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Forum: Special Political and Decolonization Committee

Issue: The role of diamonds in fueling conflict

Student Officer: Angeliki Aggelou

Position: Deputy Chair

PERSONAL INTRODUCTION

Dear Delegates,

My name is Angeliki Aggelou and I will be serving as one of the deputy chairs of the

4th GA committee also known as the SPECPOL. This is going to be my second

experience as a Student Officer and I am really looking forward to it being even more

successful than the first one.

The reason why I chose to become a Co-Chair in this committee is the interest its

subject arouses. This committee is dealing with plenty of subjects around the matter

of decolonization, Palestinian refugees and human rights, peacekeeping mine action,

outer space, public information, atomic radiation and University of Peace, as stated

by the UN General Assembly.

Being a Deputy Chair it is my duty yet my ambition to support your attempts to do

research, create resolutions and finally form your proposals. I am looking forward to

helping you with your research and I hope this study guide is useful for everyone.

Should you come up with any possible questions, do not hesitate to contact me

through my e-mail address: adaggeliki@gmail.com

Looking forward to working with you in this year’s PSMUN conference!

Best Regards,

Angeliki

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INTRODUCING TOPIC

The first diamonds ever recorded were found in India, 800 B.C. It took hundreds of

years for this metastable allotrope of carbon to become a conflict resource.

According to history, the roots of the issue go back to the 1930s when the first

diamond was found in Sierra Leone. Ever since, governments have been seeking ways

to give an end to the negative results diamond trade in certain states can lead to. It is

a real challenge for the international community to spot exactly in which areas

diamond trade can turn to a conflict fueled by diamonds, ruining their political

stability.

Conflict or red or blood or war or hot diamonds can be generally defined as natural

resources illegally produced and traded in areas controlled by rebel forces- opposed

to official governments, a phenomenon most commonly spotted in Central and

Western Africa.

Blood diamonds percentage in the diamond trade is extremely difficult to be

recorded, it being a form of smuggling taking place outside governmental control.

Statistics estimate it to approximately be 1%, a percentage that might seem small but

actually gives plenty of potential to rebel groups’ funding, leading to acts of violence,

excluding important natural resources from a nation’s wealth and even funding acts

of terrorism.

In order to understand the importance of the topic at hand, one should research the

damage conflict diamonds have caused to several African countries: civil wars,

human losses, illegal conduits etc.

Benefit doesn’t go to miners and their communities. Most diamond-rich countries

are poor and people are excluded from the wealth of their country’s soil. Profit goes

to middlemen, miners, smugglers, traders and exporters-while diggers sell the

diamonds for 1/5th of the worth the resource has when it is exported from the

country.

What should be noted on the issue is that-even if civil wars in Angola and Sierra

Leone have ended and conflicts in DRC are decreased, the problem remains in areas

like Ivory Coast and Central African Republic.

Having the aforementioned in mind, the role of diamonds in fueling conflict is crucial

for the sovereignty of states in the Central-Western African region.

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Source: https://s-media-cache-

ak0.pinimg.com/originals/d8/04/e8/d804e859012bb13b47ed7e041c9a96fc.jpg

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KEY WORDS

Blood Diamonds: «Blood diamond, also called conflict diamond, as defined by the United Nations (UN),

any diamond that is mined in areas controlled by forces opposed to the legitimate,

internationally recognized government of a country and that is sold to fund military

action against that government. »

"Blood Diamond." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 28 Nov.

2016. Web. 27 Jan. 2017. <https://www.britannica.com/topic/blood-diamond>.

Smuggling: “The criminal offense of intentionally and secretively bringing an item into a country

without declaring it to customsofficials and paying the associated duties or taxes, or

of bringing a prohi-bited item into a country.”

"Smuggling." The Free Dictionary. Farlex, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2017.

<http://www.thefreedictionary.com/smuggling>.

Civil war:

A civil war can be defined as “a war between citizens of the same country”. A violent

revolution between government forces and the people against the regime of a

country can also be considered as a civil war. Civil wars primarily occur in order to

overthrow regimes and governments yet they can also occur as rewards over who

will seize control of the country.

