persons and fam notes

8/14/2019 Persons and Fam Notes

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CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. 386)Volum O! " P #$o!$ %!& F%m'l R l% 'o!$

INTROD*CTORY CHAPTER

Law is considered as instructions from the maker.

T+ +um%! m'!& ,o!$'$ $ -#'!,'-%ll o /o %,ul ' $

1. the '! ll , the proper object of which is the #u +; and

2. the /'ll the proper object of which is the 0oo&.

Cl%$$' ',% 'o! o L%/ A,,o#&'!0 o + M%!! # o ' $ P#omul0% 'o!

1. N% u#%l L%/ promul ated impliedl! in our conscience and bod!

N% u#%l Mo#%l L%/ applies to our hi her faculties. e. . do ood anda"oid e"il

L%/ o N% u# applies to both our hi her and lower faculties. e. . thelaw of ra"it!

2. Po$' '1 L%/ promul ated e#pressl! or directl!

D'1'! Po$' '1 L%/ e. . the 1$ %ommandments

D'1'! 2Hum%! Po$' '1 L%/ e. . the commandments if the &oman%atholic %hurch

Hum%! Po$' '1 L%/ e. . con ressional statutes' e#ecuti"e orders

Hum%! Po$' '1 L%/ it is a reasonable rule of action' e#pressl! or directl! promul ated b! competent human authorit! for the common ood.


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E$$ ! '%l El m ! $ o Hum%! Po$' '1 L%/1. &easonable rule of action

2. (ue promul ation otherwise obedience can hardl! be e#pected

). *romul ation b! competent authorit!

+. ,enerall!' a sanction imposed for disobedience

Hum%! Po$' '1 L%/ D'$ '!0u'$+ & #om Mo#%l'

-hile uman *ositi"e Law co"ers onl! e#ternal conduct' moralit! co"ers both e#ternal

acts and internal thou hts. /oreo"er' the former is enforced b! the 0tate; this is not soin the case of moralit!.

Co!, - $ o L%/ %$"

1. D # ,+o the abstract science of law

2. L is a specific law

note a student of law (derecho) studies specific laws (leyes)

Cl%$$' ',% 'o! o Hum%! Po$' '1 L%/1. ccordin to /+ + # % #'0+ '$ 0'1 ! ' or merel! the procedure for enforcement islaid down

1.1. Su4$ %! '1 L%/ that which establishes ri hts and duties

1.2. R m &'%l 3or procedural or adjecti"e4 L%/ that which prescribes themanner of enforcin le al ri hts and claims

2. ccordin to the S,o- o# ,o! ! of the law

2.1. P#'1% L%/ that which re ulates the relations of the members of acommunit! with one another

2.2. Pu4l', L%/ that which o"erns the relations of the indi"idual with the0tate or ruler or communit! as a whole

). ccordin to o#, o# ,

).1. M%!&% o# %!&5o# P#o+'4' '1 L%/$ those which ha"e to be compliedwith. (isobedience is punished either b! direct penalties or b! considerinan act or contract "oid.


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) of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

).2. P #m'$$'1 3or suppletor!4 L%/$ those which ma! be de"iated from' ifthe indi"idual so desires. e. . 5n the case of hidden treasure' the finderets 6$7.

C'1'l L%/ that branch of the law that enerall! treats of the personal and famil!relations of an indi"idual' his propert! and successional ri hts' and the effects of hisobli ations and contracts.

C'1'l L%/ D'$ '!0u'$+ & #om Pol' ',%l L%/

-hile ci"il law o"erns the relations of the members of a communit! with one another' political law deals with the relations of the people and the o"ernment.

ur ci"il law was premised principall! on the old %i"il %ode 3the %i"il %ode of 0pain of18894.


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CHAPTER IEFFECT AND APPLICATION OF LA S

A# 7. T+'$ A, $+%ll 4 !o/! %$ + C'1'l Co& o + P+'l'--'! $

Sou#, $ o + P+'l'--'! C'1'l L%/

1. he 19)6 and the 19): *hilippine %onstitutions' respecti"el!

2. 0tatutes' laws' presidential; decrees' or e#ecuti"e orders which are applicable

). dministrati"e or eneral orders

+. %ustoms of the place

6. udicial decisions


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A# . 9 u!l $$ ' '$ o + #/'$ -#o1'& &.

T+'$ Co& $+%ll % , 7 %# % # -u4l',% 'o!.

G ! #%l Rul " 16 da!s after completion of publication in fficial ,aAette or newspaper ofeneral circulation

Exception: unless otherwise pro"ided. he law can pro"ide its own date of effecti"it!'i.e. ' it can pro"ide for a period less than or reater than 16 da!s after publication

before the law takes effect.

*ublication is / B( &C e"en if the law pro"ides its own date of effecti"it!.

5nternal re ulations of administrati"e a encies which bind onl! the a enc! need not be published.

*ublication in the fficial ,aAette is not necessar! so lon as it is not puniti"e in character.

On Aug. 30, 1950 the Civil Code took effect.

= 2$$ 3 >uino4 laws to be effecti"e must be published either in the fficial ,aAette orin a newspaper of eneral circulation in the countr!. *ublication not to be in fficial,aAette because of its erratic release and limited readership.

*ublication is intended to enable people to become familiar with the statute.

/ust be in full or it is no publication at all.

%irculars which prescribe a penalt! for their "iolation should be published before becomin effecti"e.

*ublication is an indispensable re>uirement' absence of which will render the lawineffecti"e.

A# . 3. I0!o#%!, o + l%/ ?,u$ $ !o o! #om ,om-l'%!, + # /' +.

Ignor nti legi! non excu! t


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< of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

he rticle applies to all kinds of domestic laws' ci"il or penal

pplies onl! to mandator! and prohibitor! laws

5 norance of forei n law is not i norance of the law' but i norance of fact becauseforei n laws must be alle ed and pro"ed as matters of fact' there bein no judicial noticeof said forei n laws

5f the forei n law is not properl! alle ed and pro"ed' the presumption is that it is thesame as our law

-hen we sa! i norance of the law' we refer not onl! to the literal words of the law itself' but also to the meanin or interpretation i"en to said law b! our courts of justice

-hile i norance of the law is no e#cuse' i norance of the fact eliminates criminal intentas lon as there is no ne li ence. hus' a man who marries a second wife uponreasonable belief after due search that his wife' missin for 1$ !ears' is dead' does notincur criminal responsibilit!. ="en if it turns out that the first wife is ali"e.

he %i"il %ode specificall! pro"ides that a mistake on a doubtful or difficult >uestion oflaw ma! be the basis of ood faith 3 rt. 62


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: of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

2. 5f laws are # m &'%l '! !% u# . e. . new rules of court applied to pendin actions.

). 5f the statute is - !%l '! !% u# %1o#%4l o + %,,u$ & who is not a habitualdelin>uent

+. 5f the laws are of an m #0 !, '! !% u# and are authoriAed b! the police power ofthe o"ernment

6. 5f the law is ,u#% '1 3cure errors or irre ularities4

uired shall not be done otherwise than desi nated.

=#ample B D

ne has to obe! mandator! statutes' otherwise his acts would enerall! be "oid.

@iolation of director! laws does not result in in"alid acts.

E?, - 'o!$

5f the law e#pressl! pro"ides for the "alidit! of acts committed in "iolation of amandator! or prohibitor! pro"ision of a statute' such act shall be considered "alid orenforceable.

1. -hen the law makes the act not "oid but merel! "oidable


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2. -hen the law makes the act "alid' but subjects the wron doer to criminalresponsibilit!

). -hen the law makes the act itself "oid' but reco niAes some le al effects flowintherefrom

+. -hen the law itself makes certain acts "alid althou h enerall! the! would ha"e been "oid

A# . 6. R'0+ $ m% 4 /%'1 &9 u!l $$ + /%'1 # '$ ,o! #%# o l%/9

-u4l', -ol', 9 mo#%l$ o# 0oo& ,u$ om$9 o# -# @u&','%l o % +'#& - #$o!/' + % #'0+ # ,o0!'> & 4 l%/.

Rul $ o# + %'1 # o R'0+ $

"ener l rule ri hts ma! be wai"ed

E?, - 'o!$"

1. -hen the wai"er is contrar! to law' public order' public polic!' morals' or oodcustoms;

2. -hen the wai"er is prejudicial to a third person with a ri ht reco niAed b! law

R'0+ the power or pri"ile e i"en to one person and as a rule demandable of another.e. . the ri ht to reco"er a debt justl! due.

,enerall!' right! involve t#o $%& !u'(ect!

1. cti"e subject the person entitled.2. *assi"e subject the person obli ed to suffer the enforcement of the ri ht.

R'0+ $ m% 4 "

1. real ri hts 3jus in re' jus in rem4 enforceable a ainst the whole world 3absoluteri ht4

2. personal ri hts 3jus in personam' jus ad rem4 enforceable a ainst a particulatindi"idual 3relati"e ri hts4.


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%'1 # intentional relin>uishment of a known ri ht; not presumed but must be clearl!and con"incin l! shown' either b! e#press stipulation or acts admittin no otherreasonable e#planation

R u'$' $ o % V%l'& %'1 #

1. he person wai"in must be capacitated to make the wai"er;

2. he wai"er must be made clearl!' but not necessaril! e#press;

). he person wai"in must actuall! ha"e the ri ht which he is renouncin ;

+. 5n certain instances the wai"er must compl! with the formalities of a donation 3likethe e#press remission of a debt in fa"or of the wai"er4;

6. he wai"er must not be contrar! to law' morals' public polic!;


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1$ of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

6. he "enue of the actions

A# . . L%/$ %# # - %l & o!l 4 $u4$ u ! o! $9 %!& + '# 1'ol% 'o!o# !o!2o4$ #1%!, $+%ll !o 4 ?,u$ & 4 &'$u$ 9 o# ,u$ om9 o# -#%, ',

o + ,o! #%# . + ! + ,ou# $ & ,l%# % l%/ o 4 '!,o!$'$ ! /' ++ Co!$ ' u 'o!9 + o#m # $+%ll 4 1o'& %!& + l% # $+%ll 0o1 #!.

A&m'!'$ #% '1 o# ? ,u '1 %, $9 o#& #$ %!& # 0ul% 'o!$ $+%ll 4 1%l'&o!l /+ ! + %# !o ,o! #%# o + l%/$ o# + Co!$ ' u 'o!.

R - %l le islati"e act of abro atin throu h a subse>uent law the effects of a pre"iousstatute or portions thereof. /a! be either e#press or implied.

5n eneral' the $ou#, $ o l%/ are i"en in this rticle' and in order of preference' the!are

1. the %onstitution2. laws 3or presidential decrees4). administrati"e or e#ecuti"e acts+. orders' and6. re ulations

ow Laws are &epealedE

1. e#pressl!2. impliedl!

Rul o# G ! #%l %!& S- ,'%l L%/

1. if the eneral law was enacted prior to the special law' the latter is considered thee#ception to the eneral law

uent eneral law co"ers the whole subject and is clearl!

intended to replace the special law on the matter


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Laws ma! lapse without the necessit! of an! repeal as e#emplified b! the law rantinthe *resident' =mer enc! *owers.

