam
t'li i:¡'ì J'J' ¡Mim
¿.r¡i J¡fJ¡¡l isj ¡Num
. ¿ ç, ljr ¡ Nnungr,
¡li :É ::S i¿t : ¡Wow
rl3 ¿1¿¿¡¿ j¿t t¡He
. (¿.+) r.r¿- JJ)rJ ¡l¿ ¡l¿ ç YaYe
f ,tJ' 'È Maruf
,,é1¿ s", ': Y -uY"
Majhul
(s¿ir)g;¡6¿-- Jt¡ J¿" 'cçYaYe-Tanis
^3 or- Saqila
Lt ÚyayeMaleYin
\\
. .:itt.i!:l :::
O ei -'*:JV JyAþ:: u¿ o;
ñ ,;,*tt u'-*i
"ÁJ ¿j
þlss ut ú¡ ,rÇ ,¡,úu u¿l¡ ,k t,i::x ,S:;,*tt u¿.i-rs (M)utÀ,,
csr cj¿r .,S*l g¡.Personal ending present tense
Itg r ernzsgç e 1 pl
3 tg t¡ ey ¿"t¿ - ¿'¿ eY-ast2 pl(m)s a f. i 3 pl
Verb to be:
.l.rg r¿
2, rg u!3. sg .9r
(F) ,'
-B
..
Pæhto thelanguage of theAfghans 3l ¡jr++Hq it, is (day dey) þs ¡¡i.She, it, is ( Dã da) ¡¡ l.r
We are (Mung yu) t- itYou are (Tase yey - yast) ¿-U- - .¿- rEThey are( Duy - di ) úr úir¡
To make sentences Jrr*,rþr
I am happy ,l;,,, ,åïil," ,^iYou (rhou) are happy í; ,l,lí'",, ,.i
. 'ttr dt.-!3Å úJHe is happy dey khoshala day
r¡ ,Jt*.¡É l¡She is happy da khoshala da
t- ,JL¿e y_r'We are happy Yu khoshala Müng
d-t{ -¿ .Jt-.1r. s-l;.You are happy Yastey- yey khoshala Tase
ú¡ .Jl-.!.r.r (rLr,. Di khoshala DuyThey are happy
I am ( zah yem)You a¡e (tah ye)Note: sg (singular)
pl (plurat)
yem
ye
Dey
Da
I pl. yu2 pl ,>-1,- - ir{ yey_ yast3Plgr Di
f- .j
.J. 4r-
l'.
IâmYou areHe isShe, it, -isV/e areYou areThey are
¡- ù Zah yem
u¿ tJ Tah ye
ú¡ ú¡ Day dey¡r f¡ Dã da
t-is Mung yuc..l¿ - 1¿-,-*l¡ Tase yey - yast
.¿r,¡¡¡ Duy di
t'\
PTJr thr,L.*grrgr djltr æ'l he Possessive pronouns ,¡rr,<tf:l l¡*l ,s ,,.;";pr¡l úl ,rttl ,þ* rs¡Jt ¿t ¡¿-Vc.sé;"J )J ß¡'i - ¡j I ú s"¿ é¡¿-o. t;r¡ t-l-a,ÍlU ; ,gLj.u ( l) u rea,-i ¡*¡s
..r;L-¡¡ r.¡tiJ,å;3,.r n.lt-r !, q,þ) _-.a ¿íJU (ts _ !r _The posessive pronouns are formed by addingthe letter (Z,t) to the first person, the letter (S,r")to the second and the letter (d ) ro the third inoblique form of the,personal pronouns , except(Zah-Ta}l'- day-da). The possessive pronoun khpul
(onefs own) changes to khpula in the feminine.[3=L+tcZ+má,=Zmà, Mine-of me Lj=L+j
S+tã=Stã, yours t,"=þ4 gD + da = Dada , of him, that, this r¡r = r! + ¡D + De = Da-de, of her that, this ú)).= rrr + rD + Duy = Daduy, of them
: :
.t¡lì=ú-r¡+ ¡Z+Mung=r:unf, ours of us i-r)= nn *
r)
of him, of that ri¡¡ :+ñ¡+ sof her, of that .rirr : .ri¡ + rof thern .rÀ, , ,¡þ * .
Myself - self, etc (M,fj.)Myself - self , etc (Fsr)For myself - self etc (M )For mysetf - self (F )By my self self - erc
ïr
Pæhto thelanguage of theAfghans 33 'i¡*'
Ç *" self , self etc ( Pa khPula) 'J+ ''For ourself , Self, etc (P ¿.*) ( da khpulo) J¡'V/ith my self, self - etc ( La khpul) Jîr ¡J '
With #y ourself - etc (p c-) (La khpule) '#d
Exercise arß -* --
Book : Kitab :::t:l
This book ( Dâ kitab) vljl'My book (TnãLkitab) .¡t=f L'.j
Pen : (Kafam) fJ'
This pen (Dã kalam) ¡Jr I'
Your pen. (Stä kalam) rt; u-
Ink: (Rang) '3i)Black ink : Tor Rang 3;t¿;
,'.,, ,'Inkwell (MushwånneY) :il¡'l-'l'- l
Degha MushwânneY ,rrlt':'- t'è.s
Milk (Shide) ú.lt¡
z.þa-uaà-àf_-r ss
(Khpul) J¡( Khpula),t ¡'
@e khpul) .J.,å.(De khpule) ,rßr
( pa khpul).tþ.,
BreadFcro"bÞ
Meat
Tea
Water
(DdoddeY)
(Hagey)
(Ghwasha)
(Chay)
(oba)
¡-ll¡ I
^#+-*.¡lt¿t¿l
rT
Pä$to the Language of the Afghans 34 'i ¡¡þ'
.ç-l l¡l r$t ¿¡é*SJu, P ¡Þ Jti'rh rС
The second group (Weak Pronouns) can also be used as
possessive pronouns.
(our) mu
(your) mu
(Their) ye
Kalam mu wakhist ú--+b;, f Kalam mewakhist é--+L u. diKalam mu wirkhist c--¿l¡:, f Kalam di wakhist a4¡l¡.¡r ¡ti
Kalam ye wakhist c--åb,rr f Kalam ye wakhist c--+b,r'- di
! (MY) me
e (Your) De
€- (his- her) ye
t---l--
Exercise ¿rjyour head (S6Sir) J.,ltu My head (zmã sïr)... :'tyour face (Stà makh) ¿.b- tnty tu.' (zmâmakh) þ t';
Yow mouth (StaKhola) dÉt'- My mouth (zma Kho'lÐ ::"tyour eye (StaSterga) ß-,-ú My eye zmãsterga) s-pv)
yow hand (stâ LaÐ ,.,"1 b My hand ( anãLæ). ./l u'
your nose (Sù paza) ..[i¿ r-, vty norr. (zmãpaza) 1t'ujyour tooth ( Stã ehash) tË C fvfy toottr ( zrná ghæÐ úlÉ t';
your hair ( Stã 'ù/eshta)^r-,., È Vty trair (zmâ \ilestru)r:;"' -¡ tr;
Your lip (Stã shundda),;ll vrv rip (zmã shundda) o'u¡nl'e;
"i
êúr
.t!
This is mY head
This is Your face
This is mY mouth
Ttris is Your nose
His eYe is red '
Black hair
Black hairs
VL
(D-a zrnasir deY)
(Dã stä mokh deY)
(Dâ zmä khola da)
(Dä stâ Paza da)
(Da hagha sterga sra da)
(Tor weéhta)
( Tor weíhtan)
gr .rr. trjl:gr þ ls"lr
rl rJrr t';llrl r¿ k-' ll
; tr.t ß;-t ti'ol
Lr'L.J )i
¡b1u .ty'
fo
shto thelanguage of theÆghans 36 &i¡¡*
To make sentencesIe is mY father .ç¡¡)t, t-j.rtDay zrnaPlãr deY)
ihe is mY . mother rs ¡-¡,' L¡ lsDa zmâ, mor da)ite is mY brother ú)¡9¡9 l'j lå
'pazrnàwror deY)
she is mY sister r,raP Lj l:'pa zmàkhor da)
Your son. 'dl¡ t¡¡
Your daughter r,Jtt¡t
Jt¿*rJ-7.rFather ( plãr) ,)t,
Mother (mor) )-,'
Brother (wror) Ð)t
Sister ( khor) )PBoy (halak) dl¡
Girl (nejeleY) ,#Name (nom) ¡iFamily (KoraneYþ¡t'
Zma (zma) t ¡
she is my daughte
' ¡¡J L.¡ rr.
@a zmâ lur da)
He is my son
.¡r CÚ t...¡ b
(Da zmä zoy deY
He is a man
,¡,r r:r¡!i 6r
(day narena deY)
She is a women.
,s LL út(llagha a Shaza da)
T*"tcise at
Daughter (Lor) ¿-)
Son (zoY)
Man (narena)
Woman (shaza)
He is my father. ¡9r¡)L' t';lr Who is he?
(Da zm-a Plar deY)
She is mY mottrer' u '¡¡r l'¡b
(Da zmã mor da)
She is mY sister' r'r '¡f trjb
(Da zmã khor da)
He is mY brother Ltt )Ð) t'j "'Hagha zma wror deY
I am ToryallaY. ¡' Jt-'rr''j(ZtToryallaY Yem)
Yes,I am Afghan' ¡' oLijlr:l
@o zfnrghan Yem)
Are You Afghans'?
(Tase Afghanan Yastey, YeY?)
Yes, we are Afghans?
(Ho Mung Afghanan Yasto)
Yes we are Pashtons'
(Ho mung Pashtanal'Yasto' Yo)
Mirwais is a Pashton'
(Mirwais Pashton daY)
TorPekeY is a Pashton (F)
(TorPekeY Pashtana da)
Aschak is a Pashton'
(Aschak Pashton deY)
Zatghona is a Pashton(F)
(Zarghona Pashtana da)
,ési
¿r_.¡U
,.
Da schok deY?
Who is she?
T1
Da schok de?
Who is she?
t'r 'rflrDa schok da?
Who is that?
Hagha schok daY
fgr 'rJi dr
. €*L-',r'r- ¡ULiil r-U'
¡-L- '¡- ¡U!'iål iY ¡
t,¡r clilr
rrr dllr
¡¡-L-,¡,r- úlÞ.,'ilt I
ú) ir+, V"'tJf
'./t! ¿J:dJ, CÈJt
.rs ¡J'':-- 'J$l
t ¿:4,ú3Lsi
rY
t g ,*_ tjJ+
ExerciseThis man is an Afghan. arlpâ Sanar Afghan dey) 'l Úr ¿tö',¡¡"bThis woman is an Afghan.@ã shaza Afghana da) ¡¡ oL¡jlåål¡
fr.y'*r Afghans.(Duy Afghanan di) ç¡'r ¡Ul*il¡¡3'r
Pashto is the la¡@ashto rr ;rrr'fjffi;íJff
Arghans' u r'j;tjrijr'r .;*They speak pashto.
@uY Pashto wayi) n'l¿ 16utThis boy is my friend.(Dagha Hal"/"-a malgeray dey)
¡er,¡rll. L; cIJe .¿.r
That gril is my frilnd. f"n inr"ó r.r.e,(L u:np ri,$.u-gu
negeley zmã malgere d; 'With this woman. ,(Daghe shaze Sara) tr sQ r'ès
With this girl..(daghi negele sara) tr*þ.*'tWith these boys
_(dagho halokang sara) rr-;L(brÉr
With those women. r .@agho shazo sara) ta i'a 3'êt
That man goes(Ilagha sarray zi) ,l u. *That woman goes.(rlagha rrt*uïi"' ,í 4 ^For that woman.(flaghi straze ta) t&"¡
l'^
j
Pashto thelanguage of theÆghans jg uJ*,
Gender Lr,-z
& i taorU ÍÊ ú) dJ..." ,S¡lÍ vt rr{ u3 *,^r,.ct' ,I: ¿4) Lr4
There are two genders in Pashto language, masculine andfeminine.
Masculine gender ,".. r:¿.¡U : \
J*f .r+ ',,¿ú ús lþ t:.r ,St.ìJ u g €,\i-a -¡l tr¿r; t:t.*{
All nouns and adjectives ending with the letters beloware considered masculine:
rhJ - é1- ¿lJ (u;) '"oL -\1- (ay ,, ) : Saray (man), waray (Lamb) etc
çfr _ c./.. Jr 4lJ (c;) r¡jr,, _y
2-(i ,s ) : Sarri (men) Dobi (washerman) etc
¡fl¡ ,¡rtt É (r) úlJ¡¡ -f3- (W,U,O¡ ): Chaqu ( Knife) Dduko ( thief ) etc
-¡.l.l,¡Jr, ¿lJ (¡) ir¿L -L4- (AW 3 ) : Palaw ( achador) , Kandaw,(agap in wall)
\i - r*" rlJ (r) ,rô -o5- (H(a) , ) : Pesa (Sheep), Zna (Heart) etc
u,.Y , élb ßJ ,Sti ,>.1-o t :¡¡ -16- Consonant letters: Halek (Boy) , Las (hand)
-{
/
f
Ë
rl
40 ¿¡jr¡.i,
Feminine Gender ,t4 aä. _l+ ,s fþ -*:-¡:-ù $J,¡JjY þ,,â crtúsl ¿:r.r; t;,t
.,séß,*All nouns and adjectives ending with the letters below are
considered Feminine.,S,t- ,rÅ¿í (o) ul" _\
1- (a-) -: É) as: Shaza ( woman) Mazaka(Earth) etc
-u, ¡f o¡tt ,rJ-i. ,S,J (e ) "y';
-y2-(ah=,) kholah (mouth) charrah (bigknife)
L¿ , tå il) djt _t,3- (a=l¡ Shä (back), ghwa (cow)
4- (i=rr) v/rori (brotherhoo¿1, nos-fl#;ffi Çel ú¿''- -L
ú-lú , c$L^<l t,rl eJ¡4¡r _ô5-(e=.¡) Nawe ( Bride) , Malgare (girl friend) t
o{f ',,-* r<J (.J)¿.Jtr t- dâij -16- (ey= ,¡) spey (Bitch) ka:rkey (window)
7-(W,U,O=¡ )
'+
j
Pashto thelanguage of theAfghans 4l !i¡*
The Prepositions çe-ti 'Jvl,t+f ,ß ,9¡¡ uiL'>ß LÐi|''-'r¡'r 6J',Y út 'J
L'3 '+' ^"
R preposition is always placed after the noun or pronoun'
In compound prepositions the nouns and pronouns come in
,.",,-,'e.2É (O) rl L!, _A8- letters (7-'On- ¡ ) as: Gominz ( combi tvtacfrin: Hand mill )
and consonants: 't,'ti ç:l
¿*.,-*lj¿l,J (:) J¡a¡, -Vzango ( Cradle), Bizo (monky)
the middle of a sentence'
Without - (Be)
to - (Ta)
To (wata)
On-uPon(Per)
From-(schkha-cekha)
(Pah)
To, Until ( ter)
From ( La)
With ( Sara)
After-Later(Pas)
Later ( Wrusta
In (Ke) J (ke)
For the sake of ... Da"' DaPara
About... Da.... Pa barake
Faithless (be wafa)
On the chair ( PerchowkeY)
In home ( Pa kor)
Unti! the Bazat (Terbazara)
From home ( La Kora)
t\L.
rul
:ÀJ
z JiJ
:-¡rt' ilrt
: ÀJr
zi:¿J
: С,
rf,a e¿t))
.rf t- ke: .;af¡'L¡...¡¿t
,J ,t\rJ ...r: tj¡ r¡{
ti.?èlt,t-f 'u,
nrljt¿ -¡n.t-f Å
p ui3í*1
(Of... with) ( da... ru*¡( on ... upon ) ( per... bande) .r¡L ...+( Until... under) (Ter... lande) ø¡uy...-¡(Of... back) (da...Tersha) by. ...,(Of.., after) ( da... pase) r#,....r( Of... infront) before (da... pa makhke) ¿ß.t- ¡t ... r( Of ... before ( da... damakha) rå,¿¡. . . ¡(Of... from) (dalla...sch kha (schkha) É ...rJ/s(Of... from ( dal La... na) u ...rJ / ,
For me (Zma dapara) ,¡t,. L;For you ( Sta da para) c-¡U,r b-From me (zma Schkha) e;.t U;From you ( Sta schkha) ¿;f."
.út.Í,!K., ¿É L,:
.,J, ¿t{ b-¡ ¿-l¡ y-rj.út LtJ rs¿-¡ u;;f /1,.
Note:The.preposition (da r.) signifies :
- Ownership: da wrorkitab ( brother,s book)- Starting point : da kora watel ( going from home)
:ej¡r[¿gt;l¡-l¡¡J : rlJ.r,å c.áfJL :r ¡r ú¡¡j .,jbll
þ¿ ,¿-f t ,ßJ ,¡¿;uîj.lr,, J+l ,rþsLI
Pashto thelanguage of theAfghans 43 þi¡*'D (dal)= 5
The Particle (dal r) Sometime expresses commond and
Permission ,tt"S"¡Çl¡l¡lf i rlr '¿pt'ÉHe should go. ( Haghade Larr shi) tr ¿Y ¡ ¿j¡
He may come. ( Hagha de Râshi) t"'Él'r ¡ t¡¡.. ./:In(Pake) \'' e\
At home. (Pakor ke ):Like(Pa-shan)
Like you ( Stã Pa shan)
:For (da Para)
For me (zmâ, daPara)
: Near, be ( Pore¡
Near me ( mã Pore)
He laughs at me ( Hagha ma pore khandi)
He laughs at you ( Day ta pore khandi)
Pah=
The verb ( to understand) Takes Pah:
:
I1,
l
I'
lthI'
t"II.t-.I
I
IJ
i.
I understand Pashto. ( Zah pah pashto pohegam) ¡*a 4't"')The verb ( to sell) (always takes this proposition: (Pah bande) úJjt{ À''
I sell my horse to him ( zah khpul as pah hagha bande
kharztawom), r-?úJij! d¡ t"rl '!É 'j
From - of :(nah) t:
From Kabul ( m rabul nah) ¿i ..l-¡tl ¡J
étÉ",ùL, ù,
¡[.l., br,b¡¿a
r¡U,l L;
ú)1,
rSs4V
LSJB ú-rl, L ril
,JJU'tJU, b ¡9r
(Kabul nah)
From me (Lamanah)
LT
.j,',[¡K
ljLd
Pæhto ,the Language of the Æghans 44 tj¡fr-- ¡!
To express should, must:
It is necessery for you to work(Tã t; paka¡ dey che kar Wakne.
To me ( mã ta)
To you ( Tã ta)
To us ( mung ta)
To him ( da ta)
Toher (deta)To them (duy ta)
To him (hagha ta)Remote To hðrn( haghota )
To them ( haghoy ta)
,St tV \gf¿ ¿K LÈ Ltrrtf r, r; b
¿;L
¿¡b
ü'¿vù- r.J
¿i d¡Ë císt
4J'ri¡
¿: c¿-b
:
Pashto mth"g"tge otthenight"s 45
After (Pase) 4'Afterme ( mâpase) ,P'U
After you ( tã pase) c;.t, b
After him (hagha pase) L#, úAfter her ( haghe pase) Lf,,þ
DialogueKhabere - Atere
Salam cherta ze
Salam . zah showenza' tr zem
Durs pail showaY deY
Ho. Yawa Hafta kegi
1-_.:____: -_---:-___
Zarghona ham showenzitazi ¡,_þ u ,þrn f úp:)
Na. hagha kandahar n tlale.da) bala hafta ba rashi'' - }¡Úí.¡ii¡ ^t{
,rr ,rlb r; -¡b'uf ¡i¡ ''jizma kor ta scha wakht raze
¡,þlr r;, t- s ¡f u3
Os wakht na larem biya ba sara wo wino.-*¿l t--- ¡+ l+¿ , ¡rL
ül ,:"sl
,s¡l ,s*t,þs* rfu
þ u ,Þt*,j f)-lrSl' g-* þ,,,,r..rr
.rçrl uil g ¿
LI
Der éha
Da khday Paman
Pa makha mu sha
. ¿þ _¡-¡
¡trlr,,jlÉl
4tt;-\
Lô
Pæhto the Language of the Afghans 46
Vocabulary
True ( reshtya)
,Falsehood wrong @rogh)Bluffs ( batte)
Deserve (warr)
After, back ( pasay)
Thanks ( tashakor)
Bluff, ( lapa)
Pupil / Student (shagird)
Student at univ ( mohasil)
Center (markaz)
School (showonzay)
University þohonton)Ministry (wezarat)
Chairman ship (reyasat)
V/ish ( kashkay)
Liar (droghjan)
To catch ( newel)
To dance (naschalel)
Dancng ( nascha)
Building ( wadaney)
Darkness (tyara)
Cold (walgay)
Path, road ( watt)
Aspire, wish l treta¡
¿\
üLå'
I -.@t' .J
i:tt-t
LtJ t{
)td'
.f'fu-l,Y
útiJ--tf¡
a
t?JJ*ù¡s¡+U)DJ
,:-U,
,JfuK¡tai¡¿t
I.UHJ+i,t
Ë.¡l¡-r¡.rþ
,ÉttÞlt !,l+
¡'ì ¿lt
L rA\-t4ìil r -\JÍ\ \ \''2
-- ^r¡L^ Àf-Lnno Â1 ltJP,i-.)'lPashto ùelanBuage of fteA
l\\\- i"
P A vocabulary Ût¡ .''," tì*,,n ,*"**", i,i JÉ-'ü'.
