Republic of the PhilippinesRepúblika ng Pilipinas

Flag Coat of arms

Motto: "Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at

Makabansa"[1]

"For God, People, Nature, and Country"

Anthem: Lupang HinirangChosen Land

Capital Manila[2]

14°35′N 121°0′E

Largest city Quezon City

Official languages Filipino · English

Recognisedregional languages

Optional languagesa Spanish · Arabic

Demonym Filipino

Government Unitary presidentialconstitutional republic

- President Benigno Aquino III - Vice President Jejomar Binay

- Senate President Franklin Drilon - House Speaker Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.

- Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno

Legislature Congress

- Upper house Senate - Lower house House of Representatives

Independence from Spainb and the United States

- Established April 27, 1565 - Declared June 12, 1898

- Self-government March 24, 1934 - Recognized July 4, 1946

- Currentconstitution

February 2, 1987

Area - Land 300,000 km2[4] (73rd)

115,831 sq mi

PhilippinesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Philippines ( i/ˈfɪlɨpiːnz/; FI -lə-peenz; Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially knownas the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Repúblika ng Pilipinas), is a sovereign islandcountry in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the LuzonStrait lies Taiwan; west across the South China Sea sits Vietnam; southwest is the island ofBorneo across the Sulu Sea, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands ofIndonesia; while to the east it is bounded by the Philippine Sea and the island-nation of Palau.Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator make the Philippines prone toearthquakes and typhoons, but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of theworld's greatest biodiversity. At 300,000 square kilometers (115,831 sq mi), the Philippines isthe 64th-largest country in the world,[12] consisting of an archipelago of 7,107 islands that arecategorized broadly under three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.Its capital city is Manila while its most populous city is Quezon City; both are part of MetroManila.

With a population of at least 99 million people,[13] the Philippines is the seventh-mostpopulated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. An additional12 million Filipinos live overseas, comprising one of the world's largest and most influentialdiasporas.[14] Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistorictimes, Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed bysuccessive waves of Austronesian peoples who came from Malay, Indian, and Islamic states.Various nations were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. Tradewith China also introduced Chinese culture and settlement, which remain present to this day.

The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 marked the beginning of an era of Spanish interestand eventual colonization. In 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named thearchipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. The Spanish Empire began tosettle with the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from New Spain (present day Mexico) in1565 who established the first Spanish settlement in the archipelago, which remained aSpanish colony for more than 300 years. This resulted in the predominant religion in thecountry to be Roman Catholicism and it is one of two countries in Asia; the other being EastTimor. During this time, Manila became the Asian hub of the Manila–Acapulco galleon fleet.

As the 19th century gave way to the 20th, there followed in quick succession the PhilippineRevolution, which spawned the short-lived First Philippine Republic; the Spanish–AmericanWar; and the Philippine–American War. In the aftermath, the United States emerged as thedominant power; aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retainedsovereignty over the islands. After World War II,[15] the Treaty of Manila recognised the

Philippine Republic as an independent nation.[16] Since then, the Philippines has had an oftentumultuous experience with democracy, with popular "people power" movementsoverthrowing a dictatorship in one instance, but also underlining the institutional weaknessesof its constitutional republic in others. The Philippines currently has one of Asia's fastestgrowing economies, and the nation's large population size and economic potential have led itto be classified as a middle power.[17]

Contents

1 Etymology2 History

2.1 Prehistory2.2 Indic epoch2.3 Islamic expansion2.4 Spanish colonization2.5 American period and Japanese occupation2.6 Cold War era2.7 Contemporary history

3 Politics and government3.1 Security and defense3.2 International relations3.3 Administrative divisions

4 Geography4.1 Flora and fauna4.2 Climate

19 languages[3]

MENU

- Water (%) 0.61[5] (inland waters)

Population - 2013 estimate 99,000,000[6] (12th) - Density 308.0/km2 (43rd)

797.2/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2013 estimate

- Total $454.286 billion[7]

- Per capita $4,660[7]

GDP (nominal) 2013 estimate

- Total $272.207 billion[7]

- Per capita $2,792[7]

Gini (2009) 43.0[8]

medium · 44th

HDI (2013) 0.654[9]

medium · 114th

CurrencyPeso (Filipino: piso) (₱)(PHP)

Time zone PST (UTC+8) - Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+8)

Date format mm/dd/yyyy

Drives on the right[10]

Calling code +63

ISO 3166 code PH

Internet TLD .ph

^a The 1987 Philippine constitution specifies, "Spanish and Arabic shall be

promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."[11]

^b Philippine revolutionaries declared independence from Spain on June 12,

1898, but the Spanish claim of sovereignty was passed from Spain to the

United States in the Treaty of Paris. This led to the Philippine–American

War.

The Tabon Caves in Palawan, where

the remains of the Tabon Man werediscovered.

5 Economy6 Demographics

6.1 Ethnicity6.2 Cities6.3 Language6.4 Religion

7 Society7.1 Education7.2 Health

8 Infrastructure8.1 Transportation8.2 Communications

9 Culture9.1 Cuisine9.2 Literature9.3 Media9.4 Sports

10 See also11 References12 External links

Etymology

Main article: Name of the Philippines

The name Philippines is named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer RuyLópez de Villalobos during his expedition in 1542 named the islands of Leyte and SamarFelipinas after the then Prince of Asturias. Eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would beused to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, othernames such as Islas del Poniente (Islands of the West) and Magellan's name for the islandsSan Lázaro were also used by the Spanish to refer to the islands.[18][19][20][21][22]

The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of the country'shistory. During the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishmentof the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the period of the Spanish–American War (1898) and the Philippine–American War (1899–1902) until the Commonwealth period (1935–46), American colonial authoritiesreferred to the country as the Philippine Islands, a translation of the Spanish name. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to

appear and it has since become the country's common name.[23] Since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been theRepublic of the Philippines.

History

Main article: History of the Philippines

Prehistory

Further information: Prehistory of the Philippines

The metatarsal of Callao Man is reported to have been reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000years ago[24] thereby replacing the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 24,000 years

ago,[25][26] as the oldest human remains found in the archipelago. Negritos were among the archipelago'searliest inhabitants, but their appearance in the Philippines has not been reliably dated.[27] There areseveral opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos. The most widely accepted based onlinguistic and archeological evidence, is the "Out-of-Taiwan" model, which hypothesizes thatAustronesians from Taiwan began migrating to the Philippines around 4000 BCE, displacing earlierarrivals.[28][29]

Other hypotheses include Wilhelm Solheim's Island Origin Theory[30] which postulates that the peoplingof the archipelago transpired via trade networks originating in the Ice Age Sundaland area around 48000to 5000 BCE rather than by wide-scale migration; and F. Landa Jocano's Local Origins Theory whichpostulates that the ancestors of the Filipinos evolved locally. Whatever the case, by 1000 BCE the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed

into four kinds of social groups: hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, highland plutocracies, and maritime harbor principalities.[31]

Indic epoch

a.

b.

A Tagalog couple of the

Maginoo caste depicted on a

page of the 16th century

Boxer Codex.