)ro'le*: -ol"erine committed an offense' but before the time of trial' theoffense was no lon er considered an offense b! the law. 0hould -ol"erine be

punishedE

An!#er: 5t depends.a. if there has been a complete repeal' he should not be punished an!more

b. it is otherwise if the law merel! lapsed' like e#ample the 5mport%ontrol Law

E , ' + R - %l'!0 L%/ '$ I $ l R - %l &

1. -hen a law which e#pressl! repeals a prior law is itself repealed' the law firstrepealed shall not be thereb! re"i"ed' unless e#pressl! so pro"ided

2. -hen the law which repeals a prior law' not e#pressl! but b! implication' it itselfrepealed' the repeal of the repealin law re"i"es the prior law' unless the lan ua e

of the repealin statutes pro"ides otherwise.

(isuse' custom' or practice to the contrar! does not repeal a law.

mistake in the law or in le islation cannot be corrected b! e#ecuti"e fit but b! anotherle islation.

*!,o!$ ' u 'o!%l L%/$9 T# % ' $9 A&m'!'$ #% '1 o# E? ,u '1 O#& #

+ule under the 1935 Con!titution =i ht 384 out of ele"en 3114 ustices must declare theunconstitutionalit! of law or treat!. simple majorit! of si# 3uired number is not obtained' the case shall be decided en banc.


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Rul *!& # + 7:8 Co!$ ' u 'o!

he 0upreme %ourt shall be composed of a %hief ustice and fourteen 31+4 ssociateustices.

ll cases in"ol"in the constitutionalit! of a treat!' international or e#ecuti"e a reement'or law' which shall be heard b! the 0upreme %ourt en banc' an all other cases whichunder &ules of %ourt are re>uired to be heard en banc' includin those in"ol"in theconstitutionalit!' application' or operation of presidential decrees' proclamations' orders'instructions' ordinances' and other re ulations shall be decided with the concurrence of amajorit! of the members who actuall! took part in the deliberations on the issues in the

case and "oted thereon.

%ases or matters heard b! a di"ision shall be decided or resol"ed with the concurrence ofa majorit! of the members who actuall! took part in the deliberations on the issues in thecase and "oted thereon' and in no case' without the concurrence of at least three of suchmembers. -hen the re>uired number is not obtained' the case shall be decided en banc.

Som G#ou!&$ o# & ,l%#'!0 % L%/ *!,o!$ ' u 'o!%l

1. he enactment of the law ma! not be within the le islati"e powers of thelawmakin bod!

2. rbitrar! methods ma! ha"e been established

). he purpose or effect "iolates the %onstitution or its basic principles

A# . 8. Ju&','%l & ,'$'o!$ %--l '!0 o# '! #-# '!0 + l%/$ o# +Co!$ ' u 'o! $+%ll o#m -%# o + l 0%l $ $ m o + P+'l'--'! $.

udicial decisions althou h in themsel"es not laws' assume the same authorit! as thestatute itself. 5f he courts would be allowed to le islate' it would be contrar! to the

principle of the separation of power.

%onstitute e"idence of what the law means.


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L 0'$ '! #-# % 'o l 0'$ 1'm o4 '! F interpretation placed upon the written law b! acompetent court has the force of law.

nl! the decisions of the 0upreme %ourt' and unre"ersed decisions of the %ourt ofppeals on cases of first impression' establish jurisprudence or doctrines in the

*hilippines.

Do, #'! o S %# D ,'$'$ it means adherence to precedents. nce the case has beendecided one wa!' then another case' in"ol"in the same point at issue' should be decidedin the same manner.

O4' # D', % are opinions not necessar! to the determination of a case. he! are not bindin ' and cannot ha"e the force of judicial precedents.

Ho/ Ju&','%l D ,'$'o!$ M% B A4#o0% &

1. ?! contrar! rulin b! the 0upreme %ourt itself

2. ?! correcti"e le islati"e acts of %on ress

he opinions of the 0ecretar! of ustice althou h not law' should be i"en a reat wei ht.

udicial re"iew of the decision of an administrati"e official is subject to certainuideposts. =. . >uestions of facts "s. >uestion of laws

+ ! F'!%l Ju&0m ! M% B C+%!0 &

1. jud ment "oid for lack of jurisdiction o"er the subject matter

2. when facts and circumstances transpire which render its e#ecutionimpossible or unjust' the interested part! ma! ask the court to modif!or alter the jud ment to harmoniAe the same with justice and with facts

A# . :. No @u&0 o# ,ou# $+%ll & ,l'! o # !& # @u&0m ! 4 # %$o! o+ $'l !, 9 o4$,u#' o# '!$u ',' !, o + l%/$.

N'!0u!o !o! & u !#' u , #$ o# '> #%m ! ,o! &%!o & o #o -hen


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1+ of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

the statutes are silent or ambi uous' this is one of those fundamental principles whichthe courts in"oke in order to arri"e at a solution that would respond to the "ehementur e of conscience.

jud e must i"e decision' whether he knows what law to appl! or not.

he jud e ma! appl! an! rule he desires as lon as the rule chosen is in harmon! witheneral interest' order' morals' and public polic!. mon such rules ma! be the

followin

customs which are not contrar! to law' public order' and public polic!

decisions of forei n and local courts on similar cases opinions of hi hl! >ualified writers and professors rules of statutor! construction principles laid down in analo ous instances

he 0upreme %ourt basicall! is a re"iew court.

A# . 7 . I! ,%$ o &ou4 '! + '! #-# % 'o! %!& %--l',% 'o! o l%/$9 '

'$ -# $um & +% + l%/m% '!0 4o& '! !& & #'0+ %!& @u$ ', o-# 1%'l.

Du#% L ? S & L ? the law ma! be hard' but it is still the law. ence' the first dut! ofthe jud e is to appl! of the law whether it be wise or not' whether just or unjust

pro"ided that the law is clear' and there is no doubt.

%onstruction and interpretation come onl! after it has been demonstrated that applicationis impossible or inade>uate without them.

5n case of doubt' the jud e should presume that the lawmakin bod! intended ri ht and justice to pre"ail.

-e should interpret not b! the letter that killeth' but b! the spirit that i"eth life.3%a!etano ". /onsod4


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1< of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

1. a eneral custom is that of a countr!2. a custom ma! be propter le em 3in accordance with law4 or contrale em 3a ainst the law4

Ju#'&',%l ,u$ om can supplement statutor! law or applied in the absence of suchstatute.

So,'%l ,u$ om canGt supplement stat law or applied in the absence of statute.

%ustom' e"en if pro"en' cannot pre"ail o"er a statutor! rule or e"en a le al rule

enunciated b! the 0%

A# . 73. + ! + l%/ $- % $ o %#$9 mo! +$9 &% $ o# !'0+ $9 ' $+%ll 4u!& #$ oo& +% %#$ %# o 36= &% $ %,+ mo! +$9 o 3 &% $ &% $9


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1: of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

holida!' it is understood that the last da! is should reall! be the ne#t da!' pro"ided saidda! is neither a 0unda! nor a le al holida!.

5f the e#tra da! in a leap !ear is not a da! of the !ear' because it is the )


18/198


A# . 7=. L%/$ # l% '!0 o %m'l #'0+ $ %!& &u ' $9 o# o + $ % u$9,o!&' 'o! %!& l 0%l ,%-%,' o - #$o!$ %# 4'!&'!0 u-o! ,' '> !$ o +P+'l'--'! $9 1 ! +ou0+ l'1'!0 %4#o%&.

S % u$ sum total of a personGs ri hts' duties' and capacities.

rticle 16 stresses the principle of nationalit!. 5t refers to

1. famil! ri hts and duties2. status). condition+. le al capacit!

he capacit! to enter into an ordinar! contract is o"erned b! thenational law of the place where the contract was entered into.

%apacit! to enter into other relations or contracts is not necessaril! o"erned b! thenational law of the person concerned

1. %apacit! to ac>uire' encumber' assi n' donate or sell propert! depends on the law ofthe place where the propert! is situated 3le# situs or le# rei sitae4

2. %apacit! to inherit depends not on the national law of the heir' but on the national lawof the decedent

). %apacit! to et married depends not on the national law of the parties' but on the lawof the place where the marria e was entered into 3le# celebrationis or locus re it actum4'subject to certain e#ceptions.

A# . 76. R %l -#o- # %$ / ll %$ - #$o!%l -#o- # '$ $u4@ , o + l%/o + ,ou! # /+ # ' '$ $' u% &. Ho/ 1 #9 '! $ % %!& $ %m ! %#$u,, $$'o!$9 4o + /' + # $- , o + o#& # o $u,, $$'o! %!& o +%mou! o $u,, $$'o!%l #'0+ $ %!& o + '! #'!$', 1%l'&' o

$ %m ! %# -#o1'$'o!$9 $+%ll 4 # 0ul% & 4 + !% 'o!%l l%/ o +- #$o! /+o$ $u,, $$'o! '$ u!& # ,o!$'& #% 'o!9 /+% 1 # m% 4 +!% u# o + -#o- # %!& # 0%#&l $$ o + ,ou! # /+ # '! $%'&-#o- # m% 4 ou!&.


19/198


*ropert!' whether real or personal' is as a rule o"erned b! the le# rei sitae 3law of the place where the propert! is situated4.

Hnder our present laws' onl! corporate income deri"ed from *hilippine sources ma! beta#ed in our countr!.

E?, - 'o! o + L ? S' u$ Rul

ne important e#ception to the le# situs rule occurs in the case of successional ri hts

1. order of succession2. amount of successional ri hts). intrinsic "alidit! of the pro"isions of a will+. capacit! to succeed

T+ R !1o' P#o4l m

R !1o' literall! means a referrin back; the problem arises when there is a doubt as towhether a reference in our law to a forei n law 3a4 is a reference to the internal law of

said forei n law; or 3b4 is a reference to the whole of the forei n law' includin itsconflicts rules.

A# ',l 7 . T+ o#m$ %!& $ol m!' ' $ o ,o! #%, $9 /'ll$9 %!& o + #-u4l', '!$ #um ! $ $+%ll 4 0o1 #! & 4 + l%/$ o + ,ou! # '!/+',+ + %# ? ,u &.

+ ! + %, $ # ## & o %# ? ,u & 4 o# + &'-lom% ', o#,o!$ul%# o ','%l$ o + R -u4l', o + P+'l'--'! $ '! % o# '0! ,ou! # 9

+ $ol m!' ' $ $ %4l'$+ & 4 P+'l'--'! l%/$ $+%ll 4 o4$ #1 & '! + '#

? ,u 'o!.

P#o+'4' '1 l%/$ ,o!, #!'!0 - #$o!$9 + '# %, $ o# -#o- # 9 %!& +o$/+',+ +%1 o# + '# o4@ , -u4l', o#& #9 -u4l', -ol', %!& 0oo& ,u$ om$$+%ll !o 4 # !& # & '! , '1 4 l%/$ o# @u&0m ! $ -#omul0% &9 o#4 & #m'!% 'o!$ o# ,o!1 ! 'o!$ %0# & u-o! '! % o# '0! ,ou! # .


20/198


F'#$ P%#" Do, #'! L ? Lo,' C l 4#% 'o!'$

he first para raph of the rticle la!s down the rule of lex loci cele'r tioni! insofar ase#trinsic "alidit! 3forms and solemnities4 is concerned.

hus' a contract entered into b! a Iilipino in apan will be o"erned b! apanese lawinsofar as form and solemnities of the contract are concerned.

Iormalities for the ac>uisition' encumberin and alienation of propert! 3whether real or personal4 shall howe"er' be o"erned not b! the le# loci celebrionis but b! le# rei sitae.