\ r ;;;ñ;t ntu., (hastogna) ")i )., ;ç ' -- ¿"3¡"¡ t
\l läl-i",*ce (yadgar) '. j ' ''l* ¡tfru'
'\..;;..iu,rc (non¿á'al > :tÞ/ ' r'¡lr:';
:\ ñ r .r ..t -,^ z-^-¡^*^-\ ¡-f¡.ll¡j
\rr
l.ql:-xl\rt\t,
iirh
l^,t"-I'L.Ir.l
t
tI
tI
It
Ir
lI
Exhibition (nondarton)
District (sema) 7Once (Yow zel)
Once, one time ( Yuw war) )
Family (koraneY ) ,þrfFather (Plar)
Mother (mor)
Childran (z-amen)
Son (zoY)
Daugther (1or)
Sister (khor)
Brother ( wror)
Mirwais is a man.
(Mirwais Yaw sarraY deY) , .
Zarghonais a woman. ¡¡ ¿i- ti L:'*)i
(Zarghona Yawa schaza da)
They have a son and a daugther' 's)¿i tv¿l 61jv' 6¿t
(DuY Yaw zoy aw Yawa lor lari)
úV
,\)YvljasinJ-r)ÐJ
Lt, úrt- fJf
Pashto the Language of the Afghans 48
The name of their son is sherjan. úr irt" # fi ri úr ç93rr
(Da dfiy dazoy nome sherjan dey)
The name of their daugther is Malaley rlrrDt' ¡.l, Jr,r-rss
(Da duy da lor nom malalay da)
Vocabulary ,åLiJOne ( yaw)One (yawa)
V/ise ( Poh)
Country'(watan)Life (zwand)
Job (wazifa)Work ( kar)
Vi* (shide)
Èufter ( kuch)Cheese (panir)Fish (mahay)
Egg (hagey)
Difficult (gran)Easy (aasan)
Satl (malga)
To know (pezandal)
TaIk (khabara)
.¡uJ .¡id
II
II,'
¡
II
I
I
i
:
Vocabulary ÜuJ
Lesson (Dars)
Garden (Bãeh)
Tree (Wana)
Floor (Purr)
Tea (ChaY)
Coffee (qahwa)
Meat (ghwasha)
Bread (DodeY)
Food (Taam)
Kitchen (PakhlanzaY)
Light (Rannä)
Darkness (TiYareh)
EarlY Õ¡/akhtÐ
Laziness (SusÐ
Daylight (Rarrnâ wraz)
Dark night (fiYareh shPa)
Late (Nâ wakhta)
To wake uP (Wishkawel)
To sleeP (Wida kawal or Bidekawel)
To lod;e ( wruk kawel)
To gaih victory (BuèY mondel)
To defeat ( shekast kirwarrel)
To dream ( khob lidel)
To forget (Herawel)¿1'
t
ôJJ-
a.t
ùtÐJ)
^ÅJJ)ll
rJJJ
e-S*.i¡
4Lt
ô¡rt-íùLi
¿lJtJ¡t-
¿þ
ÍI
t
tI,
tI
Ir
I
ï
tt
t
LA
u"J5
-Lt'ti5
]t,,SV
tJ'Ú.,
+-f^'ul
ll,r.b
J*V*"þ.rt-
c'rt'9
,5e:cPi-ttvt
.É n-.,|'.
-å'¡UJ-Í ,;'.t
Jrl 'a*u-
J¡l ''t'¿J-l dttJs-r'a¡
J¡,>-S;'J.rJ
". ÉJ:-n¡
f.Y::
(
'Pashto thelaneuase of theÆghans 50 I r'ir+'
_J--
Vocabulary \ Ûti'
To belive (Bawar kawal) J-Ír\to trernble (Larrzidel) J¡¡JTo increase ( Ziyatidl) Jr¡t-;To decrease (Lagidel) Jr¿J
To pray for (Dua kawal) Jrft'rTo forgive ( nashet) J+.,
The noun of agencY J-u f l
Is formed by dropping the (L.J) ,lt ¡t .r.;T3l ..eu'' ¡J f, úþu
letter of the infinitive and ,¡l¡l¡J.¡J r¿ rJr ,gr's-,.-, 'iadding the (Unkay) or (Unay) ü:..i rl:t+ u$j¿ts '¡Ç JLfor masculine and (Unke) or ¿.+r ¡.¡l¡rr ¿l tç: L ,¡É¡rr ,.¡Ç
(Une) for the feminine singular. t-* ,Jt{a ^,,,'i'i rf33¡ '¡lJ.tttl-t
To write Likel
Writer LikunkaY
M.Se Liku naY
Likunke
F.sg Likune -
For the plural only change the final
(ay ú) of the Singular in to (i .¡ )
Writers (Likunki)
(PL) Likuni
0.
The Past ParticiPle
Are formed by adding the .¡) orH Jbt nr- ¿t'at i ß
lener (ay .s )for the feminine ¡¡l ( e t9) ''lÇ ûj¡'¡ ¡l (ay
arrd ( r*¡ ) for both genders ' 't' :U' ' tt
:)-:j îi*"I;' the infinitives' '
ß 'sv¿''+
uþ rv ¿'*
J¡J :(aY ¿;)
Tosee (Lidel) r,r-..+J¡.JSeen (M'sg) LidelaY ut+ t'
G.se) Lide]e 'eLcLr
!i::: ji
,
f,ï'i#ilÌ'*" or some '5- * 't; jwt ¿at
verbs are formed îrregularly: '-
'ilJ "s'*.r í;,o O.ro-, Gidel) tt-P
(M.sg) SawaY LÍ-r¿
Become (F'sg) Sawe
GL) sawi Ui,
To carry Wrral é¿t
WrraY Lt¿)
Wrre j-a
WrriAlso by replacing the (Wol and J ¡'yt' É +'f.lt*
kidel) of the infinitive to a 'r't \ i/*,ól 'lJt'l É'¿r,r
auxiliary verbi' tú1,"¿fr f
J¡t,To break (matawel) ,tf oVBroken (mat karry) |
o\
Jll.¡É: + cL-J
,./J + ..4J
,¡t: + 4,rj: + ü
Jr-, fl
áJÁr,t(ÁJ
Pashto the Lansuase of the Afehans 52
First ( awal)First ( Rrombay)Lattêr (Wrustay)Safe, peace (Salamat)Safgty ( Safamati)Traveller ( Musafer)Escort @adraga)To wash for.prayer, (audas kawel)To pray ( Munz kawel)Cloths (Jame)
Turban ( Pagrrey)Dirty ( Khiran)\Ã/et ( Lund)Dry (Wach)Dead body (Marray)Grave (Qabar)Graveyard ( Adira)
ExcerciseMay you not get tired.(Starray mashe)
How are you? ( Schanga ye)Are you good well? (Sha ye)Yes, f am fine, well (Ho sha yem)Are you happy (tah khoshala ye)Yes I am happy ( Ho zah khoshala yem)
oy
Excercise dPJJrl
.-fJ¿
uPsssC-i-,¡)l-jt-
t¿5_lJ¿
JrS *ylI ¿q.g è *-t..t
dç¿
4rJ*''br.-g
JJ
Excersise ¿¡;Will you drink tea?(chai Scheshe)
No/ (Na)
I drink water (Zahobah schashem)
Come here (dalta ra sha)
Hurry uP ( Zher rasha)
Wait a little ( Leg sabr wokrra)
Where do You live ( tah cherta ose)
I live here ( Zah dalta osem)
In a village ( Pa Yau keli ke)
In a citY (Pa You shar ke)
PeoPle live ( Khalq osegi)
People saY (Khalq waYee)
It is hot todaY (Non garmi da)
erttl
..J
uòl
ù{lcþ rs*
,r'- t(É
LJ- +f'' +j
u¿útc,;¡L t
¡- lJta,-lþ g g
,É uati
Diminutive: rY ¡';''a: t
To express sweetness, dislike' "::Ë,|;lff;fr":iiiä:"l,liil';liii*. "'* É r' rj¿5Ðt's*L'¿:
¡.,li r¡l t¡r.!1.¡ uJs
. ¡l ¡þtt) ))
'-5: -*)u-sl s-*rl ú' (rl uJ¡ tj
é ,F "-*,J ¿V ¿u'6*sl,!t'
t/' 'b'rfB.,f) r/t ¿',
tt:L:
l1
ItI
It,t"'t,\
adjectives:
Urchin (HalekeY)
Small house (KorgaY)
Small man (SarrakaY)
Little mother (MorkeY)
Little sister (KhorkeY)
Little red (SorkaY)
¿fli:.g,ÍtÍ, ,J,Jr'éétY''j,Jtrr,J,Jtn, ,-Í
oT.
Boy (Halek)
House (kor)
Man (Saray)
Mother (Mor)
Sister (KorkeY)
Red (sor)
.rlJ¡
tÍLt-,-
v:è)y
Pashto the Language of the Æghans 54 ¡i ¡¡þ,
The Kabul city (da kabul shar)
The Kabul roaá,way (da kabul lar)
The city of Kandahar (da kandahar shar)
Hindokush mountain ( da hindokush ghar)
Salang Pass ( da salang kotal)
Side by side mountains (schang pa
schang ghrona)
High mountains (Jeg ghrona)
¿#
i'rt.
!
iI
l
i
II
I
IL
iIì
i
II
I
IIII
itItt
tI
tIr.
tr
tIItI.
tË
tIutr
li
IE
v
Iliti
E
E
IIb
Ë
fi,h
T
¡'tirT
1r.".!)
i.l
II
l
!
it
,tå.}¡tf,
¡Y rl,¿tfl
.,[; ¡b.r5l
,å r:l3.rol
¡if .l:ll-r
:
Pæhto thelanguage of theAfFhans 55 li¡ai¿
Sgctions:3- iáÙj.a'o'r*)J
The Verb Fial) J¡L:...r Ltr'J .,-r LtlúJ'L'¡ Jl ¡'rr !' Jr-;t fu 'é
u3 -x''" \.Jt*il r::1,,*ll, JLt;l
.rytl ,J¿v ' ,b¡J '¡l ÁJ JL.iI 'bt '
n Jut (Prefixed) ,-&tlu'¡{L- .llJt¡l S J¡ rq Jt^¡t ú2!¿
.rþlt ¿ rJ¡ æ:
In Pashto all verbs are divided into two groups' Sim-
ple Verbs and derivadve-verbs'
1- SimPle like: Tlel $; to go
Lwustel J:"rl to read
Khwarrel Jtt to eat etc '
2- Derivative : all other verbs compound' denominative
¿¿1 a!-rL¡ I '9 L\i¡ fu L>\it¿Jt
,JJ-þ rK+
OL
and prefixed belong to this group'
Compound as :
To be wounded (Zhobel kidel)
Þrefixed like: To take away (Wnal)
To bring ( rawnal)
Denominative:By adding auxiliary ( kawel) J.,f and (kidel) JoJ to the
stem of nouns or adjectives'
To kill (men kawel) Jf¡To die (merrKidel) JrJ*¡
ô0
J¡J ü"iJ¿,
J¿rl,
:giJ alst ú.tt þ,3U., ¡t ;, J*¡úi:---ozt -JU
According to the time clause verbs have three
tenses
Present tense - Past tense - Future tense
:gl rJ3¡ ¡¡ gU er ,r:¡..t þ;
(hÐ "¡jT.þ¡(T) s;.rrrr þ;
(AcÐ t t',,þ(Pass) Jran ¿;(Pos) c^.'l¡ J,rú
(Neg) ,-tt- ,þ¿
According to the meaning, there are sii differentkinds of verb :
-Transitive Verbs
-Intransitive Verbs
-Positive Verbs
-Negative Verbs
-Passive Verbs
Active Verbs
ol
rIlk
I
ri
iiii
iIbf,
I
tI
rI
f
t
t
Iv,
,tl
I
I
General Rules r'l,*Personal endings of the : ¡rH ,svj Jb¡ :¡¡¡ti
Present tense: 1- sg (em)
1- P (u) : 2- sg (e)
2- pl(ey- yast) ¿-U--'.r- 3- sg (ey)
3- Pl (Ð Lt (a)
Personal endings of the 'orÇ .,¡t..; c*t
I
I
i
t,
Iti
i,
tta
þ,
rÍ,
$,,
t.
ui
$
,í..
i'
Past tense:
1- Pl (wu)
2- pl(ey-wast) üd
(wu)
3-P (F.P) , e
ILt
,r,
I
l-sg (om) |rt 2-sg (e) Ls
l¿ -'a 3-sg(o) rt) (F.s)a, r
tt
oV
Word Order:In pashto in a simple sentence the subject comes
first, the object second, and the verb at the lastpart.
Example:
I read a book - Zahkatab lwalem $ vt:f ,;
Verb To Be:(I am) zahyem
Thou(You afe) tah ye(FIe is) Day dey(She is) Dã da(We are) mung yu(You are) Tase, yey- yast(They are) Duy di
PastQ was) Za worn
Thou (you were) Ta we(FIe was) Day wo(She was) Da wa(We were) Mung wo(You were) Tasi \r/ast- Tasi wey(They were) (M.pL) Duy wo(They were) (F.pL) Duy we
.oÂ
F
tF.
I
It
t
l
I
r
I
I
t
t
t
t
i
t
Ir
tlrII
I
&
Ë.lrÍ',
itr:
!1
tIi
Pashto rhelanguage of theAfghans 59 !ir:l'
Formation of the Present tense: J'i Jt-
The present tense is formed from the stem of the
verb by addition of the personal endings:
ryÇ ,þ"t j' tY ,*t i .þt 'i j'¿n
^" J*i ;t'; Jt-r
.1921 úLal-¡5 u$'i ¿z''¡¡e¡l¡f¡
infinitive Stem Personal endings
Liket Lik + m (I write)
JfJ S.J +t 'ffJ*¡ Oit'-ut *î
ÚJ ú)¡¡ f¡
t-iyc.-U-- d. !î-V
úr úsJ.t
uøw¡s ti
é¿ ¿3
j Ltt
,rf ,¿l'¡. y
c-þ - ús uJ;Jt (;Jt
Çs Ctt
Formation of the Past tense: ,Þ ,tzuThe simple past'tense (imperfective) is formed
either from the infinitive or from its stem by
adding the Past Personal endings'
ryL) uai,.],¡t ty, sitrJ ri¡¡b- ¿'t"at Å '-¡Ç -r!'4r:l 'I'3 cþV'
.Ls# úl^bl , ,-h ,Ps¿-t ¿l$ .søUt
Infinitive )r'a)
To see,look (Lidel) J+¡
He saw me (zah Ye lidelam) d+'.¿ o;
Infinitivel¡.o, Stem 4¿To get uP (Paschedel) J¡åt' råt'
You were gäfting op (Tah paschede) 'rËu' ^r
o1'
_ tgr;-l1The simple past tense of fprrfBy adding theprefix (waw ¡). to the imperfective form .I read (ma wulust) É ut¡ L
I saw (ma Wulid) ç, u-The'inegula¡ inransitive:To go (TIel)
.[bWenr (Wanel)
J¿y,To come (Ratlel)
JlrbCame (Raghlel)
ü¿b- In Compound verbs by putting the auxiliäry verbs
in the perfective.The work finished . (Kar khlas shu) -ú ,yYè ¿KFormation of the fufure tense: &, J,Jr._
The future tense is formed from the Orrr"n, t"irc Uyadding the particare (Ba r+ ) after the subject both inperfective andimpecrfetive.
,g¿f úLøl ycrtrl ¡r.¡¡ I r.r- rlri Jt r r¡LJ.¡J¡.¡rqs.þ.lra,-l
I will be writing a lefter
AIso by adding the prefix (waw .¡ ) to the ,-o*j#rï * u
form.
.rS ¿óI'å/- ), ¿t ,þV.9.¡L,_ .l t- u.¡U .J,l.j, .-t &Ar¡rr.Si,;.rf.r.¡
I wiu wntñtetter (za ba*r, *"iil3rf- ,itL 6,s5
r. tlJ'¡ -bi e' 6
Pashto the Laneuase of the Äfehans 61 t'i ;þ,
Common Expressions:May you not get tired (Stanay ma she) cþ ,sPMay you not get tired (Tah staray ma she) u'L tsn:'' t:
May you not become poor. ( Khwar ma she) ,þ ¿l-*
.dd JrU ü tq ^qrJ(Zah bakhat likem).
How are you ( Scha hal deY)
It's all right (Khairyet dey)
You are always welcome (Har kala ra she)
May you live all time (Har kala ose)
You are welcome (Pakhair raghle)
May you live happily ( Pa khair owe)'May God be with you (Khdai da mal éha)
æ"==,:;;-È=Ë==-.+--_-_
Dialogue (Khabere Atere) a¡t ç*I wash forprayer (Zah awdas kawom) ¡-í u.tsl '3I do my prayer (Zah.monzkawom) ¡É þ-*')Is your cloths clean? (Sta Jame pake di) tøt Jt,.r't" t"-
Is your shirt clean? (Sta kamis pak dey) lú;r éltJ, ú"!SlL"
No (nah) ü
It is dirty ( Nah khiran dey) út JrP
Which one is yourturban? (Sta pagney koma da) lrs r"¡f .rÉ,t"-This is (Da da) ¡¡l¡
Is your turban clean? (Sta pagrrey paka da) I ¡¡ ¿fU '.tl'.,,b-
1\
g;r Ju ,,;
¡9,1 C'roi
'åb ß¡
u-:l tJStt
,þl¿ *+a:l -*\
¿,, J¡ ç¡l ..gl,ri
^,j¡.þ,
No (nah)
It is also dirry. ( hagha ham khirana da)For prayer clothes should be cleaned.(da monz Lapara bayed jame pake wi)
Excercise ipJDo you fast? (Tah Rozha Lare) trg.;| ej¿¿ sYes I fast. ( Ho zah rozhalarem) .¡) e|_u ú stWhat is that place? ( Haghakom zay dey) rç5r 6tl fÉ úthat is grave yard.(Hagha Adira da) os rysleirThat is mosque (Hagha Jomat day) 6l c:,L¡,¡ ri,rIs your father alive? (Sta plar zhwanday day) us ,Js¡j ¡\bNo. He is dead ( nah hagha marr shawey dey).g;r ,sÈ ¡ ¿;, ¿jIt is very cold to day.(Nan ddera yakhni da) rs.l,.r- l,¿r ipWhere arc you going now? (Aus chirta ze) tþ sA u"¿lIVhere have you been yesterday?
(Paron chitra we) tú-t ¿,.-å ts¿,I was here. ( Hamdelta wom)
¡-r..uJ.r-lI tell no lies (Zah drogh na wayem) f.-lr rJþ, ,;He tells lies ( Hagha drogh waye) _rl, þrr.-^
¿j
ot rir5i p ¿,ia
dt" ¡-q ,¿V'eyt,St é\
rT
IÍ
t
F
If
þ
II
I
I
p
I
r!t:
t
Ë
ff,
H
þs.