Fort Santiago in Manila,

built by Miguel López de

Legazpi in 1590

José Rizal, Marcelo H.

del Pilar, and Mariano

Ponce: leaders of thePropaganda Movement

Spanish ships bombarding the

Muslims of Mindanao in 1848

Further information: History of the Philippines (900–1521)

While some societies in the scattered islands remained isolated, many evolved into city-states that developedsubstantial trade and contacts with other peoples of Eastern and Southern Asia, including those from India,China, Japan and other Austronesian islands. The 1st millennium saw the rise of the harbor principalities andtheir growth into Maritime states composed of autonomous barangays independent of, or allied with, largernations which were either Malay thalassocracies led by Datus or Indianized Kingdoms led by Rajahs. Examplesof the former include Datu Puti who ruled over the Confederation of Madja-as after he purchased his realms fromthe Negrito Chieftain, Marikudo. Of the latter, the Rajahnate of Butuan, which attained prominence under therule of Rajah Sri Bata Shaja,[32] the Kingdom of Tondo, ruled over by the Lakandula dynasty[33][34] and theRajahnate of Cebu[35] which was led by Rajamuda Sri Lumay. Other nations in this era include the Sinifiedkingdom of Ma-i, represented by Huang Gat Sa Li-han and Sulu which, before its Islamization, was also an

Indianized Rajahnate under its first ruler, Rajah Sipad the Older.[36] The great epics; the Hinilawod, Daranganand the Biag Ni Lam-Ang trace their origins to this era.[37]

Islamic expansion

The 1300s heralded the arrival and eventual spread of the Islamic religion in the Philippine archipelago. In 1380,Karim ul' Makdum and Shari'ful Hashem Syed Abu Bakr, an Arab trader born in Johore, arrived in Sulu from

Malacca and established the Sultanate of Sulu by converting Sulu's rajah and marrying his daughter.[38][39] At the end of the 15th century,Shariff Mohammed Kabungsuwan of Johor introduced Islam in the island of Mindanao. He subsequently married Paramisuli, an Iranun princess,and established the Sultanate of Maguindanao. Sultanates extended further into Lanao.[40] Eventually, Islam spread out of Mindanao in the southinto Luzon in the north. Even Manila itself was Islamized through the reign of Sultan Bolkiah in 1485 to 1521, wherein, the Sultanate of Brunei

subjugated the Kingdom of Tondo by converting Rajah Salalila to Islam.[41][42][43][44]

However, states like the Animist Igorot, Malay Madja-as, Sinified Ma-i, Hebraic Lequios and Indianized Butuan still maintained their cultures.In some kingdoms, anti-Islamic fervor was present. As a result the rivalries between the datus, rajahs, sultans, and lakans and their respectivestates eventually eased Spanish colonization. Consequently, these states became incorporated into the Spanish Empire and were Hispanicizedand Christianized.[45]

Spanish colonization

Further information: History of the Philippines (1521–1898)

In 1521, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines and claimed theislands for Spain.[46] Colonization began when Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpiarrived from Mexico in 1565 and formed the first European settlements in Cebu. In 1571,after dealing with the local royal families in the wake of the Tondo Conspiracy anddefeating the Chinese pirate warlord Limahong, the Spanish established Manila as thecapital of the Spanish East Indies.[47][48]

Spanish rule contributed significantly to bringing political unity to the fragmented states ofthe archipelago. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of theViceroyalty of New Spain and then was administered directly from Madrid after theMexican War of Independence. The Manila galleons and its large naval fleet linking Manilato Acapulco traveled once or twice a year between the 16th and 19th centuries. Tradeintroduced foods such as corn, tomatoes, potatoes, chili peppers, and pineapples from theAmericas.[48] Roman Catholic missionaries converted most of the lowland inhabitants toChristianity and founded schools, a university, and hospitals. While a Spanish decreeintroduced free public schooling in 1863, efforts in mass public education mainly came to

fruition during the American period.[49]

During its rule, the Spanish fought off various indigenous revolts and several external colonial challengesfrom Chinese pirates, the Dutch, and the Portuguese. In an extension of the fighting of the Seven Years'War, British forces occupied Manila from 1762 to 1764. They found local allies like Diego and GabrielaSilang who took the opportunity to lead a revolt, but Spanish rule was eventually restored following the1763 Treaty of Paris.[45][50][51]

In the 19th century, Philippine ports opened to world trade and shifts started occurring within Philippinesociety. Many Spaniards born in the Philippines (criollos) and those of mixed ancestry (mestizos) becamewealthy. An influx of Spanish and Latino settlers secularized churches and opened up governmentpositions traditionally held by Spaniards born in the Iberian Peninsula (peninsulares). The ideals ofrevolution also began to spread through the islands. Criollo dissatisfaction resulted in the revolt in CaviteEl Viejo in 1872 that was a precursor to the Philippine Revolution.[45][52][53][54][55]

Revolutionary sentiments were stoked in 1872 after three priests — Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora (collectively known as

Gomburza) — were accused of sedition by colonial authorities and executed.[52][53] This would inspire a propaganda movement in Spain,organized by Marcelo H. del Pilar, José Rizal, and Mariano Ponce, lobbying for political reforms in the Philippines. Rizal was eventually

President Manuel L. Quezon with

U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt

in Washington D.C. (1942)

The People Power Revolution

(February 1986)

executed on December 30, 1896, on charges of rebellion.[56] As attempts at reform met with resistance, Andrés Bonifacio in 1892 establishedthe secret society called the Katipunan, a society along the lines of the freemasons (World freemasonry then betrayed the Katipunan at a later

date). At the meantime, the Katipunan sought independence from Spain through armed revolt.[54] Bonifacio and the Katipunan started thePhilippine Revolution in 1896. A faction of the Katipunan, the Magdalo of Cavite province, eventually came to challenge Bonifacio's position asthe leader of the revolution and Emilio Aguinaldo took over. In 1898, the Spanish-American War began in Cuba and reached the Philippines.Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence from Spain in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898, and the First Philippine Republic was established inthe Barasoain Church the following year.

American period and Japanese occupation

Further information: History of the Philippines (1898-1946)

The islands were ceded by Spain to the United States for 20 million US dollars in the 1898 Treaty ofParis.[57] As it became increasingly clear the United States would not recognize the nascent FirstPhilippine Republic, the Philippine–American War then broke out. The Americans then defeated the FirstPhilippine Republic. However, it was superseded by three republics: The Republic of Zamboanga, TheRepublic of Negros and The Tagalog Republic. These too were defeated, and the archipelago was

administered under an Insular Government.[58] The Moro Rebellion immediately followed which wasmostly fought against the waning Sultanate of Sulu.[59]

During this era, a renaissance in Philippine culture occurred, with the expansion of Philippine cinema andliterature visible through the work of Jose Nepomuceno, Max Borromeo, Florentino Borromeo, CelestinoRodriguez Nick Joaquin and Lola Basyang.[60][61][62][63] Daniel Burnham built an architectural plan for

Manila which would have transformed it into a modern city.[64] In 1935, the Philippines was grantedCommonwealth status. Manuel Quezon was the first president of the Commonwealth.

Plans for independence over the next decade were interrupted by World War II when the Japanese Empire invaded and the Second PhilippineRepublic was established as a collaborator state. Many atrocities and war crimes were committed during the war such as the Bataan DeathMarch and the Manila massacre that culminated during the Battle of Manila.[65] Allied troops defeated the Japanese in 1945. By the end of thewar it is estimated over a million Filipinos had died.[66]

Cold War era

On October 24, 1945,[67] the Philippines became one of the founding members of the United Nations and during the following year, on July 4,

1946, the Philippines became recognized by the United States.[5] Thus ushering the era of the Third Philippine Republic. Immediately afterWorld War II, the Philippines faced a number of challenges. The country had to be rebuilt from the ravages of war. It also had to come to termswith Japanese collaborators as well as the destruction of Intramuros as a result of carpet bombing by the Americans (Who prioritizedconvenience over cultural preservation). Meanwhile, disgruntled remnants of the communist Hukbalahap rebel army,[68] which had previouslyfought against and resisted the Japanese continued to roam the rural regions. This threat to the government was dealt with by President ElpidioQuirino's Secretary of National Defense Ramon Magsaysay,[69][70] who would later become president, but sporadic cases of communist

insurgency continued to flare up long afterward.[71][72] During the presidency of Carlos P. Garcia, the Filipino First Policy' was initiated.[73] Inthe 1960s, the presidency of Diosdado Macapagal continued these nationalistic policies with celebration of Independence Day moved from July4 to June 12.[74][75][76][77] He also forged ties with Indonesia and the Federation of Malaya through Maphilindo while furthering the claim onNorth Borneo through the Manila Accord.[78][79][80][81][82][83]