S ,o!& P%#" Rul o E? ##' o#'%l'

(iplomatic and consular officials are representati"es of the state' therefore *hilippine lawshould pre"ail if act is e#ecuted before a diplomat' in a forei n countr!. 3basis b! rulesof international law' host countr! where diplomat is assi ned' wai"es its jurisdiction o"erthe premises of the diplomatic office of another countr! located in the said host countr!4.

he theor! is that the act is bein done within an e#tension of *hilippine territor!.

T+'#& P%#" Rul R $- , '!0 P#o+'4' '1 L%/$

he third para raph i"es one e#ception to the rule that a forei n law' contract' or jud ment can be i"en effect. he reason is that public polic!' public order' or oodcustoms in the *hilippines prohibits the same . e. . an absolute di"orce' a contract forthe sale of human flesh 3prostitution4.

I! #'!$', V%l'&' o Co! #%, $

he pre"ailin rule in *ri"ate 5nternational Law toda! is to consider the l ? lo,'1olu! % '$ 3the law of the place "oluntaril! selected4 or the le# loci intentionis 3the law ofthe place intended b! the parties to the contract4.

A# . 78. I! m% #$ /+',+ %# 0o1 #! & 4 + Co& o Comm #, %!&$- ,'%l l%/$9 + '# & ',' !, $+%ll 4 $u--l' & 4 + -#o1'$'o!$ o +'$Co& .


21/198


,eneral &ule 5n case of conflict with the %ode of %ommerce or special laws' the %i"il%ode shall onl! be suppletor!' e#cept if otherwise pro"ided for under the %i"il %ode.

E?, - 'o!$" here are instances when the %i"il %ode e#pressl! declares itself superiorto special laws

3a4 %ommon carriers the %ode of %ommerce supplies the deficienc!3b4 5nsol"enc! the special laws suppl! the deficienc!

T+ Rul '! S % u o# Co!$ #u, 'o!" special law o"erns o"er the eneral law in caseof conflict.


22/198


CHAPTER uired.

-here the 0tate or its o"ernment enters into contract' action ma! be brou ht in the e"entof breach of contract. he 0tate ma! be sued e"en without its consent. he reason is that

b! enterin into a contract' the so"erei n state has descended to the le"el of the citiAen'and its consent to be sued is implied from the "er! act of enterin into such contract.

A# . 33. I! ,%$ $ o & %m% 'o!9 #%u&9 %!& -+ $',%l '!@u#' $9 % ,'1'l%, 'o! o# &%m%0 $9 ! '# l $ -%#% %!& &'$ '!, #om + ,#'m'!%l%, 'o!9 m% 4 4#ou0+ 4 + '!@u# & -%# . Su,+ ,'1'l %, 'o! $+%ll-#o, & '!& - !& ! l o + ,#'m'!%l -#o$ ,u 'o!9 %!& $+%ll # u'#o!l % -# -o!& #%!, o 1'& !, .


34/198


35/198

)6 of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

Primarily liability is assessed a ainst the member of the police force who refusesor fails to render aid or protection.

0ubsidiar! liabilit! is imposed on the city or municipality concerned in case ofinsolvency .

Do $ + A# ',l A--l o + P+'l'--'! N% 'o!%l Pol', (PNP) Fo#, %!& oN% 'o!%l Go1 #!m !

0ince rt. )+ speaks merel! of a cit! or municipal police force' it would seem that theanswer is in ne ati"e.

A# . 3=. + ! % - #$o!9 ,l%'m'!0 o 4 '!@u# & 4 % ,#'m'!%l o !$ 9,+%#0 $ %!o + # /' + + $%m 9 o# /+',+ !o '!& - !& ! ,'1'l %, 'o! '$0#%! & '! +'$ Co& o# %! $- ,'%l l%/9 4u + @u$ ', o - %, '!&$ !o# %$o!%4l 0#ou!&$ o 4 l' 1 +% % ,#'m +%$ 4 ! ,omm' &9 o# +-#o$ ,u '!0 % o#! # u$ $ o# %'l$ o '!$ ' u ,#'m'!%l -#o, &'!0$9

+ ,om-l%'!%! m% 4#'!0 % ,'1'l %, 'o! o# &%m%0 $ %0%'!$ + %ll 0 &o !& #. Su,+ ,'1'l %, 'o! $+%ll 4 $u--o# & 4 -# -o!& #%!, o

1'& !, . O! + & !&%! $ mo 'o!9 + ,ou# m% # u'# + -l%'! 'o 'l % 4o!& o '!& m!' + & !&%! '! ,%$ + ,om-l%'! $+oul&

4 ou!& o 4 m%l','ou$. (


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)< of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

A# . 36. P# @u&','%l u $ 'o!$9 /+',+ mu$ 4 & ,'& & 4 o# %!,#'m'!%l -#o$ ,u 'o! m% 4 '!$ ' u & o# m% -#o, &9 $+%ll 40o1 #! & 4 + #ul $ o ,ou# /+',+ + Su-# m Cou# $+%ll-#omul0% %!& /+',+ $+%ll !o 4 '! ,o! l', /' + + -#o1'$'o!$ o +'$Co& .

P# @u&','%l u $ 'o! is one which must be decided first before a criminal action ma! be instituted or ma! proceed because a decision therein is "ital to the jud ment in thecriminal case.

T/o $$ ! '%l l m ! $ o % -# @u&','%l u $ 'o!

1. he ci"il action in"ol"ed an issue similar or intimatel! related to the issue raisedin the criminal action

2. he resolution of such issue determined whether or not the criminal action ma! proceed.


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): of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

Boo I PERSONS

T' l I. CIVIL PERSONALITY

CHAPTER 7GENERAL PROVISIONS

A# . 3 . Ju#'&',%l ,%-%,' 9 /+',+ '$ + ' ! $$ o 4 + $u4@ , o l 0%l # l% 'o!$9 '$'!+ # ! '! 1 # !% u#%l - #$o!9 %!& '$ lo$ o!l +#ou0+ & % +. C%-%,' o %, 9/+',+ '$ + -o/ # o &o %, $ /' + l 0%l , 9 '$ %, u'# & %!& m% 4 lo$ .

P #$o! an! bein ' natural or artificial' capable of possession le al ri hts andobli ations.

T/o '!&$ o P #$o!$

1. N% u#%l P #$o!$ human bein s created b! ,od throu h the inter"ention of the parents

2. Ju#'&',%l P #$o!$ those created b! law

D' # !, $

1. Ju#'&',%l C%-%,' the fitness to be the subject of le al relations

2. C%-%,' o A, the power to do acts with le al effect.


38/198


Ju#'&',%l C%-%,' C%-%,' o A,3a4 *assi"e

3b4 5nherent

3c4 Lost onl! throu h death

3d4 %an e#ist without capacit! to act

3a4 cti"e

3b4 /erel! ac>uired

3c4 Lost throu h death and ma! berestricted b! other causes

3d4 =#ists alwa!s with juridicalcapacit!

Full o# Com-l C'1'l C%-%,' the union of the two kinds of capacit!.

E?%m-l o + *$ o + T #m$

1 !r. old bo! has juridical capacit! but has no capacit! to act. -hen he becomes 18' hewill ha"e full ci"il capacit!.

A per!on i! pre!u*ed to h ve c p cit- to ct.

A# . 38. M'!o#' 9 '!$%!' o# 'm4 ,'l' 9 + $ % o 4 '!0 & % 2mu 9-#o&'0%l' %!& ,'1'l '! #&', 'o! %# m # # $ #', 'o!$ o! + ,%-%,' o%, 9 %!& &o !o ? m- + '!,%-%,' % & - #$o! #om , # %'!o4l'0% 'o!$9 %$ /+ ! + l% # %#'$ #om +'$ %, $ o# #om -#o- ## l% 'o!$9 $u,+ %$ %$ m ! $.

R $ #', 'o!$ o! C%-%,' o A,

3a4 minorit! 3below 184

3b4 insanit! or imbecilit!

3c4 state of bein a deafFmute

3d4 prodi alit!


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3e4 ci"il interdiction

M'!o#' (4 lo/ 78)

,enerall!' a minor needs parental consent before he can enter into an ordinar! contract.5f he oes ahead without such consent' the contract is not "oid but merel! voidable thatis' "alid annulled. 5ncidentall!' it wron to sa! that a minor has B capacit! to act; hehas' but his capacit! is &=0 &5% =(.

I!$%!' o# 'm4 ,'l'

I!$%!' is a condition in which a personGs mind is sick.Im4 ,'l' is a condition in which a person thinks like a child.

5s a person is under uardianship because of insanit!' he is of course presumed insane ifhe should enter into a contract. ?ut this presumption is onl! prima facie or rebuttable. 5fit can be shown that he was actin durin a lucid inter"al' the contract will be considered"alid.

S % o 4 '!0 & % 2mu

deafFmute ma! either be sane or insane. 5f sane' prescription ma! run a ainst him. ema! make a will but cannot be a competent witness to a notarial will.

P#o&'0%l' 5t is a state of s>uanderin mone! or propert! with a morbid desire to prejudice the heirsof a person.

C'1'l '! #&', 'o! 5t is the depri"ation b! the court of a personGs ri ht

14 o ha"e parental or marital authorit!.24 o be the uardian of the person and propert! of a ward.)4 o dispose of his propert! b! an act inter vivos 3he cannot donate' for this is an act

inter-vivos ; but he can make a will' for this is a disposition mortis causa.+4 o mana e his own propert!.

Bote the penalt! of ci"il interdiction is i"en to criminal punished b! imprisonment for12 !ears and 1 da! or more.


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+$ of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

=ffect in eneral of the restrictionshe restriction in rt. )8 do not e#tin uish capacit! to act. he! merel! restrict or limitthe same. hus an insane personGs contract is merel! "oidable' not "oid.

he incapacitated person is not e#empt from certain obli ation arisin from his acts.=#ample 5f he commits a crime' his propert! ma! still be liable.

A# . 3:. T+ ollo/'!0 ,'#,um$ %!, $9 %mo!0 o + #$9 mo&' o# l'm',%-%,' o %, " %0 9 '!$%!' 9 'm4 ,'l' 9 + $ % o 4 '!0 & % 2mu 9- !%l 9 -#o&'0%l' 9 %m'l # l% 'o!$9 %l' !%0 9 %4$ !, 9 '!$ol1 !, %!&

#u$ $+'-. T+ ,o!$ u !, $ o + $ ,'#,um$ %!, $ # 0o1 #! & '! +'$Co& 9 o + # ,o& $9 + Rul $ o Cou# 9 %!& '! $- ,'%l l%/$. C%-%,' o%, '$ !o l'm' & o! %,,ou! o # l'0'ou$ 4 l' o# -ol' ',%l o-'!'o!. Am%##' & /om%!9 uire pri"ate or public a ricultural lands' includin thoseresidential in nature e#cept thru hereditar! succession.

A4$ !,

he fact that one has been absent for se"eral !ears and his whereabouts cannot bedetermined' subjects his propert! to administration b! order of the court althou h hiscapacit! to is not limited.


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+1 of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

M%##' & om%!

married woman' ei hteen !ears of a e or o"er' is >ualified for all acts of ci"il life'e#cept in cases specified b! law.

5f the married woman be under 21' she is considered a married minor. 0he thereforecannot dispose of or encumber her own real propert! without parental consent.

B%# A!$/ #

Hnder rt. 2269 which pro"ides that the capacit! of a married woman to e#ecute acts andcontract is o"erned b! the new ci"il %ode' e"en if her marria e was celebrated under theformer laws.


42/198


43/198

+) of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

T/o '!&$ o C+'l !