Pashto the Language of the Afghans 63 ¡'i ¡ir-¿
VocabularY ùu-r
Relations (Khpulwãn) ùl#Grievances (Khapgân) ùÇTo be hurt (Khugkidel) JuS¡3-
Unlucky (Kambakht) . 4Well (Kohi or schah) DËt-
"¡,lTo advise ( Nasihat kawal) JtS ,>-*':To divide (weshat) ,þtEqual (Braber) ¡l¡Against ( Barkhelaf¡ .j)j-¡To fear ( weredel) J¡-Y,
Custom (Rewäj) Cl;.s
Rest comfertable ( Aram) l;lLoser (Perr) tNation, tribe (Qaom or Qäm) ft¡ t- f,To live on (Guzara kawel) J¡l ,.tlß
1Y
1T
To stay to LivePresent tense
I stay
You stay
He stays
V/e stay
You stay
They sray
Pastf was stayingYou was stayingHe was stayingShe was staying'We were stayingYou were stayingThey were staying(F)tt
Feminine
Jq*rl
Jt-
ç-sl cj
,*:l':c*tl ,9t
-¡-:l ir"-e:l
,-*,b
,gtl rtst
6¿lr*;-'l u,bl-,
¡.ta.¿l o3
,glo-sl so.t*316s
o.ty¡l fr
¿t--.:liy'rS¡1.a¡l ,*bJ,'o.ulg¡r
u)t.,sl rg-5t
F
F
IIú
k
Ii
E
rr
II['
F
IF
E
þ
Ë
['2i
Vl
w
h
H
$v
p
g.Á
Ëff''Ë;ftÍ1;frr
åtj.!
i
Pashto the Language of the Afghans 65 ¿'i ¡i'
Present perfectI have stayed
You have stayed
He has stayed
She has stayed
We have stayed
You have stayed
They have stayed
Past PerfectI had stayed
You had stayed
He had stayed
we had stayed
You had stayed
They had stayed
SubjunctiveI will,shall,stay
You,will, shall, stay
He,will, shall, stay'We,will, shall, stay
You,will, shall, stay
The¿wi-ll, shall, stay
# ,s^b\.,
f' J+;:l 'i¿- J+'':l s
,9t ].t;-¿l ,gs
nr,rJ.r*.¡l l,r
_y- J+rt iyc-"U.- ,¡- J+:l oU
,9t ).ta"5l tg¿t
q¡{ é^bl"¡: )+:l n3
e: JÞ:l '¡3 J+:l a¡
tt J+tl lyS: JJ*-*:l 'rb
ss )43|'r55t
+-åç-sl s rj
ur-sl s ¿:
u-jl ¿ ç5t
¿':l:lY'u-sl 3 Al;u-sl 3 r5-9t
1¿ 10'
Pashto the Language of the Afghans
Future
I willstay
You will stay
He will stay
She will stay
We will stay
You will stay
They will stay
Imperative
Stay
Stay you
He should stay
She should stay
r[+t-*
1slt4útíJl s 4 ¿J
,stsl : 4 çgt
u¡*¿l s u. l¡
-r-sl t + j:''e:l ¿.r,fU'u-sl s 4 úsJ
rr,¡l-¿
U*sl - u¿l
,.r-¡l .gsl,l -,_tslúJ ú¡
¿ri .i.
jt,
Pashto the Lanßuage of the Afghans .67 !j ¡å-
Vocabulary:Man (Sarray)Language (Ztreba)Good morning (Salam Alikom)
Question (Poshtena)
To ask To question (Poshtena kawel)
To learn (Zdakawel)To read (Lwustel)Letter (Lik)To write (Likel)Importent (Mohim)To speak OVaYel)Education (Pohena)
To understand (Pohedel)
Much, Many (Dder)Less, few (Lag)Sweet (Khog)Bitter (Trikh)Black (Tor)White (Spin)Again (Biya)Another (Bet)Price (Baya)Carpenter (farkann).Carpentry (Tarkanni)Young (Zwan)Young, she,it (Zwana)
1V11
úti,rtf.¡a, I
r"+lY-¿:zl .t.¿t
J s ,¿:;u.¿t
J3l o¡J"--)
t'l.J
JÇf,!'¡
f.iÀ ¡¡¿t
J.¡.¡,- ¿t
/-).j
.-tP
er¿i
úrt*ü4
iK;urg¡
t9JIP
^:ç
Pæhto ahe Language of the Æghans 68 uj ¿-¿
Auxiliary Verbs Jt¡l ,é-É. To become (Shwel) J-,;
Present tenseI become
You become
He becomes
She becomer
We bebome
You become
They become
Past tenseI became
You became
He became
She became
V/e became
You became
They became
They (F) became
rJL'¡.r')¡ .-
gaa
ê,st"É
l'_ú v-*. ¡ l-Lf .-fv
,-i rsst
.t6.^tW
/r t ¡_å tiJp u- c-þ':J-* t--É cç¡
.l,"å t¿ oÉ l¡
J-ú L- :-å v. -t
J-å , Ls-þ,sbJ¡ u- J-ù rsr'
J# rstt F
H
H
v,K,
IBß
Ë'
wbT;
r
I
t¡g'
w
rH
Ë
Þ
Ë
r
H
Ë
Ë,
åF
It!
i
I
I
Pashto the Language of the Afghans. 69 ¿'i iå
Present perfectI have become
You have become
He has become
She haTc become
We have become
You have become
They have become
Past perfectI had become
You hadnbecome
He had become
She had become
You had become
They had become
1^
(r#) 'þV tstJ
r"' g'þ ¡j
'j' LJtt'¿j
LSt é-È Lt}
r,l ç5¡"! l,l
t e-Èitc*U- - ,¡- çSÈ ,gtr
LSr LS-È LtJt
has became¡l have became
,-Ilr r* tt-l-aJ¡ J had became
11
(,tt¡r) 'þV e)
¡: Ú'i tiút Lt-Å ¿j
3 ú-È Ltr
t5 cts,i lt
c*l: - C: C-È s-b¿s ú-È ttst
t+-F.Í vi Èu+
,J *¿Vu¿l
Auxiliary
Present tensergoYou go
He goes
She goes
'We go
You go
They go
Past tense:I 'Went
You WentHe Went
She Went.We WentYou'WentThey Went
(F)
To Go (Tlel) Jtr
Jt¡l ,é-,É
'Jbþ,:t .-
L?þ,þ rst
,þ1,j, i,
''Þ eEþ rstt
uþu¡lY oj
r.g¡T t¿I,J'1t lr
.¡T f.rtr-¿T,-*U-
J¿Y 6¡rr.l¿T g;3r
Past ContinuousI was goingYou were goingHe was goingShe was going'We were goingYou were goingThey were going
Present PerfectI have goneyou have gone
He.has gone
ShJ!oneWe have gone
You have gone
They have gone
Past perfectI had gone'You had goneHe had goneShe had gone'We had goneYou had goneThey had gone
6¿lt ;."ÇeV# -*,¡
Jt¡ - r1,.;l,r- ú¡
¡l!- - lL'l¡,L-rVir.
Jb -.rt ,rbJt
./; tg¡r
V"j.r-rþUf.*'JJ Or ,-þ r:
"¿',þ ",rb o'rst'r-þ " 'r-* ,strr,rlJu " .rb l,
t,-þ " J inc-"t- Jb ",rt ..¡U-
úr Jb " ,j att
laloZV¡tl.,]IJ;"
ù '.,r *,gt"-þ' '")a sJ rrlJJ "
,,) ,s,
-n,-)b " J ivll-i l- l-
$tP èLlvtt,þ '.,'b úr,
(F) .s, Jb'.,'l¡.¡r,
V.
Y\
Auxilliary
ImperativeGo'(thou)Let (him, her) go_¿l-.nt go
GoLet them go
PotentialI can go
You can go
He can go
We can goYou can go
They c¿ut go
FutureI will go
You wilI go(Thou)He will go
She will go'We will go
You will go
They will go
They will go
To Come (Ratlel)
Jt¡l ,rç-,-í
ñr,/'¡/ld¿r
,-É.rr ¿I
"5 'þå' ,r¡rr,-y'.s¡ jY
cJt';tll,.*i,,ll; or,rl., ü
,; .þ ss r-þ ú
"¡,,b tt,! ts'
-å 'W u-,J iY
"É,¡!b tt,j ,-'-E
.r, Jtt .rt,j ,st,
;-rértl-r
Pashto the LanguaFe of the ÆFhans 73 '{j tti-
Conditional tense
Had I gone
Had you gone
FIad he gone
Had she gione
Had we gone
Had you gone
Had theY gone
t' '¿Y + ''i,y'lT+¡
.Ê ¿Y + .rt
.,:r¿T*tt/ ¿Y +'J.¡'
ty' ¿T ".'.tb.'å¡Y þ.ç1st
c,¡ ú.lI ¡{ úrr
SubjunctiveI may - qhall go
You maY, will go
He may; will go
She maY, will go
'We maY, will. go
You'maY, will go
They maY, will go
+-þ u^bu
dltot*';úf':'þuß
ú ç9tß¿,ll; Jr ¿L' l¡ ¿.f
Jtr- Þ¡rs,/t -,J ç*b ú
JL- tr-" ^f
ub;¡É lT t;
d¿T.,uy' -rY çs
tr'¿J l'Ê ¿1!-*
'.r rT g-b¡¿Y çrr
VT
Auxiliary
Present tense
I come
You come
He comes
She comes
We come
You come .
They come.
Past tense
I came
You came
He came
She came
We came
You came
They came
TtÍey llF)
To come (Ratlel) .'llrl,
Jt ¡l ,þ-l
Jt(Jrb )
þb,:,Jt, u
þt, at
þl¿lt9tPD YY
Past ContinuousI was coming
You were coming
He was coming
She coming
We were coming
You were coming
They were coming(F)
Present. Perfect tense
I have come
You have.come
He has come
She has come
We have eome
You have come
They háve come'
'r-rl¿,gE
,jl, att
é^bu
dt¿l-, or #1, ';,J.Ul, ,, þ1, s
t*1"ç'rLål¡ h
,tl¿b - -l*tt ¡r,'þlj - .þl: r-rb
,g¿lt :-'l éþV,Jltl, t- *t, ';
JUl.r - JSl, ør¡F,rl¿lr.rrt
' Jtrb o ulLlt s
:l;l¡ ,.9r
dbb - rJbt l'>
Jrli - _*t: ¡-,'Jttl-, - ',rt-l¡.rt¡
J¡l¡,¡rt
- .l\#J é"ave 'Flr';,-) &l¿'¡
ú),J¿li,¡,ri ,r[êl-¡lr
-Y-.,þlt v-,'o-U- ; ,-) 'þl¿.rU
úr Jåb ú3r
,,lblr.grt
Va
Past perfect
I had co'me
You had come
He had come
She had come
We had.come
You had come
They had. come
ImperativeCome
Let (hirn, hgt) come
Come youT et them come
Potential mood
Can I come
Can You come
He can come
She can come
We will come
You will come
They will come
tot{ "rå1.
¡, "Þb 'j'9t
u[ilt sre þl¿,9t
r-¡ ,rlð1.,¡ ll
:-:gÞla.jr¿-l¡ -'A:,þl¿ ,-¡.,b
s ¿þl¿ '9¿t
'u¿l^Å1.,
- Ll.,
cå .;stl¿
êlt-,þ,bci
'st l¿
cJt'.,jlK"l
É -Uln;,i ,)l¿'¡
¡ l-lcP t.}-t¿ ú¡
"Éf¡ + t'
Èl¿ +jv,ål¿ 4crb
cål¿ 4 tsst
.
Pashto the LanguaFe of the Afghans 77 a'j ¡¡i
SubjuntiveShall, may I come
You may come
He may come
She may come
We may- shall come
You may shall come
They maY shall come
Past conditional tense
If I had come
If you had come
If he had come
If she had come
If we had come
If you had come
If they had come
If they had come
V1
+-åÉl,'j,¡^l¿'s
"Élr.gt,rl.¡ l¡
-Èt:ir',-jlt,gE,jl¿ as'
#tl, t- *t, '; ^fJttl, U- jsl.¡ s ß
tl¿ rgt ß
^lbb t- rbl-¡ b rf
,.Ltrl, - -*lt¡-,'ß.Jttl, - '¿tib u-1i.5
Jbl-¡ .r-r, d(F) ,ttl, ú¿s ß
^-b; ,sþl',
VY
Pashto thelansuage oftheÆehans 78
Note: üf ¡l+Present. continuous:
Sentence corrunences with (ka) ef= if(Ka day razi no zat'ba zem) þ u. ,: -i ,ib ,st ßIf he keeps on coming, I shall keep on going
(first sentence in simple present and second in the
simple future)
Past continuous:Use imperfect in the first sentence and habituai in
the second.
(ka hagha mtlu or rata no zah ba tlem) ab þ. ù) -; sl-rt¿ rtl-r ¿-¡ rfIf he had kept on coming, I would have kept on going
Present Conditional:(Ka hagha Rashe no zah ba Lalr shem) d¡Y + rþ $l¿út ÉIf he comes I will go.
Past conditional:The word (way,rlr) after the uninflected past participle in
the first sentence:
(ka tah raghly way no zah ba talay wom)
P ') +¡) t el: 'þl¿
s ßIf you had come,I would have gone.
v^
¿ri .:.3,
Negative Past: : 6þ1" ,.ît-In the negative pasr the na = Ài is placed after the following
particles:. å| .*¡;bl ¡år ¡J +'. '',r ,rd- rl.;rr é ,*U ,.þ u,
(Rä) b
(dar) ¡)(War) ))(Waw) t' "
lr(wä)(Lã) T
(Pre) Ltt,
(Pore) ú)4Fle came - (Hagha RägheY) ',-Pl¿ ti.a
He didnot come. (Hagha Rã na ghey) ',-f ^jb tiÀ
I went. (Zah Larrem) ¡lY ni
I didnot go (Zah Lä na rrem) ¡l ei I oj
I took (Mä wakhist) t'*åLL.
I didnot take ( Mã wa na khist) 't:-+ rjLt'
I saw hirn (Mä wolid)
I did not see him (Mâ wo na lid) +J ¡;L¡ol_¡L
V1
Pashto tlreLanguage of theÆgans 80
Vocabulary:
Man (Sarray)
Language (Zhaba)
Good morning (Salam Alikom)
Question (Poshtena)
To question- To ask (Poshtena kawel)
To learn (Zda kawel)
To Read ( Lwustel)
I-etter ( Lik)To write (Likel)
Importent (Mohim)
To speak (Wayel)
Education (Pohena)
To understand (Pohedel)
Much, Many (Der)
Less,few (Leg)
Sweet ( khog)
Biner (Trikh)
Black (Tor)
White (Spin)
Again ( Biya)
Another ( Bel)
kice (Baya)
Carpenter (Tarkann)
^.
¡i .:.L
,JLå,
é?.¿atJ
éJ.ct)[-¡.i¡.1 ¡
t J¡
JJ +L- t.,J .¿f
JJ o¡
J'-J,d=J
JTJ
f,!¡
Ä.iÀ gJ?
J¡.¡-_ ¿a
t-¡t
:te-;¿-f
.tg
t*
&+{
f,K;
F
Pashto thelanguage oftheAfghans 81 &i¡¡¡-
Carpentery (Tarkanni)
Young (Zwan)
Young (she, it) (Zwana)
Acquaintance:
Salam zmã nom zarghon deY
Salam zmâ nom zarghona da
Zah Afghan yem. tase schok Yastey
Zah ham a,fghana yem.¡- lliil¿ rj
Tah zda krra kawe rrgf tf tti t:Ho zah da karhenne pohenzi ke zdakrra kawem.
' ?Í '..l "j .5'!< L;"al u jJt$¡Zah ham Pa hamdagha pohenzi ke zdakrra kawem.
ó" tu," ra redu ,,;;.;;",r{;f ;;'H."¡"''ï:'n u
ú- úl',Åii ei;J.t.J d,r-blManena. Hela da Biya be sara wo ttno'rr-, ¡¡ 4 k ¡¡ ¿L¡ ¡:¡.Da khday paman.
¡LU, ú;htrPa makha de íha..
*AtÉ-4
çß $þ'
',,5> l*,j ¡r t ; trX-
ot ü3L-r3 ¡r t-.j tpt-
l,r:-U- ulË,rb .¡- irL^ål rj
d'6-lûtþ
'rlj,
A\
Pæhto theLanguage of theÆghans 82
: ' -:.Read and write i ï,ì:-tiji.cÁ+L :l,Jj:
':l
Afghan '¿,ti¡l
Afglians ) ¡UtiilPashton trù.,Pashtons ltr;.1
Pashto *,The language of the Afghan (da Afghan zhaba) e,j ¡LiilrThe languag of the Afghans (da Afghanano zhaba) e,j.¡jUl'xlr
Boy (halek)
Boys (Halakan)
Girl (nageley)
Girls (nagune)
Name (Baryalay)Name (Torpekey)
Good (shq)
Friend (malgeray)
Table (maiz)Pen (kalam)'Woman (shaza)
Room (kotta)Chair (schawkbyj
¡'ì.:.Jg Pashto the Language of the Afghans 83 &i ii-'
.tllÀ
¡tll'r,e
,lJ_r?
Jt'¿¿,
l-p¿l
+úÉt
""'ftta-
lgu¿
sS-. rJ
éi
Excercise:
Modsety (Pashto) ,r+,
Modest (Pashton) ùJ+,
To understand (Pohedel) J¡=r¿
Do you understand? (Tah pohege) ç ,..-.J - ^,. VJ.' ¿l
Yes,I understand. (Ho zah pohegenr)lfl' 'j'J¡
did you'understand? (Poh shwe) 1. çsF oa
Yes I understood (FIo zah poh shwem)ç-ù o4 o3 ¡
Say it again (BYa wowaYa).,-l¡¡ t*
$ay it again (Bya wo waYeY)t''¡'l¡-l k
\ilho are you ? (Tah schok ye) G ., ;1 ,¡- ¿i ':What is your name ? (Sta nom scha dey) \ -7.rp Ë tit"-V/hat is your father's name? (sta da plar nom lîlg..liyl*r.,-
1 cr¡ ^- ! )4'Where is your home ? (Kor de cherta dey)
Ç ,g> tjr;7 çtJ )-ÍIs there any one there ? (Flalta schok shta) ¿ - ,:.
AY
dt¿r¡
AT
Pashto the Language of the Æghans 84 ti ¡:!-
Read and Write
What is it ? (Dã scha shaY deY)
It is a book @â kitab deY)
What is it ? @a scha shaY deY)
It is ink. ( Dagha rang deY)
This is a pen. (Dã kalam deY)
This is a pencil. (Dâ Pensil deY)
This is an inkwell. @ämushwaney da)
This is a booklet. ( Dã kitabcha da)
This is a room. (Dã kotta da)
What is that ? ( Hagha scha shaY deY)?
That is a booklet. (Hagha kitabcha da)
What dose he do? (Hagha scha kawi)
He studies. (Hagha durs lwali)
V/hat are you doing? ( Ta scha kawe)
I am writing a litter. (Zakhatlikam.)
What is he doing? ( DaY scha kawi)
He writes a letter. ( day khat liki).