In 1965, Macapagal lost to Ferdinand Marcos, who was elected president. Nearing the end of his secondterm and constitutionally barred from seeking a third, he declared martial law on September 21, 1972. Byusing political divisions, the tension of the Cold War, and the specter of communist rebellion and Islamicinsurgency as justifications, he governed by decree. Marcos nationalized the economy while he took fullcontrol of the media. He governed as a strongman, marking his rule through the torture, disappearance,and execution of his political enemies while his wife, Imelda Marcos, lived a lavish lifestyle with trips toParis and New York City, acquiring property and artwork, such as those of Michaelangelo and ClaudeMonet.[84] The Filipino people lived in poverty throughout this period.[85]

On August 21, 1983, Marcos' chief rival opposition leader Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. ignoredwarnings and returned from exile in the United States. He was assassinated as he was taken off the planeat the Manila International Airport (now called the Ninoy Aquino International Airport in his memory).

With political pressure building, Marcos eventually called for snap presidential elections in 1986.[71]

Corazon Aquino, Benigno's widow, was persuaded to become the presidential candidate and standard bearer of the opposition. The electionswere widely considered rigged when Marcos was proclaimed the winner. This led to the People Power Revolution, instigated when twolong-time Marcos allies – Armed Forces of the Philippines Vice Chief-of-Staff Fidel V. Ramos and Secretary of National Defense Juan PonceEnrile – resigned and barricaded themselves in Camp Aguinaldo and Camp Crame. Exhorted by the Cardinal Archbishop of Manila Jaime Sin,people gathered in support of the rebel leaders and protested on Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA). In the face of mass protests and militarydefections, Marcos and his allies fled to Hawaii and into exile. Corazon Aquino was recognized as president.[72][86]

Contemporary history

The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo

produced the second largest terrestrialeruption of the 20th century.

Benigno S. Aquino III, the

current and 15th president of

the Republic of thePhilippines

BRP Gregorio del Pilar (PF-15), a

Hamilton-class cutter of the

Philippine Navy

Further information: History of the Philippines (1986–present)

The return of democracy and government reforms after the events of 1986 were hampered by nationaldebt, government corruption, coup attempts, a persistent communist insurgency,[87] and military conflictwith Islamic separatists.[88] Aquino's administration faced numerous challenges and disasters, including a

series of coups, the Mendiola massacre,[89][90] the 1990 Luzon earthquake,[91][92] and the sinking of theMV Doña Paz,[93][94] which was the worst civilian maritime disaster in history. Her rule ended with theeruption of Mount Pinatubo,[95][96] leading to the withdrawal of U.S. forces in Subic Bay and Clark AirBase. The economy improved during the administration of Fidel V. Ramos, who was elected president inthe heavily contested 1992 elections against Miriam Defensor-Santiago, with the Philippines joining theWorld Trade Organization as a founding member and a peace deal being signed with the Moro National

Liberation Front.[97] However, political and economic improvements were negated by Chineseencroachment unto Mischief Reef,[98] along with the onset of the East Asian financial crisis in 1997.[99]

[100][101][102][103][104]

In 2001, amid an ongoing conflict with the Abu Sayyaf,[105] a rebellion by the Moro Islamic Liberation

Front,[106] charges of corruption, and a stalled impeachment process, Ramos' successor Joseph Estradawas ousted from the presidency by the 2001 EDSA Revolution and replaced by Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.[107] The economy grew at around 5% during her time with policies such as the Roll-on/roll-off program and the country was able toavoid the Great Recession. Regardless of her successes, her administration, that lasted for almost a decade, was tied to graft and corruption,human rights abuses, and numerous political scandals, notably the Hello Garci scandal and the Fertilizer Fund scam.[108][109][110][111][112] Three

coups occurred during her regime: the Oakwood mutiny,[113] the 2006 state of emergency,[114][115] and the Manila Peninsula rebellion.[116][117]

On November 23, 2009, the Maguindanao massacre occurred leading to the deaths of 34 journalists,[118] the worst in history.[119]

As a result of the May 2010 elections, Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino II was elected president. During his term, the economy grew by an averageannual rate of 6% and a peace process was initiated with the Bangsamoro.[120] Meanwhile, territorial disputes in the South China Sea,[121][122]

and also in Sabah, escalated.[123][124] His promise of establishing a clean government led to the impeachments of Merceditas Gutierrez andRenato Corona,[125][126] and also the passage of the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012.[127][128] However, this wastarnished by the Priority Development Assistance Fund scam,[129][129][130] which led to the abolition of the fund (which critics called "porkbarrel" spending) by the Supreme Court. Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) struck in 2013, the most powerful storm to make landfall everrecorded,[131] devastating much of the Eastern and Western Visayas.

Politics and government

Main articles: Politics of the Philippines, President of the Philippines, and Constitution of the Philippines

The Philippines has a democratic government in the form of a constitutional republic with a presidential

system.[132] It is governed as a unitary state with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanaowhich is largely free from the national government. There have been attempts to change the government to afederal, unicameral, or parliamentary government since the Ramos administration.[133][134]

The President functions as both head of state and head of government and is the commander-in-chief of thearmed forces. The president is elected by popular vote for a single six-year term, during which he or she appointsand presides over the cabinet.[135] The bicameral Congress is composed of the Senate, serving as the upperhouse, with members elected to a six-year term, and the House of Representatives, serving as the lower house,with members elected to a three-year term. The senators are elected at large while the representatives are electedfrom both legislative districts and through sectoral representation.[135] The judicial power is vested in theSupreme Court, composed of a Chief Justice as its presiding officer and fourteen associate justices, all of whom

are appointed by the President from nominations submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council.[135]

Security and defense

Main articles: Armed Forces of the Philippines and Philippine National Police

Philippine defense is handled by the Armed Forces of the Philippines and is composed of three branches:the Air Force, the Army, and the Navy (including the Marine Corps). Civilian security is handled byPhilippine National Police under the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG).

In the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, the largest separatist organization, the Moro NationalLiberation Front, is now engaging the government politically. Other more militant groups like the MoroIslamic Liberation Front, the communist New People's Army, and the Abu Sayyaf still roam theprovinces, but their presence has decreased in recent years due to successful security provided by the

Philippine government.[136][137]

The Philippines has been an ally of the United States since World War II. A mutual defense treatybetween the two countries was signed in 1951. The Philippines supported American policies during the Cold War and participated in the Korean

The Philippine Embassy inWashington, D.C., United States.

Members of the Association of

Southeast Asian Nations.

and Vietnam wars. It was a member of the now dissolved SEATO, a group that was intended to serve a role similar to NATO and that includedAustralia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[138] After the start of the War on Terror, the

Philippines was part of the coalition that gave support to the United States in Iraq.[139] The United States designated the country a majornon-NATO ally. The Philippines is currently working to end its domestic insurgency with help from the United States.