3a4 O#&'!%# with an intraFuterine life of at least se"en months. 3mere birth issufficient here.4

3b4 E? #%o#&'!%# if the intraFuterine life be less than se"en months. 3here the childmust li"e at least 2+ hours after its complete deli"er! from the maternal womb.4

Fo# B ! ','%l C'1'l Pu#-o$ $

Ioetus is considered born onl! for ci"il purposes 3 rt. +14 which are beneficial 3 rt.+$4

herefore' a concei"ed child' thru mother' ma! be the recipient of a donation; but if thedonation be onerous or should be pro"e burdensome' the donation will not be considered"alid.

concei"ed child can be acknowled ed e"en before it is born. 5t is also alread! entitledto be supported.

+e uire*ent of hu* n for* eli*in ted 'ec u!e it h ! 'een proved '- *edic l !cienceth t no *on!ter c n 'e 'orn of hu* n 'eing.

A# . ;


44/198

++ of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

3c4 -ill

E?%m-l $ o D #m'!% 'o! 4 L%/$

5f the person be made a "oluntar! heir in the will of another and he dies before thetestator' he cannot be represented b! his own heir.

O + # l 0%l , o & % +"3a4 he ri ht to support ends

3b4 marria e' whether "oidable or "alid' also ends

3c4 he tenure of public office ends

3d4 5f an indi"idual dies' the propert! or estate left b! him should be subject to the ta#in enerall! the same manner as if he were ali"e

3e4 5f a person dies after he has authoriAed another to sell the formerGs propert!' thesale after such death is not valid ' if made b! the a ent with knowled e of the

principalGs death. his is true e"en if the bu!er be in ood faith.

I$ % P #$o! $ E$ % % P #$o! 4 I $ l

5t has been held that the estate of a deceased is a person that ma! continue the personalit! of the deceased e"en after death for the purpose of settlin debts.

S #1', o Summo!$ o! + D %&

is juridical capacit! was lost the moment he died.

A# . ;3. I + # '$ &ou4 9 %$ 4 / ! < o# mo# - #$o!$ /+o %# ,%ll &

o $u,, & %,+ o + #9 %$ o /+',+ o + m &' & '#$ 9 /+o 1 # %ll 0 $ +& % + o o! -#'o# o + o + #9 $+%ll -#o1 + $%m '! + %4$ !, o-#oo 9 ' '$ -# $um & +% + &' & % + $%m 'm %!& + # $+%ll 4!o #%!$m'$$'o! o #'0+ $ #om o! o + o + #.

P# $um- 'o!$ o! Su#1'1o#$+'- *!& # + R 1'$ & Rul $ o Cou#


45/198


-hen two persons perish in the same calamit! and it is not shown who died first' andthere are no particular circumstances from which it can be inferred' the sur"i"orship is

presumed from the probabilit! resultin from the stren th and a e of the se#es' accordinto the followin rules

3a4 5f both were under the a e of 16 !rs' the older is presumed to ha"e sur"i"ed;

3b4 5f both were abo"e


46/198

+< of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

CHAPTER uire land because the %atholic%hurch in an! countr!' lawfull! incorporated in said countr!' is an entit! or

person separate and distinct from the personalit! of the *ope or of the ol! 0ee.

n merican citiAen' under the Parity !mendment ' can ac>uire lands in the*hilippines' e#ploit our natural resources' and operate public utilities' onl! if inhis particular state in the Hnited 0tates' Iilipinos are ranted &=%5*& % L

parit! ri ht.

Hnder & 118$' person not citiAens of the *hilippines associations' partnership'

or corporations the capital of which are not owned wholl! b! citiAens of the*hilippines' are prohibited from en a in in the retail trade directl! or indirectl!.

BonF=#istent %orporation %annot 0ue

BonF=#istent *artnership %annot 0ue

5s a partnership does not lawfull! e#ist' it cannot sue' but it ma! be sued'otherwise third persons ma! be prejudiced.

n Hnre istered Labor r aniAation %annot 0ue

n admission or representation is rendered conclusi"e b! the person makin it' hecannot denied or dispro"ed it a ainst a person rel!in on it 3throu h estoppel4

person who contracts with a corporation cannot later den! its personalit!.


49/198


="en is a corporation has been dissol"ed' it can still continue prosecutin 3as plaintiff4 or defendin 3as defendant4 for the ne#t three !ears' thru its le alcounsel' who ma! be considered a trustee for this purpose.

A# . ; . *-o! + &'$$olu 'o! o ,o#-o#% 'o!$9 '!$ ' u 'o!$ %!& o + #! ' ' $ o# -u4l', '! # $ o# -u#-o$ m ! 'o! & '! No. < o A# ;;9 + '#

-#o- # %!& o + # %$$ $ $+%ll 4 &'$-o$ & o '! -u#$u%!, o l%/ o# +,+%# # ,# % '!0 + m. I !o +'!0 +%$ 4 ! $- ,' ' & o! +'$ -o'! 9 +-#o- # %!& o + # %$$ $ $+%ll 4 %--l' & o $'m'l%# -u#-o$ $ o# +4 ! ' o + # 0'o!9 -#o1'!, 9 ,' o# mu!','-%l' /+',+ &u#'!0 +

?'$ !, o + '!$ ' u 'o! & #'1 & + -#'!,'-%l 4 ! ' $ #om + $%m .

Rul ' Pu4l', Ju#'&',%l P #$o!$ %# D'$$ol1 &his rticle refers to public corporations or associations. ow assets are to be

distributed3a4 appl! the pro"ision of law or charter creatin them

3b4 if there is no such pro"ision' the assets will be for the benefit of the place whichwas alread! recei"in the principal benefits durin the e#istence of thecorporation or association.


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T' l II. CITIKENSHIP AND DOMICILE

INTROD*CTORY COMMENTS

C' '> !$+'- %!& N% 'o!%l'

C' '> !$+'- / is the status of bein a citiAen' or owin alle iance to a certain state for the pri"ile e of bein under its protection. 5t is political in character

N% 'o!%l' F refers to a racial K ethnic relationship.

5n %i"il Law and *ri"ate 5nternational Law' the two possessed of the same meanin .

hus' when we sa! that successional ri hts depend on the national la" of the deceased'we reall! refers to the law of the countr! of which he was a citi#en at the moment ofdeath.

T+# '!&$ o C' '> !$

3a4 tur l 'orn citi2en those who are citiAens of the *hilippines from birthwithout ha"in to perform an! act to ac>uire or perfect their *hilippinecitiAenship.

3b4 tur li2ed citi2en! / citiAens who become such throu h judicial proceedin s.

3c4 Citi2en '- election / citiAens who become such b! e#ercisin the option to elect a particular citiAenship' usuall! within a reasonable time after reachin the a e ofmajorit!.

T/o T+ o#' $ o! + + # Pl%, o# A!, $ # D #m'! $ C' '> !$+'-


51/198


3a4 u! !oli if born in a countr!' a person is a citiAen of the same 3not applicable inthe *hils.4

3b4 u! ! nguini! one follows the citiAenship of his parents; this is citiAenship b! blood. 3applied in the *hils.4

" (oes dual or multiple nationalit! e#istE

A" 5t depends

a4 from the "iewpoint of the countries directl! in"ol"ed' it does not e#ist

3ordinaril!4;

b4 but from the "iewpoint of the third states' it does e#ist

" he deceased was both a %hinese and a apanese. e died in /anila. *rior hisdeath' he was domiciled in apan.

A" apanese law' ob"iousl! is preferred o"er %hinese law' for the domicile was also inapan. 5n a case like this' it has been said that the domiciliar! theor! runs to the rescue of

the nationalit! theor!. his is the theor- of effective n tion lit- .

" testator' both a %uban and l erian in citiAenship was domiciled at the moment ofhis death in 5tal!. e died in laska' lea"in properties in the *hilippines. ow shouldthe *hilippine court dispose of the successional ri hts to his estateE

A"14 first' et the %uban and l erian aws on succession' and appl! them as the! are

consistent with or identical to each other;

24 secondl!' in so far as there is conflict' we must appl! the law of 5tal!' the law ofdomicile' to resol"e the conflict.

V%#'ou$ /% $ '! /+',+ +'$ &u%l o# mul '-l ,' '> !$+'- m'0+ %#'$

3a4 throu h marria e

3b4 throu h a naturaliAed citiAen s failure to compl! with certain le al re>uirements inthe countr! of ori in

3c4 from combined application of jus soli and jus san uinis


52/198


3d4 b! le islati"e act of states

3e4 b! "oluntar! act of the indi"idual concerned

Ho/ $ % l $$! $$ '$ 4#ou0+ %4ou

3a4 he ma! ha"e been depri"ed of his citiAenship

3b4 he ma! ha"e renounced his nationalit!

3c4 he ma! ha"e "oluntaril! asked for release from his ori inal state

3d4 he ma! ha"e been born in a countr! which reco niAes onl! the principle of jussan uinis

T+ Rul +% $+%ll 0o1 #! o $ % l $$ '!&'1'&u%l$

he a ue %onference of 1928 on 5nternational *ri"ate Law su ested that the personallaw of the stateless indi"iduals shall be

14 the law of the domicile 3habitual residence4; or

24 secondaril!' the law of the place of temporar! residence

" 0uppose the indi"idual had no nationalit! or citiAenship' what should appl!.

A" 5t is the law of the domicile.

C' '> !$+'- o % F'l'-'!o om%! +o M%##' $ % Fo# '0! #

(%) +ule prior to the 1943 Con!titution: if she ac>uired his nationalit!; she lost*hilippine citiAenship

(4) +ule under the 1943 Con!titution: she shall retain her *hilippine citiAenship'unless b! her act or omission she is deemed' under the law' to ha"e renounced hercitiAenship.

C' '> !$+'- o % Fo# '0! om%! +o M%##' $ % F'l'-'!o

(%) &ule prior to the /o! Ca %ase if she has the >ualifications and none of the


53/198


dis>ualifications for *hilippine citiAenship' she becomes a Iilipino. 5t also appliesto the wife of naturaliAed Iilipino. 0he &o $ !o howe"er' '-$o %, o' becomesone. 0he has to file a petition for citiAenship

(4) &ules after the /o! Ca %ase the alien woman marr!in a Iilipino' nati"eFbornor naturaliAed is '-$o %, o a Iilipino' pro"ided she is not dis>ualified to be acitiAen of the *hilippines. 0he does not ha"e to pro"e that she possesses all the>ualifications and none of the dis>ualifications

A# . ;8. T+ ollo/'!0 %# ,' '> !$ o + P+'l'--'! $

7. T+o$ /+o / # ,' '> !$ o + P+'l'--'! $ % + 'm o +%&o- 'o! o + Co!$ ' u 'o! o + P+'l'--'! $

!$ o + P+'l'--'! $ %!&9 u-o!

# %,+'!0 + %0 o m%@o#' 9 l , P+'l'--'! ,' '> !$+'-=. T+o$ /+o %# !% u#%l'> & '! %,,o#&%!, /' + l%/.

C' '> !$ o + P+'l'--'! $ u!& # + 7: 3 Co!$ ' u 'o!

3a4 hose who were citiAens of the *hilippines at the time of the adoption of the%onstitution of the *hilippines

3b4 hose whose fathers or mothers are citiAens of the *hilippines

3c4 hose who elect *hilippine citiAenship pursuant to the pro"isions of the%onstitution of nineteen hundred thirt! fi"e

3d4 hose who are naturaliAed in accordance with law.

