PERUBAHAN MENTAL PADA DEWASA DAN LANSIA

HUMAN BEHAVIOR (PERILAKU MANUSIA)Normal & abnormal behavior

INTRODUCTION

The philosophy of human behaviorcomprehension of humanism

behavioral science

Kaidah-kaidah perilaku manusiaAzas Eklektik Holistik---zoon politicon

Interaksi biologik-lingkunganPerkembangan perilaku

Pengendalian dan modifikasi instinkRelativitas sosial-budaya

Pengendalian melalui concrete dan abstract thinking

Perilaku (behavior)Mode adaptasi terhadap lingkungan (fisik-sosial-budaya)Berakibat adaptif (normal) atau maladaptive (abnormal)

State atau manifestDitentukan oleh kepribadian (personality)

Personality - karakter- individual specific- trait atau inherent

PERSONALITY BEHAVIOR

BIOLOGICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL BASE OF BEHAVIOR

Biological base :

SISTEMATIKA GENESIS PERILAKUAdrenalin fight or flightGABAmental mechanismMental mechanism - represi - sublimasiSerotoninDopamin

PERANGKAT KERAS PERILAKU

FUNGSI PENDORONG (instinctual, nafsu) (biologic)

SISTEM REWARD MESOLIMBIK

Jaras dopaminergik (Dopaminergic pathway)-ventral tegmental area (VTA)-nucleus accumbens (NAc). Pusat pemuasan dorongan instink- agresifitas - seksualitas - dorongan makan-minum - dan sebagainya.

FUNGSI PENGENDALI (NALAR)(biologic & environmental)

PREFRONTAL CORTEX

*Reality thinking abilityreality judgmentfungsi akal (executive: antisipasi-planning-prediksi-kordinasi)

**Abstract judgment abilityabstract judgmentfungsi budi (moral-mulia hina-baik jahat-indah buruk-enak tidak enak)

*+ ** Penalaran & ImajinasiFUNGSI PENUNJANG-PENGHAMBAT PERASAAN

(emosi)

Limbic system

Amygdala and Hippocampus

AmygdalaFundamental for instant self preservation. -fear and anxiety stage of alertness flight or fight.

HippocampusMemory phenomenalong-term memory -compare the conditions of a present threat with similar past experiences, thus enabling it to choose the best option, in order to guarantee survival.

MANIFESTASI NORMAL/ABNORMALITAS (Maslow)

Theodore R. Bundy

MASLOW DEFINITION OF NORMAL BEHAVIOR

1. Ability to adapt to external environment, but still able to cling to unique identity of the self.

2. Inner happiness or sadness based on reality

3. Logical and realistic

4. Able to function in a social setting

5. Tolerance but still belief in one unique belief or faith

6. Able to honour one self but still able to honour others

7. Bring happiness to others, but still able to refuse others

8. Ability to manifest inclination in proportional which result in adaptation

Standard perilaku dan Universal Behavioral Trait

Area: 1 2 3 4 5 6

Area 1: sangat putih perilaku sangat ideal (dianjurkan oleh nilai-nilai sakral)Area 2: putih perilaku baik (dianjurkan Universal Behavioral Trait)Area 3: abu-abu perilaku dapat ditolerir (relativitas sosial-budaya)Area 4: abu-abu tua perilaku tidak dapat ditolerir (relativitas sosial-budaya)Area 5: hitam perilaku buruk (ditolak Universal Behavioral Trait)Area 6: hitam kelam perilaku sangat buruk (ditolak oleh nilai-nilai sakral)

Zoon politicon Socio-cultural relativityFAILUREPREJUDICE

Mankind are the same everywhere while they are different in everything

BEHAVIORAL GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT

1.Eric Ericson Epigenetic Theory2.The development of logic according to Jean Piaget3.IQ and EQ

Erik Erikson Epigenetic Principle

INTRODUCTION

Living thing------growth & development

Basic concept-----growth-------measure--------absolute value Based on measuring -----development---------assessment---------relative value Based on comparisonGrowth-----physical-----ex.womenhoodDevelopment--------behavior-----a very nice and feminine girlOccurs in stages

EPIGENETIC PRINCIPLE

Development occurs in sequential, clearly defined stagesSpecific issue in each stageIssues in each stage must be resolvedDevelopment can proceed smoothly

Successful resolution failed in a particular stageAll subsequent stages reflect that failure

Maladjustment of:

Physical growthCognitive developmentSocial developmentEmotional development

THE END IS THE MIRROR OF BEGINNING

Erik Erikson Stages of Life Cycle

1.Basic Trust versus Mistrust (birth-1 year)

Need for instant satisfaction, TRUE LOVE

Resolved-----Strong Basic trust, believe in others, hopeful attitude, self confidence, trustful personalityUnresolved-------suspicious, can’t control urge

2.Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (1-3 years) learning to walk, feed it self, talk, TOILET TRAININGneed for firm outer control, first discipline, in love----autonomyto much outer control------shameto much punishment, harsh discipline----self doubt

3.Initiative versus Guilt (3-5 years)

initiative arises in relation to tasks for the sake of activityguilt arises on contemplated goalmimic adult worldsibling rivalryresolution through social role identificationI am a boy, she is a girl. I play with a toy gun, she plays with a doll

4.Industry versus Inferiority (6-11 years)

building, creating, accomplishingneed of systematic intruction for fundamentals of technologysense of inadequacy and inferiority if child despairs of tools, skills, and status among peers---socially decisive age---LEADER or FOLLOWERIMPORTANCE OF SKILL DEVELOPING, TOYS, BOOKS etc.

5.Identity versus Role Diffusion (11 years-end of adolescence)

develop ego identity, peer group identity, group loyaltyappearance, hero worship (see M-TV)unresolved-----role confusion---going astray

6.Intimacy versus Isolation (21-40 years )

to love, to work, to nurture others, to be responsible for othersresolved-----intimacy, loyalty, responsible, lovingunresolved---isolation, view that others are dangerous

7.Generativity versus Stagnation (40-65 years)

work for the future generation, productive, creativity, concern and responsibility for others, striving to left some thing good for future generation after death---GENERATIVITY

Unresolved-----self concern, isolated

8.Integrity versus Despair (more than 65 years)

Integrity---sense of satisfaction that life has been productive and worthwhile-----I WILL SLEEP IN PEACE, AND IF THE TIME CAME, I HAVE LEFT SOMETHING USEFUL FOR POSTERITY. THANK’S GOD FOR THIS LIFE

Despair----what have I done in the past---FEARFUL OF DEATH POST POWER SYNDROME

CONCLUSION

1.Growth and development occur in stages2.Each stage has it’s own specific issues which must be resolved3.Unresolved issues in certain stage will hamper the next stages

4.Growth and development failure

JAN PIAGET. THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOGIC

Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)Reflect

Object permanenceSchema of permanent object

Symbolization insitu

Preoperational thought stage (2-7 years)Egocentric thinking

Magical thinkingphenomalistic causalityAnimistic thinkingSemiotic function

Symbolization

Concrete operation stage (7-11 years)Operational thoughtSyllogistic reasoningRules and exception

ConservationReversibility

Concept of quantity->measuring

IQFormal operation stage (11 years-end of adolescence)

Hypothetico-deductive thinkingAbstract thinking, deductive reason, define concept,

systematically

IQ + EQ

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