International relations

Main article: Foreign relations of the Philippines

The Philippines' international relations are based on trade with other nations and the well-being of the11 million overseas Filipinos living outside the country.[140] As a founding and active member of theUnited Nations, the Philippines has been elected several times into the Security Council. Carlos P.Romulo was a former President of the United Nations General Assembly. The country is an activeparticipant in the Human Rights Council as well as in peacekeeping missions, particularly in East Timor.[141][142][143][144]

In addition to membership in the United Nations, the country is also a founding and active member ofASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), an organization designed to strengthen relations andpromote economic and cultural growth among states in the Southeast Asian region.[145] It has hostedseveral summits and is an active contributor to the direction and policies of the bloc.[146] The relations itcurrently enjoys with other Southeast Asian states are in contrast to its relations with them before the1970s when it was one of the allies of the US Forces against, with then the North Vietnam and was heavily disputing Sabah with Malaysia;

although, disagreements continue to exist due to the Spratly Islands.[147]

The Philippines values its relations with the United States.[140] It supported the United States during theCold War and the War on Terror and is a major non-NATO ally. Despite this history of goodwill,controversies related to the presence of the now former U.S. military bases in Subic Bay and Clark and thecurrent Visiting Forces Agreement have flared up from time to time.[140] Japan, the biggest contributor of

official development assistance to the country,[148] is thought of as a friend. Although historical tensions stillexist on issues such as the plight of comfort women, much of the animosity inspired by memories of WorldWar II have faded.[149]

Relations with other nations are generally positive. Shared democratic values ease relations with Westernand European countries while similar economic concerns help in relations with other developing countries.Historical ties and cultural similarities also serve as a bridge in relations with Spain and Latin America.Despite issues such as domestic abuse and war affecting overseas Filipino workers and obstacles posed byIslamic insurgency in Mindanao, relations with Middle Eastern countries (including Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Libya,Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) are friendly as seen in the continuous employment of more

than two million overseas Filipinos living there.

With communism no longer the threat it once was, once hostile relations in the 1950s between the Philippines and China have improved greatly.Issues involving Taiwan, the Spratly Islands, and concerns of expanding Chinese influence, however, still encourage a degree of caution.[149]

Recent foreign policy has been mostly about economic relations with its Southeast Asian and Asia-Pacific neighbors.[140]

The Philippines is an active member of the East Asia Summit (EAS), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Latin Union, the

Group of 24, and the Non-Aligned Movement.[135] It is also seeking to strengthen relations with Islamic countries by campaigning for observerstatus in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.[150][151]

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of the Philippines

The Philippines is divided into three island groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. As of March 2010, these were divided into 17 regions, 80provinces, 138 cities, 1,496 municipalities, and 42,025 barangays.[152] In addition, Section 2 of Republic Act No. 5446 asserts that the definitionof the territorial sea around the Philippine archipelago does not affect the claim over Sabah.[153]

A clickable map of the Philippines exhibiting its 17 regions and 80 provinces.

Region Designation Regional Center

Ilocos Region Region I San Fernando, La Union

Cagayan Valley Region II Tuguegarao

Central Luzon Region III San Fernando, Pampanga

CALABARZON Region IV-A Calamba

MIMAROPA Region IV-B Calapan

Bicol Region Region V Legazpi

Western Visayas Region VI Iloilo

Central Visayas Region VII Cebu

Eastern Visayas Region VIII Tacloban

Zamboanga Peninsula Region IXPagadian[154][155]

Northern Mindanao Region X Cagayan de Oro

Davao Region Region XI Davao

SOCCSKSARGEN Region XII Koronadal

Caraga Region XIII Butuan

Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ARMM Cotabato

Cordillera Administrative Region CAR Baguio

National Capital Region NCR Manila

Geography

Main article: Geography of the Philippines

The Philippines is an archipelago of 7,107 islands[135] with a total land area, including inland bodies of water, of approximately 300,000 squarekilometers (115,831 sq mi). Its 36,289 kilometers (22,549 mi) of coastline makes it the country with the 5th longest coastline in the world.[135][156] It is located between 116° 40', and 126° 34' E. longitude and 4° 40' and 21° 10' N. latitude and is bordered by the Philippine Sea to theeast, the South China Sea to the west, and the Celebes Sea to the south. The island of Borneo is located a few hundred kilometers southwest andTaiwan is located directly to the north. The Moluccas and Sulawesi are located to the south-southwest and Palau is located to the east of the

islands.[135]

Most of the mountainous islands are covered in tropical rainforest and volcanic in origin. The highest mountain is Mount Apo. It measures up to2,954 meters (9,692 ft) above sea level and is located on the island of Mindanao. The Galathea Depth in the Philippine Trench is the deepestpoint in the country and the third deepest in the world. The trench is located in the Philippine Sea. The longest river is the Cagayan River innorthern Luzon. Manila Bay, upon the shore of which the capital city of Manila lies, is connected to Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in thePhilippines, by the Pasig River. Subic Bay, the Davao Gulf, and the Moro Gulf are other important bays. The San Juanico Strait separates theislands of Samar and Leyte but it is traversed by the San Juanico Bridge.[157]

Ifugao/Igorot utilized terrace farming to grow crops in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines.

Situated on the western fringes of the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines experiences frequent seismic and volcanic activity. The BenhamPlateau to the east in the Philippine Sea is an undersea region active in tectonic subduction.[158] Around 20 earthquakes are registered daily,

though most are too weak to be felt. The last major earthquake was the 1990 Luzon earthquake.[159] There are many active volcanoes such as theMayon Volcano, Mount Pinatubo, and Taal Volcano. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 produced the second largest terrestrialeruption of the 20th century.[160] Not all notable geographic features are so violent or destructive. A more serene legacy of the geologicaldisturbances is the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River, the area represents a habitat for biodiversity conservation, the site also contains a fullmountain-to-the-sea ecosystem and has some of the most important forests in Asia.[161] The white sand beaches that make Boracay a popularvacation getaway are made of coral remnants.

Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta),

one of the smallest primates.

Typhoon Megi (known as Juan)overthe Philippines

Due to the volcanic nature of the islands, mineral deposits are abundant. The country is estimated to have the second-largest gold deposits afterSouth Africa and one of the largest copper deposits in the world.[162] It is also rich in nickel, chromite, and zinc. Despite this, poor management,

high population density, and environmental consciousness have resulted in these mineral resources remaining largely untapped.[162] Geothermalenergy, however, is another product of volcanic activity that the country has harnessed more successfully. The Philippines is the world's second-biggest geothermal producer behind the United States, with 18% of the country's electricity needs being met by geothermal power.[163]

Flora and fauna

Main article: Wildlife of the Philippines

See also: List of threatened species of the Philippines

The Philippines' rainforests and its extensive coastlines make it home to a diverse range of birds, plants, animals, and sea creatures.[164] It is oneof the ten most biologically megadiverse countries and is at or near the top in terms of biodiversity per unit area.[165][166][167] Around 1,100 land

vertebrate species can be found in the Philippines including over 100 mammal species and 170 bird species not thought to exist elsewhere.[168]

Endemic species include the tamaraw of Mindoro, the Visayan spotted deer, the Philippine mouse deer, the Visayan warty pig, the Philippineflying lemur, and several species of bats.[169] The Philippines has among the highest rates of discovery in the world with sixteen new species ofmammals discovered in the last ten years. Because of this, the rate of endemism for the Philippines has risen and likely will continue to rise.[170]

The Philippines lacks large predators, with the exception of snakes, such as pythons and cobras, saltwatercrocodiles and birds of prey, such as the national bird, known as the Philippine Eagle, which scientists

suggest as the largest eagle in the world.[171][172] The largest crocodile in captivity was captured in thesouthern island of Mindanao.[173] Other native animals include the palm civet cat, the dugong, and thePhilippine tarsier associated with Bohol. With an estimated 13,500 plant species in the country, 3,200 ofwhich are unique to the islands,[168] Philippine rainforests boast an array of flora, including many raretypes of orchids and rafflesia.[174][175] The narra is considered as the most important type of hardwood.