We and (thou) you. (Mung aw tah)
We and he. (Mung aw daY)
We and she. (Mung aw dã)
AL
'rJJ-t:l Jj:I,.gl ,r^! Ëlr
¡.9s ¡¡l:fl:l..¡r,.,É ¿ ¿t
,g 3;¿ tjt
.5s ,Ji lr
.!r J;¡,1:
orll3,å...1r
¡¡ ¡r.¿tll¡
r: r;¡fll
lU¡,y' r> ri¡o¡ ¡-rt¡f ri¡
trgT *| tt
J¡J.,r-r¡ !otr53l ;L ':
'SJ f'';
f ..gy' Ë .tr
,rÇ!i úr
^: ¿l i-*,5t 5l .i-t
b 3lir¡
Pashto the Language of the Afghans 85 ¿'i ;*
Read and Write
We and you (Mung aw tasi)
We and theY ( Mung aw duY)
You and theY (Iase aw duY)
You and I (Tase aw zah)
You and he (Tase aw daY)
You and we (Tase aw Mung)
You and she, it (Tase aw dá)
They and I. (DuY aw zah)
They and You (DuY aw Tasä)
They and we (DuY aw mung)
They and he (DuY aw daY)
They and she @uY aw dã)
.r#r:l Jj:,gV sli-¡'
,9e 5t i:,.531¡ì ,r-b
rj rl.rbç¡;r¡l .rrb
i-" ¿l 'gVl: ¡l .r-b
$ 2l rg¡t
,-.,E i 'sst'j-¡t sl ,tst
g;.r elg;¡r
lt ¡l .g¡r
Âo
Pashto theLanguage oftheAfghan$ 86
ri.J¡ ,. {tr , in, l¡ ' É¡ , ¿i , rj
Duy ; Tasa ; Mung ;Da; Day ;Tah1'Zah
I and you (Zah aw tah)
I and he (Zah Aw Day)
I and they (Zah Aw Duy)
I and you (Zah Avr Tase)
I and she (Zah aw Da)
I and you (Tah aw Zah)
You and he (tah aw Day)
You and she (tah aw Da)
Yqu and we (Tah aw Mung)
You and they (tah aw Duy)
He and I me. (day aw Zah)
He and you ( Day aw Tah)
He and she (Day aw Da)
He and we (Day aw Mung)
He and you (Day aw Tase)
¡i .:..1,
lo¿lej
g:11 oj
¿i¡ 2l ej
u-l: 3l o;
h -¡l o;
t3¿lr.
ú, Jl )ilr 3l e;
i-r':l ':6es ¿l úoj -rlg¡c ¡l6sb -¡l .9r
J:' sl ,St
,r-L- ¡lgl
Pashto the Language of the Afghans 87 &i ¡¡L' '
SgCtiO fi 4: ;^iJ,Á"JJt
Demonstrative Pronouns
Proximate
He - this (m) dagha
She - this (F) daghe
These (M+F) dagho
Remote
He - That (Hagha)
She - That (haghe)
Those- that (ÍIagho)
dagha
Hagha
Of him, of this
Of her, of this
Of those
(M-Ð sing+plural This dã l¡ = dagha
(Fem + m sing) de c.5¡ daghe=
of him, of that
of her , that
of those them
J-l-þ 6.¡tillÚtJ
rå¡
tJìt
i¡
a)' riÀ
,PJr¡rå.t
ri¡
ri.l¡
t'É"
úf t5
+i¡#Lr
^1
¡i¡¡
"i¡lrj¡j¡¡
AV
Pashto the Language of the Afghans 88 'i;i-'.çé J*.'-La.í-¡Lilr ¡o .¡¡' r grr ' lr ¡ rr ' tgt :Ài1 )b-
(DuY , De , Dã , Da, DaY)
Note: These pronouns (Day - Da - Dã -De- Duy) also are consid-
ered ai demonstrative Pronouns'Thisda dagha
da da
of this da daghe
da de
dagha ta ¿: ;.Lt
dagha lara oJ r;,dagha la ¿J ¿-c¡
to this daghe ta ,,-..f)daghe lara
'J #,daghe Ia ,J ,¿t
' la dagha r-c¡ ¿J
la da ¡¡ rJ
la de Lr) ¡J
ladana ¡jr¡dFrom thrs
la daghe ,¡t rJ
lade úrJladena ,.,grd
É¡
= (Dä) b t- (dagha) rå¡
rå¡¡¡)J
,/,,úJ¡
Pashto tftt Lt"gttgt tf tht Afgh
ubt rå¡ Ltr Út5 Ú) l'¡
Daghe Dagha DaY DuY De Da
these=
of these=
to these=
Jr¡ -'¡¡ ¡i¡ ¡ér
Hagho Haghe Hagha Dagho
This man (Dà sarraY)
This woman (Dä shaza)
This boY (Dä Halek)
This girl (Dã NjeleY)
This womon (De shaze)
This boY (De Halek)
He goes (DaY zi)
They go ( DUY zi)
This boY (Dagha Halek)
This girl (DagheNjeleY)
These boYs (Dagho Halekano)
That man (Hagha SarraY)
That woman (Haghi shaze)
Those men (Hagho SarraYo)
Those men ' Women (flagho Shazo)
dagha
da dagho
dagho ta
dagho lara
^^
¡ir¡¿¡*¡
,) *t
ú¿- lt
4,,.4b l¡
uþlt
t.,? ú5
.db.grI,l ,t5
,è rtst
clb ¿¡
^)+ ct;\lb is
.r# úJ.,fet+þ-i,; *
¿L¿ út, dl¡ ^¡¡ ,J4 ús 'sþ rår
^1
ri¡ri¡
Pashto the Language of the Afghans 90 e,j ¡:r,.,,
(Dã Sarray dey) This is a man. 'rtr sl¡lr(Dã Halek dey) This is a boy. 'Lt¡.stb l¡
He is happy. (Day Khoshala dey) .¡r dt*:¡i,¡r
She is happy. (Dã khoshala da) ,r dl,'.!¡.i lr
This pen is black. (Dagha kalam tor dey) .er.¡.¡,- f r-år
That pen is white. (Flagha kalam spin dey) úr .¡' ÊU l-À
This girl worked. (Dahge Nejeley kar wokerr) ft ¿Lf *þ ,,Lt
That girl did not work.(Haghe Nejeley kar wonekerr) ;í:.¡jr;þ u;o
These boys worked. (Dagho Halekano kar wokerr) ¡{-r.rll¡tllr;rThese boys didnot work. (Hagho Halekano kar woneken)Ér -rtf ¡tlbr;..Read and write. (Walwaley wolikey) 1fl:.Jj.tJust hand me that book please.
@agha Kitab kho rakrra)
This is true. ( Dã kho reshtya da)
I will do this. (Zakho da kar kawem)
Does this road go to the city?
(Dagha Lar shar ta zi)
It is very cold today.(Non dera yakhni da)
A fortnight ago. (Dwa hafte yxa oney kegi)
Come carefully. (Pa Pam sara raza)
Be careful. (Pam kawa)
May be Sacrificed. ( Qurban de shem)
1.
' Pashto the Laneuase of the Afehans 9l ^'i ¡:!-
Conjunctions g.¡¡ J"..¡ I
Simple conjunctions: and (Aw) rl É : L:'lBut ( Magar) J-If (Ka) ¿s
¡ ll , è -rl5 rêsa<
, !r Ç':='élr
¡É JSß è'i
þ t¡Ç¡T rår
lt,r':!q rr¿r ¿l
,sé Ç¡tll,r¡i¡ r¡r
tllr r- ru,ti
¡J.L- ll
¡'l rrr Atj
also, even (ham)
Or (ya)
No (Na)
Compound conjunctions: ,ó-rAlthough (Ka scha ham)
But if not (Ka na )
Subordinating conjunctions:
If (ka) sfhit- when (Che) åBecause - therefore (Zaka) ,KL
Because (Zaka che) ér 'l¿Despite of (Sara la de che) ¿¡ r¡;t ú rr."
Because (Wale che) ,¡¡ r):But (Laken) r,J'J
But (Kho) -r,
Only (Yawaze) ,ítt-
1\
Pt_
ü
e;; súß
Pashto thelanguage of theÆghans 92 'i¡¡*
also......... also
No...........No
Or........... or
Some time.....some time
Na.........na
Ya........ya
.-írurtj.:-l ,¡J + ¡ ¡l ú
tt; ßtl ,þ s
',J-rl-lJ' l'j JÊ ^t
.Ltr rs 's.þt, ,S Jl ¿ + ,j
. cr rl or- DJr-r) þ è At.¡3 r* ¡ L S
.or ej rs¡i t¡¡ lg -r -È a¿:l g 4;t i ,rt
r'¡""rt'
¡i......¿j
t-......-t-
.r-¡¿ls 'r¿t
ßL ¿ J-b-¿ t{ t*¡
.t-ury-t .J- dì & t93 ¡j Jt ¿ ut
VocabularY ,rtJ
Book (Kitab)
Pen (Kalam)
Paper (Kaghaz)
House (Kor)
Country (Hewad)
Lesson (Lwust)
Work (Kaar)
And (Aw)
Also (Ham)
Sun (Lmar)
Room (Kotta)
Yes (Ho)
No (na)
Hand (Las)
Foot (Pesha)
Face (Mokh)
Eye (Sterga)
Nose (Paza)
Neck (Ghana)
Finger (Gota)
Nail (nook)
qî
.-¡kl
rrþ
i's)-Í
tl¡¿¡
-t
Jtl
rl
f'J
'iÍI
,tj
¡-:!
tu
t5,:¿
¡þ
¡ rLäI
stl,!i
,. Pashto thelanguage ofthe Afghans 94 ¡i¡:i
Section 5- a|¡. ¿^La
Infinitive )J*a'oz ßJ 6;,¡é'r- tJ' ¡¡l rJ'r''r rJr ¡"r"¡i¡:¡"¿¡'f-fr:fñ-:
All infinitives in Pashto language end with letters "Lam J"
,,yadel J¡-"and "Wal J¡" for example:
Likel,,to write" , Auredel "To hear'i Matawal "To break"
A: Infinitive on the basis ofconstnrction and ending: :L''Ll 1, ¡Fl¡l d¡¿r '¡"r'ae
:rjll
1- Infinitives ending(Lam J): g rg.o*rJrr,, r_,a tjl¿rø¿¡ - 1
Wahel(tobeat) J",Likel (towrite) JÇZtlLarrel (to weeP) ¡t:2: Infinitive ending (wal)
s.) ,gie:;rJ-¡, t ,¡7 ti5¿.tat r;t - 2Matawal (to Break) -'1 J¡uGerzautal (to Tum) t-l¡3-Infinitive ending (Yadel)
Matedel (to be broken)Zharredel (to weeP)
4- infÏnitive ending (Kawel)
Pakhla kawel (to reconcile)
Porta kawel (to take uP)
5- infinitive ending (Kedel)
judakedel (to saPerate)
prekedel (to be cut)
.'
Purhto thrlunguuge of üttA
B: Infinitive on the basis of meaning::u"Ll !, cl"¡ -¡J"at "r-'t
.,,,r¡ Jut ù ,lrr'"É.¡l¡J r¿l:r,J-'jI 5l ¡9't'u"93t'É'rJr *t '¡1
/.l¿')''ø ú
i rsltrJ¡r .,'iJ.rq t .,3 Jt¡tu¡ ,l rsé #1.¡jT J¡ 'ilt tJ¡.,-t J'¡!'çÁ J.*t Jwltg'r*''
Allinfinitivesthatendinletter(LamJ)areconsideredbothtran-
sitive and inrransitive. But verbs that end in ( Yadel J¡- ) are intrdn-
sitive and that end in (V/el J' ) are transitive'
:llJ.¡r=.É *J.r,-, ., ,å ¿i:sYt" - l-J¡+'t'
J'r'a3
:elJ ,.9¡¿¡'È *Jrf , ^', ç7 ti::r¿' tb - 4
JfÞJ-f ut¿
ÉJ ¡g¡.*.J¡J, - * *r-rill;J¡J.r¿
It
end in (Wel ) are nansitive'
Regular transitive Verbs:
In the present tense the final (U )
of the infinitive is changed to
the present tense personal endings:
Infinitives:
Likel:
Zah; Ltk + m: Likem
tJt',t ,Ft) orst-! ÉrÉ'
wahel:
Zah: Wah +m : Wahem
Tarrel:
ZahTarr + m: Tarrem
Note: (see personal endings page 65)
r;ra¿ rJr tàZ ¿.to't;J ';t'; Jt" r"
g¿È ¿l:Å, u.-øÚ t-,,i c-é:dJ '.¡Jt'.':-l
.SJ^*t
JÇ
fÇ:¡+lJ:rj
t'¡tf*r3:tj
È:l'l:¡j
lo
, Pashto the Language of the Afghans 96 r'i ¡¡fo
Regular Intransitive Verbs: tJt*¡t ,.,Ñ-d u.rcti .r"jIAll regular intransitive verbs tLd.rr, .J, ¡¡-.r rþ ct ¡ Jt- r,
in "Yadei J¡-" as: ,-É' t " ut¿t¿ ¿'t'ar \ '''. :ú .s)
To arrive (Rasedel) J-.--., tdj tçJ¡¿ sti ur þ'
To stay, Live (Ausedel) Jr*rt
In the present tense: By dropping the
infi.nitive :"Lam J" and change the finalrr¿¿[ J" of the infinitive to "ge¡ "
. ¿.t^øthen conjugate with the rules of regular gfå51t-9 p!9.- J+.,tInfinivite:
"
;;; -. ,-l*.,l'2=P -- r.P -- J'+'.¡
Infinitives:
To stay, to live: Osedel--
Pashto ttre LanguaFe of the Afghans 97 ¡{j r+
To beat (Wahel þ, ,,t ¡
Present tense: tJtt\,
I beat (Zah wahem) P"jYou beat (Tah wahe) "¡"5He beats (DaY wahi) 'js'ÉtWe beat (Mung waho) tt i-t'You beat (Tase V/aheY) '-Ì: '¡VThey beat (DuY wahi) '¿t utt
To arive: Rasedel
J+., ----- ¡r--r --j-- ¡i.-.r Raseg + m (I arrive )
To tremble: Rapedel----- RaPed
Jra¡ 'q¡ Rapeg +m Rapegem (I tremble)
Jr*rl ¡i--rl Osegem (I live ,staY)
Osed----------Oseg + m
Rased------- Rasegem
Future tenseI will bear (Zah ba wahem)
You will beat ([ah ba wahe)
He will beat (DaY ba wahi)
We will beat (Mung ba waho)
You will beat (Tase ba waheY)
They will beat (DuY ba wahi)
ImperativeBeat (wo waha)
Beat you (Wo waheY)
Prohibitive:
Don't beat (Ma waha)
don't beat you (Ma waheY)
1V
:rL:i:*'fs t'. ti
tls t¿' t¡
cP¡ ¡r ú¡
t: t.i_t
cP-l r¿,.r¡b
sPs tt çLl}
zuralttJJ
Us:
zu$ttJ þ
,ì: b
Pashto thelanguage of theÆghans 98 ^'ir+Past participle: Formed by adding "ay ,¡ " to the
infinitives:
Wahel + ay
Beat'en: Wahelay ..J¡¡ : rr + Þ-r
Written: Likel + ay ,JÇ : ¡¡ + $JLikelaY
Thq imperfective :gi-¡Lo-" "l ,sþlaIm perfective tense is formed by adding to the infinitive
past tense Personal endings.
He was beating me Ê-, ,j ú
He was beating you ub¡ r; u¡
He was beating him Þ¡.¡r.i¡He was beating her rb-r
' ur
He was beating us þ-r.j-t,.bHe was beating you ..I¡,¡¡t- r¿.
He was beating them ,br.¡r, dHe was beating them(F) ,þrgls eir
Tf
III
tß
t,
t
{
fi
ï
I
Perfective tense: add the prefix waw
tense as follow:
..
Pashto thelanzuage of theÆghans 99
He beat me (hagha zah wo wahelam)
He beat you (hagha tah wowahele)
He beat him (hagha day wo wahelo)
He beat her (hagha da wowahela)
He beat us (hagha mung wowaheloo)
He beat you (hagha tasi wowaheley)
He beat them (hagha duy wowaheloo)
1^
Present perfect: .'.,*,.; ,s^bVhesent tense of the verb with past participle;
He has beaten me (Flagha zah wa helay yem) re,Þr ü u¡He has beaten you (hagha tah wahelay ye) c/- .,b-, /'i ¿j¡
He has beaten him ( hagha day wahelay dey) ,.sr c,þ¡ grr rir'He has beaten her (hagha da wahele da) or,rb3 h ri-c
He has beaten us ( hagha mung wahele yoo) ¿,þt'¡y ^bHe has beaten you (hagha tasi waheli yey) A-,-\ .,-b Ài¡
He has beaten them ( hagha duy waheli di) ,tt ,+r f¡r rir
Past Perfect: l.¡.r "råt,
Past tense of the verb with past pafiiciple:
He had beaten me (Hagha zahwa heley wam) ¡, "þ.r ü ¿i¡
He had beaten you (hagha tah waheley we) r.tr ,r-l¡¡ c r"ir
He had beaten him ( hagha day waheley wo) i,þ: sr ,r.ir
He had beaten her (hagha da wahele wa) e-¡.rl-r3 h ri-r
He had beaten us ( hagha mung wahele wo) tt ,þti-t'ú¡He had beaten you (hagha'tasi waheli wey) 'a-t,þ:,rL-.-nHe had beaten them ( hagha duy waheli wo) ': rþ¿ g!¡r rirPresent Potential: l]Jt" 6ll.U-,1I can beat (Zah wahelay sham) i,þ.t o:
You can beat (tah wahelay she) ,å rþ: r:
He can beat ( day wahelay shi) ,.,É,-lnr.rtWe can beat (Mung waheley sho) *,Þ:i-rYou can beat (Tasi wahelay shey) t,-å,þ:,eb
They can beat d,-Jrr.çrt
11
in to the imperfective. -rt . I.e.Ð asért
Ê¡-r'j I'r
,rl¡t, ¿i rir
¡b.. rr¡ ¿j¡
rl¡ q.r lr /.i¡
Þ::!t ø'sl¡tJ ,¡-U'¡i¡
Þu.g¡r.i,
43 -;J-
pashto the Languase of rtre Afghans 100
Irregular Transitive VerbsTo do ( kawel)
Ido (Zah'kawem)
To take away (Wnal)
I take away (wrrem)
To bring (Rawrrel)
I bring (Rawrrem)
To lead a way (Bewel)
I lead a way (Byayem)
Jt-¡l úJrr¡ rgrcG ,¡¿JÍ
¡É'jùr
I,p rj
J+1,
H¿ls'iJt'.
rr¿t* rj
Irregular IntransitiveTo go (Tlal)
I go ( Zahzam)
To come (Ratlel)
I come (Zah Razam)
To become (Shwal- kedel)
I become ( Zah kegem
To sit (Kshenastel)
I sit (Zah Kshenem)
Note:
gl g
verbs JUI c/jY ,Jþti ,¡¿
:
Pashto the Language of the Æghans 101 ¡i ¡liThe.o-pound verbs are formed by adding'
Kawel J¡ and kidet J+rto nouns and adjectives:
eil-ålrr- ¡V-,3l i-t-i ^J.J¡J¡I-Jefr'-rÇJ j-u*t ¡rl'¡ t'fl é¡t
:J¡¡,¡.rjY n rsé
Intransiiv: c/jYTo be given ( warkdel) J¡J¡¡
To die ( marr kidel) JrJ¡
To be made (on kidel) J'rJ¿-'+
To understand ( Poh kidel) J¡l U
To be irrigated ( Oba kidel) J'rJ r.,-¡t
To be shut ( Pore kidel) J¡J ..s.lr*
To be cut ( Pre kidel) J'Á+
To be broken ( mat kidel) J'rJ c'l'
To be wounded ( zhobel kidel) J"J ù.l:
To be destroyed ( barbad kidel) J'r¡ tu'¿
Transitive ú'tt:¡To give (warkawel) J'l'To kill (marr kawel) J-l¡
To make build (Jorr kawel) J-l¿s
To inform understand ( Poh kawel) J'Í''¿
To irrigate (Oba kawel) Jtl u¿l
To cut (Pre kawal) J-l 'st¿
To break (Mat kawel) JÍ a¿
To wound (Zhobel kawel) J.¡5 ot'
To destroy (Barbad kawel) JÍ '":J¡ 'u¡
\.\
To form fransitive from regular intran ¡jTr el o¡\J J¡¡¡+' J*i tr't':''rsitive verbs change "yedalñJ.,,]'of the -r' ,¡ J+ rJ¡r ¿í .l' r<Jq¡J*i
infinitive in to"Wel" J¡ : .!riS J^¡ úr'-t'
Transitive IntÈansitive
To make to get up (Paschawet¡$r* To get up J¡.¡q
To make to arive (Rasawel) J-, To arrive J'*,
\..