Source: https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT2pFiy1Zyt-

uUJIBkxbD_duLWs_KcbCIennDoqzU3i3z9xmb-7

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HISTORICAL INFORMATION

Civil War in Sierra Leone In the early 1990’s, conflict was fueled between warlord Charles Taylor (leading

NPFL) and Liberia’s former dictator Samuel Doe. Doe was then supported by Sierra

Leone’s President Joseph Saidu Momoh, who sent troops to his support.

Having prevailed in Liberian Presidency, Taylor “fired back” by finding and arming

RUF along with other rebel groups and terrorist civilians. According to the UN court,

Taylor commanded RUF to take control of the mines and armed the rebel group with

weapons smuggled from Europe, in exchange with rough diamonds.

On March 23, RUF invaded the eastern part of Sierra Leone resulting to 11 years of

civil war (1991-2002).

RUF leader, Foday Sankoh, said that the purpose of the invasion and the RUF

movement itself was to claim bigger shares of the mineral wealth for the lower class

and miners, since the depraved government mismanaged the whole mining process.

After 9 years of rebels committing brutal crimes against humanity and of terrible

social and economic costs for Sierra Leone, Nigerian forces of ECOMOG removed

most rebel groups with the exception of RUF, who fought back January 1999 taking

6,000 human lives and mutilating way more.

Until July, RUF leader and Sierra Leone’s president signed an agreement making RUF

a political party - called Lone Peace Accord. As a result, Sankoh’s death sentence due

to war crimes was lifted and he was given the position to control diamond exports, in

S.M.R.C. Although, 7 months after the agreement, January 6 2000, RUF attacked

Freetown – exporting center and the government. At this point it became obvious

the rebel group had the intention to help rebuild Sierra Leone, only to gain control

over diamond districts.

The natural wealth of Angola also contributes to its downfall. The Angola Civil War

started in 1975, just when the country gained its independence from Portugal.

It lasted 27 years and resulted to over 500,000 deaths, economic and social turmoil,

landmines preventing forming activities and a refugee crisis.

This was a civil war between multiple parties, each of them had political interests. It

took place between 1974-2000.

Angola has previously been in a war for independence from Portugal for 18 years

(1961-1979) before the civil war. The parties involved were MPLA, UNITA and FNLA.

They achieved independence on November 10th, 1974 by over throwing emperor

Salazar. The Portuguese quickly evacuated the country, despite the will of Angolan

people, who asked for them to organize elections. The resulting power vacuum

landed the 3 parties into a large power struggle.

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The coup against the Portuguese dictatorship was mostly bloodless: the problem was

there were 3 different liberation movements. Post-independence, MPLA, FNLA and

UNITA could not share power. On August 1, 1975, UNITA declared war against MPLA.

It’s known that Angola’s soil is rich in diamonds and other resources, which funded

the war.

During the war, UNITA captured most diamond mines and used profits as a source

for money, fuel and arms. UNITA makes hundreds of millions every year while the

governmental diamond sector “Endiama Corporation” loses profit.

UNITA’s method on taking over diamond mines is not certain but it has launched

attacks on Curango in 1984 and Andrada in 1985, spreading their control through the

Luanda diamond territory. The rebels conquered mining towns, slowly forming strict

structure behind the conquests, until diamonds became their main financial and

industrial resource. All in all, the manners UNITA used were not peaceful, more like

brutal invasions causing the death of many civilians.

Attacks that took place by UNITA on diamond mines and transport routes, while

rebels smuggled the diamonds to found their party, seriously plagued the Angolan

economy. Diamond sales halfed in the period 1985-86 (33 million US dollars to 15

million US dollars).

After UNITA used diamonds and mines to pay for the weapons, the Kimberley

Process was established in 2003 in order to certify that diamonds in the market

didn’t originate from areas of conflict.

Congo Civil War The civil war of the republic of Congo started just when the country gained its

independence from Belgium. The decolonization resulted to instability in the region,

ethnical, political and economic disputes. This condition remains till today,

perpetuated by the armed conflict taking place inside and outside of the country. The

first place of civil war began in 1993 and continued till December 1994. The second

phase started in mid-1997 and lasted till December 1999 with intervention of the

Angolan Army.