Philippine maritime waters encompass as much as 2,200,000 square kilometers (849,425 sq mi)

producing unique and diverse marine life and are an important part of the Coral Triangle.[153] The totalnumber of corals and marine fish species was estimated at 500 and 2,400 respectively.[164][168] However,new records [176][177] and species discoveries[178][179] continuously increase these numbers underlining

the uniqueness of the marine resources in the Philippines. The Apo Reef is the country's largest contiguous coral reef system and the second-

largest in the world.[180] The Tubbataha Reef in the Sulu Sea was declared a World Heritage Site in 1993. Philippine waters also sustain thecultivation of pearls, crabs, and seaweeds.[164][181]

Deforestation, often the result of illegal logging, is an acute problem in the Philippines. Forest cover declined from 70% of the country's totalland area in 1900 to about 18.3% in 1999.[182][183] Many species are endangered and scientists say that Southeast Asia, which the Philippines ispart of, faces a catastrophic extinction rate of 20% by the end of the 21st century.[184] According to Conservation International, "the country isone of the few nations that is, in its entirety, both a hotspot and a megadiversity country, placing it among the top priority hotspots for global

conservation."[174]

Climate

Main article: Climate of the Philippines

The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate and is usually hot and humid. There are three seasons:tag-init or tag-araw, the hot dry season or summer from March to May; tag-ulan, the rainy season fromJune to November; and tag-lamig, the cool dry season from December to February. The southwestmonsoon (from May to October) is known as the Habagat, and the dry winds of the northeast monsoon

(from November to April), the Amihan.[185] Temperatures usually range from 21 °C (70 °F) to 32 °C(90 °F) although it can get cooler or hotter depending on the season. The coolest month is January; thewarmest is May.[135][186]

The average yearly temperature is around 26.6 °C (79.9 °F).[185] In considering temperature, location interms of latitude and longitude is not a significant factor. Whether in the extreme north, south, east, orwest of the country, temperatures at sea level tend to be in the same range. Altitude usually has more ofan impact. The average annual temperature of Baguio at an elevation of 1,500 meters (4,900 ft) above sea

level is 18.3 °C (64.9 °F), making it a popular destination during hot summers.[185] Likewise, Tagaytay isa favored retreat.

Sitting astride the typhoon belt, most of the islands experience annual torrential rains and thunderstormsfrom July to October,[187] with around nineteen typhoons entering the Philippine area of responsibility ina typical year and eight or nine making landfall.[188][189][190] Annual rainfall measures as much as 5,000 millimeters (200 in) in the mountainouseast coast section but less than 1,000 millimeters (39 in) in some of the sheltered valleys.[187] The wettest known tropical cyclone to impact the

archipelago was the July 1911 cyclone, which dropped over 1,168 millimeters (46.0 in) of rainfall within a 24-hour period in Baguio.[191] Bagyo

is the local term for a tropical cyclone in the Philippines.[191] For the PAGASA, at least 19-22 storms would enter in their area and 10-13 storms

Graphical depiction of thePhilippines' product exports in 28

color-coded categories.

would hit the Philippines.

Economy

Main article: Economy of the Philippines

The national economy of the Philippines is the 41st largest in the world, with an estimated 2013 gross domestic product (nominal) of $272.207billion.[7] Primary exports include semiconductors and electronic products, transport equipment, garments, copper products, petroleum products,coconut oil, and fruits.[5] Major trading partners include the United States, Japan, China, Singapore, South Korea, the Netherlands, Hong Kong,

Germany, Taiwan, and Thailand.[5] Its unit of currency is the Philippine peso (₱ or PHP).

Makati in Metro Manila, the country's financial center.

A newly industrialized country, the Philippine economy has been transitioning from one based on agriculture to one based more on services andmanufacturing. Of the country's total labor force of around 38.1 million,[5] the agricultural sector employs close to 32% but contributes to onlyabout 14% of GDP. The industrial sector employs around 14% of the workforce and accounts for 30% of GDP. Meanwhile the 47% of workers

involved in the services sector are responsible for 56% of GDP.[192][193]

The unemployment rate as of July 2009 stands at around 7.6% and due to the global economic slowdown inflation as of September 2009 reads0.70%.[193] Gross international reserves as of July 2011 are $83.201 billion.[194] In 2004, public debt as a percentage of GDP was estimated tobe 74.2%; in 2008, 56.9%.[5] Gross external debt has risen to $66.27 billion.[5] The country is a net importer.[193]

After World War II, the country was for a time regarded as the second wealthiest in East Asia, next only to Japan.[140][195][196] However, by the1960s its economic performance started being overtaken. The economy stagnated under the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos as the regimespawned economic mismanagement and political volatility. [140][196] The country suffered from slow economic growth and bouts of economicrecession. Only in the 1990s with a program of economic liberalization did the economy begin to recover.[140][196]

The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis affected the economy, resulting in a lingering decline of the value of thepeso and falls in the stock market. But the extent it was affected initially was not as severe as that ofsome of its Asian neighbors. This was largely due to the fiscal conservatism of the government, partly asa result of decades of monitoring and fiscal supervision from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), incomparison to the massive spending of its neighbors on the rapid acceleration of economic growth.[97]

There have been signs of progress since. In 2004, the economy experienced 6.4% GDP growth and 7.1%

in 2007, its fastest pace of growth in three decades.[60][197][198] Yet average annual GDP growth percapita for the period 1966–2007 still stands at 1.45% in comparison to an average of 5.96% for the EastAsia and the Pacific region as a whole and the daily income for 45% of the population of the Philippinesremains less than $2.[199][200] Despite enjoying sustained economic growth during the 2000s (decade), asof 2010, the country's economy remains smaller than those of its Southeast Asian neighbors Indonesia,Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore in terms of GDP and GDP per capita (nominal).[201]

Other incongruities and challenges exist. The economy is heavily reliant on remittances which surpassforeign direct investment as a source of foreign currency. Regional development is uneven with Luzon – Metro Manila in particular – gaining

most of the new economic growth at the expense of the other regions,[202] although the government has taken steps to distribute economicgrowth by promoting investment in other areas of the country. Despite constraints, service industries such as tourism and business processoutsourcing have been identified as areas with some of the best opportunities for growth for the country.[193][203] Goldman Sachs includes thecountry in its list of the "Next Eleven" economies.[204] but China and India have emerged as major economic competitors.[205]

Goldman Sachs estimates that by the year 2050, it will be the 14th largest economy in the world. HSBC also projects the Philippine economy tobecome the 16th largest economy in the world, 5th largest economy in Asia and the largest economy in the South East Asian region by

2050.[206] The Philippines is a member of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the AsianDevelopment Bank which is headquartered in Mandaluyong, the Colombo Plan, the G-77, and the G-24 among other groups and institutions.[5]

Demographics

Ethnic groups per province

Top five native languages (Ethnologue, 2013)[232][233]

LanguageSpeakers in

millions

Tagalog[234]   22

Cebuano[235]   16

Ilokano   7Hiligaynon   6Bikol   5

Main articles: Demographics of the Philippines, Filipino people, and Overseas Filipino

Population in Philippines increased from 1990 to 2008 by approximately 28 million, a 45% growth in that time frame.[207] The first officialcensus in the Philippines was carried out in 1877 and recorded a population of 5,567,685.[208] As of 2011, the Philippines has become theworld's 12th most populous nation, with a population of over 94 million. It is estimated that half of the population resides on the island of Luzon.The population growth rate between 1995 to 2000 of 3.21% decreased to an estimated 1.95% for the 2005 to 2010 period, but remains a

contentious issue.[209][210] The population's median age is 22.7 years with 60.9% aged from 15 to 64 years old.[5] Life expectancy at birth is71.94 years, 75.03 years for females and 68.99 years for males.[211]