C' '> !$ o + P+'l'--'! $ u!& # + 7:8 Co!$ ' u 'o!

3a4 hose who were citiAens of the *hilippines at the time of the adoption of the


54/198


%onstitution of the *hilippines

3b4 hose whose fathers or mothers are citiAens of the *hilippines

3c4 hose born before anuar! 1:' 19:)' of Iilipino mothers' who elect *hilippinecitiAenship upon reachin the a e of majorit!

3d4 hose who are naturaliAed in accordance with law.

A# . ;:. N% u#%l'>% 'o! %!& + lo$$ %!& # %, u'$' 'o! o ,' '> !$+'- o+ P+'l'--'! $ %# 0o1 #! & 4 $- ,'%l l%/$.

N% u#%l'>% 'o! is the process of ac>uirin the citiAenship of another countr!.

A #'4u $ o N% u#%l'>% 'o!

3a4 %itiAenship is not a ri ht' it is pri"ile e. 5t is ranted to certain aliens undercertain conditions

3b4 he re>uisite conditions for naturaliAation are laid down b! %on ress; courtscannot chan e or modif! them

3c4 nl! forei ners ma! be naturaliAed

3d4 BaturaliAation be revo$ed ' b! the cancellation of the certificate of naturaliAation

3e4 BaturaliAation demands alle iance to our %onstitution' laws' and o"ernment.

u%l' ',% 'o!$ o# N% u#%l'>% 'o!

3a4 he petitioner must not be less than 21 !ears of a e

3b4 e must ha"e at least tenF!ear continuous residenc! in the *hilippines

3c4 e must be of ood moral character' and belie"e in the principles underl!in the*hilippine %onstitution

3d4 e must own real estate in the *hilippines worth not less than *6'$$$' or must


55/198


ha"e lucrati"e trade' profession' or lawful occupation

3e4 e must be able to speak and write =n lish or 0panish and an! one of the principal *hilippine Lan ua es

3f4 e must ha"e enrolled his minor children of school a e in an! of the publicschools or pri"ate schools reco niAed b! the ?ureau of *ri"ate 0chools where*hilippine histor!' o"ernment' and ci"ics are tau ht

deafFmute cannot speak' therefore' he cannot be naturaliAed.

S -$ '! N% u#%l'>% 'o! P#o, &'!0$

3a4 a declaration of intention

3b4 the petition must be filed

3c4 the petition will then be heard

3d4 if the petition is appro"ed' there will be rehearin two !ears after the promul ation of the jud ment

3e4 takin of oath of alle iance

Ho/ C' '> !$+'- M% 4 Lo$ '! G ! #%l

3a4 b! substitution of a new nationalit!

3b4 b! renunciation of citiAenship

3c4 b! depri"ation

3d4 b! release 3"oluntar! as distin uished from depri"ation4

3e4 b! e#piration

Ho/ C' '> !$+'- M% B Lo$

3a4 b! naturaliAation in forei n countries

3b4 b! e#press renunciation of citiAenship


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3b4 &econdly, in some codal pro"isions' both the domiciliar! and the nationalit!theories are used.

D '!' 'o! o Dom','l o*icile is that place where a person has certain settled' fi#ed' le alrelations because

3a4 it is his domicile of ori in

3b4 it is his constructi"e domicile or domicile b! operation of law

3c4 it is his domicile of choice

T+ T+# '!&$ o Dom','l

7. Dom','l o O#'0'!


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birth3b4 %! illegiti* te child is the domicile of choice of the mother at the time of the birth of the child.

3c4 % legiti* ted ,+'l& is the domicile of the father at the time of birth 3not thele itimation4 of the child. his is because le itimation shall take effect from thetime of child s birth

3d4 %! dopted ,+'l& the domicile of the real parent or the parent b! consan uinit!3e4 % foundling 3 an abandoned infant whose parents are unknown4 the countr!

where it was found

Rul $ o# + Co!$ #u, '1 Dom','l (Dom','l'um N , $%#'um)

a4 Rul $ o# I! %! $

3a4 5flegitimate ' the domicile of choice of the father.3b4 5fillegitimate ' the domicile of the mother.3c4 5fadopted ' the domicile of the adopter.3d4 5f a"ard ' the domicile of choice of the uardian.

b4 Rul $ o# M%##' & om !

3a4 5f the married is @ L5( the constructi"e domicile of a wife is the domicile of

her husband.3b4 5f the married is @ 5( ?L= the marria e is re arded as "alid until annulled;therefore' prior to annulment it is the domicile of the husband' unless she is

permitted under the circumstances to select her own domicile.3c4 5f the marria e is @ 5(' it is as if there was no marria e' and the wife is not

reall! one.

c4 Rul $ o# I&'o $9 Lu!% ',$9 %!& I!$%!

5f the! are below the a e of majorit! the! are considered infants under the law5f the! are abo"e the a e of majorit! 314 the! ha"e to follow the domicile of choice oftheir uardians; 324 if the! ha"e no uardians' the! ha"e to follow their domicile ofchoice shortl! before the! became insane.

Rul $ o# Dom','l o C+o',

Dom','l o ,+o', is that which is "oluntar! chosen b! a sui uris as his more orless permanent home that to which' whene"er he is absent' he intends to return.


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R u'$' $ o A, u'# % N / Dom','l o C+o',

314 residence or bodil! in the new localit!

324 an intention to remain there

3)4 and an intention to abandon the old domicile

5n other words' there must be an ni*u! non revertendi and ni*u! * nendi .

P #$o!$ /+o (4 ,%u$ o l%, o 1olu! %#'! $$) ,%!!o %, u'# % ! / &om','l o,+o',

3a4 infants' idiots' lunatics' and the insane 3because of le al disabilit!43b4 con"ict or prisoner 3c4 those who are in"oluntaril! e#iled3d4 soldiers3e4 public officials and emplo!ees' diplomats' and consular officers

Dom','l D'$ '!0u'$+ & #om R $'& !,

(omicile &esidence(enotes a fi#ed permanent residence towhich when absent' one has theintention of returnin .

person can ha"e enerall! onl! onedomicile.

5s used to indicate place of abode whether permanent or temporar!.

person can ha"e se"eral places of residence.

Co!$ ' u 'o!%l %!& P !%l S% 0u%#& o! Dom','l

rt. 555' 0ection < of the 198: %onstitution pro"ides that he libert! of abode and ofchan in the same within the limits prescribed b! law shall not be impaired e#cept uponlawful order of the court. Beither shall the ri ht to tra"el be impaired e#cept in theinterest of national securit!' public safet!' or public health' as ma! be pro"ided b! law.

A# . =7. + ! + l%/ ,# % '!0 o# # ,o0!'>'!0 + m9 o# %! o + #


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'!0 o ', # %!& + '#- #$o!%l & ,l%#% 'o! +% + % %,+ o + # %$ +u$4%!& %!&/' '! + -# $ !, o !o l $$ +%! /o /' ! $$ $ o l 0%l %0 .

(=3%9 ==%)

E$$ ! '%l R u'$' $ No. 7 L 0%l C%-%,' o + Co! #%, '!0 P%# ' $

he parties must ha"e the necessar! a e or the necessar! consent of parents in certaincases.

here must be no impediment caused b! a prior e#istin marria e or b! certainrelationships b! affinit!3law4 or consan uinit! 3blood4.

E$$ ! '%l R u'$' $ No. < T+ '# Co!$ ! F# l G'1 !

5f there "itiated consent' the marria e is not "oid' it is merel! "oidable.

Fo#m%l R u'$' $ No. 7 Au +o#' o Sol m!'>'!0 O ', #

Hnder the Iamil! %ode' e"en if the solemniAin officer is not authoriAed' the marria ewould be "alid if either or both parties belie"e in ood faith in his authorit! to solemniAethe marria e.

Fo#m%l R u'$' $ No. < V%l'& M%##'%0 L', !$

-hat is re>uired is the marria e license' not the marria e certificate. 5n fact' a marria e


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'!0 o ', #. (==%)

he husband and wife are presumed to be "alidl! and le all! married and couldnot be rebutted b! a mere denial b! the man 3or woman of the fact of marria e.

Commo!2l%/ M%##'%0 is one where the man and the woman just li"e to ether ashusband and wife without ettin married.

M%##'%0 4 -#o? one where the other part! is merel! represented b! a dele ate orfriend. +ule!:

if performed here in the *hilippines' the marria e is "oid because ph!sical presence of both parties is re>uired under rt. < of the Iamil! %ode.

5f performed abroad' ordinaril!' is "alid if the marria e is "alid where it wascelebrated.

A# . . 8 rri ge * - 'e !ole*ni2ed '-:

(7)A! incu*'ent *e*'er of the (udici r- /' +'! + ,ou# $ @u#'$&', 'o!

(


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& % % +ou$ o# -l%,& $'0!% & 4 + m '! % $/o#! $ % m ! o +% , . (= %)

R %$o! o# Pu4l', Sol m!'>% 'o!

5t is based on the premise that the state takes an acti"e interest in the marria e.

I!$ %!, $ + # Pu4l', Sol m!'>% 'o! '$ No N & &

3a4 marria es in chambers of the ustice or ud e

3b4 marria es in articulo mortis


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uest in writin for solemniAation in some other place

A# . :. A * rri ge licen!e !h ll 'e i!!ued 4 + lo,%l ,'1'l # 0'$ #%# o +,' o# mu!','-%l' #here either contr cting p rt- h 'itu ll- re!ide! 9

?, - '! m%##'%0 $ /+ # !o l', !$ '$ # u'# & '! %,,o#&%!, /' +C+%- # < o +'$ T' l . (=8%)

+ # M%##'%0 L', !$ S+oul& 4 I$$u &

/arria e license should be issued b! the local ci"il re istrar of the municipalit! whereeither contractin part! habituall! resides.

M%##'%0 $ o E?, - 'o!%l C+%#%, # (No M%##'%0 L', !$ '$ R u'# &)

3a4 in articulo mortis

3b4 in a remote place

3c4 marria e of people who ha"e pre"iousl! cohabited for at least fi"e 364 !ears

3d4 marria es between pa ans or /ohammedans' who li"e in nonF%hristian pro"inces' and who are married in accordance with their customs.

&eli ious ratification of a "alid marria e does not re>uire a marria e license.

A# . 7 . 8 rri ge! 'et#een 6ilipino citi2en! 'ro d * - 'e !ole*ni2ed '- con!ul gener l, con!ul or vice con!ul o + R -u4l', o +

P+'l'--'! $. T+ '$$u%!, o + m%##'%0 l', !$ %!& + &u ' $ o +lo,%l ,'1'l # 0'$ #%# %!& o + $ol m!'>'!0 o ', # /' + # 0%#& o +, l 4#% 'o! o m%##'%0 $+%ll 4 - # o#m & 4 $%'& ,o!$ul%# o ','%l.( =%)


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69/198

& o %&m'!'$ #o% +$. Su,+ '!$ #um ! $+%ll ,o! %'! + $/o#! & ,l%#% 'o! o /o/' ! $$ $ o l%/ ul %0 9 $ '!0 o# + + ull !%m 9 # $'& !, %!&,' '> !$+'- o $u,+ ,o! #%, '!0 -%# %!& o +'$ o# + # -%# ! $9 ' !o/!9%!& + -l%, %!& &% o 4'# + o $u,+ -%# . T+ ! %# $ o '! o +,o! #%, '!0 -%# ' $ $+%ll 4 -# ## & %$ /' ! $$ $9 o#9 '! + '# & %ul 9- #$o!$ o 0oo& # -u % 'o! '! + -#o1'!, o# + lo,%l' .

he pre!ent tion of 'irth or ' pti!* l certific te !h ll not 'e re uired ifthe p rent! o + ,o! #%, '!0 -%# ' $ %-- %# - #$o!%ll 4 o# + lo,%l,'1'l # 0'$ #%# ,o!, #! & %!& !#e r to the correctne!! of the l #ful ge of! id p rtie! 9 %$ $ % & '! + %--l',% 'o!9or #hen the loc l civil regi!tr r!h ll 9 4 m # l loo '!0 % + %--l',%! $ u-o! + '# - #$o!%ll


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:$ of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

%-- %#'!0 4 o# +'m9 'e convinced th t either or 'oth of the* h ve there uired ge. (6 %)

he rticle sets forth the rules b! which the ci"il re istrar shall determine as towhether the parties ha"e the re>uired a e for marria e.

