phonetics
DESCRIPTION
phonet.TRANSCRIPT
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Phonetics:Study of Individual
Sounds
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Overview
O PhoneticsO Articulatory PhoneticsO Vocal OrgansO International Phonetic AlphabetO Consonants and VowelsO Diphthongs and Triphthongs
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What is Phonetics?O Study of human speech as a physical
phenomenon
1. Articulation2. Acoustics
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Articulatory Phonetics
O Study of how speech sounds are produced by human vocal apparatus
1. Anatomy of Vocal Organs2. Air Stream Mechanism3. Voicing4. Articulation
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Anatomy of Vocal Organs
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Air-stream Mechanisms
1.Pulmonic 2.Glottic 3.Velaric
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Pulmonic Sounds
Air flow is directed outwards the oral cavity
Pressure built by compression of lungs
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Glottalic SoundsO There are two types of Glottalic
Airstream MechanismO Glottalic Egressive AirstreamO Glottalic Ingressive Airstream
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Glottalic Egressive Sounds
O Air flow is directed outwards towards the oral cavity
O Pressure built by pushing up closed glottis
O Glottalic egressive sound [k]O These sounds are also called
EJECTIVES
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Glottalic Ingressive Sounds
O Air flow is directed inwards from the oral cavity
O Pressure reduced by pulling down closed glottis
O Sindhi is an example of a language with implosives
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Velaric SoundsO This is the
mechanism used to make click!!
O Air flow is directed inwards from the oral cavity
O Pressure reduced by forming velaric and alveolar closure and pulling down tongue
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Articulatory Phonetics Anatomy of Vocal Organs Air Stream MechanismVoicingArticulation
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VoicingVoicelessness p
s
Voice b z
Aspirated [ph]
Breathy Voice [bh]
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ArticulationO Manners of Articulation O Places of Articulation
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Consonants-Manners of Articulation
Stop t p
Fricative s f
Affricate ʧ dʒ
Approximant r j
Nasal n m
Lateral l
Trill B
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StopsO Stops are sounds
produced as the airflow in oral cavity is bocked compressed and then released.
/p/palm
/t/tight
/k/key
/b/ball /d/dry /g/girl
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FRICATIVESO They are sounds
that experience some kind of friction either against lips,teeth or tongue as they leave the oral cavity.
/f/ Fight
/θ/ Thanks
/s/ Sleep
/ʃ/Shark
/h/ Hakan
/v/ Very
/ð/This
/z/ zoo
/ʒ/viSİon
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AffricatesO They appear to
be more complicated than others since they involve both blocking as well as friction.
/ʧ/ matCH
/dʒ/ Judge
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NASALO Nasals resemble
plosives,except that there is a complete closure in the mouth,but as the velum is lowered the air can escape through the nasal cavity.
/m/ Mother
/n/Night
/ŋ/thiNG
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LATERALO Consonant /l/is
produced with the tip of the tongue touching the alveolar ridge blocking the airflow while slides of the tongue are down to let the air escape over the slides of tongue.
/l/ Low
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APPROXIMANTSO Are sounds where
the tongue only approaches the roof of the mouth,so that there is not enough obstruction to create any friction.
/w/ Water
/r/Rain
/j/Yes
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Places of Articulation
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Consonants-Places of Articulation
Bilabial p b
Labio-dental f v
Inter-dental ð θ
Alveolar t d
Palato-Alveolar dʒ ʧ
Palatal j
Velar k g
Glottal h
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BILABIALO Sounds are
produced when the lips are brought together
/p/ Pay /b/ Bye
/m/ May
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LABIO-DENTALO These occur with
the involvement of lower lip and upper teeth.
/f/Flight /v/ Value
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INTERDENTALO Sounds are
articulated with the coorperation of upper and lower teeth.
/θ/THree
/ð/THe
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ALVEOLARO Sounds are made
by raising the tip of the tongue towards the ridge that is right behind the upper front teeth,called alveolar ridge
/t/ Trip /d/ Do
/s/ Sue /z/ Zoo
/n/Nook /l/ Look
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PALATO-ALVEOLARO Sounds are made
by raising the blade of the tongue towards the part of the palate just behid the aveolar ridge.
/ʃ/preSSure
/ʒ/pleaSUre
/ʧ/batCH /dʒ/baDGe
/r/ Run
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PALATALO Sound is very
similar to palato-alveolar ones,they are just produced further back towards the velum.
/j/ Yellow
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VELARO Sounds are
produced as the back of tongue touches velar,an area between the palate and the soft palate.
/k/ King /g/ Green
/w/ Wife /ŋ/ kiNG
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GLOTTALO Sound is
produced at the very back of the mouth.
/h/ Hole
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Consonantal Sounds
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Vowel-FeaturesO Low/HighO Back/FrontO RoundO Diphthongs/Triphthongs
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IPA VOWELS CHART
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DIPHTONGS and TRIPHTONGS
O Diphtongs are produced as a result of a gliding movement of tongue from one location to another in mouth.
O The difference between diphtongs and long vowels,however,is that the former contains two different vowels while the latter involves the lengthening of the original vowel
O Triphtongs:A combination of three vowel sounds in a single syllable,forming a simple or compound sound.
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DIPHTONGS/TRIPHTONGS
/aʊ̯4ə̯4/ /aɪ̯4ə̯4/ /uə̯4u4 / /ɔɪ̯4ə̯4 / /u4ai 4/
hour higher
school
loir Uruguay
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ACOUSTICS PHONETICS
Examines the physical properties of speech sounds as well as the
physical conditions through which sounds travel.
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Periodic Sine WaveO Period: Time to complete one cycle
(sec)O Frequency: Number of cycles per
seconds(Hertz)O Amplitude: Maximum displacement
of a periodic wave (dB)
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Spectrogram O Spectrogram is used to
identify phonetic sounds.O The most common format
is a graph wtih two geometric dimensions:the horizontal axis represents time,the vertical axis is frequency.
O A spectrogram produced by a spectrograph illustrates a time-frequency-ampitude presentation of a sound signal.