There are about 11 million Filipinos outside the Philippines.[212] Since the liberalization of United States immigration laws in 1965, the number

of people in the United States having Filipino ancestry has grown substantially. In 2007 there were an estimated 3.1 million.[213][214] Accordingto the United States Census Bureau, immigrants from the Philippines made up the second largest group after Mexico that sought familyreunification.[215] Some two million Filipinos work in the Middle East, with nearly a million in Saudi Arabia alone.[216]

Ethnicity

Main article: Ethnic groups of the Philippines

According to the 2000 census, 28.1% of Filipinos are Tagalog, 13.1% Cebuano, 9% Ilocano, 7.6%

Bisaya/Binisaya, 7.5% Hiligaynon, 6% Bikol, 3.4% Waray, and 25.3% as "others",[5][217] which can bebroken down further to yield more distinct non-tribal groups like the Moro, the Kapampangan, thePangasinense, the Ibanag, and the Ivatan.[218] There are also indigenous peoples like the Igorot, theLumad, the Mangyan, the Bajau, and the tribes of Palawan.[219] Negritos, such as the Aeta and the Ati,

are considered among the earliest inhabitants of the islands.[220]

Filipinos generally belong to several Asian ethnic groups classified linguistically as part of theAustronesian or Malayo-Polynesian speaking people.[219] It is believed that thousands of years agoAustronesian-speaking Taiwanese aborigines migrated to the Philippines from Taiwan, bringing withthem knowledge of agriculture and ocean-sailing, eventually displacing the earlier Negrito groups of theislands.[221] They were later supplanted by arrivals of Chinese and Japanese in the northern islands, andMalays, Indians, Arabs in the southern islands. Later arrivals during the colonial period include moreJapanese, Indians, Spaniards, Americans, as well as other European peoples. Intermarriage between the

groups is evident in the major cities and urban areas.[222][223][224] Descendants of such mixed couples areknown as mestizos.[225]

The two most important non-indigenous minorities include the Chinese and the Spaniards. ChineseFilipinos, mostly descended from immigrants from Fujian, China after 1898, number 2 million, althoughthere is an estimated 28 million Filipinos who have partial Chinese ancestry, stemming from precolonialChinese migrants.[226] Chinese Filipinos have a prominent role in the country's private sector, and are part of the larger bamboo network, anetwork of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.[227] Othersignificant minorities include Americans, mostly White, numbering 300,000, and Koreans, numbering 96,000.

Cities

Main article: Cities of the Philippines

Metro Manila is the most populous of the 12 defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines and the 11th most populous in the world. As of the2007 census, it had a population of 11,553,427, comprising 13% of the national population.[228] Including suburbs in the adjacent provinces

(Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal) of Greater Manila, the population is around 21 million.[228][229]

Metro Manila's gross regional product is estimated as of July 2009 to be ₱468.4 billion (at constant 1985 prices) and accounts for 33% of thenation's GDP.[230] In 2011, it ranked as the 28th wealthiest urban agglomeration in the world and the 2nd in Southeast Asia, according toPricewaterhouseCoopers.[231] Cebu City in the Visayas and Davao City in Mindanao are other important urban centers.

Language

Main article: Languages of the Philippines

Ethnologue lists 175 individual languages in the Philippines, 171 of which are livinglanguages while 4 no longer have any known speakers. They are part of the Borneo–Philippines group of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is itself a branch of theAustronesian language family.[219]

According to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Filipino and English are the officiallanguages. Filipino is a standardized version of Tagalog, spoken mainly in Metro Manilaand other urban regions. Both Filipino and English are used in government, education,

Religion in the Philippines (Pew Research)[240][241]

Religion percentage

Catholic   80%Protestant   10%Muslim   5%Folk   2%Buddhist   1%Other   1%None   1%

The University of Santo Tomas,

established in 1611, has the oldestextant university charter in Asia.

print, broadcast media, and business. The constitution mandates that Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.[11]

Nineteen regional languages act as auxiliary official languages used as mediums of instruction: Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano,Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug,

Waray-Waray, and Yakan.[3]

Other indigenous languages such as, Cuyonon, Ifugao, Itbayat, Kalinga, Kamayo, Kankanaey, Masbateño, Romblomanon, and several Visayanlanguages are prevalent in their respective provinces. The Chavacano language, a creole language born from Spanish, is also spoken in Caviteand Zamboanga.[236] Languages not indigenous to the islands are also taught in select schools. Mandarin is used in Chinese schools catering tothe Chinese Filipino community. Islamic schools in Mindanao teach Modern Standard Arabic in their curriculum.[237] French, German,Japanese, Korean, Spanish are taught with the help of foreign linguistic institutions.[238] The Department of Education began teaching the Malay

languages Indonesian and Malaysian in 2013.[239]

Religion

Main article: Religion in the Philippines

According to the 2000 census and 2010 estimates, the religious distribution of the country's population included 90 percent Christians (with 80percent Catholics and 10 percent Protestants), 5 percent Muslims, 2 percent Folk practitioners, 1 percent Buddhists, 1 percent believers of other

faiths (including Hindus and Jews), and 1 percent non-religious.[240][241]

The Philippines is a secular nation having a constitution separating the state and church.However, more than 90% of the population are Christians: about 80% belong to the RomanCatholic Church while 10% belong to other Christian denominations, such as the Iglesia niCristo, the Philippine Independent Church, United Church of Christ in the Philippines (amainline Protestant united church), and Jehovah's Witnesses.[242] As a result of Spanishcultural influence, the Philippines is one of two predominantly Roman Catholic countries inAsia, the other being East Timor, a former Portuguese colony.

Between 5% and 10% of the population are Muslim, most of whom live in parts ofMindanao, Palawan, and the Sulu Archipelago – an area known as Bangsamoro or the Mororegion.[243][244] Some have migrated into urban and rural areas in different parts of the

country. Most Muslim Filipinos practice Sunni Islam according to the Shafi'i school.[42] Philippine traditional religions are still practiced bymany aboriginal and tribal groups, often syncretized with Christianity and Islam. Animism, folk religion, and shamanism remain present asundercurrents of mainstream religion, through the albularyo, the babaylan, and the manghihilot. Buddhism, Taoism, and Chinese folk religion,are dominant in Chinese communities.[244] There are also followers of Hinduism, Sikhism,[223] and Judaism and Baha'i.[245]

Society

Education

Main article: Education in the Philippines

The National Statistics Office reports a simple literacy rate of 93.4% and a functional literacy rate of84.1% for 2003.[5][193][199] Literacy is about equal for males and females.[5] Spending for education isaround 2.5% of GDP.[5] According to the Department of Education, or DepEd, there were 44,846

elementary schools and 10,384 secondary schools registered for the school year 2009–2010[246] while theCommission on Higher Education (CHED) lists 2,180 higher education institutions, 607 of which arepublic and 1,573 private.[247] Classes start in June and end in March. The majority of colleges anduniversities follow a semester calendar from June to October and November to March. There are anumber of foreign schools with study programs.[135] Republic Act No. 9155 gives the framework ofbasic education in the Philippines and provides for compulsory elementary education and free high

school education.[248]

Several government agencies are involved with education. The Department of Education coverselementary, secondary, and nonformal education; the Technical Education and Skills Development

Authority (TESDA) administers the post-secondary middle-level education training and development; and the Commission on Higher Education(CHED) supervises the college and graduate academic programs and degrees as well as regulates standards in higher education.[249] In 2004,madaris were mainstreamed in 16 regions nationwide mainly in Muslim areas in Mindanao under the auspices and program of the Department ofEducation.[250] Public universities are all non-sectarian entities, and are further classified as State University and College (SUC) or LocalCollege and University (LCU).[247] SUCs are funded by the national government as determined by the Philippine Congress.[251] The University

of the Philippines is the national university of the Philippines.[252]

Health

Main articles: Health in the Philippines and List of hospitals in the Philippines

A jeepney and a bus, common formsof public transport in the Philippines

Terminal 3 of Ninoy Aquino

International Airport, the maingateway to the country

Most of the national burden of health care is taken up by private health providers. In 2006, total expenditures on health represented 3.8% ofGDP. 67.1% of that came from private expenditures while 32.9% was from government. External resources accounted for 2.9% of the total.Health expenditures represented about 6.1% of total government spending. Per capita total expenditure at average exchange rate was $52.[253]

The proposed national health budget for 2010 is ₱28 billion (about $597 million) or ₱310 ($7) per person.[254] The government share of totalspending on health has declined steadily, and with more people, there has been less to spend per person.