A# . 73. In c !e ' + # o + ,o! #%, '!0 -%# ' $ +%$ 4 ! previou!l-* rried 9the pplic nt !h ll 'e re uired to furni!h 9 '!$ %& o + 4'# + o#4%- '$m%l , # ' ',% # u'# & '! + l%$ -# , &'!0 %# ',l 9the de thcertific te of the dece !ed !pou!e or the (udici l decree of the '!olutedivorce, or the (udici l decree of nnul*ent o# & ,l%#% 'o! o !ull' ofhi! or her previou! * rri ge .

I! ,%$ + & % + , # ' ',% ,%!!o 4 $ ,u# &9 + -%# $+%ll m% %!% '&%1' $ '!0 o# + +'$ ,'#,um$ %!, %!& +'$ o# + # %, u%l ,'1'l $ % u$%!& + !%m %!& &% o & % + o + & , %$ & $-ou$ . (67%)

A# . 7;. I! ,%$ ' + # o# 4o + o + ,o! #%, '!0 -%# ' $9 !o +%1'!0 4 !m%!,'-% & 4 % -# 1'ou$ m%##'%0 9 %# 'et#een the ge! of eighteennd t#ent- one 9 + $+%ll9 '! %&&' 'o! o + # u'# m ! $ o +

-# , &'!0 %# ',l $9 ?+'4' o + lo,%l ,'1'l # 0'$ #%#9 the con!ent to their* rri ge of their f ther, *other, !urviving p rent or gu rdi n, or per!on!h ving leg l ch rge of the*, '! + o#& # m ! 'o! &. Su,+ ,o!$ ! $+%ll4 m%!' $ & '! /#' '!0 4 + '! # $ & -%# 9 /+o - #$o!%ll %-- %#$4 o# + -#o- # lo,%l ,'1'l # 0'$ #%#9 o# '! + o#m o %! % '&%1'm%& '! + -# $ !, o /o /' ! $$ $ %!& % $ & 4 o# %! o ','%l%u +o#'> & 4 l%/ o %&m'!'$ # o% +$. T+ - #$o!%l m%!' $ % 'o! $+%ll4 # ,o#& & '! 4o + %--l',% 'o!$ o# m%##'%0 l', !$ 9 %!& + % '&%1' 9' o! '$ ? ,u & '!$ %&9 $+%ll 4 % %,+ & o $%'& %--l',% 'o!$. (67%)

-ithout the needed consent' the marria e is "oidable.


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A# . 7=. A! ,o! #%, '!0 -%# 'et#een the ge of t#ent- one nd t#ent- five $+%ll 4 o4l'0 & o !k their p rent! or gu rdi n for dvice u-o! +'! !& & m%##'%0 . If the- do not o't in !uch dvice 9 o# ' ' 4u! %1o#%4l 9 + m%##'%0 licen!e !h ll not 'e i!!ued till fter three*onth! follo#ing the co*pletion of the pu'lic tion o + %--l',% 'o!

+ # o#. A $/o#! $ % m ! 4 + ,o! #%, '!0 -%# ' $ o + , +%$u,+ %&1', +%$ 4 ! $ou0+ 9 o0 + # /' + + /#' ! %&1', 0'1 !9 '

%! 9 $+%ll 4 % %,+ & o + %--l',% 'o! o# m%##'%0 l', !$ . S+oul& +-%# ! $ o# 0u%#&'%! # u$ o 0'1 %! %&1', 9 +'$ %, $+%ll 4 $ % & '!

+ $/o#! $ % m ! . (6


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S+oul& o!l o! o + ,o! #%, '!0 -%# ' $ ! & -%# ! %l ,o!$ ! o#-%# ! %l %&1', 9 + o + # -%# mu$ 4 -# $ ! % + ,ou!$ l'!0# ## & o '! + -# , &'!0 -%#%0#%-+. (!)

/arria e is now a re>uirement. 5t is implicitl! done b! a priest' imam or minister'or dul! accredited marria e counselor.

A# . 7 . T+ lo,%l ,'1'l # 0'$ #%# $+%ll -# -%# % !o ', /+',+ $+%ll,o! %'! + ull !%m $ %!& # $'& !, $ o + %--l',%! $ o# % m%##'%0l', !$ %!& o + # &% % 0'1 ! '! + %--l',% 'o!$. he notice !h ll 'e

po!ted for ten con!ecutive d -! on 'ulletin 'o rd out!ide the office of theloc l civil regi!tr r loc ted in con!picuou! pl ce /' +'! + 4u'l&'!0 %!&%,, $$'4l o + 0 ! #%l -u4l',. T+'$ !o ', $+%ll # u $ %ll - #$o!$+%1'!0 !o/l &0 o %! 'm- &'m ! o + m%##'%0 o %&1'$ + lo,%l,'1'l # 0'$ #%# + # o . T+ m%##'%0 l', !$ $+%ll 4 '$$u & % # +,om-l 'o! o + - #'o& o -u4l',% 'o!. (63%)

A# . 78. In c !e of n- i*pedi*ent kno#n o + lo,%l ,'1'l # 0'$ #%# o#4#ou0+ o +'$ % ! 'o!9 + $+%ll !o &o/! + -%# ',ul%#$ + # o %!&+'$ '!&'!0$ + # o! '! + %--l',% 'o! o# m%##'%0 l', !$ 9 4u $+%llnonethele!! i!!ue ! id licen!e fter the co*pletion of the period of

pu'lic tion, unle!! ordered other#i!e '- co*petent court t hi! o#nin!t nce or th t of n- intere!t p rt-. No 'l'!0 $+%ll 4 ,+%#0 & o#

+ - ' 'o! !o# % ,o## $-o!&'!0 4o!& # u'# & o# + '$$u%!, $ o +o#& #. (6;%)

A# . 7:. T+ lo,%l ,'1'l # 0'$ #%# $+%ll # u'# + p -*ent of the fee! -# $,#'4 & 4 l%/ o# # 0ul% 'o!$ 4 o# + '$$u%!, o + m%##'%0


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l', !$ . No o + # $um $+%ll 4 ,oll , & '! + !% u# o % o# %? o%! '!& o# + '$$u%!, o $%'& l', !$ . It !h ll, ho#ever, 'e i!!ued freeof ch rge to indigent p rtie!, th t i! tho!e #ho h ve no vi!i'le *e n! ofinco*e or #ho!e inco*e i! in!ufficient for their !u'!i!tence % %,

$ %4l'$+ & 4 + '# % '&%1' 9 o# 4 + '# o% + 4 o# + lo,%l ,'1'l# 0'$ #%#. (6=%)

A# . < . he licen!e !h ll 'e v lid in %! -%# o + P+'l'--'! $ o# %- #'o& o one hundred t#ent- d -! #om + &% o '$$u 9 %!& $+%ll 4& m & %u om% ',%ll ,%!, l & % + ?-'#% 'o! o + $%'& - #'o& ' +,o! #%, '!0 -%# ' $ +%1 !o m%& u$ o ' . T+ ?-'# &% $+%ll 4$ %m- & '! 4ol& ,+%#%, #$ o! + %, o 1 # l', !$ '$$u &. (6=%)

A# .


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A# . &. P#o- # # , '- $ $+%ll 4 '$$u & 4 + lo,%l ,'1'l # 0'$ #%# o

+ $ol m!'>'!0 o ', # #%!$m' '!0 ,o-' $ o + m%##'%0 , # ' ',% .T+ $ol m!'>'!0 o ', # $+%ll # %'! '! +'$ 'l + u%u-l',% ,o- o

+ m%##'%0 , # ' ',% 9 + ,o- o + m%##'%0 , # ' ',% 9 +o#'0'!%l o + m%##'%0 l', !$ %!&9 '! -#o- # ,%$ $9 + % '&%1' o +,o! #%, '!0 -%# # 0%#&'!0 + $ol m!'>% 'o! o + m%##'%0 '! -l%,o + # +%! +o$ m ! 'o! & '! A# ',l 8. (68%)

Co-' $ o + M%##'%0 C # ' ',%

3a4 one for the contractin parties3b4 two for the local ci"il re istrar 3c4 one for the person solemniAin

A# .


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A# . ! %!& % o# '0! # '$ 1%l'&l, l 4#% & %!& % &'1o#, '$ + # % # 1%l'&l o4 %'! & %4#o%& 4 +%l' ! $-ou$ ,%-%,' % '!0 +'m o# + # o # m%## 9 + F'l'-'!o $-ou$$+%ll +%1 ,%-%,' o # m%## u!& # P+'l'--'! l%/. (A$ %m !& & 4E? ,u '1 O#& #


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CHAPTER & '! %,,o#&%!, /' + + '#,u$ om$9 #' $ o# -#%, ', $. ( 8%)

A# . 3;. o licen!e !h ll 'e nece!! r- for the * rri ge of * n nd #o* n #ho h ve lived together ! hu!' nd nd #ife for t le !t five -e r!

nd #ithout n- leg l i*pedi*ent to * rr- e ch other. T+ ,o! #%, '!0-%# ' $ $+%ll $ % + o# 0o'!0 %, $ '! %! % '&%1' 4 o# %! - #$o!%u +o#'> & 4 l%/ o %&m'!'$ # o% +$. T+ $ol m!'>'!0 o ', # $+%ll %l$o$ % u!& # o% + +% + %$, # %'! & + u%l' ',% 'o!$ o + ,o! #%, '!0-%# ' $ %# ou!& !o l 0%l 'm- &'m ! o + m%##'%0 . ( 6%)


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CHAPTER 3

VOID AND VOIDABLE MARRIAGES

INTROD*CTORY COMMENTD'$ '!, 'o!$ 4 / ! % Vo'& %!& A Vo'&%4l M%##'%0

Vo'& Vo'&%4l

3a4 can ne"er be ratified

3b4 alwa!s "oid

3c4 can be attacked directl! orcollaterall!

3d4 there is no conju al partnership3onl! coFownership4

3a4 can enerall! be ratified b! freecohabitation

3b4 "alid until annulled

3c4 cannot be assailed collaterall!; theremust be a direct proceedin

3d4 there is a conju al ownership

T/o '!&$ o Im- &'m ! $ '! M%##'%0 $

3a4 diri*ent i*pedi*ent! the! make the marria e "oid. e. . close bloodrelationship; prior e#istin marria e

3b4 prohi'itive i*pedi*ent! the! do not affect the "alidit! of marria e' but criminal prosecution ma! follow

Cl%$$' ',% 'o! o Im- &'m ! $

3a4 '!olute the person cannot marr! at all. e. . when one is below 18 !ears old.


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marria e.