Jtr
þ,:Ñt
þt":Jr¡ -J¡
(é,:Ji."l+.ß
É.tJ,f,tJ àj
:¿-j-¡¡L-
Pashto theLanguage oftheAfghans 102
Infirt,ï,..:
To do (Kaw)
To write (Lik)To go (Z) -To read (Lwal)
To drink (Schash)
To eat (Khwar)
To take (akhal)
To see (Win)To have (Lar)
t$¿J*,aa
-tél.J
t
Jrt
+¿P
J;r33
)To know (Poheg) t'aTo beat ( Wah) n3
To say tell (Why) ¿t¿
To stand to rise(paschedel);u,
To stop ,stand (Daredel) 'l¿J
To arrive (Rasydel) tt)To shine (Zalydel) #TO move (Khwazedel) jrTo do pain, To cripple (khoydedl) y¡ÉTo change (Badledel) J*To become sweet(khwagedel) y;r;
(kawel) JÉ(Likel) ,lqt(Tlel) ñ(Lwastel) J-"J(tsashel) J+( Khwarrel) ùÉ(Akhistel) J:";l(Lidel) J+l(Larel) J,l
(Pohidel) J¡++(Wahel) J'.,(Wayel) fu(pasch) J*it,(dareg) J.r,¡,
(ras) J,t*.,
(zalig) J+,tj
(khwaz) Jr,;É(khwageg) Jr,;(badl) J+l*(khwageg) J*¡É
.
Pashto thelangpage oftheÆghani 103 'i¡*'
To hope, wish (Aarzo kawel)
To ask (Poshtena kawel)
To find (Peda kawel)
To watch (Saeyl kawel)
To study (Tasil kawel)
To make to buid (Jonawel)
To weep ( Zharel)
VocabularyLook (\Magora)
Light (Rannã)
Dark ( Tayare)
Morning (Gaeiz- Sahar)
Afternoon ( Maspesôhin)
Noon (Garma)
Day ( Wraz)
Night (Shpa)
To day - Now (Nan)
yesterday (Paron)
Tomorrow ( Saba)
evening ( Mascham)
Sun-set (Mazdeger)
Sun (Lmar)
Moon (Spogmey)
Eafth (Mzeka)
J-l t:'iJS ':*u¿ ..,
JJ t.r-¿ -a
J/ J*Jrs J*i.
Jt.¿*ì^U¿)
.t¡s-È s
t.Þ-¡
t-ùJ9ç¿,1 -,1¿-,
IU1,-:{u
ttritJ
c))+É
¿/
itsi1.,
.Lltt.-É-r.¡t"
J'r/).#,t¡\rr,
ütJ
\.7
Pashto the l-anguage of the Afghans 104 !i Fl:
Year ( kal) JK
Spring (PsarlaY) J*'Summer (Aunay) é¿:l
Auturnn ( ManaY) 'ëV/inter (ZhamaY) '13.#tFriend (Malgery)
Girlfriend (Malgerè) '3JtCountry (Flewad) ¡l'¡¿¡
Faculty (Pohanzey) i*¿Law (Qanoon) ¡¡rU
School (ShowenzeY) 'þt*Education ( Showana) t::1
To see (Katel) 'FTo read (Lwustel) J'-JTo laugh (Khandel) J¡+
Letter (Lik) "t'JBig (Loy) sjLife (Zhwand) 'üs3
Death (Mnena) "+To see (Katel) J'fQuestion (Pushtena) tú4To ask (Pushtena kawel) J-,1 "'lr'Mine (Khpul) ù¡Exit (Watel) 'þ:Eat (Khwanel) ùÉPoet (Shaier) ¡bTo teach (Dars warkawel) JÍss ¿st
\.f.
Pæhto the Language of the Afbhans 105 'i iiFriend (MalgeraY) é¿
Star Ú¿-P
Teacher (ShowonkeY) 'þt*Home (Kor)People (Khalk)Yes (Ho)
Important (Mohim)
Water (Obah)
Flour (Orrah)
Cold (S?rrah)
Grass (Washah)
Milk (shide)
Butter (Kuch)
VocabularY1ll ( Na¡ogh)Hospital (Roghtun)
Hospital (Shafa khana)
Pain (Dard)
Doctor (Dãrkter)
Medicine (Dawã)
Chet (Noskha)
Cold (WalgY)
Surgery (Jarãhi)
General (Dakhela)
Operation (AmalYat)
I am illI go to hospitalMy head hursts, "I hav a headache"
Docter will give me a chit.
I take medicineCold is bad.
\. o
49)sgas3t¡tätrr¡l
à#l
¡,LI
+t)tf'tt¡
6-Í
üLl. t.
U)vl-*-t¿¿jBUi
lJj
-Jltl¡:
ti*i
Ér,I
.-?tà¡lil¡
ùl ,t.,
¡' i-rl;'j, .-. -2f F it*s¿
,9J s¿t 4-*afl¡ ';; + 'Jlt
Êl l,'.r) J{ éL
,dJ;
tt
e
Pashto theLanguage oftheAfghans 106
To clean by shaking (Schanddel)
To leak (Schaschidel)
To turn (Scharkhidel)
To slèep (Schamlastel) 1To stand (Daridel) t
To stop (Darawel)
To march (Dromel)
To have ( Darlodel)
To frighten, fear (Ddaridel)
To fill (Ddakawel)
To increase (Dderidel)
To arrive (Ratlel)
To buy/ to seize (Ranewel)
îo carry, to bring - (rawastel)
To carry (Rawerrel)
To run (Zghastel)
To run (Zghalidel)
To be born (Zegidel)
To store (7-erma kawel)
To put (Gedel)
To burn (Swazel)
To burn (Swel)
To keep (Satel)
To show (Showel)
To neutralize (Shanddidel)
To drive-away (Sharel)
To become a shamed (Sharmidel)
To shake (Schorawel)
\r1
J¡¿rJ.t ¡t¡J¡+,'
J"-y-iJ.l¡,J¡-¡¡
J.¡-r¡J'rr'J.r"¡l¡
Jf¡Jr."-l
Jr-t,J;t,J'tu)l)J+lt
J"-U;J,tJ¿;
Jr*riJ-l u¿;
J¡,ÊnJr-JFLJtå
J¡-+t¡J¡{
Jr--r¡Jr*
Pashto thelanguage of theÆghans 107 . &i¡¡þ'
To kiss (Schkolawel) JJriTo send (Astawel) J'-lTo take, get (Akhistel) JtL;l
To turnover (Avushtel) J-'lTo loy down (Ishodel) Jri-lTo pull out (Istel) J:*¿l
To fly (Alotel) 'j'Jle-To boil (Ishedeel) J"ro'i"-l e
To hear (Awredel) J'r',¡¡l r/
To dress (Aghustel) 'l-'¿lTo burn ( Balidel) J+l¿
To set on fire (Balawel) J*To lose (Bailel) Jt't{
To shine (Breshedel) J+ry'r
To call ( Balel) Jt{
To separate - Divide (Bilawel) ùl#
To present (Bakhshel) J+fu
To lead- To take along @iwel) L¿
To light To set on fire (Balawel) ùt{
To load (Barawel) J¡''l+
Teknow (pohadel) J¡+¿
To conceal, hide (Pattedel) J*¿
To ask (Poshtedel) J'rt-q'*
To purchase (Perodel) J¡¡¡+'
To abandon let (Preshodel) J'''t t'¿
To o.Pen þranistel) J-JhtoFatt ( prewatel) 'þs¿
\.Y
Pashto the Language of the Afghans 108
Excercise
To want (Ghushtel)
I want ( Zah ghwarrem)
To look, see ( Katel)
I look, see ( Zah ghorem)
To take (Akhestel)
I take (Zah akhlem)
To say, tell, speak (V/ayel)
I say , tell speak (Zah wayem)
To see (Lidel)
I see (Zah winem)
To read ( Lwustel)
I read (Zah Lwalem)
To hear (Auredel)
I hear (Zah aurem)
To recognize (Pejhandel)
I recognize (Zah Pejhanem)
To laugh (Khandel)
I laugh (Zah khandem)
To weep , cry (Zharrel)
I weep, cry (Zahîharrem)
¿#
rrtè,:J"r
pl ,:
J'l*;l
Él ';J"¡
r"-lr tjJç
¡: a)
Jr-JdJ,;J.r,r3l
¡ssl oi
J,¡j.-
f"** t;
J¡¿
dBüJ¿:
Ht3 ú
Pashto thelanguaFe oftheÆghans 109 "i¡:l
VocabutaryTo know (Pezhandel)
To cross ( Porewatel)
To cut ( Frekawel)
To hide To conceal (Pattawel)
To go (TleÐ
To bind (farrel)
To escape - to Flee (Teshtedel)
To cough (Ttokhel)
To strike (Ttakawel)
To make watm (Towdawel)
To rise ( Jegedel)
To fight (Jangedel)
To boil (Joshidet)
To laugh (Khandidel)
To cause, to Laugh (Khandawel)
To sell ( Kharschawel)
To laugh (Khandel)
To be late (Zanddedel)
To make trouble - to harm (Zawrawel)
To shine (Zalidel)
To eat (Khwarrel)
To ascend (Khatel)
To bury (Khashawel)
\.1\.^
ütJJ¡r-
,þn¿JÉ+
Ja¿
#rJ¡
Jr+ç-t. -dPJl
JÍ;-J¡¡j
J+5+
J+5'Þ
Jr=:rr
Jq¡;J-r¡-;t.'..ùP-t
J¡;J+*;JÐþ
J+tiJ¿;
J';t..ee
Pashto ttre Language of the Afghans 110 &i ¡:l'
To publish (khparawel)
To split (chawdel)
To blowup (chawel) ù?To tear (bherawel) JtÅTo learn (Schodel) J*,To pull (keschel) j¡lTo sit ( kaynastel) Ji-L1¡JTo do (Kawe1)
To do (Krel)
To place, put (Kayschodel) J44-¿f
To become (kaydel)
To dance (Gaddidel)
To turn ( Garzawel)
To wake (Garzidel)
ù,fJr.b
To have (Larel) JJ
To read (Lwustel)
To see (Lidel)
Tó become broken (Matidel)
.'
Pashto the LanguaFe of the Afghans ' I 1 1 r'i ¡:rl
To speak (Wayel) þ¿To carry (Wnel) J#To stand, to, rise (Wlarridel) J.r,-¿Y¡
To kill (Wazhel) $5To beat, strike (Wahel) Jr,To forget (Heridel) Jr_"+To become high, to grow (Haskidel) J.rS.,.n
To unite (Yowkidel) J,tJr,-
To remember (Yadidel) J¡-¡t-To break (Matawel) J¡t,To fear (Yeredel) Jr.,-
Acquaintânce ,9-ß. J;Þ,
Torub (Moschel) hyTo find (Mondel)
JrrJ,rn
To enter (Nenawatel) ú:.F
To sit (Nastel) J,:-U
To catch seize (Newel) J;To stick in (Neschtel) ì J'#
\\.
JJJ
J.r,-'6
J;--lJ,r+3
Jr-JJ+t
J¡*'1,
I am an Afghan, who are you?
(Zah Afghan yem, tah schok ye,?
I am an American.
(Zah Yaw Amrekaye yem,
Who is he?
(Da schok dey)
He is a Belgian.
(Day Belgekey dey)
J¡,,'What language do you speak? ¡af ,s* ui u¡9 '", s(Tah pa koina zhaba khabere kawe)
I speak english. ¡Í é-*. ^'i.r'-ß;lr', o;
(Zah paenglesi zhaba khabere kawom)
What language does he speak ? t s-f ,s* *'i utS 2 rgt
qjay pa koma zhabba khabere kawe)
He speaks Dutch. sf ,s* r'j;d.¡"ç 1 .¡;r(day pa nederlanz zhaba khabere kawe)
\\\
l,¡- dji- u ,,'r OL.il rj
¡-.,1-ll-rlr- oi
r,Jr.r;lr
'J) .,í¿ÊL¿ 'J)
Pashto the Laneuase of the Afehans 1 12 uJ *'
SectionInterrogative Pronouns J-lù ,-/t i-ì-*,1
,é t;r., vlÉ rl Jþr uÉ Xit+t- ,ølr"ß 'ñ útJt-^å ri¡
6;
Who (Schok or Cok)
By whom. Which (Cah)
What (Scha or Ca)
Which (Kom)
Which one ( Konr yau)
FIow rnuch (Scho- Schomra)
How many (Schona)
Who (Schok - cok)
By whom (Cha)
Who is ? (Schok dey)
Who is he ? (hagha schok dey)
who a¡e you? ( Tah schok ye)
To whom he speaks? (Cha ta waYi)
Don't tell to any one. (Cha ta ma waya)
What are you doing? (Scha- ca kawe)
What ever you do (Scha chi kawe)
Which man (Kom sarrayJi rr+.)
\\Y
Á¡'*-åJa
M.Pj.L g.+ V/hich men (Kom sarri)
F.S c.;r, rPWhich woman ( Koma shaza)
F.P c;¡,. g.+Which women (Kome shaze)
Jr- ¡-u ¿* of which women (da komo shazo)
Oblique- of which people (de komo khalqo)
Indefinite PronounsSomeone (Schok -Cok)
Something ,anY thing (Scha)
Someone (Zlne)
Nothing , any thing (Hisch)
No one (his chok)
Is there anybodY? (Schok shta)
There is no bodY. (Schok nashta)
There is nothing ( hisch nashtit)
There is nobody at all ( hischok nashta)
,t);
|-
-su.Sr' l -
è-ff ,-t>
ofthe Afghans 1 13
tj;é)¡>
t-(. gr./j:
( úr.Jf ÀiÀ
tu'-dt| t:f. .¡-1, ¡brrl. r-¡ riL¡t
çr tf4--lt.#,¡Sh vÍ'JJ; ysrt
.l-.b ¿¿.u¿t- 1"..,!;;
l,
ttp
.e.,$ ct'
1. t* r!;;¿: lt ¿)g.
{:¡}: e.Jt
Æ-rj dJ;+
trs-f ^)S-Í ,-e Ë
'sî té
Compound Indefinite Pronouns:
every one (har schok)
every one ( har cha)
What ever, every thing (har Scha)
Nobody, (hischok)
No one (hicha)
anyone else (bel schok)
anyothers (norschok)
\ \l'
, Li" ,¿-n tj *¿- l'". . :¿-*¡
[-¡u¿...
^>j{) e ¡-ù
l> r..¡r l--
JË.!oP st
Every one (har you)
Something more ( nor scha)
nothing else (nor hisch
Another (bel yaw)
Relative Pronouns r-lù ,þ".aÍ aÉ \ ütJËrrl L¿t ,à ,ss ¡-l--> l.io
*'12 ¿-V þ" -r ,-t ,sÉ-*- o¿- 2¿-* .,,ct {;: 'l ¡-J c'l¡l t,r¡rl el.\5J.-¿-,2
The particle (ce or che) combined with interrogative
pronouns formed relative pronouns.
When: (Che)
The One who (cok che)
Who - he (Cha che)
What - which (co che)
What - which (ca che)
Who it, he (Kom che)
Who she, it (Kome che)
\ù/hen (Kala che)
As much as (Schomra che)
What ever (Schanga che)
That much (Domra che)
Þ)t;-¡ '.j
Pashto thelanguage oftheAfghans 115 'i-*;l
,(Schok) clË
Who is he ? (Da schok deY) r.-er cJilr. , -:.
Who comes? (Schok razi) \ srt: or
Who came ? (Schok RagheY) 1.''¡lt ð;
'(Cha) t
Whose pen is this? (Dã de châ qalam dey) ur fÇrlrTo whom do you speak' ? (Chã sara khabere kawd/ e'* nr\
Who said? (Chã wowaYel) j'-r¡Ç
'(Seha)-
Exercise
,à,ç Jr
.r?q
tâP
GI L>
,ñ lÍ,À,ê-l
What is this ? (Da scha shaY deY)
What are You writing? (Scha Like)
What do You have? (Scha Lare)
rrJ
tâ D/-,-ettr
.,r ¿\:'
tÅ tt')5
How many O.n, Oo you have? (Scho qlamona lare)'¡J ¡'JJ -Ë
How many peopìe are coming? (Scho kusan Razi) 1 ';l't Jß-Ì:(Schomra) ori
! .erl;u;t 'r'iHow much Afghani do you have? (Schomra Afghaney lare)
.gr "r-1
ülr
,Jfu Ë
Ls) Þ,SchoË
\\ô
?ashto the Language of the Afghans 1 16
Particles: :ç:l¡lo-* ,JU1 t.l ;,¿si tJ ß ,sþ ,p ,sJ-y_ .-ñ ú) s)S rl,rÇ- ar.þl.r r9t;l¿ d ¡r ¿J ¿Ls:. ohl .újrS;,-tL, ; gtjr-The Particles in the genitive case always come before thenoun. V/ithout joining nouns and verbs the perticles haveno meaning.
Ye ).r_ Da
Bya t* Ta
f¡ r wuta
Ba ¡.¿ Wuw
Na ¿i La
Ke é Lara
Pese f, Pa
che
{rd¿¿ .t
Relative particles:These partictes are usect
úiJr-., .r*i:, *¿like suffixes.
:¿lJ
.'
Pashto the Language of the Afghans 1 17 ¡'i ¡:j'-
J
tj-2
)¿J
o)
4J
ct
Bande
Lande
Zene
Schkha
Ke
Acquaintance " Pezhendgalwi" e-ß xþ
Are you English? (Tase englis Yast?) r¿-L- r*¡*t.,-U-No. I am a Belgian and you? r,r-b¡l .¡-,,+æt+ t-¡ ''c
(Na zah beljemay yem aw tase)
I am an Afghan. (Zah you Afghan yem). .fr- ¡t*¡l¡,- Ü
What is your mother tongue? I ¡¡ Ë r'j i '¡¡ ,r-L'r
(Da tase moraney zhaba scha da)
My mother tongue is Dutch .r:;sJ-¡-r=j ui,¡:v V)
(Zmà moraney zhaba nederlanz da)
What is your mother tongue? 10, É.3 ,.¡tv .rtrt
My mother tongue is Pashto or +, ,i ,-i:-* t)(Zmã morany zhaba pashto da)
Nice to see you
(Zah stase La lido schakha khushala shwom)
l- rJt*; ¿Ir+J ,J rbThank you (Tashakar)
..þ,J..Júta
,JJjY
'#{
*\\1 \\V
Pashto the Language of the Af.ehans I l g uj ,út*
Vocabulary
Sweet (Khog)
Còld (Son)
More much (Ziyat)
Major (Loy)
Myself, self (Khpul)
Some, any, afew ( Zenay)
Bitter (Trikh)
Prayer (N'munz)
Eyebrow (Wreza)
Food (Khwarra)
White (Spin)
Thorn (Aghzey)
Wound (Parhar)
Leather (Schirmin)
Husband CVfuy.ró
Wife (Mirmon)
Children (Zamon)
Eyelash (Banna)
Forlock ( Aurbel)
Child (Mashom)
\\^
:ÛLJ
)f¿-P
UUJ
t_éJ ,.'
rtæ
ei_t..eJJç
^.! -,-¿Þ
,ty!
-lb/,
v!l'- .
v-lulj
.
tt{.