There are an estimated 90,370 physicians or 1 per every 833 people, 480,910 nurses, 43,220 dentists, and 1 hospital bed per every 769people.[253] Retention of skilled practitioners is a problem. 70% of nursing graduates go overseas to work. The country is the biggest supplier ofnurses.[255] In 2001 there were about 1,700 hospitals, of which about 40% were government-run and 60% private. Cardiovascular diseasesaccount for more than 25% of all deaths. According to official estimates, 1,965 cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were reported in2003, of which 636 had developed acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Other estimates have as many as 12,000 people living withHIV/AIDS in 2005.[256]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in the Philippines

The transportation infrastructure in the country is relatively underdeveloped. Partly this is due to themountainous terrain and the scattered geography of the islands, but it is also the result of thegovernment's persistent underinvestment in infrastructure. In 2003, only 3.6% of GDP went to

infrastructure development which was significantly lower than that of some of its neighbors.[187]

Consequently, while there are 203,025 kilometers (126,154 mi) of roads in the country, only around 20%of the total is paved.[257] The current administration under President Benigno Aquino III has beenpushing to improve the country's infrastructure and transportation systems through various projects.[258]

Nevertheless there are many ways to get around, especially in urban areas. Buses, jeepneys, taxis, andmotorized tricycles are commonly available in major cities and towns. In 2007, there were about5.53 million registered motor vehicles with registration increasing at an average annual rate of

4.55%.[259] Train services are provided by three main railway networks that serve different areas of Metro Manila and parts of Luzon: theManila Light Rail Transit System (LRT), the Manila Metro Rail Transit System (MRT), and the Philippine National Railways (PNR).

As an archipelago, inter-island travel via watercraft is often necessary. The busiest seaports are Manila,Cebu, Iloilo, Davao, Cagayan de Oro, and Zamboanga.[260] Passenger ships and other sea vessels such asthose operated by 2GO Travel and Sulpicio Lines serve Manila, with links to various cities and towns. In2003, the 919-kilometer (571 mi) Strong Republic Nautical Highway (SRNH), an integrated set ofhighway segments and ferry routes covering 17 cities was established.[261]

Some rivers that pass through metropolitan areas, such as the Pasig River and Marikina River, haveair-conditioned commuter ferries. The Pasig River Ferry Service has numerous stops in Manila, Makati,

Mandaluyong, Pasig and Marikina.[262] There are 3,219 kilometers (2,000 mi) of navigable inlandwaterways.[5]

There are 85 public airports in the country, and around 111 more that are private.[257] The Ninoy AquinoInternational Airport (NAIA) is the main international airport. Other important airports include the Clark

International Airport, Mactan-Cebu International Airport, Francisco Bangoy International Airport and Zamboanga International Airport.Philippine Airlines, Asia's oldest commercial airline still operating under its original name, and Cebu Pacific, the leading low-cost airline, arethe major airlines serving most domestic and international destinations.[263][264][265]

Communications

Main articles: Communications in the Philippines, Internet in the Philippines, and Social networking in the Philippines

The Philippines has a sophisticated cellular phone industry and a high concentration of users.[266] As of 2008, there are about 67.9 million

cellular phone subscribers in the Philippines.[267] Text messaging is a popular form of communication, and in 2007, the nation sent an average ofone billion SMS messages per day.[268] Over five million mobile phone users also use their phones as virtual wallets, making it a leader amongdeveloping nations in providing financial transactions over cellular networks.[269]

The Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company commonly known as PLDT is the leading telecommunications provider. It is also the largestcompany in the country.[266][270] Its wholly owned subsidiaries Smart Communications and Piltel, along with Globe Telecom of the AyalaGroup, BayanTel, and Sun Cellular are the major cellular service providers in the country.

There are approximately 383 AM and 659 FM radio stations and 297 television and 873 cable television stations.[271] Estimates for internetpenetration in the Philippines vary widely ranging from a low of 2.5 million to a high of 24 million people.[272][273] Social networking andwatching videos are among the most frequent internet activities.[274][275]

Percussion instruments that make upthe Philippine kulintang ensemble, an

example of pre-Hispanic musical

tradition

Barasoain Church in Malolos,Bulacan where the First Philippine

Republic was founded.

The halo-halo is a dessert made of

ice, milk, various fruits, and ice

cream.

Baybayin, one of several indigenousscripts of the Philippines

Culture

Main articles: Culture of the Philippines, Literature of the Philippines, Music of the Philippines, and Original Pilipino Music

Philippine culture is a combination of Eastern and Western cultures. The Philippines exhibits aspects

found in other Asian countries with a Malay[276] heritage, yet its culture also displays a significantamount of Spanish and American influences. Traditional festivities known as barrio fiestas (districtfestivals) to commemorate the feast days of patron saints are common. The Moriones Festival andSinulog Festival are a couple of the most well-known. These community celebrations are times forfeasting, music, and dancing. Some traditions, however, are changing or gradually being forgotten due tomodernization. The Bayanihan Philippine National Folk Dance Company has been lauded for preservingmany of the various traditional folk dances found throughout the Philippines. They are famed for theiriconic performances of Philippine dances such as the tinikling and singkil that both feature the use ofclashing bamboo poles.[277]

One of the most visible Hispanic legacies is the prevalence ofSpanish names and surnames among Filipinos. However, aSpanish name and surname does not necessarily denote Spanishancestry. This peculiarity, unique among the people of Asia, came as a result of a colonial decree, theClavería edict, for the systematic distribution of family names and implementation of the Spanish namingsystem on the population.[278] The names of many streets, towns, and provinces are also in Spanish.Spanish architecture has left an imprint in the Philippines in the way many towns were designed around acentral square or plaza mayor, but many of the buildings bearing its influence were demolished during

World War II.[33] Some examples remain, mainly among the country's churches, government buildings,and universities. Four Philippine baroque churches are included in the list of UNESCO World HeritageSites: the San Agustín Church in Manila, the Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte, the Nuestra Señora de laAsunción (Santa María) Church in Ilocos Sur, and the Santo Tomás de Villanueva Church in Iloilo.[279]

Vigan in Ilocos Sur is also known for the many Hispanic-style houses and buildings preserved there.[280]

The common use of the English language is an example of the American impact on Philippine society. It has contributed to the ready acceptanceand influence of American pop cultural trends. This affinity is seen in Filipinos' love of fast food and Western film and music. Fast food outletsare found on many street corners. American global fast food chain stalwarts have entered the market, but local fast food chains like Goldilocksand most notably Jollibee, the leading fast food chain in the country, have emerged and compete successfully against their foreign rivals.[281][282] Filipinos regularly listen to and watch contemporary American, Asian, and European music and film just as they enjoy OriginalPilipino Music (also known as OPM) and local films.