P$ ,+olo0',%l '!,%-%,' is the condition of a person who does not ha"e the mind'will' and heart for the performance of marria e.

0aid capacit! must be a lastin condition.

=nder the church l #!, ex *ple! of p!-chologic l inc p cit- #ill include: a wronconcept of marital "ows and marital infidelit!' adamant refusal to i"e support'unbearable jealous! on the part of one part!' indolence' e#tremel! low intelli ence'criminalit!' sadism' epileps!' habitual alcoholism' dru addiction' compulsi"e amblin '

homose#ualit!' lesbianism' sat!riasis' n!mphomania.

Intend*ent of the l # h ! to confine the *e ning of p!-chologic l inc p cit- to themost serious cases of personalit! disorders clearl! demonstrati"e of an utter insensiti"it!or inabilit! to i"e meanin and si nificance to the marria e.

he senseless and protracted refusal of one of the parties of se#ual cooperation for the procreation of children is e>ui"alent to ps!cholo ical incapacit!.

Gu'& l'! $ '! '! #-# '!0 %!& %--l '!0 -$ ,+olo0',%l '!,%-%,' "

3a4 burden of proof belon s to the plaintiff 3b4 root cause must be 314 medicall! or clinicall! identified; 324 alle ed; 3)4 pro"en

b! e#perts; 3+4 clearl! e#plained in the decision

3c4 must be pro"en to be e#istin at the time of the celebration of the marria e

3d4 shown to be medicall! or clinicall! permanent or incurable

3e4 illness must be ra"e enou h to brin about the disabilit!

3f4 essential marital obli ation must be those embraced b! rts.


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A# . 3 . 8 rri ge! 'et#een the follo#ing re ince!tuou! nd void #om+ 4 0'!!'!09 /+ + # # l% 'o!$+'- 4 / ! + -%# ' $ 4 l 0' 'm% o#

'll 0' 'm% "(7) B / ! !cend nt! nd de!cend nt! o %! & 0# %!&(


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(:)B / ! p rtie! #here one, #ith the intention to * rr- the other,killed th t other per!on>! !pou!e, or hi! or her o#n !pou!e. (8


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!ufficient.Fo# + -u#-o$ o ,o! #%, '!0 + $u4$ u ! m%##'%0 u!& # +-# , &'!0 -%#%0#%-+ the !pou!e pre!ent *u!t in!titute !u** r-

proceeding %$ -#o1'& & '! +'$ Co& for the decl r tion of pre!u*ptivede th o + %4$ ! 9 /' +ou -# @u&', o + , o # %-- %#%!, o

+ %4$ ! $-ou$ . (83%)

Hnder rt. 8+ of the %i"il %ode' no marria e license shall be issued to a widowtill after three hundred 3)$$4 da!s followin the death of her husband' unless inthe meantime she has i"en birth to a child.

he purpose of )$$ hundred da!s is to pre"ent doubtful paternit!.

5f the widow somehow ets a marria e license within the period prohibited' themarria e would still be "alid' without prejudice to criminal liabilit!.

" if a woman s marria e is annulled' ma! she be issued a marria e licensewithout waitin for the period of )$$ da!s.

A" Bo' unless in the meantime she has i"en birth to a child or unless the fiurstmarria e had been annulled on the round of impotence.

" -ol"erine and 0torm were "alidl! married' but -ol"erine was sterile. Later'-ol"erine died. -ithout waitin for )$$ da!s' 0torm ot married a ain. 5s 0tormcriminall! liableE

A" Bo' for the >uestion of doubtful paternit! does not enter the picture' the deadhusband ha"in been pro"ed sterile.

# . ;


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4 recorded in the civil regi!tr- of the re!idence of the p rtie! to the!u'!e uent * rri ge % + '!$ %!, o %! '! # $ & - #$o!9 /' + &u!o ', o + $-ou$ $ o + $u4$ u ! m%##'%0 %!& /' +ou -# @u&',

o + %, o # %-- %#%!, 4 '!0 @u&','%ll & #m'! & '! ,%$ $u,+ %,'$ &'$-u &. (!)

A# . ;3. T+ #m'!% 'o! o + !u'!e uent * rri ge # ## & o '! +-# , &'!0 A# ',l $+%ll -#o&u, + ollo/'!0 effect!:

(7)T+ children o + $u4$ u ! m%##'%0 conceived prior to it!ter*in tion !h ll 'e con!idered legiti* te

(


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A# . ;;. If 'oth !pou!e! o + $u4$ u ! m%##'%0 %, &in ' d f ith 9$%'&* rri ge !h ll 'e void ' initio nd ll don tion! 4 # %$o! om%##'%0 %!& $ %m ! %# &'$-o$' 'o!$ m%& 4 o! '! %1o# o +o + # re revoked '- oper tion of l # . (!)

A# . ;=. A * rri ge * - 'e nnulled o# %! o + ollo/'!0 ,%u$ $9?'$ '!0 % + 'm o + m%##'%0 "

(7)T+% + -%# '! /+o$ 4 +%l ' '$ $ou0+ o +%1 + m%##'%0%!!ull & /%$ eighteen -e r! of ge or over 'ut 'elo# t#ent- one, %!& + m%##'%0 /%$ $ol m!'> ithout the con!ent of the

p rent!, gu rdi n or per!on h ving !u'!titute p rent l uthorit- o1 # + -%# 9 '! +% o#& #9 u!l $$ % # % %'!'!0 + %0 o

/ ! 2o! 9 $u,+ -%# # l ,o+%4' & /' + + o + # %!& 4o +l'1 & o0 + # %$ +u$4%!& %!& /'

(


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%-- %#$ o 4 '!,u#%4l o#

(6)T+% ' + # -%# /%$ % l', & /' + %!exu ll- tr n!*i!!i'ledi!e !e ou!& o 4 $ #'ou$ %!& %-- %#$ o 4 '!,u#%4l . (8=%)

G#ou!&$ o# + %!!ulm ! o m%##'%0

14 nonFa e 3below 184

24 unsoundness of mind

)4 fraud

+4 force' intimidation' or undue influence

64 impotence


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5f both the husband and wife are impotent' the marria e cannot be annulled because neither can claim he or she has been a rie"ed b! the other.

5n eneral' free nd volunt r- coh 'it tion r tifie! the void 'le * rri ge .

D'$ '!, 'o! B / ! A!!ulm ! %!& L 0%l S -%#% 'o!

A!!ulm ! L 0%l S -%#% 'o!

3a4 the marria e was defecti"e at the"er! be innin

3b4 the cause for annulment must bealread! e#istin at the time of themarria e

3c4 there are se"en rounds forannulment

3d4 annulment dissol"es the marria e bond; the parties are free to marr!a ain

3e4 the rounds are enerall! thosei"en in the le# loci celebrationis

3a4 there was no defect of the marria eat the be innin

3b4 the cause for le al separation arisesafter the marria e celebration

3c4 there are ten rounds for le alseparation

3d4 the marria e remains

3e4 the "er! "alidit! of the marria eitself is not >uestioned

A# . ;6. A! o + ollo/'!0 ,'#,um$ %!, $ $+%ll con!titute fr ud # ## & o '! Num4 # 3 o + -# , &'!0 A# ',l "

(7) on di!clo!ure of previou! conviction 4 '!%l @u&0m ! o +o + # -%# o % ,#'m involving *or l turpitude

(


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!% u# 9 ?'$ '!0 % + 'm o + m%##'%0 o#

(;) Conce l*ent of drug ddiction, h 'itu l lcoholi!* orho*o!exu lit- or le!'i ni!* ?'$ '!0 % + 'm o + m%##'%0 .

No o + # m'$# -# $ ! % 'o! o# & , ' %$ o ,+%#%, #9 + %l +9 #%! 9o# u! o# ,+%$ ' $+%ll ,o!$ ' u $u,+ #%u& %$ /'ll 0'1 0#ou!&$ o#

%, 'o! o# + %!!ulm ! o m%##'%0 . (86%)

A# . ; . T+ %, 'o! o# %!!ulm ! o m%##'%0 mu$ 4 'l & 4 +ollo/'!0 - #$o!$ %!& /' +'! + - #'o&$ '!&',% & + # '!"

(7)Fo# ,%u$ $ m ! 'o! & '! !um4 # 7 o A# ',l ;= 4 + -%#/+o$ p rent or gu rdi n did not give hi! or her con!ent, #ithin

five -e r! fter tt ining the ge of t#ent- one 9 o# 4 + -%# ! o#0u%#&'%! o# - #$o! +%1'!0 l 0%l ,+%#0 o + m'!o#9 % %! 'm4 o# $u,+ -%# +%$ # %,+ & + %0 o / ! 2o!

(


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*eriod within Ii"e 364 !ears after the celebration of marria e

ote th t in eneral' the prescripti"e period for annulment of marria e is fi"e 364 !ears.

A# . ;8. I! %ll ,%$ $ o %!!ulm ! o# & ,l%#% 'o! o %4$olu !ull' om%##'%0 9 the Court !h ll order the pro!ecuting ttorne- or fi!c l %$$'0! &

o ' to ppe r o! 4 +%l o + S % o % $ -$ to prevent collu!ion 4 / ! + -%# ' $ %!&to t ke c re th t evidence i! not f 'ric ted o#$u--# $$ &.

I! + ,%$ $ # ## & o '! + -# , &'!0 -%#%0#%-+9no (udg*ent !h ll'e ' !ed upon !tipul tion of f ct! or confe!!ion of (udg*ent . (88%)

Co! $$'o! o Ju&0m ! D '! &

3a4 Co! $$'o! o @u&0m ! 4 /%##%! o % o#! authorit! i"en b! defendantto plaintiff s attorne! allowin the latter to tell the court that the defendantconfesses or admits the plaintiff s claim to be true and just.

3b4 Co! $$'o! o @u&0m ! o# @u&0m ! 4 ,o! $$'o! ,o0!o1' %, 'o! m rendered where' instead of defendin himself' the defendant chooses toacknowled e the ri htfulness of the plaintiff s action.

he 0tate prohibits annulment of marria e b! summar! proceedin s. he &ulesof %ourt e#pressl! disallows such annulment without actual trial.

5n the Iamil! %ode' e"en if the marria e is "oid' a judicial declaration to thateffect is still re>uired.

he %ourt can dismiss the suit for failure of the petitioner to cooperate' resultinin the failure of the fiscal to determine whether or not the collusion e#ists.

fter marria e is annulled' the obli ation of mutual support between spousesceases. ?ut the children should still be supported b! them.


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+o P% $ o# + A o#! $ F $ %!& O + # E?- !$ $ '! A!!ulm ! C%$ $

3a4 if the action prospers' 3and the annulment is ranted4' the absolute communit! propert! shall be liable.

3b4 if the marria e is not annulled' whoe"er brou ht the action shall pa! for theattorne! s fees and other liti ation e#penses.

A# . ;:. uring the pendenc- o + %, 'o! %!& '! + %4$ !, o

%& u% -#o1'$'o!$ '! % #ritten gree*ent 4 / ! + $-ou$ $9 theCourt !h ll provide for the !upport of the !pou!e! nd the cu!tod- nd!upport of their co**on children. T+ Cou# $+%ll 0'1 -%#%mou!,o!$'& #% 'o! o + mo#%l %!& m% #'%l / l %# o $%'&children ndtheir choice of the p rent #ith #ho* the- #i!h to re* in %$ -#o1'& & o'! T' l I . I $+%ll %l$o provide for ppropri te vi!it tion right! of theother p rent . (!)