The civil wars’ main purpose were mineral goods. Civil wars and the illegal diamond

trade prevent Congo’s financial stabilization. These diamonds are used to fund rebel

armies. According to UN reports “Illegal exploitation remains one of the main sources

of funding for groups involved in perpetuating conflict. Over the last years, such

exploitation has been characterized by intense competition among the various

political and military actors as they have sought to maintain and expand their control

over the territory”. Rebel groups choose diamonds because they are easily mined

and transported and never lose their value. Miners mined the diamonds from areas

of Congo that are unstable. The exploitation of diamonds, conflict and arms

trafficking form a vicious circle, one leading to the other, deteriorating the country’s

situation.

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There are numerous paths for Congolese blood diamonds to make their way to the

international diamond trade, through black markets and finally to diamond centers in

cities where are legalized.

Central African Republic Civil War The Central African Republic conflict is an ongoing civil war which began in December

10, 2012. Fighting started between Christian/animist anti-balaka militia and Muslim

rebels (Seleka). At the time, diamonds were 50% of CAR’s total exports and 20% of its

budget receipts. Since March 2013, when Seleka threw their own presidency, Kimber

Process banned the diamond exports.

What should be mentioned at this point is the profit Seleka and anti-balaka gain from

the current diamond trade: taking over mine territories, imposing taxies to miners

and traders. The money is then channeled to weapons, trainers and fighters-funding

the rebel groups.

TIMELINE OF EVENTS

1974-2001 Angolan Civil War

1991-2002 Sierra Leone Civil War

1997-1999 Congo Civil War

1998 Global Witness first exposed the blood

diamonds issue

2000 World Diamond Council established

2001 GA resolution on the role of Diamonds

in fueling conflict

2002-2007,2010-2011 Ivory Coast Civil War

2003 Kimberley Process Established

2004 WDC reported conflict diamonds illegal

trade to be reduced to approximately

1%, where it has remained until today

2005 SC Resolution 1643

2011-Present C. A. R. Civil War

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MAJOR COUNTRIES AND ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED

The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme A government-led process established in January 2003, post the UN GA adoption of

resolution 55/56. The scheme was set up to prevent blood diamonds from making

their way to the international diamond trade and requires the governmental

certification that rough diamonds transported are conflict free.

Despite the fact that some governments fail to control the Conflict diamond leaks,

the organization has marked several achievements: establishing controls to declare

the origin of the diamonds, implementing legislation (including penalties), the

PRADD program, the “Washington Declaration” etc.

The countries participating are listed in the following web page:

https://www.kimberleyprocess.com/en/kp-participants-and-observers

World Diamond Council An organization, established in July 2000, composed by representatives of the

diamond industry. Its aim is to develop a tracking system for the import and export

of rough diamonds in order to stunt the number of conflict diamonds slinking into

the international diamond trade.

Global Witness An international NGO, established in 1993. Its main aim is to stop the exploitation of

natural resources and expose the financial systems behind conflict minerals.

Sierra Leone Since the 1970s, diamond mining profits have been of premium importance for the

country’s financial system. Due to illegal trading and smuggling, the share of

diamonds being produced and exported through official trading channels were tiny.

By 1991 when rebellion started, Sierra Leone already had a corrupt government and

illicit diamond trade. The country’s conflict diamonds have been for years funding

national rebel groups. UNSC issued an embargo for diamonds with no certificates

from the government to not be exported.

Angola The civil war in Angola started in 1974 and ended in 2001. The war was fought

between 3 rebel parties named UNITA, MPLA and FNLA. UNITA sold diamonds with a

total worth of 3.72 billion US dollars, to fund its act against the government, during

the period 1992-1997.UNSC passed 2 resolutions, aiming to ban the purchase of

Angolan blood diamonds. Despite the fact, UNITA still managed to sell conflict

diamonds. After thorough investigation UNSC resolution 1295 as well as the

Kimberley Process Certification Scheme were formed.

Ivory Coast Until April 2014, Ivory Coast was under diamond embargo banning its exports. The

measure has failed to stop blood diamond trafficking though. The conflict and the

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instability in the area, were profitable for the military and rebel militia(FN), who had

the ability to take advantage of natural resources. The situation has ameliorated ever

since the Ouagadougou Political Accord.

Republic of Congo Civil War in Eastern Congo was the deadliest fight after WWII. The conflict, fueled by

claim over diamond mines resulted to mass displacement, humanitarian crisis,

human losses, poverty.