Cuisine

Main article: Philippine cuisine

Philippine cuisine has evolved over several centuries from its Malayo-Polynesian origins to become amixed cuisine with many Hispanic, Chinese, American, and other Asian influences that have beenadapted to local ingredients and the Filipino palate to create distinctively Filipino dishes. Dishes rangefrom the very simple, like a meal of fried salted fish and rice, to the elaborate, such as the paellas andcocidos created for fiestas. Popular dishes include lechón, adobo, sinigang, kare-kare, tapa, crispy pata,pancit, lumpia, and halo-halo. Some common local ingredients used in cooking are calamondins,coconuts, saba (a kind of short wide plantain), mangoes, milkfish, and fish sauce. Filipino taste buds tendto favor robust flavors but the cuisine is not as spicy as those of its neighbors.[282][283]

Unlike many of their Asian counterparts, Filipinos do not eat with chopsticks; they use Western cutlery.However, possibly due to rice being the primary staple food and the popularity of a large number of stewsand main dishes with broth in Philippine cuisine, the main pairing of utensils seen at the Filipino dining

table is that of spoon and fork, not knife and fork.[284] The traditional way of eating with the handsknown as kamayan is seen more often in less urbanized areas.[285]

Literature

Main articles: Philippine literature, Philippine mythology, and Deities of Philippine mythology

Philippine mythology has been handed down primarily through the traditional oral folk literature of theFilipino people. While each unique ethnic group has its own stories and myths to tell, Hindu and Spanishinfluences can nonetheless be detected in many cases. Philippine mythology mostly consists of creationstories or stories about supernatural creatures, such as the aswang, the manananggal, thediwata/engkanto, and nature. Some popular figures from Philippine mythologies are Maria Makiling,Lam-Ang, and the Sarimanok.[286]

Philippine literature comprises works usually written in Filipino, Spanish, or English. Some of the most known were created in the 19th century.Francisco Balagtas the poet and playwright who wrote Florante at Laura is recognized as a preeminent writer in the Filipino language. José

A PBA basketball game at the SmartAraneta Coliseum, Southeast Asia's

largest arena.

Rizal wrote the novels Noli Me Tángere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo (The Filibustering, also known as The Reign of Greed) and isconsidered a national hero. His depiction of the injustices of Spanish rule, and his death by firing squad, inspired other Philippine revolutionariesto seek independence. In the 20th century, among those officially recognized as National Artists of the Philippines in literature are NVMGonzalez, Nick Joaquin, F. Sionil Jose, and Alejandro Roces.[287]

Media

Main articles: Cinema of the Philippines, Television in the Philippines, Radio in the Philippines, and Philippine drama

Philippine media uses mainly Filipino and English. Other Philippine languages, including various Visayan languages are also used, especially inradio due to its ability to reach remote rural locations that might otherwise not be serviced by other kinds of media. The dominant televisionnetworks ABS-CBN, GMA and TV5 also have extensive radio presence.[288]

The entertainment industry is vibrant and feeds broadsheets and tabloids with an unending supply of details about celebrities and sensationalistscandals du jour. Drama and fantasy shows are anticipated as are Latin telenovelas, Asianovelas, and anime. Daytime television is dominated bygame shows, variety shows, and talk shows such as Eat Bulaga and It's Showtime.[289] Philippine cinema has a long history and is populardomestically, but has faced increasing competition from American, Asian and European films. Critically acclaimed directors and actors includeLino Brocka and Nora Aunor for films like Maynila: Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag (Manila: In the Claws of Light) and Himala (Miracle). In recent

years it has become common to see celebrities flitting between television and movies and then moving into politics provoking concerns.[290]

Sports

Main article: Sports in the Philippines

Various sports and pastimes are popular in the Philippines including basketball, boxing, cockfighting,volleyball, football, badminton, karate, taekwondo, billiards, ten-pin bowling, chess, and sipa. Motocross,cycling, and mountaineering are also becoming popular. Basketball is played at both amateur and

professional levels and is considered to be the most popular sport in the Philippines.[291] In almost everycorner of the cities, there is a basketball court.[277]

The Philippines has participated in the Summer Olympic Games since 1924, making it the first country inSoutheast Asia to compete and win a medal.[292] The country had competed in every Summer OlympicGames since then, except when they participated in the American-led boycott of the 1980 SummerOlympics. The Philippines is also the first tropical nation to compete at the Winter Olympics.

Traditional Philippine games such as luksung baka, patintero, piko, and tumbang preso are still played

primarily as children's games among the youth.[293][294] Sungka is a traditional native Philippine boardgame. Card games are popular during festivities, with some, including pusoy and tong-its, being used as a form of illegal gambling. Mahjong isplayed in some Philippine communities. The yo-yo, a popular toy in the Philippines, was introduced in its modern form by Pedro Flores with itsname from the Ilokano language.[295]

Arnis (Eskrima or Kali in some regions) is the national martial art and sport.[296] Today there are said to be almost as many Philippine fightingstyles as there are islands in the Philippines. In 1972, the Philippine government included Filipino martial arts into the national sports arena. TheMinistry of Education, Culture and Sports also incorporated them into the physical education curriculum for high school and college students.

Some Filipinos recognized for their achievements include Francisco Guilledo, Flash Elorde, Nonito Donaire and Manny Pacquiao in boxing;Paulino Alcántara in football (soccer); Carlos Loyzaga, Robert Jaworski, and Ramon Fernandez in basketball; Efren Reyes in billiards; EugeneTorre in chess; and Rafael Nepomuceno in bowling.[297][298][299]

See also

International rankings of the PhilippinesList of Philippines-related topicsOutline of the Philippines

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External links

Government

Official website of the Official Gazette of the Philippines (http://www.gov.ph/)Official website of the House of Representatives of the Philippines (http://www.congress.gov.ph/)Official website of the Supreme Court of the Philippines (http://www.judiciary.gov.ph/)Official website of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (Central Bank of the Philippines) (http://www.bsp.gov.ph/)Official website of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) (http://www.neda.gov.ph/)Official website of the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (http://www.bas.gov.ph/)Official website of the Philippine National Police (PNP) (http://www.pnp.gov.ph/)

Official website of the Department of Tourism (http://www.tourism.gov.ph/)

General information

Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members (https://web.archive.org/web/20130823030855/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-p/philippines.html) at the Wayback Machine (archived August 23, 2013) (archived from the original(https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-p/philippines.html) on 2013-08-23)Philippines profile (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15521300) from the BBC NewsPhilippines (https://web.archive.org/web/20110521230339/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/philippines.htm) at the WaybackMachine (archived May 21, 2011) at UCB Libraries GovPubsPhilippines (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html) entry at The World FactbookPhilippines (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Oceania/Philippines/) on the Open Directory ProjectPhilippines (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456399/Philippines) at Encyclopædia BritannicaPhilippine News and Current Events (http://www.noypi.ph/)Key Development Forecasts for the Philippines (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=PH) from InternationalFutures

Books and articles

History of the Philippine Islands (http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/b#a2296) in many volumes, from Project Gutenberg (indexedunder Emma Helen Blair, the general editor)Washington Post – How the Philippines Sees America (http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/postglobal/america/philippines/)

Wikimedia

Wikimedia Philippines Wikimedia Atlas of Philippines

Other

Asian Development Bank (ADB) (http://www.adb.org/)Filipinana.net – Free digital library and a research portal (http://www.filipiniana.net/)WikiSatellite view of Philippines (http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=12554564&x=122915039&z=6&l=0&m=a) at WikiMapia

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