A# . = . T+ , $ -#o1'& & o# 4 -%#%0#%-+$ (


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%!& 7


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%4$olu !ull' o + m%##'%0 u!& # A# ',l 36 +%$ 4 ,om '!%l %!&? ,u o# !h ll 'e con!idered legiti* te . Children conceived or 'orn of

the !u'!e uent * rri ge u!& # A# ',l =3 !h ll like#i!e 'e legiti* te.

)le !e note th t under the Iamil! %ode' a judicial declaration of nullit! isre>uired e"en for "oid marria e.

T' l II. LEGAL SEPARATION

INTROD*CTORY COMMENT

T/o '!&$ o D'1o#, $

3a4 A4$olu &'1o#, marria e is dissol"ed

3b4 R l% '1 &'1o#, or l 0%l $ -%#% 'o! marria e is not dissol"ed; here the partiesare merel! separated from bed and board.

Rul $ o# A4$olu D'1o#, To&% Bo + *!& # + C'1'l Co& %!& + F%m'l Co&( ' +ou P# @u&', o Mo$l m D'1o#, $)

(%) ' + %, 'o! '$ 4#ou0+ + # '! + P+'l'--'! $"

14 between Iilipinos will not prosper 24 between forei ners will not prosper

(4) ' + %, 'o! '$ 4#ou0+ '! % o# '0! ,ou#

14 between Iilipinos will not be reco niAed here24 between forei ners reco niAed here subject to the followin conditions

the forei n court has jurisdiction to rant the absolute di"orce said di"orce is reco niAed as "alid b! the personal law of the parties

in"ol"ed


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98/198


(;)F'!%l @u&0m ! $ ! !,'!0 + # $-o!& ! o i*pri!on*ent of*ore th n !ix -e r! 9 1 ! ' -%#&o! &

(=) rug ddiction or h 'itu l lcoholi!* o + # $-o!& !

(6) 7e!'i ni!* or ho*o!exu lit- o + # $-o!& !

( )Co! #%, '!0 4 + # $-o!& ! o % !u'!e uent 'ig *ou!* rri ge 9 /+ + # '! + P+'l'--'! $ o# %4#o%&

(8) exu l infidelit- o# - #1 #$'o!

(:) Atte*pt 4 + # $-o!& ! g in!t the life o + - ' 'o! # o#

(7 ) A' ndon*ent o - ' 'o! # 4 # $-o!& ! /' +ou @u$ ' '%4l,%u$ o#*ore th n one -e r .

Fo# -u#-o$ $ o +'$ A# ',l 9 + #m ?child? $+%ll '!,lu& % ,+'l& 4

!% u# o# 4 %&o- 'o!. (:%)

A# . =6. T+ - ' 'o! o# leg l !ep r tion $+%ll 4 denied o! %! o +ollo/'!0 ground! "

(7) + # + %00#' 1 & -%# +%$condoned the offen!e o# %,,om-l%'! & o

(


99/198


(;) + # 'oth p rtie! h ve given ground o# l 0%l $ -%#% 'o!

(=) + # + # '$ collu!ion 4 / ! + -%# ' $ o o4 %'! & ,# ol 0%l $ -%#% 'o! o#

(6) + # + %, 'o! '$ 4%## & 4 pre!cription . (7 %)

D !$ $ '! S -%#% 'o!

3a4 condonation

3b4 consent

3c4 conni"ance

3d4 mutual uilt 3recrimination4

3e4 collusion

3f4 prescription

A# . = . A! ction for leg l !ep r tion !h ll 'e filed #ithin five -e r! #om+ 'm o + o,,u## !, o + ,%u$ . (7


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1$$ of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

A# . 6 . o decree o l 0%l $ -%#% 'o!!h ll 'e ' !ed upon !tipul tion of f ct! o# % ,o! $$'o! o @u&0m ! .

I! %! ,%$ 9 + Cou# $+%ll o#& #the pro!ecuting ttorne- o# '$,%l%$$'0! & o ' ot ke !tep! to prevent collu!ion 4 / ! + -%# ' $ %!& ot ke c re th t the evidence i! not f 'ric ted o# $u--# $$ &. (7 7%)

he law re>uires proof' not a mere stipulation of facts or confession of jud ment.

A# . 67. After the 'l'!0 o + petition o# l 0%l $ -%#% 'o!9the !pou!e!!h ll 'e entitled to live !ep r tel #om %,+ o + #.

he court 9in the '!ence of #ritten gree*ent 4 / ! + $-ou$ $9!h ll de!ign te either of the* or third per!on to d*ini!ter the '!oluteco**unit- o# ,o!@u0%l -%# ! #$+'- -#o- # . T+ %&m'!'$ #% o#%--o'! & 4 + ,ou# $+%ll +%1 + $%m -o/ #$ %!& &u ' $ %$ +o$o % 0u%#&'%! u!& # + Rul $ o Cou# . (7 ;%)

A# . 6


101/198

1$1 of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

(


102/198


T/o T+'!0$ +% m% 4 # 1o &

3a4 donations

3b4 insurance contracts

A# . 6=. If the !pou!e! !hould reconcile 9 % ,o## $-o!&'!0 @o'!m%!' $ % 'o! u!& # o% + &ul $'0! & 4 + m $+%ll 4 'l & /' + +

,ou# '! + ! *e proceeding for leg l !ep r tion . (!)

A# . 66. T+ reconcili tion # ## & o '! + -# , &'!0 A# ',l $ $+%ll+%1 + ollo/'!0 con!e uence! "

(7)T+ l 0%l $ -%#% 'o! proceeding!, if !till pending 9 $+%ll + # 4 4ter*in ted % /+% 1 # $ %0 %!&

(


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1$) of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

A# . 6 . T+ %0# m ! o # 1'1 + o#m # -#o- # # 0'm # ## & o'! + -# , &'!0 A# ',l $+%ll 4 ? ,u & u!& # o% + %!& $+%ll $- ,' "

(7)T+ -#o- # ' $ o 4 ,o! #'4u & %! / o + # $ o# & # 0'm

(


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105/198


+4 husband maltreats her

64 she was "irtuall! dri"en out of their home b! her husband


106/198

1$< of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

A# . 7. he * n ge*ent of the hou!ehold !h ll 'e the right nd the dut-of 'oth !pou!e!. T+ ?- !$ $ o# $u,+ m%!%0 m ! $+%ll 4 -%'& '!%,,o#&%!, /' + + -#o1'$'o!$ o A# ',l . (77=%)

Bote that both of the spouses share in the mana ement.

A# .


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1$: of 198CODES AND NOTES BY PORFERIO JR. AND MELFA D. SALIDAGA

PROPERTY RELATIONS BET EEN H*SBANDAND IFE

CHAPTER 7GENERAL PROVISIONS

A# . ;. T+ propert- rel tion!hip 'et#een hu!' nd nd #ife !h ll 'e governed '! + ollo/'!0 o#& #"

(7) D- * rri ge !ettle*ent! ? ,u & 4 o# + m%##'%0

(


108/198


i! void 9 the !-!te* of '!olute co**unit- of propert- %$ $ %4l'$+ & '! +'$Co& !h ll govern . (77:%)

R u'$' $ o# % M%##'%0 S l m !

3a4 must be made before the celebration of marria e

3b4 must not contain pro"isions contrar! to law' ood morals' ood customs' publicorder' and public polic!

3c4 must enerall! confine itself onl! to propert! relations

3d4 must be in writin

3e4 if made b! minors' their parents must consent b! si nin also

A# . 6. I! o#& # +% %! *odific tion '! + m%##'%0 $ l m ! $* -'e v lid 9 ' mu$ 4 * de 'efore the cele'r tion of the * rri ge 9 $u4@ ,

o + -#o1'$'o!$ o A# ',l $ 669 6 9 7


109/198


110/198


not !itu ted in the )hilippine! nd executed in the countr- #herethe propert- i! loc ted %!&

(3) ' + # $- , o + extrin!ic v lidit- of contr ct! entered into in the )hilippine! 'ut ffecting propert- !itu ted in foreign countr-#ho!e l #! re uire different for* litie! for it! extrin!ic v lidit- .(7


111/198


(onations propter nuptias are weddin ifts' but not all weddin ifts are donations propter nuptias' for said weddin ifts ma! come after the celebration of the marria e.

A# . 83. he!e don tion! re governed '- the rule! on ordin r- don tion!$ %4l'$+ & '! T' l III o Boo III o + C'1'l Co& 9 '!$o %# %$ + %#

!o mo&' ' & 4 + ollo/'!0 %# ',l $. (7< %)

o be "alid' a donation propter nuptias must be accepted' for no one ma! be compelledto accept the enerosit! of another.

A# . 8;. If the future !pou!e! gree upon regi*e other th n the '!oluteco**unit- of propert-, the- c nnot don te to e ch other in their * rri ge!ettle*ent! *ore th n one fifth of their pre!ent propert-.

A! exce!! !h ll 'e con!idered void .

Do!% 'o!$ o u u# -#o- # $+%ll 4 0o1 #! & 4 + -#o1'$'o!$ o!$ %m ! %# $u,, $$'o! %!& + o#m%l' ' $ o /'ll$. (73 %)

A# . 8=. on tion! '- re !on of * rri ge of propert- !u'(ect toencu*'r nce! !h ll 'e v lid. In c !e of foreclo!ure o + !,um4#%!,%!& + -#o- # '$ $ol& o# l $$ +%! + o %l %mou! o + o4l'0% 'o!$ ,u# &9the donee !h ll not 'e li 'le for the deficienc- . I + -#o- # '$$ol& o# mo# +%! + o %l %mou! o $%'& o4l'0% 'o!9the donee !h ll 'e

entitled to the exce!! . (737%)

A# . 86. A don tion '- re !on of * rri ge * - 'e revoked '- the donor inthe follo#ing c !e! "


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CHAPTER 3SYSTEM OF ABSOL*TE COMM*NITY

S , 'o! 7. G ! #%l P#o1'$'o!$

A# . 88. T+ '!olute co**unit- of propert- 4 / ! $-ou$ $ $+%ll

co**ence t the preci!e *o*ent th t the * rri ge i! cele'r ted . A!$ '-ul% 'o!9 ?-# $$ o# 'm-l' &9 o# + ,omm !, m ! o +,ommu!' # 0'm % %! o + # 'm $+%ll 4 1o'&. (7;=%)

A# . 8:. o # iver of right!, !h re! nd effect! of the '!olute co**unit-of propert- during the * rri ge c n 'e * de except in c !e of (udici l!ep r tion of propert-.

hen the # iver t ke! pl ce u-o! % @u&','%l $ -%#% 'o! o -#o- # 9 o#% # + m%##'%0 +%$ 4 ! &'$$ol1 & o# %!!ull &9the ! *e !h ll ppe rin pu'lic in!tru*ent nd !h ll 'e recorded %$ -#o1'& & '! A# ',l .

he creditor! o + $-ou$ /+o m%& $u,+ /%'1 # * - petition the courtto re!cind the # iver o + ? ! o + %mou! $u ',' ! o ,o1 # +%mou! o + '# ,# &' $. (7;6%)


114/198


A# . : . T+ provi!ion! on co o#ner!hip !h ll ppl- to the '!oluteco**unit- of propert- 4 / ! + $-ou$ $ '! %ll m% #$ !o -#o1'& &

o# '! +'$ C+%- #. (!)

S , 'o!


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%$ + '!,om 9 ' %! 9 o $u,+ -#o- # . (< 7%)

A# . :3.

persons and fam notes

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