,þ¿:l -
l-t'
Pæhto thel-anFuaFe oftheÆFhans 119 ¡i¡*'
Help (Mrasta) L''r'
Joke (Ttoka) ß¿
Great (Ster) PFriend (MalgereY) .¡JL
Friendship (MalgertiYa) þ'ft'Store (Plorenzey) ,þt),Branch (Schanga)
Yoke (Jegh)
Needle. (Sún)
Visit (Dedan)
Voilate, Passing (TeraY)
Victory Garay)
Valuable(Arzeshtnak)
To upset (Naskorawel)
Truth (Haqeqat)
Winner (Wnonkey)
Wise (Poh)
V/ithin (Pa Manz)
World (Narey)
Worse (Badtar)
Trick (Palma)
Kabuli (Kabulay)
German (Almanay)
Pakistani (Pakistanay)
\\l
.*Ëiq
¿Ã-
ùJr-J
sÈé¿
¿lt:"-.;,1
J)nç*J
ú3+î>
,F4tl¡,
Í,4:) L)
úi-i*.{
,t!K;Ú
jLt*ft,
Pashto the Lansuase of the Afshans 120
Indian (Hinday)
Daily (Wrazanay)
Present (Nenanay)
. Current ( Osanay)
Former (Pakhwanay)
Motherly (Moranay)
Fatherly (Palaranay)
Upper (Portanay)
Worship (Abadat kawel)
Trust (Etimad )
Dialogue (Khabre Atere)
LtJ.Àç,þ:sL-lJ
u-:l,JtP,
è)y,itt,,F:¿ -
J3f c,¡þ¡t-:¡l
Can you recognize this man? (Tah da sanay pezhane)
No (nah)
Why can't you recognize him (Wale ye na pezha ne?)
How old are you? (Tah scho kalan ye)
I am 20 years old. (Zah shel kalan yem)
Are you ma¡ried? (Wadeh de kaney dey)
No (nah)
Can you sing ?(Sandara weley - wayeley- she) f 'j .þ: n:t-
Yes (Ho) !Tell the truth ( Resht'ya waya) I t'l¡ lt*'r
If you like, I wil sing a song. f-l¿s + !-¡Jin r¡'r' ,52 *\2 '5t
ß
(ka de khwasha wi yaua sandera ba wowayem)
\Y.
Newspaper (WrazPänna)
Magazin (lt{ojala)
Monthly (MeYãshteneY)
Buy, Parchase (PaYrodel)
Buyer (PaYrodonkeY)
Neighbour (GowanddaY)
Near (Nezhde)
Far (Lare)
Wool (WanaY)
Work ( Kãr)
View (NazarYa)
Treatment (Chaland)
Tolerate (Tahamol kawel)
See (katel)
Bind (Tarrel).
Know (Pezhandel)
Truth (ReshtYã)
Spectacle (Nandara)
Guest (Melma)
Important (Mohim)
Agriculture (Karhenna)
Climate (Modrn)
Rain (Wrischt)
\T\
Vocabulary :rrt¡
ç. 4HrJ¡ l:,u
¡i
f ,JÞ, ü ,g- J:1. ,¡- # j; 's
' 1,- ùr J'i'j1. st ef .gr otl¡
ti
.¡9¿.r19 r a
^lã,,r¡:.1'þ
Jt¡r+,
ufjz¿¿a,
,Sþ:É
éÛú¿_til).
)lst..
LJJÞJ
-"1"
J-í,þ,y
t-ei,
J¡rI -¡tfi{
r-¡l.uj
rtf+.2aJ)
'"-r'Q::
Pashto theLanguage of theAfshans 122
Farmer (Bazger)
Cultivate (Karel)
V/heat (Ghanim)
Barley (Aurbeshi)
To eam,to save (Ganel)
Military (Pauz)
Army (Urdo)
Party (Gund)
Independence (Khpulwäki)
Education, Training (Rozena)
Salvation (Zhghorel)
Interview (Maraka)
Game (Loba)
Breeze (Wagma)
Clear, obvious (Shkãra)
Excuse (Bakhshena)
Support (Mlatarr)
District (Sima)
Once (Zil)
Age (Sin)
Recommendation (Spärisht)
Ma¡k, affect (Asar)
Later (Wrusta)
Before (Pakhwä)
Ò
'j¿JS.l
.¡Lü|,ß,C¿
¿t¿l
JJí
,-Íl#-tj)ss
J*:¿Srt
uJ
a'+
¡,tfu
/? ''!iry.
Ð{.I
J:û-
,'-ì,1 .'
jttLD)t
l.r-
¿¡i ¿.iCertainly (Hatman)
Finally (Akhir)
First (Lomrray)
Fast (Garanday)
Light (Spek)
Heavy (Drond)
Dialogue- Khabere - Atere LSJI 'S*Salam Alay kom ¡ÁJ, lY"
Salam AIay kom é"t"Y"Zah ghwarrem da pashto zah ba zda krrem. ff "i r¡i¡¡''io-r Hlf 'i
g-f ,tj t'j r>.¡J5l.:loJ I Uf .Ë ¡¿lDer 'sha,sarray pa Lik aw Lwast zhabazdak3u;¡l.ur.r,-la aTah bãyad hamda wakrre' rfÅ -tt rÉ a ¡Í He n)
Zah poshuna Kawom che kom kiub wa lwalem.
Da pashto zhabe Qaida . o¡cti cJ '¡*rTah pa scho zhabu Pohege. lltr'¡- rí ''i t t, ú
Zahpadwa zhabo pohegem. f'P¿ ¡i sst 4 t)
Kitab plurenzay Chirta dey. lg;r r-.,'r ,þt*,*uSHagha datarkanni ter schang, Spin dukanK) d# S';¡;tf;r dr
Mehrabani ' jt-'r'
Da khday Pãman. ¡l't' d;lJir
*Y"-IPa makha mu iha. \yr
L=;t
,s¡JasÍ+.Ii¡-r!
Pashto theLanguage of theAfghans 124
Section-7 a->¿ tusl
Adjective û;þ¡rr ¡l 3¡ usl¿: t).| é¿-o3-
^S1.,-r* Ë.i- éS l.',3 4, þ,
.tS¿*¡; úI':- d:Jt Jl ."¡ Lr¿"+ - J JtltIn Pashto the adjective follows the rules of the noun forgender, number and case. It is generally placed before its
noun I
Examples: :''(l
OId man (Zon sarray) ay uiYoung man (Zwan Sarray) ey ali
,ñ år, f ta1us r;J', *n ú c";- ßAdjective can also come after the noun,if it is as a nominal
part ofa sentence.
This pen is black (Da kalam tor day) .5r.¡¡; tJih
Formation of the feminine; lJ-¡¿¿arü-z,+'iJ,-!
.ê z-rl.bl,r$ ( o I er-,>i'-o¿J d -\1-By adding (dÊ o)to the adjectives.
Feminine singular Masculine singular
F.s ü¿¡ sri, M.S -Su tþ(Tora) *, Black (tor) ¿i
'
çz*^u¡ üté
Young (zíun) t)l;
\Tf,
..
Pashto the Lansuase of the Afehan s 125 t$ 3;'i.é., rr;ÞJ \¡- ss ú¿j (o) r ,rl.çt, ., ¡l ,!-ç (a)., .9.¡¡ clcs ef-Y
2-By changing the vowel (O or U) in to (a) and adding (a)
at the end.
F.S Jiy'þ M'S "fY'þI Sarrat ,f cold (sorr) 1r1 fllârrÍl¡ ,Í satisfied (mom) ,r"
.,þl ,sr; (n) r ,rf .¡9 t ¡l A-l ¿sr.,Y rJ ¡¡¡¡," ':1"' oU'--f
3-adjectives lose the Vowel (U or i) in forming the feminìa¿
and take (a=e ) in ending.
F.S M.S
¡ shnâr /*, green , blue (shin) ..ë'i
t Sarat .r¿ fed (Sur) )Y1 Trwa v D)i sour (Triw) -t'i
4-by changing ay to ey to the ending ,..,F.J+ h¡) ¿*t- \tsl ß-tF.S M.S
¡ Kuchney,' ,.ÞJ Small c Kuchnay¡ ",:-,rl
r"É rJ,¡¿ (ç) d¡¡, t (ú) rf -o
5- by changing the ending (ey to einding e)
F.S M.S< Nawe¡ qi New (naway) úi
t Tager ,tl ThirstY (TagaY) Lsi
Note: These adjectives remain unchanged except in oblique plural.
Beautiful or FJandsome : (Shäyesta) ¿:-,-t+
Complete ( Pora) ,rr, Sad : (KhaPa) +somã (zine) çf' ri" : lfaroqn) þt.T-.- : (Reshtiyâ) t..-r-,,Srong (rakna) ,É
;:i: , ìwu,,yÐ r+Shameless : (Be Hayã) Þ ç'r
\TO
Pashto the
Formation of the Plural:
Femenine Masculine
Plural S PL Singular
. Tori' ú¡¡(Tora ' ¡.¡j , Tor: , ¿r; Black (Tor) :u"
Khwage úúj?khwaga,uJå , Khwaga,¿þ Sweet (khog) fSre f.¡.,,t Sra ¡ .r . Sruh t àr Red (Sur) )-ra
, Spine ,r=t",$pina, ^* ¡ Spin , Þ White (Spin) ,¡r-
Comparison of adjective: :df [i"a g¿""-W
Comparison is expressed by prepositions
Ter ; da .r Schakhu ti nu tHe is older than me. (Day ter mä masher dey)
¡5:"':'tLi.¡t
I am younger than him. (Zah la da schakha zwän yem)
'¡-;:l!'e'; tr ''J ¡Superlative:
It is expressed by the same preposition together with the
Word (Ttol J;)
Younger than all (Ter ttolo zwan) ¡ttl )¡ ;Stronger than all (Terttolo gheshtelay) "l+rt¡¡
Good (sha)
Bad (Bad)
High (Jeg)
High (Lwan)
Plenty ,large number (Gann)
Low (Ttitt)
Hard (Klak)
Big (Ghatt)
Heatthy (Jon)
Dry (Wuch)
Good man (Sha sarraY)
Good men (Sha sarrYan)
Bad boY (Bad halik)
Bad boYs (Bad halikan)
High ,tall Young (Jeg zwan)
High, tall Youngs (Jeg Zwanan)
Big man (Ghatt sarraY)
Big men (Ghatt sarryan)
Dry þlace (Wuch zaY)
Dry places (Wuch ZaYona)
Health bodY (Jon Zan)
HealthY bodies (Jorr Zanona)
\rv\Y1
+J{
//rjrt
itÍ
#ür#
. ¿-ra
er*¡U^r Y
,dl¡ .q
¡tlLr.r,
btþ&but-þ&
,tf #¡t_r Çó
.t,9v €!__
^;¡-Ê gs
oÉ ¿*f--
,;i( ¿r_.__
Pashto the Language of the Afghans 128 r,i ¡-il
Irregular adjectivesOblique ËJt- ù-L Feminine..;r, MasculincJi
Oblique
4¿l
r Pakho,
JÍ
, Marro,
J1f
r Sarro,
lst, Drano,
t-'i, Khwago'
)f
, Sror
r Shrìo ¡
_pjrTerkho,
ssj. Terwo,
sJi¿
¡ Rrando'
J4)
t Zafio,
PL-L'
t=f¿
r Pakhy,
çr, Marry,
frr Sarry.t
,¡st, Drany,
Lþ-r-.
,Khwagy,
ú.f
. SrY,
tp:
. Shny,
e¡.Terkhy,
\'JJ< Terwy,
fr-¿, Rrandy,
,t¿j
,Zarry,
sg ,¡.
^t,
, Pakha'
¡JI
, Marrar
òsI
. Sarra'
tjs 5
, Drana,
,j¡
. Khwaga,
Èt'
r Sra,
, Shna,
tÞj
,Tarkha,
èJJ
,Terwa,
¡li.I
c R¡anda'
,P
,Za¡rà,
\YA
PL-L'
éb
¡ Pakheh,
¡,L
, Marreh,
¡,L
. Sarreh,
,JL¡
. Draneh,.1.\tj>
. khwageh,
àJa
, Sreh,
, shneh,
t'j
.Ta¡kheh,
osj:
( I erweh,
r.Iíl .I
. Randehr
. \tj,Zarreh,
Sg .r¡.
Lt+
Cooked-,pokh,
)vSatisfied-,Mon,
ldu
Cold-,Sorr,
.li¡-lr
heavy-.Drund,
tISweet-.khog,
)vRed;.Soor,
'.4¡Green 1shin,
e;Bitter-,Trekh,
t_iSour-freew,
¡i-4
BlindrRrond'
+)Old-.Zorr,
Pashto the Language of the Afghans 129 ti;å,
Sinsular o-v ùts. JJÂ.
Great state (Loy doulat) cJ:t çsjBlack pencil (Tor Pensil) J,--, rtRed flower (Sur Gul) ,Fr*Large room (Loya kotta) +_í r,Jgood man (Sha sarray, u, Ogood woman (Sha schaza) 4 +
Plural PL ,g.a
Great states (Loy doulatuna) ';-):t cs)
Black Pencils (Tara Pensilona) ';j;l:iRed flowers (Sur Gulona) 'i-F 'YLarge rooms (Loye konae) -'f ,¡JGood men (Sha sarrai) €r *Good women (Ssh schaze) ,Þ,àThis is a great State. (Da Loy doulat dey) .er cJ¡) úJ lr
My pencil is black (Zmapensil tor day) çes-.¡¡ J-1 L¡
V/e have black pencils(Mung tor pensilona laro)
There are red flowers in the garden.
(Pa bagh ke srah Gulan shta)
This room is large. (Da kotta loya da) ts uJ q¡llt
These roont'are not large. gt'i eJ ut-f ''¿t(dagha kotte loye na de)
Atzak is a good man. (Atzak sha sarray dey) ét LJr + 'll-lAtzak and Yama are good, people. rr¡ ùL-¡" ç tq rl usl
(Atzak aw yama sha saniyan di)
:) 'jj' ",
¿i 'j¿'
'* ¿>3 ry. j! ¿L.2
\ Y1
Pashto the Language of the Afghans 130 &i ¡:å' '
Suffixal Adjectives: ,J, r-I I Jt¿nyLl"¡
Aggrieved (ghamjan) ¿4*L zü+. [iä * tTl."t
,*Watery (Obelan) otrl 'iJ
+ Obe r,¡l Lan dUseful (Sodman) g"p tv + Sod rr- Man vDangerous (khatarnak) .Jl;,!i :cJU + Khatar -Þ Nak ,ru
Dirty (Khiran) ¡r.- to + Khira ,ri N ù
Presently (Osanay) ú-¿l:rri + Os e:l Nay .'Bold (Toryalay) Jutt:fu- + Tora ¡sr Yallay,"lt-
Saltish (Malgin) ctJJL :¿r- + Malga 'ír' In ' n
one from llabut (kabul} .*6 "s
+ Kabul ùtJ ir5 ú
Treacherous (Helag a¡ Í Þ 'Í * Hela 'J.,¡ gaf 'l
VocabularyTo consider (Gunnel)
Life (Zhwandun)
To abuse (Kanzel kawel)
To appear (Shkaridel)
To be wounded (Zhobel kidel)
To make water, urinate (Matyaze kawel)
Frightened (Warkhata)
Bone (Haddokay)
Profit (Gatta)
Profit (Faida)
Mud (Khatta)
To Braze (Scharawel)
\r.
..
Pashto the Language of the Æghans 131 &i ¡¡þ'
Vovabulary :otJ
Friend @ost)
Enemy (Doshman)
Food (Taam)
Warm (Tod)
Cold (sorr)
To find (Pedakawel)
Event (Paysha)
(Pranistel)
Food (Khorak)
Expend (Kharsch) ,i
To sell -to exPend(Kharschaw'Ð
To cough (T tokhel)
Appointment (Ttakel)
Association (Ttolena)
Tribe (Ttabar)
Sad (Khafa)
East (Khatiz)
V/here(Cherta)
Clear (Schargand)
To Show- To explain(Schargandwel)
Heavy (Drund)
Binding (Taron)
Decision, pact (Tasmim)
\r\
üt¡#
ÒJÐJ)
JéHJ¡,t5¡
J*J,J"r:J-í rs:V
|'}ÉJl,
,éti'- -4ç
¡¡-U _
$--.t:
%?_
úr¡f
o-l¡.t .bI
ti
¿f
JJI¡-¿/)\. ¡-:.J
,í-t,,!bÈ
c-P
,)y?
tPl-
Jrþ,¿)¡ _
''ll -t;t
9.Fti¿
-.'.J-5J¡
J'"lisr¿l_
t'i,e
Pashto the Language of the Afghans 132
This year (Sag kaal)
Of this year (Saganey)
Dog (Spay)
Base, foundation (Bansitt)
V/ide (An)
,Announce (Aalan)
Low (Ttett)
þ3+'
JS?,
,¡yt#
.!¿
c,.rl
¿,YÊl
ç:+-
Pashto the Language of the Æghans 133 ^'i t;"
Section-8 atr¿ ¿Jl
The Time (Wakht) c;,
Day (Wraz)
Night (Shpa)
Yesterday (Paron)
Today (Nan)
Tomorrow (Saba) þA day (Yawa wraz) '¿o'"-
A night (Yawa shpa) t.'' t¿-
One week (Yawa uney - Yawa oniza) rrt¿¡l'\u,:sl ry-
One month (Yawa miYasht) c-lÇ'¡'-
One week is seven days ( Yawa oniza owa wraze da) n, ,Ia ry¡. tfi¿¿l tv-
Saturday +Sunday +¡i'f-
Monday rå1¡r
Tuesday t "!" t*t
V/ednesday +- -rl+t
Thursday 4,Friday ¿",
Onehour is sixty minutes (Yaw saat shpetadaqiqedgr.),ljrr:r¡r.rLv.
Hour (saat) '-LHour (Baja) t4Minute (Daqiqa) ¡i.i¡
Second (Saniya) çl:¡!Quarter (Paw)
What time is it? (Saat scho baje dey) ú) Ë q''L
\ I'Y
Icat-à
ty¡,
al.-
\TT
Pashto thelaneuase oftheAfshans 134 ^'3þ-.wu,Li ::.¡-Y g;/ Ji .9-uï lr -rl .¡i- .Jr rl J, ,sr¡ ,*roþ;r rf
'ú¿U8 gt útv ,-å
Formation of nouns from Yerbs:
By dropping the final letters "L" and 'iwell" of the verbs'and
adding the under wrìtttt suffîxes, nouns can be formed'
Suff,rxes :"Þ tDrink :(Sctrítrãt) ,lç; To drink(Schashel) .p f*l éll
Food :(Khwarak) .lJl¿,; To eat (khwarrel) Jo¿
Expense: (Lagesht)¿ilJ To spend (Lagawel) JÁ, (ShÐ +Weeping:(Zharra) It To weep (Zhanel) J¡: (a) iBenefit: (Gatta) é To ea¡n (Ganel)
'lS (u)
Agreement: (Tarrun) ù:¡ To bind (Tarral) J¡ (un) ù.r
Observation:(katena) ,.;.:f To looÇsee (Katel) J=r (na) ú
Exit point (Watozay) ,]¡tto leave out (Watel) ,þt (zay) ,þ
: ri-¡ ¡W¿l it¿t:rJ J¡¡¡ç¡J¡r.¡j I.r5¿S ut t r¡-J :-å -{t¡¡.rjYr e.i ¡lLo ¿l -i-t"-i tJ út;':l ;..rr¡Formation of Nouns from Nouns and Adjectives:
By applying the below .-' Suffixes to - nouns and
adjectives, nouns can be formed. : Suffixes ,r¡'' Y
(Baghwan) Gardener ùb ¿t{ Garden (Bagh) ¿Ç:Wän ol-r
Master of the house (Korba) rrrlHouse ,rl:Ba þ.
Goidsmith (Zaryar) i':Gold(Zar) ,¡:Gar JCountryman (Hewadw?rl) Jl.rrþ Counny (Hewad) ¡þ:Wäl Jl.r
Correspendent (Khabaryäl) Ju; Newa (Khabar),+yal Ju-
Servant (Khedmatgar) rtL-.r;Service (Khedmat) .:..r; GarrKSupþorter(Tarafd?r) ,ls.,L Side (Taraf) ' .iþ Dar-¡lr
House owner:(Korwãlä) rlÐ,'r House(Kor) ,rfilalaYl¡
\r¿
t
r
..