Other countries, such as Liberia, Zimbabwe and Central African Republic play also

very important role in the issue.

PREVIOUS EFFORTS TO SOLVE THE ISSUE In 2000 at the World Diamond Congress in Antwerp, International Diamond Traders

(The International Diamond Manufacturers’ Association and the World Federation of

Diamond Bourses) recognized the effects of conflict diamonds and agreed upon

measures to stop the illegal trade of diamonds funding African Civil Wars by

establishing the certification of diamonds according to their origin.

On November 15th 2005 the Diamond producing Countries along with the Diamond Industry decided to take measures to stop the smuggling of "conflict diamonds" from West Africa, resulting to a resolution on Ivory Coast-voted at the Moscow plenary meeting of the Kimberley Process, where government ministers, diamond executives and advocacy groups finally endorsed new safeguards today to block the trade in illicit diamonds that fueled some of Africa's most violent conflicts.

UN DOCUMENTS The "Fowler Report" S/2000/203 (March 10, 2000)

Final Report of the UN Panel of Experts on Violations of Security Council Sanctions

Against Unita. This extensive report examines the partial failure of sanctions on the

Angolan rebel group.

UN Resolution Calls for Enforcement of Angola Sanctions (April 18, 2000)

In this resolution (S/RES/1295), the Security Council calls for states and organizations

to take action against arms, petroleum, and diamond trade with UNITA and to put

into effect financial and travel restrictions against the rebel group.

UN Panel of Experts on Angola Sanctions: Fact Sheet

Text prepared by the UN containing information on the background, mandate,

operation and composition of the panel.

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Security Council Requests Establishment of Expert Panel To Investigate Illegal

Exploitation of Resources In Democratic Republic of Congo (June 2, 2000)

The UN Security Council requested the establishment of an expert panel to

investigate the link between conflicts and exploitation of the natural resources, such

as diamonds, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. (Press Release SC/6871 )

Security Council Decides to Impose Prohibition on Imports of Rough Diamonds from

Sierra Leone (July 5, 2000)

The press release (UN SC/6886) and UN Security Council Resolution 1306, which

officially bans trading of diamonds from Sierra Leone.

Press Briefing By Chairman, Sierra Leone Sanctions Committee (August 1, 2000)

The Sierra Leone government's proposal for a diamond certification regime, the

appointment of an expert panel, and the diamond industry's nine-point proposals

are some of the hallmarks of the public hearings on "conflict diamonds," says the

Bangladesh Ambassador to the UN. (UN Press Briefing)

UN Expert Panel Report on Sierra Leone (December 20, 2000)

After a delay caused by infighting among the permanent members of the Security

Council, the official Sierra Leone report is here.

Final Report of the Monitoring Mechanism on Angola Sanctions (December 21, 2000)

An extremely detailed UN report on the violation of sanctions against Unita.

General Assembly Resolution on the Role of Diamonds in Fuelling Conflict (January

29, 2001)

Breaking the link between the illicit trade of rough diamonds and armed conflict as a

contribution to prevention and settlement of conflicts.

Resolution 1343 Imposing Sanctions Against Liberia (March 7, 2001)

Here is an unofficial version of the UN Security Council resolution imposing sanctions

on Liberia to condemn its support to the RUF in Sierra Leone. The resolution will

come into effect on May 7, if Liberia does not fulfill its requirements.

Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and

Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (April 12, 2001)

The report investigates the illegal exploitation of diamonds, cobalt, coltan, gold and

other lucrative resources in the DRC. It recommends to the Security Council a

temporary embargo on natural resources imported and exported from Rwanda,

Uganda and Burundi.

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Supplementary Report of the Monitoring Mechanism on Sanctions against UNITA

(October 12, 2001)

This report discusses the limits of the current diamond sanctions against UNITA. It

recommends that the UN establish a permanent mechanism to ensure ongoing

monitoring of targeted sanctions regimes and illicit trafficking in high-value

commodities in armed conflicts.

Report of the Panel of Experts pursuant to Security Council resolution 1343 (2001),

paragraph 19, concerning Liberia (October 26, 2001)

This "name and shame" report reveals ongoing arms trafficking and sanctions

violations in Liberia, and recommends additional sanctions on its "flag of

convenience" shipping register and certain types of logging.