Pæhto the LanFuage of the ÆFh3ns 135 ¡i ¡¡å¿
commpn suffixes (in pashto and Dari) :.jrT 6.Ú
Swearer (Kasam khor) )? e Oath (Kasam) ";:Khor'¡
Seruritymam (Chawkidar) .,1',-Íe(Chawkey) Chair ofa Dar '¡lr
Spectator (Nandarchi) ,r¡rlr:';Spectade(Nandara) r¡l'r:; chi t'7 '
Fighter (Torzan) 6r,'Sword(Tora) ':l;, izan öi
Dangerous (khaternak) ,w-ÞDanger (Khatar) þ :Nak cJu
Suffixes of Place :,ri'I ,¡É'Afghanistan ¡k-:tðlAfghan ¡Eil :stân ¡k'
Pharmacy @armalton)¡¡L-rs Medicine (darmal)þ) :ton Jt
Faculty (Pohenzay) þrEducation (Pohena) tte za! ''''Stable: (Asjal) ¡ uJ Horse (As)
'"i:Jal J"
Wheat field (Ghanemgara)'Ji'sWheat(Ghanem) t' Eua $
Prefixes: Be *, Na u t,t ti -,r¿uc,1'¿L
..r/ Otalf å ur¡ '¡ ,sÍ r¡- ¡¡jL-¡l 'ii¿ s '4L-
r lj:l '¡'u
I
Nouns are also formed by adding Prefixes (Be and na) to the
adjectives and nouns.
Without worry þegham) É ,¡r Grief (gham) fIllness (Naroghdyã) LÉr¡u Health (Roghtiyã) tç;¡.,
Ill (Najorr) ¡el;HealthY (Jon) I
\TO
Pashto theLanguage of theAfshans 136
. rl:ú¡rJ tft tr¡,0¡
Suffixes of Abstract nouns
Relationa ship (Khpulwi).rJ+ One's Own (Khpul)J¡wi úir -
Death (MarrinI qt' Dead (Marr) ¡ :ina c¿
Knowledge (Poha) r¡.,, Knowing (Poh) ,a lÉr ¡
Life (Zhwandon) .r¡¡i¡j Living (Zhwanday) ,¡¡¡j i wân,1¡-
Charm (Shaganna) çf o Goo¿ (ítra) Ë :ganna 4f
Brotherhood (lVrorwalÐ ¿r4J Brother (Wror) ,,u lWâli J-Whiteness (Spinwãlay) Jl¡ o.'" White (Spin) o*,,: walay ,rtf¡-
Brotherhood(Wrorgalwi) rs-ßu¿tBrorher(wror),,¡:Galwi,¡r5 -
Difficulty (Granisht) +ß Difficult (Gran) ¡6:ítrt c.l -
Friendship @osti) ,r.="¡r Friend (Dost) ,- ur li L, -
Bravery (Zanawar:tiyã) Çi.r¡ Brave(Zarrawaflr¿¿:tiya þ -
Separation (Belton) ù,:lc Separate (Bel) Ja:Ton ùr--
Cheapness (Arzantob) ?,'¿lht Cheap (Arzan) ¡þl:Tob ,-,. ¡ -
\11
Pæhto thc l¿nFuage of the Æghans 137 !i -r*
Intransitive c/jï}; TO DO (Krrel) Jt'
Present tJt-
I do (zah krrem) rf ':We do (mung krro) tf iYYou do ( tah krre) "f
Ë
You do (tase krraY) 'af et¡
He, She,It, does ( day-dâ- kni) ''el h -
'er
They do (duY kni) c{ c:t
Past ,sþl-,
I was doing (ma wukerr) ftvWe were doing (mung wukerr) Í't iYYou was doing (tä wukerr) ItE
You were doing (tase wukerr) Í: et:
He, She,It, were doing (da, de, wukerr) *f¡ tgr 'r'r
They were'doing (duy wukerr) Ít 'stt
Present Perfect ÈU çtJI have done (makrreY deY) Ltr úfv
We have done (mung krrey dey) ttr LtÍ':!
You have done(tà krrey dey) Út LtÍti
You have done( tase krrey dey) e¡ eÍ 'çtrHe, she, IL have done(da, de, krrey dey) '3r "f
Ú) - r¡
They have done (duy kney dey) '3t 'ef 'est
\TY
Pashto theLanguage of theAfghans 138
Past perfect t,êV ,s)
I had done( mã krrey wo) 3 cfvwe hail done(mung krey wu) r! úf ¡.!You had done (tase krrey wu) s: rsf at:you had done( tâ krrey wo) 3 rtÍ 13
He, she, It have done (da, de, krrey woh) r-¡ .9f .es - r.r
They had done (duy krrey wu) u sf a:'
Future rÞI will do (za ba lcrrem- wukrrem) ¡f:L- ¡f u.,3
lVe will do ( mung ba wukrru) . tftL- d: +:¡-*
You will do ( ta ba krre - wukrre) ,sft\o.f +'tyou will do (tase ba krey- wukrrey) 'aft tr Lrf +,¡uHe, she, It,',vill do (day, d-a ba krri- wakrri) sfrt- ,s{ +ß - ,9t
They will do (duy ba krri- wukrri) sf:\,sf u.,s¡t
rrî .:"L Pashto thelanguage oftheAfghans 139 r'i¡¡+'
To Do(Kawal) JJTransitive &¡ Lsr';â
Present Jt '
I do ( za kawom)
V/e do ( mung kawu)
You do (tah kawe)
You do (tase kawey)
He, she, It, does (day, dã- kawi)
They do (duy kawi)Past GþU
I did (ma wukah)
\Me did (mung wukah)
You did ( ta wukah)
You did (tase wukah)
He, she,It, did (da, de-wukah)
They did (duy wukah)
Second formI did (wome kah)
)We did (wamo kah)
You did (wode kah)
You did (womo kah)
He, she, It, did (woye kah)
They did (wo:ya.. kah)
\r^
¡Í,:té ¡l
,sé t¡
'rs-Í eU,¡¡l b - ç9r
c-f s:t
^l¿Vß:iy
^f¡t'ßs r-rb
rf¡ gtr - tJ
ßs úst
ß,-¡tß-r.-t
,l ,Jt,
ß-r.t
ß ,¡,ß1p
\rl
Pashto thelaneuage oftheAfghans 140 ^'ir¡*Continuous ui't¡ Lr-rL *T-l
I was doing (mä kawoh r¡lfL
Vy'e were doing (mung kawoh) , uv i!You were doing (tâ kawoh t¡llb
You were doing (tase kawoh) r¡ll,r-bHe, She, fq was doing (da, de, kawoh) ,¡lf gr - uThey were doing (duy kawoh) 13ll.¡3,r
Future #î:*.I will do (zah ba wokem) fi + ,;
V/e will do (mung ba woku) -Í: + i-t'You will do (ta ba woke) ,js +r:You will do (tase ba wokey) ,-Ít +.rU-He' she'it'will do (day- da- ba woki) ,-f-t 4lr - .gr
They will do (duy ba woki) ,és 4 çsst
Imperative er¡rl
(wokah - wokawah) ,f-r t- do rf,(kawey- wokawey) ,s-l.tL-do you.grf
-eV -*lI should do (zah wokam) f:,:
We should do (mung woku) -Í:!:,You should do (ta woke) é:úYou should do (tase wokey) ,f:,ebHe, She, It , should do (day- dä woki) ,rf¡ b -.¡;r
They should do (duy woki) ,é¿ rstt
\¿.
.
Pæhto the Language of the Afg.hans 141 . a'i r¡fr. .1.
rG+ÐJ JJJ¡tel
Verbs stems
(Stem)
gor
win
akhel
alos
bol
khez
khwer
shi
ghwar
waai
baas
ged
lwal
za.
,.).Ð
,Í katel Jrur lidel J+l
Þl akhestel J'¡.;l
¡Jl alotel ,1;Jl
ù balel Jt*
Þ khatel J';¿p khwarrel J+É
,t! shodel J¡¡
al* ghwashtel ,H*als wayel j"¡
,¡l¿ eystel J.:*,-l
¡l eishodel Jr¡1'-l
Jr¡ lwastel J-"rJ
3 ilal Jtt
\Él
Pashto thelanguage oftheAfghans 142 'i¡i*
Vocabulary
Political (Sayasi)
Legal (I{oqoqi)
Recommendation (Sparesht)
Born (Zegedel)
Maternity (Zeganton)
Multiplication ( Zarb)
Division ( Taqsim)
Division ( V/aysh)
To divide (Wayhel)
Nervous (Asabi)
Christian (Isawi)
To throw (Ghorzawel)
Neighbourhood (Gawandd)
Neighbour (Gawanday)
West (Lwediz)
Political (sayasatmadar) ?o t i ti, tr*r
Help (Komak)
Equal (Masawi)
\ f.Y
ÔLJ
..rþ,j_*
-.1Ldild.- |J*¡i
¿-r'ri
eþé,þ¿
Jå-t
æ
çS-r+e
r'$>vs'
' S¡6
s$t6
L.",,
.¡f.t:-þ
,!.Jf
,92lr'.r
:
Pashto thelaneuage oftheÆghans 143 'i'r+'
Assistance (Mrasta) ¿L-''J,.
Little (Kochnay)
Street (Koscha)
Old (Larghon)
Ancient / olden (LarghoneY) ¿*S
Negative (Manfi)
Living place (MaYna)
Love (Mina) ):')
Illness (Maraz)
Palace(Manney)
Motherly (MoraneY)
Hard (Tteng)
Vuture (Ttapus)
System (Nizam)
Republic (Jamhori)
,P.Í
^i;ir-r")
,/"
'!a t
,f¡
¿ut¡:Y
' "--, _,, .5.+¡..,\-!
u-tú
rl...tårI
rSss#
\úT
Pashto thelanguage oftheAfghans 144 , &i¡¡r+
Formation of the Plural J:8 g+r;^ttA: Masculine nouns: ei¡*¡jr:'r¡b:uill
.a# ,-t¡¡rl¡¡ ¡l -Þl:ÊJi.e'r;!r Jt¿a * ¡e; t:'¿l;t
The Plural of masculine nouns are formed by adding the
followin¡suffixes to nouns and adjectives according to the
rules.
¿.¡ ¡¡-.rir! ¡rj3¡ \A:,Fil üL i ,Sl:Èq¿jt fr L,& /'jr¡i ¡i¡ -\
'&''s'é1- Nouns ending in consonants designating inanimate
objects take the suffix, uoâ ri¡
Pens (Qalamuna) .;-I¡ Pen (Qalam) d¡
Books (Kitabuna)er¿u Book (Kitäb) -t:f2- Animate objects take the suffix "an".
:dJ .Jil ri¡J rül¡¡,É¡JL -Y
Boys (Flalakan) ¡tlb Boy (halak) .41¡
Camels UShan) irþl Camer çU3tr¡ irr.sJ;l¡i'Y tü6r o-rÇ C.+r úr ,SÈ e ¿¿; 'il-c u t$'$ l.,''-Y
3- Nouns that end in a vowel, take the suffix' gan'in the
plural.
Pashto the Language of the Æghans 145 ' ri ¡¡i' .
:rlJ .Jrl ¡.ã¡Y rðt¿r¡ ¿ ll .y' rJr¡ rg;r ^itqP þ, 1é;> .rPÐ) ¡'Þ -t
4- The ending "ay" change to "i" or Sometime With "yan"as:
Men (Sarri) u.f man (SarraY) ,¡¡
Doges (SPi) *¡ dog ( sPaY) .+t-
Men (Sarryan) ùt-.- Man (SanaY) ,r¡
Youngs (Zalmyal) ¡t$ young (Zalmay) "$
,ÉJ A# ü t-t- (r) r" d¡"; r')¡"¡- -ô
5- One Sylable nouns take "a" in plural as:
Donkies ( Khra) ç DonkY (Khar) ;
B: Feminine nouns: ztiYt tt'i'+ :Lr
,llJ JJa t,s¡ rJtprl nrr d' ,PÐ:-¡'¡'¡" -\
1-: By changing the last letter "4" to"e" of the nouns:
Apples (Manne),r:. APPIe (Manna) +¡
Women (Shaze) rþ. Women ( shaza) 'Ll:llJ JBI¡.i.T rr:;¡ r¡ r¡lJ g.") ,; É (l) u
'¡¡ tlt'¡i-\
2- The nouns that end in "4" the Plural are formed by suffix "we"
Backs (shawe) .e3Lr Back (shã) u
Lights (Rannãwe) rr:þ Light (Rannä) þ (Fathers (Bãbägàn) ¡6Çt¿ Father (Bâbâ) t¿t+
Knives (Chaqugan) ¡6¡h Knife (Chaqu) ¡tq
\LL\ f,o
Pashto thelanguage oftheAfghans 146 !i¡:i"
: ÁJ rr-,;'! r;6rr -T
3- The suffix "Gane"
Cows (Ghwagäne) ¿'61* Cow (Ghwâ) lr¿
,dJ ,.,É J*rt, u.r ..r¿t¿, gÉ ¡,, (g) ¿JU'¡ rf -¿
4- Replacing the "ey" last letter of nouns by "ane" suffix:
A woman from Kabul (kabuleY) ,,l1K
Women from Kabul (kabulane) i+rf
,J-rS ,¡lt-ri'l (ú.lu¿t ¡ tr tyitLt t^ .rl-ah - o
5- With real feminine nouns adding the "yande" suffi¡:
Mothers (Mayande) ,.¡.u.¡ Mother (Mor) ¡¡rSisters (khwyande) úü{É sister (khor) )È
¡+ .i'Y r j6¡r ¿ :l .!l:J¡l ¡,- ü g.+:l sri. tu¡r ü=iL'¡ t¿ ¡J¿' - 1
,rlJ,.r.¿.¡e
6- The letter "ey " does not change for the plural. also
suffix "gane g; " makes the plural.
V/indws 1 ¿tt (Karrkey) -rf, Window (s) (Karrkey '-ft'Breads ¿gÍÍ @doddey)¡¡¡ Bread pdoddey).e¡¡
¿ltpy¡ÉJ ,J ,sU, u, itit J¡¿l r g; r tJ.¡l tl tú¡ tis¿*' - Y
7- Changing "i,J" to "ey.t":
Games (B.azey),5¡la Play, Game (Bazi) .e¡t¿
èi¿. tþ
Sing (F)
Room (Kona) 4-í
Tongue (Zhaba) rj-ÍL 'þSine (M)
Man (SarraY) ,srWood (LargaY) é)
PL fi. gq
Friends: (Dostan) ¡r¡' 'rr
Zhabe (ú;¡, ¿.+) ,rrj
Women (Sha2e) ãHouses (Korona) t¿¡lMen (Sarri) ,stFriends (Malgeri) .¡ÁL
sgM
Oblique form Plural
Rooms (Kote):
Tongues (Zhabe) a.3
-lL *(PL(M)
Men (Sarri) n*Woods (Largi) ,éJ'
¿i:, üPL(F)
Obl Jrit,
(Dostano)
(Zhabu)
(Shazu)
(Korono)
(Sarrayu)
(Malgeru)
PL
Pashton (Pashton) .',,;+, Pashtana
Shepherd (ShPun) ¡r.¡ ShPana
Coal(Skor) .té- Skara
Montain (Ghar)_ -P Ghrona
\¿Y
¡lt-¡t¡
-PJ
t-4t:¿-Ít4,fL
obl
lL- !¿ Pashtanu r'::+,
ol'; Shpanu 4,¡K- Skaru -t-þtirj Ghru tf
Pashto the Language of the Afghans 148 ' i -**¿
J-rrrtvltjr"l 3l a:r';'3j-¡,.o
Feminine nouns and construction:
A: Real Feminine t(,rñ:JL) otri¡',ri¡i' :..'iJl
-With a sign of oposite mæculine like:
Aspa( a mare)
Chirga(Chirga- Hen)
-Without sign:
Mor (Mother)
Khor (Sister)
Tror (Sunt)
B- Unreal Feminine:
With feminine sign like:
(Ranna) : Light(Sha):Back(Chowkey): Chair
Without feminine sign like:
(gomenz): comb
(Lamen): skirt(Sten): needle
\¿^
'É a): ¡-iÞ ,1,!u, .* -\'¡-lßñ
ß,n*o.:
)Pai
, (,r,*-/[-) ú'L*þ ,r*t+ tr¡,rlJ
"fr:) r"JÉ'1
VJl^
,t-fn:úJ,r'1r,r' -Y
e4.ùl
¿ñ'
Constn¡ction:l-Generalyby adding 'h
' " to nouns
and adjectives the feminine is
formed.like:rChirg,-Shirga'Cock - Hen
. Zarghon'ZarghonarGreen Green
2-By droppirìg the "U and i" Vowels and adding "4" to nouns
and adjectives' For examPle:
\iloman man
. Pashton, Pashtana' s:'i- (Pashton) ¡.l;'L-
Green,,f, (shna) ¿¡¡ Green (shin) ¡..:'
r ¡¡,,J.¿ ,-Ì, Lt-; '?/'l-'-o t¿' ',¡bj-.r¡ ,t ,,s\\j[j.'êrl Y'*it-
'<t úY.1È,t¿t' ';- ' ßt=¡+ 3¡
ú'¡")f- ¡ + is'*¿)
Old (Zarra) Ð Old (Zon) P)
,ßJ Aé ril-al rr- Ð tÐ'i (') J t¡\
.l;rt ^r,
g¡ (r) '-i 'r¡' t''- ¡l (ú) a¡-'J- '¡' ''f 'su''-o o*U
,":: ,:
3- By changing the last lefters of nouns (i) u"d.l:) to (ey) as
Shoemaker (F) (Moche Ð ¡atshoemaker (muchi) ''"'!
(KhitteY) ;P (Khittu) a gluttan P}:r(l J¡ta tçt'J*vt r'''r 'Ssi
Ps¿¡ -L
4- By changing the last letter "ai" to "e"of nouns and adje-
cives
Tursry G) (Tege) '!iGirl friend lMalgerÐ ..r'lt'
, A rsÅ üt'rJrt-ç L'¡)
TurstY (TegaY) éiFriend (matgeraY).e!'
\¿l
)ashto t]'r
-t
lû,
,ç ll¡vraoremdre (Lewaney) fr rt:iul'iit] uaamate[¡
Dialogue (Khabre -Atere) gjl g*t./. Jù+ S Js ¡Í :t¡r,r rt
Tah chirta aw komkal zegedalay ye
.r"- J¡+,if &'ú r to . Jg ,e.2o \t)Zahpa aisawe kaal 1950 pa kabul ke zegedelay yem.
t.gr Ë ¡b,rþ ¡l¡+¡ sn br
Da tase da hewad siyasi nezam scha dey.
.úr) úr¡'É¡+ fE.-¡tr. ¡þs j¡rjZmung da hewad siyasi nezãm jamhori dey.
ÍrSt rs-þ;þ3¡U-f¡ Ë.+ sþ ¡*t-sDa taso hewad pa tzo walayato washil shawey dey.
e of theAfshans 150 {jr+l+ (.¡) ¿Jt'¡t¿.1=¿.1 (g;) ,:-,r-u ¡li.a¿l is.t¡is -othe last letter of nouns and adjectives
ample:
Pa dersh walayatu.
Tase kom welayat ta marbut yastey.
Da Ifubul welayat ta.
Dagha s¿uray schok dey.
Dagha zma gawanddey dey.
\o'
-!Þ
..
Pashto the Language of the Æghans 151 ¡i ¡:+l
Section 9- ø¿4Adverbs )r¡r¡
]r¡ r" Jr r¡J: -. I r.,+
The adverbs are divided in to the different groups'
Adverbs of time r-¡ç cå¡ I - \Today (nan) aYesterday (Paron) ös¿
Tomorrow (Saba) þNow (Os) ,¿rl
Always (Tel) ,J';
Always (Ha¡kala) ÁS¡
Never (Heschkala) ^Ifi+Up to now (Ter oas) ,*'.sli
Successively ( Perla pesi) ,?, út,
Forever ( Tenela) l:¡
Once (Yaw zel) ,Ê"-
¡JU-Yr ê¿-t \
I4-U- Jol¿ ,3 c"-Y3 1.rf,r-b
ei csT¡ lhtll
l.9r cJ¡* ú¿ l-Lt
l.9r g¡¡tl ^t ; u,
\o\
b3 *'
Adverbs of Place rJ{-e útÞr
Here (delta)
There (Halta)
Undei (l-ande)
Over, On (Bande)
Above (Porta)
Far (Lere)
Near (Nezhde)
Where (Cherta)
Before (Wrrande)
Behind (Wruste)
Evêry where (Harcherta)
This side @i khwã)
cJ¡
Eb
úJY
ú$t{
l¿_ r ¡¿PI
'S)úÛ)i ->
.¡ttl.¿,
t:¿)t,
l'->¡
Þ r.¡'
- l.- W: )-j+ tålJ-r'o- tAdverbs of quantitY:
Much,more (dder)
Few, Less (Leg)
How much- How many (Schomra)
As much (Domra)
So (Homra)
Greatly (Khwara)
CompletelY (Bekhi)
Adverbs of action )3-'s ¿'cr'r :))Quickly (Zher) t)tSlowly (Wro) ¿,-titi
SuddentY (NaschPa) ^<i
How (Schanga) .¡t,Thus ( Dase)
Adverbs of cause:
Why (Wale)
Because (Zaka)
Only (Ywaze)
What for @a scha de Para)
Persian adverbs
AlwaYs (Hamisha)
PerhaPs (Albata)
Somedme (Gaha)
Arabic ,adverbsCertainlY (harnan)
For examPle (Mesalan)
OfficiallY (Rasman)
Adverbs are als formed from
parts ofa sPeech:
irorn a distance (De lerÐ
SecretlY (Pa Pena)
-'r-¡
IàlÌ
ùf)t
àÆ
bÌ.fu.