Addendum to the Report of the UN Panel on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural

Resources in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (November 13, 2001)

This report describes how a number of neighboring countries are perpetuating the

war in the DRC by illegally exploiting its natural resources. It calls for a moratorium

on third-country exports of Congolese minerals, and suggests the possibility of future

sanctions.

UN General Assembly Resolution 56/263 (February 6, 2002)

The United Nations General Assembly welcomed the certification scheme developed

by the Kimberley Process.

Report by UN Expert Panel on Liberia (April 19, 2002)

A comprehensive UN report on Liberia's continuing violation of the arms embargo.

The report investigates the Liberian government's compliance with UN Security

Council Resolution 1343 of March 2001 under which sanctions were imposed on

Monrovia for its links with the former rebel Revolutionary United Front in

neighboring Sierra Leone.

Report of the Panel of Experts on Cote d'Ivoire (November 7, 2005)

The Panel of Experts assesses the role of natural resources, such as cotton,

diamonds, and cocoa in fueling the conflict in Ivory Coast and the effectiveness of the

arms embargo. The panel is especially concerned that the illicit trade of diamonds

provides an important income to the rebel group New Forces. The report calls on the

UN peacekeeping mission in Ivory Coast and the Kimberley Process Secretariat to

evaluate the volume of illicit diamond exports. The group also recommends that the

Security Council ask the rebel group to provide an inventory of the weapons in its

possession and the Ivorian government to submit a breakdown of its defense

expenditures.

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Security Council Resolution 1643 (December 15, 2005)

The Security Council again threatened sanctions against individuals suspected to

violate the arms embargo or to impede the peace process in Ivory Coast. Under

France's leadership, the Security Council acknowledged the role of diamonds in

fueling the conflict and broadened the arms embargo to include a ban on diamond

exports from Ivory Coast. Security Council members suspect that the rebel group

New Forces purchases arms with revenue from illicit diamond sales.

Final Report of the Monitoring Mechanism on Angola Sanctions (December 21, 2000)

An extremely detailed UN report on the violation of sanctions against Unita.

Source: Global Policy Forum

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS The issue of diamonds fueling conflicts has been ongoing for decades-and still is one

of the most complex ones to control and eliminate as well as one with severe

consequences for a country, such as human losses, humanitarian crisis, smuggling,

civil wars, poverty, instability. In order to be protected from the aforementioned, the

countries plagued from conflict diamonds have formed Kimberley Process, industry-

related regulations, diamond trade standards. The countries will have to work both

separately and cooperatively for this issue to come to an end.

In order to stop the diamond-based conflict, Kimberley Process must make sure all

member-states control the diamond industry effectively. The diamond industry itself

must cooperate and support the aims of all the efforts taking place to solve the issue,

thus copying with any controls and exposing individuals or companies that act

against the law.

The diamond industry, governmental schemes and NGOs should raise awareness

upon the matter and its economic, humanitarian and political effects.

BIBLIOGRAPHY London, Nicol Degli Innocentiin. "Accord on Conflict Diamond Smuggling." Financial

Times. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2017.

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00000e25118c#ixzz4Vw87DQ00

"Accord on Conflict Diamonds." BBC News. BBC, 19 July 2000. Web. 27 Jan. 2017.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/841644.stm

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Cowell, Alan. "40 Nations in Accord on 'Conflict Diamonds'." The New York Times.

The New York Times, 05 Nov. 2002. Web. 27 Jan. 2017.

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diamonds.html

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ready-sale/>.

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z4VmKHBS64>.

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<https://southfront.org/central-african-republic-an-ongoing-civil-war/>.

User, Super. "World Diamond Council - History." World Diamond Council - History.

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wdc/history>.

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2017. <https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/conflict-diamonds/kimberley-

process/?gclid=CJT79vGoxNECFUK7GwodRa8J5Q>.

James Paul - Global Policy Forum. "Global Policy Forum." UN Documents on

Diamonds in Conflict. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2017.

<https://www.globalpolicy.org/the-dark-side-of-natural-resources-st/diamonds-in-

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Flanagin, Jake. "The Blood Diamond Trade Is Tearing the Central African Republic

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