\ ôY
¡¡+i CJ-cl -OJ:'fL
þt"-o-¡Lr J'
¡¡*¡ ,¡¡-rH -1¡ l.-¡
'j:ll
,rl6
:) Gf -Vt.=t
5ti,1-J
Lt'a' ét-t:'l-¡l -À
:llJrfY-r¡+t+t'Ë.¡J¡l:) brt t
\ôT
Pashto the Language of the Afghaq 154 'i r+
ImPerative 'u-rl,-,- ,*¿d J*irr-, ^g
.rSlV" -la g'-.¡l sþ rþ"-Z ¡:st Jlr''cJb r'"1
,rlJ ..r¡t¡ o,É rgf rr r-¡lJ F) .€v,¿* u¿l r-,J'¡L.j -u,rd' (') I
imp Stem
Write (Lika) d.J : r + Lik ¿u To write (Likel) JfJ
S.g See (Wina) ¿.:Ð : ¡ + Win r¡ To see (Lidel) J+J
PL see you (wineY) ,rl-:þ^.,.1 ,-åaLi ¡;.4L ,¡ r r¡r tJl- Imperfective d þr ef d;-¡l'r'r
, É .¡ï l.e(sg) Take a l,ook (Wagora) 'rJ3To look (Katel)
(PL) Take a Look (WagoreY) ',st-ítThe imperative is formed from the present tense of a verb
stem by adding the letter (a = n ) in singular and (eyu ) in
plural.The perfective imperative is formed by addition of the prefrx
" waw J " to the imPerfective like:
prefix wâ.w,¡ to the imperfective,like:
Look (gora) ryf z * r-lTo look (katel) JrLook (ForeY'rstÍ r,+ ¿-í(Sg) tie (Watarra) ,å : , -i¡ To tie (tarrel) J¡(PL) tie (Watarrey) 'oitOther imperatives are formed from other stems:
Do it (woka) rf¡ To do (Kawel) 'r't-'
cL:l
Become (Wosa ) -¡ To become (Kidel) J¡J
Take it away (yosa) ' ,¿ To take away (Wrral) J.u
\ of'
Pashto thelansuaee oftheAfehans 155 :ir'i"
Nagative imPerative 14\ u"Å ,';ttslLj -.t¡ (¡ ) l,,' ( r' ) r¡' t"..l"| rJ
Are formed by adding (ma ") and (na l) to the imperatives'
Nagative *'t'l uì:'Don't go
Don't write
Don't do
Don't come
(Isn't)
(Isn't good)
tlt ta
tÇu
6lutsll u
Positive :rrr".ls¡ç^
Go) L Øun)
(write) '<J Gjka)
(do) ,J (Kawa)
('co*") ,1t, (Raza)
(Is) ,:-¡ (Shta)
(Is good) .er ,* (Sha DeY)
(Khat ma lika) ÁJ u 'Ë;
(Kar ma kawa) 'f þ.)tS
(kar ma kaweY) 'rs-f u ¿tS
(Ma gora) ntl u
(Drogh ma waYa) u-l u ¿sst
(Ma waya) ^'-l¡ -(Ma wayeY) .¡-1, -(Ma LikeY) ',É'
.- ¡:ê
ú¡/j+
sg (Khat lika)
sg (Kar kawa)
pl (Kar kaweY)
sg (Gora)
(Reshtiya waYa)
sg (waYa)
pl flilaYeY)
pl (LikeY)
¡lJ ü;,-l .tll
'e-l:V,,
¡-r¡)
r,-l¡ t :¡.¡
e,_l-¡
',¡l:
"F
\oo
Rules of negative Verbs r'1,.l ,J- .,;¡r,^r,É,;:T#::ïifËflfi:i
' ¿u-or-Sr--^!lrl.r^í,i1, '*; ,y" ,Í--,f j.2 J2ß (r,) ,r{rlLil3.l¡ t, -y
.Jl, ut t -j res ';¿,ls,g,sJly ^t'' ú¡j ÄJ (¿i) cni ,-*t,éJt¡jl ,g¿1"-:-l !; u, -t
:¡lJ..t r¡q ü - s:-'i - Ssr ^)tue¿3 ti..h éJ¡J)u- ¡ (¡) ¡J (d) cs:i ,è5,r5JLL¡|¿;lL - a, -6
'^lJ .il, ,F e t J*¡¡.¿i'J ':1- ú:-* r.;, - ; l rY
sÞsss ^J ,s-ti cr ,;JrJLil ,-*V s¿¿' :l ,èU d:l..rrÏ -, -1,^í,it, r;-¡ r;i,J*i .J-"f
..t sl . ú) ú gþJÇ - úr e úF J.r.J
The Vocative form: cJt, ,r,-1,r,;
,¡JL.' I yQ J¿¿¿ljl,L-¡¡l-¡rÇr.úr J, ,þ ,_* t_¡-i $ l-ur 1r¡l¡ ¡f (.,¡r¡
The vocative is used in calling. Masculine nouns receive (a)and feminine nouns take(e) in vocative.The interjection (oh) and (Hey) accompany nouns as:Hey, Brother (Hey Wrora) ,sss: tj Brother (Wror) ,¡-,¡Hey, mother (Hey more) Lily Lt Mother (Mor) ),Hey, Son (Hey zoya) u¿j t! Son (Zoy) s:jOh, Mother (Oh more) úry tr Mother (Mor) )_,.Oh, Sister (Oh khore) cs¿è osl Sister (Khor) )p
\01
.oJ u:l-f .,g tt çl¡;*,tll .Ll, (¡) ,cl3 ¿, (.) ¡ ,.tèU çi) ,sÉ u- (3) r r.¡Ç;;!t, trrl ,sÈ + (3) r r.¡U,r*r -rl,=,¿LÞr-T
,I
Pashto thelanguage of the Afghans 157 "ii
Dialogue (Khabere - Atere) ,S¡l 6-e
Tah chirta awsege (Osege)
Da shâr pa khatiza barkha ke.
Sta khptrl kor deY
.sj*7i ¿s r rf ¿*.,-ív-Jgf ,à ¿ f o) 't;
Na. Zah tasmim laram che sag kaal yau kor jorr krrem' khu
der kharsch ghwarri
1,,9¡l ¿V s
Tah-kãr kawe.
'¡-*,-l.r 'st't;lfu:6IHo ,Zahda shagerdano da yawe ttolene masher yem'
Q l.rro-¡l er-r¡¡ ei
..# Ê¿Å.+ 1¡t+:
r,tr )-f JTtltu
Sta dost cherta deY.
..Jrl, ,.9r d 3l , ,,5-þ Ë') )à; l¡ J ri¡
Hagha la mã schakha Leg Khapha shawey aw na dey raghelay,l
esj2¿4lltl tÅ ¿'ts 4
Sha - rãza che ddoddeY wa khru.
Tashakur. Í¿r
\oY
Igr a-re Ûu¡rkn
Pashto theLaneuaee of the Afehans 158
V/atermiJl (Zranda)
Hand mill (Mechen)
Deep (Zhawar)
a gap in wall (Kanddaw)
Corn storagerbin (Kandu)
Abyse (Kanda)
Widow (Kundda)
Fe.ry (Guder)
Lang (uwgd)
Short (Landd)
Care,attention (Ghawer)
Merchant (Sawdager)
Action (Amal)
Medicine (Daru)
Illness (Maraz)
Goodness (Neki)
Reason (Wahja)\:Good action (Nek amal)
Vocabulary út-rJ
!J.ri
::i¡l+5
tJS
o¡5
'+3.t
.t5¡)
?l+rJ
)y
ÍltnJ.t¡, It
,-e-¡
,fr+J
J-r.dJ
Section 10- àtJ, à*,')
r;r,l-; Jtfl
The Seasons (Da kal faslona)
One year has four Seasons.
Spring (PsarlaY) ,JP,Summer (Aunay-Dobay) (,¡r-rr) .r¿rl
Autumn (MenaY) \-rt'Winter (Zhemay) ê3
úr J--.¡ ,sr'j JV, j*,Spring is the first season of the year.
çes *l¡ ,é J*,The weather is good in the sPring.
rg.¡.-t-F lg ,;,;l tg¿:l
The weather gets warm in the suûlmer.
\o^
,r9) ¡r)-i ,-þ JV¡.-
Snow falls in the winter.
þ )t" Y? 'U ¡ .rþ ,t-f ¡l' . :[¡il ¡In Afghanistan four Season have diffirent weather' 'sj
\ oi
¿;2¿l rye15.é ,¡3
March-APril
April- MaY
May-June
June -JulY
July- August
August- SeP
Sep- Oct
Oct-Nov
Nov -Dec
Dec -Jan
Jan-Feb
Feb-March
Day
Month
yeaf
New Year
(Wraz).
(Miyasht)
(Kal)
(NawaY kal)
(Mayashte)
WoraY
GhwrtYaY
GhbargolaY
Chinga3h
ZmaraY
WagaY
Tala
Larram
LindeY
Marghomi
Salwagha
Kab
Hamal
Sawar
Jawza
Saratan
Assad
Sunbela
Mizan
Aqrab
Qaus
Jadi
Dalwa
Hut
J"-^)J
t)*¿lLe
.ul
^Jt:-ol.¡.
ç-P
"1"¡ú+Jr
ÛJ"
:
pashto thelanguage of theÆghans 161 , , tlFi
DIALOGUE :6ril é-P(Khabere - Atere)
l.r) d cr-'rr J6r
da Kal mosomuna Kom di ' lKr,J3 , ,? ' ,9¿51 's)-*,:,grlr ri¡"-¡r I
Da kal mosomuna da di: Pasarlay- Aurray-Manay -Zhemay'
,c))
c-iþJK
Jtl.¡i,,.t!ti¡
éss
.tPJI.Jútq
e¡jç3¿s
Á-
¡Jngt)
,¡*¡Él;l-
,3
Pa zhemi ke Hawa schanga wi
Pa zhemi ke Hawa sarra wi
Pa Afghanistan
Pa Afghanistan
\1.
l.¡¡ ^l fY lÍ./l ¡l*;tiilrke kom mosom sha deY'
.é) f-y þ * J*,rlJ ¡l':;Uil r¿
ke PasarlaY der sha mosom deY.
1,9¡ rlË l¡ ,F ,-t' \Pa mani ke hawa schanga wi
u¡j: i! tst i 'sY.¿ |tn c# ct Z
PamanikehawasarregiawdawanuPannerazhegir.re rl¿ I¡.l ui-l ,9¿¡l u
Pa auri ke hawa schanga wi
.úf,e c* ÚJ'ì P Út"i YHawa ruda wi, Kho dere miwe ham pakhegi' í /
t.9¡ rlË l¡ ,# êi u,
.ér.t l¡ é ,-ì3 L',
\(r.,
ì1\
Pashto the Language of the Afghans 162 ¿,j ¡i+
The cardinal numbers rj¡,c¡j rrcr
l-yau2-dwa'3- dre
4- Tsalur
5- Pinza
6- Shpag
7- Owa
8-Ata9- Neh
10-Las
11- Yawulas
12-Dwulas
13- Dyarlas
14- Tswarlas
15- Pinzalas
16- Shparras
17- Owulas
18- Atalas
19- Nunas
20-rShel
21-Yawwisht22-Dwawisht.30-Dprsh
40- Tsalwesht
50- Pinzos
60- Shpeta
rJl
ésl,rüt,L:,,
*-!
¡lr¡l
,¡j
I'l:¿,.J¡ttl¡¡'ù-;',rJår,
l¡ú"Jy,.lsiI ^tltP-y
l^
rL!u¡ r¡t
-,-ÊY-¡
,å;, J;'IëF,
.
70-Awya LJI
80-Atya t+Tl
90-Nawi é-;100-Sel J-200-Dwa sawa r3r oe)
1000-Zer si
Jî
I'
líf
,I
I
I
I
The ordinal numbers ^;-tn-y
d¡-i.,ô rJ.cr
ûj¡rr 3l suffixL- u'I (emrl) t ty li -l:,-,-J S ,¡t¿*¿'l' ,¡" ¡¡t-l d
.úr . i.l:*. ¡¡, c¡¡rJ ,ïlt- ¿Jt .t-l ¡¡'1 (¿-'l elrrâ¡ r r-¡lJ
The ordinal numbers are formed from the cardinal by adding
the (em and ema) suffixes for masculine and feminine
except the first Person.
FMLumrreY ,tfj LumrraY ,sfjRrumbey tÊr¿ RrmbaY Lfr¿
Awala .J.rl Awal Jrl
Dwayema rr.,-¡r DwaYem f¿Jr
Dreyema ¿-Ðr DreYem rur
Lasema , .,..t Lasam ¡JNimayi iç Nim r*,
Paw ¡!
\1r\17
Pashto the Lansuase of the Afehans
nterjections ,9r¡ Lris
:r¡U fl-.i¡i'rTo Epress happiness
Vãh ,l¡ Ahà t¡l Wäh wãh ,l¡,1¡oh Bravo :r-¡l'J.r:'tlþl
To express grief:Vhy-Afsus (Atas) úb Wâkh(Oh) ¿L A h , i
,0.¡Ç f;tl'For haising.
Bravo) ¡,;i Shabâsh (Bravo),,Êt¿ 't;: r-¡Ç JJ,rþr
Wishing
Kashki (Wish) ¿í¿tsr-.¡Ç rl.r1¡ÊÇrFor calling:
Jo (hey) ¡l ey (Oh) ,¡l - V/ay (alas) øl¡
AuxiliaryTo be , to become ù-i
(Shwet)
t't4úZah ba wushem "I will become" -Å: +7tMung ba wushu " We will became" ,is +.¡Tah ba \ryushe" You will become" 1i: + u-VTase ba wushey "You will become" ,É¡ +h - gl
Day - da ba wushi"He, She will become" cls 4c-st
\1¿
1Á .¡L'J jra¿
If I became +b'åKa zah shw4Y 6lç 6 ß
Ka mung shwaY úl'r\'j'r S
Ka tah shwaY "l'* ú,-s
"9Ç u'ls ßKa tase shwaY
Ka day - dá shwaY 'rlÉ l¡ -
"t ß
6lç rg¡t ßKa duY shwaY
If I had become (røt") '-b-¡ e)Ka zah shawdY waY '5.¡ '9¡'à
6 ß
Ka mung shawaY waY al: g-Èi'¡'ß
Ka tah shawaY waY 6l¿ e:'3' s ß
Ka tase shawaY waY a|: s-È 'str ß-
Ka day - dã shaway way wa ¡l -'sl: çs-å l: - gr ef
Ka duY shawi a! üe3 úl: e'È ést ß
TransitiveTo bind (Ta:rel)
PresentTarrem
Tam¡
Tarre
Tarey
Tarri
Tarri
\10
J;{,Pod'j
:i ?f,ti tJ
'rSi,gU
éi at
úi est
Pashto the Lansuase of the Afehans
Past ,s^blâ
Zahye - watarrelom
Mung ye watarrelu
Tah Ye watarrele
Tase- ye watarreley
Day ye watarra
Duy ye watarrel
Da Ye watarrela
Duy ye watarrele
P.ProximateZahye Tarrelay yem
Mung ye tarreli yu
Tah ye tarraley ye
Tase ye. tarrelaycy '
Day ye tarrelay day
Duy ye tarrelay di
Dä ye ta:relay da
Duy ye tarreli di
1,66 UJ H!
fi-t,¿-o:!n: ei:,Ji, ,¡- u
Jit,¡- u*uo¡b¡,rr- ç9r
J¡2 u,_r92,
d¡r-l .rr- ll
Jit ,¡- rstt
,èu tsÚ
f- Ji ,t'-,:
¿Ji,¡-i.v,J- Ji ,J- Ë
,¡-Ji c-,rELst Ji ,J- ú,
,st Ji stérre,r f¡.r,- lr
ét ¿i ú¿ 'J-rr
j
Pashto theLansuaee of theÆehans
P.RemoteZah ye Tarreley wom
Mung ye Tarreley wou
Tah ye Tarrelay way
Tase ye Tarreli wast
Day ye Tarrelay wu
Duy ye Tarreli wu
Da ye Tarrely wa
Duy ye tareli wa ( F,
Imperative
Wutarra drWu tarrey ,ti:
Subjunctive'Wuta:rem
'Wu tam¡
V/u tare'wu tarrey
V/u tani
V/u tani
167
.*U e)¡: Ji ,e o)
tt Ji d-!rú: ]¡ u¿t:
,!b fj.¡-.rb3 Ji ,¡- rst
)
ss )¡ 4,32t0.2 )¿ u'-lt
ctt Ji .J-ú)'
imperfective
Tarra '¡.Tarrey Ui
,J;u-êÞlti:tit'sit15Ít
tti:,ti)
\11
þ3 J'iú-
\lV
Pashto theLansuase of theAfshans 168
Conditionalimperfectiveka zah ye tarrelay
ka mung ye tarrelu
ka tah ye tarelay
ka tase ye tarreley
ka day ye tarrelay
ka duy ye tarreli
ka da ye tarelay
Perfective:
ka zah ye tarrelay way
ka mung ye tarrelay way
ka tah ye tarrelay way
ka tase ye tarrelay wast
ka day ye tarrelay way
ka duy ye tarrelay wuy
ka da ye tarrelay way
Potential form:present
Tarrelay sum
Tarrelay su
Tarrelay say
Tarrelay saey
Tar"relay si
Tarrelay si
ry-/t
Ji ,¡-,: sji c-inßëi '¡'t: ^s
Ji ,¡-,-*,tr ßJi ,¡'
'st ^sJ¡ ,J-çlst ßj¡ u¿ß É
,slt Ji d- èj ^l,slt ,)i ú i:. ßslt Ji ,J-tú ß
u\ Ji ,¡-.tV ßal: Ji ,j- úr ßsb Ji 'J' rs'tt ßal: Ji ¿-lt É
jrltJt'
r-J+-*Ji.,-r Ji,; rli,s Ji,f Ji
j
Pæhto the Language of the Æghans 169 ti J¡j"*
t* Ji e-it,z-VJi ,¡-,eE
Jt- Ji è-ú¿¡
Past uzu
rv Ji ,¡-o)
Lc¡- ¿i è-)ir J¡ ,e-e,
:þ-6Jr;r.(Jorrawel) J.,rr.
To build
To cure
Zah jorrawom
Mung jorrawu
Tah jorrawe
Tase jorrawey
Day jonawi
Duy jonawi
Dã jonawi
Past tenseZahye jon krrem
Mung ye jorr krru
Tah ye jorr krre
Tasé ye jorr krreY
Day ye jorr kerr
Duy ye jorr krrel
\1^
¡s¿* oi
s: ¿* itét ¿* ti
3s ¿* euL9¿Ê é;,
ét¿* t,st
ú't¿r.lt
ðL,,sþlAlf ¿n ,¡''i
ú¿*d-i!af ¿:o.,¡-'¡
'aÍ ¿n d-,,-lif ¿* ,s- rs,
\11